Operant Conditioning
description
Transcript of Operant Conditioning
OperantConditioning
Learning=
Behavior + Consequences
The Cat Puzzle
Edward Thorndike: The Law of Effect…
Behavior followed by a “positive state” (something satisfying or rewarding) is likely to continue or strengthen
Behavior followed by a “negative state” (painful or annoying) will weaken or go away
Burrhus Fredrick (B.F.)Skinner
Introduced the concept of operant conditioning
Famous for “Skinner Box”
Life’s work influenced psychology
A Skinner Box is a sound-proof box with bar or key pad to record responses
He put his own daughter in a skinner box
What is a reinforcer?A reinforcer is ANY event/consequence that
strengthens behavior
A positive reward = strengthens response
A negative reward= strengthens response by reducing or eliminating an aversive stimulus. (subtracts something)
Identify the aversive stimuliAnd the behavior being strengthened
Taking aspirin to relieve a headache.Hurrying home in the winter to get out
of the cold.Giving in to an argument or to a dog’s
begging.Smoking in order to relieve anxiety.Faking a stomachache in order to avoid
school.Putting on your seat belt to stop
buzzing.
Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers
Are learnedExamples: $,
Praise, grades, etc.
We can have immediate or delayed reinforcers…
Continuous Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
Every response is reinforced.
Learning happens rapidly.
Extinction also occurs rapidly.
Response is sometimes reinforced-sometimes not.
Learning is slower.Greater resistance
to extinction.prince kumar was here
How can you use operant conditioning to teach a new behavior?
Shaping= Reinforce behaviors that are increasing similar to the desired behavior
Chaining= Reinforcing every behavior in a sequence
Schedules of reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio = reward after a “fixed” set of responses
Fixed-Interval = reward only after the first correct response after a defined period of time
Variable-Ratio = Reward after an unpredictable number of correct responses
Variable-Interval =rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time.
Examples……
Fixed-ratio
Fixed-Interval
Variable-ratio
Variable-Interval
What is punishment?
Unpleasant event or removal of positive stimuli. Punishment decreases or weakens behavior.
Positive punishment= aversive stimuli
Negative punishment= Loss of reinforcement
Side effects of punishment
People/situations associated with punishment become feared, resented or disliked
Encourage escape and avoidance
Can increase aggression
Effective Punishment?
Mary’s mom always tries to wait a while before she punishes Mary so that she can calm down and be more even-handed in her punishment.
When Dave runs out into the street, his dad holds him on his lap and softly talks to Dave about how dangerous it is to run into the street
Tom’s dad is warm and affectionate most of the time but his children know that when they do certain things, they will be punished for it.
Mrs. Turner tries to ignore Sam’s wise-guy remarks but he gets attention from other children for being a wise guy. Ms. Turner decides to isolate Sam for 5 minutes each time he disrupts class.
Ms. Andrews send Tim to the principal’s office because he hit another child in class. Tim waits for 20 minutes until the principal gets out of a meeting before he is punished.
Aversion therapy (punishment)
An individual learns to associate a STRONG aversion to a particular behavior.