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Operation and Maintenance of
Rural Water Supply Facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa
For Public Relations1
Operation and Maintenance of
Rural Water Supply Facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa
For Public Relations2
Mtuwara District, Tanzania
Murama TA, Rwanda
Adoption of Appropriate TechnologiesRural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
Adoption of Appropriate TechnologiesRural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
For rural water supply in developing countries, adoption of “appropriate
technologies” with the following advantages compared to the current technologies
is expected.
・ Suitable to the local conditions
・ Use of the locally available resources
・ Limited initial investment, and possible fast diffusion with a small budget
・ Low cost on O & M, and high sustainability
Problems in current technologiesCostly mechanical borehole drilling (especially for shallow groundwater) Many hand pump types are repairable on community level but setting up of a spare parts supply chain is difficult due to the unproductiveness of the work in many countries and the need to import spare parts and consumables.Operation and maintenance of a treatment plant with rapid filtration is costly because of needs for chemicals and skilled operators for appropriate adjustment.
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Adoption of Appropriate Technologies– Promotion of Rope Pump with Improved Traditional Well
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Ethiopia: Water Sector Capacity Improvement Project in SNNP State
Characteristics• Prevention of water contamination• Low production, setting up and repair costs• Easy manufacture, construction and maintenance• Materials from users’ own backyards• Practicable coupling with traditional well
Characteristics• Prevention of water contamination• Low production, setting up and repair costs• Easy manufacture, construction and maintenance• Materials from users’ own backyards• Practicable coupling with traditional well
Technical Issues
• Inefficient for deep wells
• Limited discharge; suitable for around 100 users or less
• Difficult quality control against counterfeit
Technical Issues
• Inefficient for deep wells
• Limited discharge; suitable for around 100 users or less
• Difficult quality control against counterfeit
Slow sand filtration : treatment system of low cost and easy operation
Through this project, approximately 11,000 people are benefited with safe water supply. The development of Slow Sand Filtration System to the other towns is being planned. This way of switching purification system is considered to be a national standard for rehabilitation of town water supply system.
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Sierra Leone: Project for Improvement of Water Supply System in Kambia District
Skilled operators and
constant dosing of
chemicals are required
Rapid Sand Filtration System
Acceptable Water Quality
Adoption of Appropriate Technologies - Treatment with Slow Sand Filtration -
Destroyed during the Civil
War“Slow Sand
Filtration System”Easy O&MLow cost treatment Sustainable under New Local Government
Slow Sand Filtration Pond and Pump House, Rokpur Treatment Plant
Need for Water Rate System to SpreadRural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan
Africa
Need for Water Rate System to SpreadRural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan
Africa
Cost Recovery as a Rule – Users’ Responsibility to Bear the O & M Cost- For Hand pumps: costs for replacement of parts, repair of breakdown, renewal of hand pump, etc.- For Piped Water System: operation cost (power/fuel, repair), personnel cost
Delay of fee collection causes stoppage of water supply, and this situation→ Makes users return to previous, unsafe and far water sources;→ Leads to health problems, such as an outbreak of cholera; and→ Deprive the opportunities of productive activities and schooling due to the needs to fetch water from a distant source.
Why water rate is not firmly established? No awareness of the necessity to pay on the part of the people Mistrust on fee collection and financial management
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Projects towards: • Motivation to pay for water • Enhancement of management capacity
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Motivation to Pay Water Fee with Hygiene Education
Intelligible hygiene education with picture-story in local language (Senegal)
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Improve Users’ Hygiene Consciousness
Encourage Willingness to Pay for O & M
Improve Sustainability of O & M
Conduct Hygiene Education for Users
Development of educational tools and sharing them with other donors – picture
story in local languages -
Making the community aware of the importance of paying for the use of facility through a trial calculation of economic losses, such as the cost of medical treatment as a result of drinking unsafe water.
Spreading Water Rate System
Senegal: Project for Safe Drinking Water and Community Activities (PEPTAC)
Capacity Development for Financial Management
Tap managers collect water fee by the container at the public taps
Training for Treasurers
Setting Rate Fee Collection Financial Management / Investment
Users’ Independent
O & M
Capacity Development of Tap Manager for
Reliable fee collection Periodic money transfer
with reporting
Capacity Development of treasures in Water Users’
Associations
Controlling Water Supply Cost
Smooth and Transparent Fee
Collection
Reliable Financial Management
- Keeping records and evidences of payment following the manual for bookkeeping
- Reporting monthlyCollected money is regularly transferred on the fixed day of a week8
Spreading Water Rate System
Rwanda: Project for Improvement of Water and Sanitation in Eastern Province (PURA-SANI)
Operation & Maintenance of Borehole with hand pumpWhy it has not been sustainable?
No repair technician nearby
No outlet of spare parts available near the users
No support from the government for isolated villages
Limited government capacity to
support communities
Capacity Building of Local MechanicsTraining, keeping and improvement of technical skillsMonitoring of the tool kit leasing system to prevent worn-out or losing toolsSetting up Spare Parts Supply ChainTraining and establishment of outletsImproved sustainability through the provision of seed stock to create the revolving fund
Strengthening Cooperation among Local Government, Communities
and Local MechanicsQualification and validation of technical skills and performance
Proactive Approaches in JICA’s Projects
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Maintenance of Hand PumpsRural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
Maintenance of Hand PumpsRural Water Supply Project in Sub-Saharan Africa
Spare Parts Supply Chain
Spare Parts Wholesaler
PROJECT (SOMAP)Seed Stock Sensitisation
Spare Parts Outlets(Commercial Utilities for Town Water Supply or District Offices)
Community
①
⑥⑦④ Pay
③
Spare Parts Outlet established under SOMAP Project (Mumbwa, Zambia)
Establishment of Spare Parts Supply ChainSet up spare parts outlets at Commercial Utilities for the rural town water supplyProvision of seed stock parts to create the revolving fund
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Project for the Sustainable Operation and Maintenance for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP)
The Project has wholly supported the O & M component of the National Rural Water Supply Programme , developed Guidelines and a Manual, and demonstrated their effectiveness in Zambia.
Maintenance of Hand Pumps
Revolving Fund Parts :Payment
PROJECT (SOMAP)Sensitisation Training /Orientation Training
Community Area Development Committee (A D C)
District Council
Area Pump Mender (APM)
Repa
ir
Lending Tool
Kit
Training of Mechanics and Monitoring Their Performances through Tools Lending System
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Issues on Area Pump Menders Keeping the necessary technical level Wear and tear or loss of repair tools makes the repair work impossible
Introducing New Management System and Training under the Project
Lending tool kits to area pump menders from the storage at the Area Health Center. Monitoring their performance through submitted records. Development of the SOMAP Model, which combines the repair work with a spare parts supply chain.
Project for the Sustainable Operation and Maintenance for Rural Water Supply (SOMAP)
Maintenance of Hand Pumps
Licensing to Trained Pump Mechanics
Training of Mechanics
ID Card for Licensed
MechanicMechanic
District / Region
Community
Three Way Agreement
Repo
rt
Repair
Proper Perform
ance?
Allocation of mechanics based on the community list
Validity: 1 yearExtension of Validity:
2 years
Re-training / Cancellation
Yes
No
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Project for Promotion of Sustainability in Rural Water Supply, Hygiene and Sanitation in Zambezia Province, MozambiqueProject for Promotion of Sustainability in Rural Water Supply, Hygiene and Sanitation in Zambezia Province, Mozambique
<System>
Issuance of licenses carrying a validity period to mechanics Extension of license or re-training based on the evaluated performance Coordination among LGAs (District/ Region), communities and mechanics (Three-way Agreement)<Performance> Improvement of skills of mechanics Enhancement of the O & M system and improvement of the monitoring capacity of LGAs (District / Region)
<System>
Issuance of licenses carrying a validity period to mechanics Extension of license or re-training based on the evaluated performance Coordination among LGAs (District/ Region), communities and mechanics (Three-way Agreement)<Performance> Improvement of skills of mechanics Enhancement of the O & M system and improvement of the monitoring capacity of LGAs (District / Region)