Operant Conditioning - FOLK...Operant conditioning (cont.) Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) was one of...
Transcript of Operant Conditioning - FOLK...Operant conditioning (cont.) Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) was one of...
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Operant Conditioning What does “cause and effect” mean?
• The causal relationship is at the heart of operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where voluntary behaviors are conditioned
• As opposed to classical conditioning where involuntary responses are conditioned • Classical conditioning blinking (involuntary)
• Operant conditioning cleaning your room
• Learning from the results of what you do, the consequences of your actions cause and effect
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Operant conditioning (cont.)
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) was one of the first to research this type of learning
• Came up with the law of effect• If consequences of a behavior
are pleasant, connection between stimulus and response will get stronger, and likelihood of the behavior will increase
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B.F. Skinner
(1904-1990) built on Thorndike’s theories
• Coined the term “operant conditioning”
• Invented the “Skinner Box” (aka operant conditioning chamber)
• Enables researchers to apply operant reinforcers and punishment in a controlled setting
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Operant conditioning (cont.)
Consequences could be positive or negative
Positive consequences learn to engage in behavior that generate desirable consequences
• Your parents offer to let you have more time playing video games if you clean your room
Negative consequences learn to engage in behavior that helps avoid negative consequences
• Your parents say you can avoid additional chores if you clean your room
Going to work, does that have positive or negative consequences?Both!
• You get paid if you go to work (positive)
• You avoid getting fired if you go to work (negative)
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Operant conditioning (cont.)• The consequences can act as a reinforcement
• Where the consequence (cause) increases the chances of the behavior they follow occurring again (effect)
• Two types of reinforcers
• Positive reinforcers
• Increase the frequency of a behavior they follow when they are applied
• Application is pleasant in some way
• Food dolphin does tricks
• Social approval shoot spitballs at teacher
• Do psych HW because it is unbelievably interesting Study more
• Negative reinforcers
• Increase the frequency of a behavior they follow when they are removed
• Remove an aversive stimulus in some way
• Stop annoying beeping seatbelt fastened
• Don’t want to be beaten up by bully shoot spitballs at teacher
• Possibility of getting grounded for bad grades study more
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Operant conditioning (cont.)
• The consequences can also act as punishment
• Where the consequence (cause) decreases the chances of the behavior they follow occurring again (effect)
• There are also two types of punishment
• Positive Punishment (usually just referred to as “punishment”)
• Decreases the frequency of a behavior they follow when they are applied
• Get spanked won’t talk back to your parent anymore
• Omission training (aka “negative punishment”)
• Decrease the frequency of a behavior they are removed
• Get phone taken away for “back sassing” Won’t talk back to your parent anymore
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Agenda 1/22/18
We will…evaluate the aspects of operant conditioning and recognize how it relates to learning in many different forms.I will… be able to describe how operant conditioning works in detail.
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What is this an example of?
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Incidence of a Behavior…
Positive Reinforcement:After consequence applied frequency of behavior increases
Ex. Social approval shoot spitballs at teacher
Positive Punishment:After consequence applied frequency of behavior decreases
Ex. Get spanked won’t talk back to your parents anymore
Negative Reinforcement:After consequences removed frequency of behavior increases
Ex. Bully threatens to beat you up shoot spitballs at teacher
Omission Training:After consequence removed frequency of behavior decreases
Ex. Have a phone taken away won’t talk back to your parents anymore
Increases Decreases
Applied
Removed
Consequence is something…
Difference Between Negative Reinforcement and Positive Punishment
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• Primary Reinforcers
• Secondary Reinforcers
Tokens
Social reinforcers
“Why Rewards are better than Punishment” handout
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• The timing of operant reinforcement matters!
response chaining
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Shaping
pigeons playing ping pong video
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
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Reinforcement Schedules
1. Continuous reinforcement
2. Partial reinforcement works better in the long run • Once behavior is learned, transition to reinforcement not every time
the behavior is performed makes behavior less prone to extinction • Called the partial reinforcement effect
• Why do you think that is?
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
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ratio interval
fixedvariable
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
Fixed Ratio -Reinforcement applied after a set number of responses
Variable Ratio -Reinforcement applied after a changing number of responses
Fixed Interval -Reinforcement applied after a set amount of time
Variable Interval -Reinforcement applied after a changing amount of time
Fixed Variable
Ratio
Interval
Delivery
Pattern
*Schedules of Reinforcement Handout
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Operant Conditioning review
Give an example of All terms…
Operant Conditioning (cont.)
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