Open Source Technologies First Home Work

8/8/2019 Open Source Technologies First Home Work

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ASSIGNMENT: - 1

BY: - NARINDER PAL

CLASS: - MSC (cs)

SUBJECT NAME: - Open Source Technologies

PART A Q1:- what do you understand by By term GNU. Write someapplication areas of GNU with real software packagesdeveloped with GNU.

ANS: - INTRODUCTION OF GNU :-

The GNU Project is free

software, mass collaboration project, announced on September 27,

1983, by Richard Stallman at MIT. The founding goal of the

project was, GNU is meant to be free and unrestricted by other

distributors. The GNU Project began working on an operatingsystem called GNU (GENERALY NOT UNIX).

Free software:-


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The GNU project uses free software which refers

to the way that it is free for users to copy, edit, and distribute. Free

refers to the freedom that the user has with the ability to use,

distribute, study, and modify the software. It is not always free in

cost but it is free in the sense that one can change the software to

however it fits one's needs.GNU has four kinds of freedom for the

software:

Freedom to run the program

Freedom to access the code Freedom to redistribute the program to anyone

Freedom to improve the software

Development OF GNU

GNU build system contains autoconf and automake Gnulib portability library designed for use with the GNU

build system GNU Binutils contains the GNU assembler (as) and the

GNU linker (ld) GNU make the Make program for GNU GNU Compiler Collection optimizing compiler for many

programming languages, including C, C++, Fortran, Ada, and

Java. GNU Debugger an advanced debugger (gdb)


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GNU C Library (glibc) POSIX compliant C library GNU pth software threads for POSIX-compatible

operating systems. GNU libtool Shared library support GNU libmicrohttpd embeddable HTTP server BFD object file library GNU MDK a development kit for programming in MIX GNU indent a program to indent C and C++ source code.

CLISP ANSI Common Lisp implementation (compiler,debugger, and interpreter) GNU Common Lisp an implementation of Common Lisp

APPLICATION AREAS OF GNU: -

Dot GNU is a part of the

GNU Project that aims to provide a free software replacement for

Microsoft's .NET Framework by Free Software Foundation. Other goals of

the project are better support for non-Windows platforms and support for

more processors.

Savannah and version control: -

If you are developing an official GNU package, we strongly recommend using a public source control repository on

Savannah, the GNU hosting server. To do this, first create yourself an

account and then register your GNU package. After it is created, you will be

able to choose a version control system, create web pages for your package,


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manage permissions for contributors to the pages, and many other features.

Mailing lists: -

We operate mailing lists for GNU software packages asneeded, including both hand- managed lists and automatically managed lists.

When a GNU package is registered on Savannah, a web interface allows

developers to create and manage mailing lists dedicated to their package.

Web pages: -

The master GNU web server is http://www.gnu.org/. We very

strongly recommend that GNU packages use

http://www.gnu.org/software/package as their primary home page. Using

Savannah, developers can create and maintain their own pages at that url via

a CVS web repository, which is separate from the package's main source

repository. More information on maintaining GNU web pages.

FTP : -

The Primary ftp site for GNU software on http://ftp.gnu.org/,

which is mirrored worldwide. We very strongly recommend that all GNU

packages upload their releases here (in addition to any other location you

find convenient).

Login accounts: -

We provide shell login access to GNU machines to people who need them for work on GNU software. Having a login account is

both a privilege and a responsibility, and they should be used only for your

work on GNU. Instructions for obtaining an account machines are written

separately.


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Q2: - GNU has existence in every field. How has it contributed

in developing E-Mail packages? What are the categories inwhich E-Mails can be grouped? Give at least one example of every category of email packages with features in detail.

ANS : - INTRODUCTION : -

GNU HAS A WIDE AREA. Linux comes with

various GUI based email client to stay in touch with your friends and family,and share information in newsgroups with other users. The following

software is similar to Outlook Express or Windows Live Mail and is used by

both home and office user. There are following e-mail packages developed

by GNU .

E-MAIL PACKAGES DEVELOPED BY GNU :-

Mozilla Thunderbird

Sylpheed

Claws Mail

Spicebird

Zimbra Collaboration Suite

The Explanation Of Gnu E-Mail Packages And Its Features :-

1: Mozilla Thunderbird :-

It is an e-mail and news cross-platform client


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software package by Mozilla Foundation. Thunderbird can manage multiple

e-mail, newsgroup and RSS accounts and supports multiple identities within

accounts. Features like quick search, saved search folders , advanced

message filtering, message grouping, and labels help manage and findmessages.

SEE POP-UP WINDOW OF MOZILA THUNDERBIRD

2: Claws Mail :-Claws Mail is a free, GTK+-based, open source email and

news client. It is very light lightweight. Like Firefox, the wide variety of

plug-ins for this email client makes it very flexible and secure. Claws Mail


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runs on Windows, Mac OS X and Unix-like systems such as Linux, and

Solaris.

POP-UP WINDOW OF Claws Mail

3 : Spicebird: -

Spicebird is a collaboration client that provides integrated

access to email, contacts, calendaring and instant messaging in a single

application. It provides easy access to various web services while retaining

all the advantages of a desktop application. It is developed by an Indiancompany called Synovel. It is a free, open source and cross-platform

software. Spicebird client is no longer supported on Mac OS X


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4: Zimbra Collaboration Suite : -

Zimbra is a client and server platform for

messaging and collaboration. The web client integrates email, contacts,

shared calendar, VoIP, and online document authoring in a rich browser-

based interface. This is more like MS-Exchange and Outlook combo.

Zimbra also provides native two-way sync to many mobile devices such as

Nokia Eseries, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, iPhone with 2.0 software.


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5: Sylpheed : -Sylpheed is a free, GTK+-based, open source email and

news client. It is very light lightweight. Sylpheed runs on Windows, Mac OS

X and Unix-like systems such as Linux, and BSD.


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Some Other Email Clients Used In UNIX Operating Systems: -

Sea Monkey : -Mozilla Sea Monkey is an all-in-one Internet

application suite that includes an Internet browser, email and

newsgroup client, HTML editor, IRC chat, and web development

tools. It includes a pop-up blocker, junk mail controls, and a tabbed

interface.

Evolution or Novell Evolution : -Evolution provides integrated

mail, address book and calendaring functionality to users of theGNOME desktop.


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These are e-mail packages which are developed by gnu.

Q 3 : -Given below is a link for a case study. Extracts the mainpoints you got to know about MySQL after studying this case.

http://www.mysql.com/why-mysql/case-studies/mysql-

friendster-casestudy.pdf .

ANS:- After Studying The Given Site The Main Points About

MYSQL Which We Got To Know Are Given Below:-

MYSQL is used to manage a large (and growing) enterprise,

Friendster selected MySQL Network to provide the right combination

of affordable database reliability and scalability.

We can save money by leveraging MySQL Network and commodity

white-box hardware instead.

Friendster made millions of users in few months because of heavy

traffic load Users starts beginning to complain that the site was often

inaccessible, slow, or didnt work properly.

Then friendster bought in the team of experts , their challenge is to re-

engineering the sites entire MySQL database environment .

Friendsters engineering team decided to continue to base their sitesinfrastructure upon a foundation of open source software popularly

known as the LAMP stack, an integrated combination of LINUX

operating system, Apache Web server, MySQL database and PHP

programming languages.


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Friendstar employed the strategy called scale-out that allows dozens

of MySQL database servers to share a heavy workload. MySQL servers coordinate separate sections of the social network site

such as member profiles, photo galleries, messages, testimonials andother interconnected user information.

MySQL robust design allows the system to easily replicate and

failover to additional servers during peak traffic periods and

occasional hardware failure.

MySQL Network Gives Friendster Speed, Scalability & Production

Support, Fast Performance, Reliable, Extensible, Easy Integration

with open, less expensive components, High-Quality Technical.

MySQL Network is a comprehensive set of certified software. MySQL is an attractive alternative to higher-cost, more complex

database technology Support.

PART-BQ4: - What are the reasons for popularity of MySQL database

when there are many well established database supports are

available in market?

ANS: - Introduction Of MYSQL database :-


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The MySQL database

has become the world's most popular open source database because of its

consistent fast performance, high reliability and ease of use.

The Structured

Query Language (SQL) is a very popular database language, and its

standardization makes it quite easy to store, update and access data. One of

the most powerful SQL servers out there is called MySQL.

MySQL Server as free software under the GNU General Public License

(GPL), and the MySQL Enterprise subscriptions include a GPL version.

MySQL is an open-source database system with which we can do the

following things :-

Design The Structure Of The Tables (Called Schema) And How They

Relate To One Another Add, Edit And Delete Data Sort And Manipulate Data Query The Database (That Is, Ask Questions About The Data) Produce Listings Based On Queries

REASONS FOR POPULARITY OF MYSQL : -

Hardware REQUIREMENTS : -

Windows Server 2003

SP2, RAM: 512 to 4 GB, CPU: Pentium 4, 2.80 GHz, H

Drive: 80 GB IDE.


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Data Types:

Many data types: signed/unsigned integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8

bytes long, FLOAT, DOUBLE, CHAR, VARCHAR,BINARY, VARBINARY, TEXT, BLOB, DATE, TIME,

DATETIME, TIMESTAMP, YEAR.

Fixed-length and variable-length string types

Licensing : - MySQL is an open-source system that works

under the General Public License (GNU). It is

said that one of the key reasons behind the

popularity of this programming language is that

the web developers can use it free of cost.

However, if you want to sell this software as a proprietary product, you need to buy a

commercial license. Open-Source Nature : - MySQL is an open storage database

engine, which provides a wide variety like, Heap. MySQL

has the ability to integrate with various types of programming

languages. So, it is quite natural that MySQL will be more

beneficial than other web-based technologies. Technicalities : -


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o Sometimes MySQL lacks full support

for the stored process. This is no doubt

one of the most remarkable

disadvantages of this database system. Performance : -

y MySQL is able to perform better on Linux

and UNIX like systems. It is seen that most

of the Internet powerhouses use MySQL as

their back-end database for its stable nature. Security : -

MySQL database usually operates over IP ports

and thus it attracts the intruders wealth. But there

is nothing to worry. MySQL also permits one to

change the ports, when default becomes prone.

Recovery : - Though this database programming has several

advantages, one of the main areas in which the

MySQL server faces problem is the recovery

process. In most of the time it is seen that when a

system shuts down without prior indication, people using MySQL server may lose all their

documents. So, people using this server should

remain alert while working.


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FEATURES OF MYSQL DATABASE : -

MySQL Community Server and the commercial Enterprise Server.

They have a common code base and include the following features:

A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99, as well as extensions Cross-platform support Stored procedures Triggers

Cursors Updatable Views True Varchar support INFORMATION_SCHEMA SSL support Query caching Sub-SELECTs (i.e. nested SELECTs) Replication support (i.e. Master-Master Replication &

Master-Slave Replication) with one master per slave, many

slaves per master, no automatic support for multiple masters

per slave. Full-text indexing and searching using MyISAM engine

Embedded database library Partial Unicode support (UTF-8 and UCS-2 encoded strings

are limited to the BMP)


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Security : - A privilege and password system that is very flexible

and secure, and that enables host-based verification. Password security by encryption of all password

traffic when you connect to a server. Scalability and Limits : -

Support for large databases. We use MySQL Server

with databases that contain 50 million records. We

also know of users who use MySQL Server with200,000 tables and about 5,000,000,000 rows.

Support for up to 64 indexes per table (32 before MySQL

4.1.2). Each index may consist of 1 to 16 columns or parts of

columns. The maximum index width is 1000 bytes (767 for

InnoDB); before MySQL 4.1.2, the limit is 500 bytes. An index

may use a prefix of a column for CHAR, VARCHAR, BLOB,

or TEXT column types.

Q5: - What are the apache configuration files. Discuss some

key directives with their roles and purposes along with

practical effects.

ANS: - INTRODUCTION OF APACHE SERVER : - The Apache is HTTP

Server that provides the internet services. Apache is web server software


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notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web.

The majority of web servers using Apache run a Unix-like operating system.

Apache is developed

and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The application is available for a wide

variety of operating systems, including UNIX, GNU, Linux, Solaris Mac OS

X, and Microsoft Windows. Released under the Apache License, Apache is

characterized as open-source software.

Apache Configuration Files: - apache configuration contains directiveand containers

Explanation of Directives and container: -

Directives : -

Apache is configured by placing directives in plain text configuration files.

The main configuration file is usually called httpd.conf. In addition, other

configuration files may be added using the Include directive. Any directive

may be placed in any of these configuration files.

Scope of directives: -

placing them in , , , ,

, and sections.

.htaccess Files : -

The .htaccess files follow the same syntax as the main

configuration files. Since .htaccess files are read on every request, changes

made in these files take immediate effect.


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Containers : -

The and directives, along with their

regex counterparts, apply directives to parts of the filesystem. Directives

enclosed in a section apply to the named filesystem directory

and all subdirectories of that directory. The same effect canbe obtained using

.htaccess files. For example, in the following configuration, directory

indexes will be enabled for the /var/web/dir1 directory and all subdirectories.

Options +Indexes

Directives enclosed in a section apply to any file with the specified

name, regardless of what directory it lies in. So for example, the following

configuration directives will, when placed in the main section of the

configuration file, deny access to any file named private.html regardless of

where it is found.

Order allow,deny

Deny from all

Q6:-How PHP is different from other programming languages

like ASP.NET, JavaScript, Java etc.

ANS: - Introduction of PHP: - PHP is a server-side scripting language

for creating dynamic Web pages. You create pages with PHP and HTML.


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When a visitor opens the page, the server processes the PHP commands and

then sends the results to the visitor's browser. PHP is Open Source and cross-

platform. PHP runs on Windows NT and many Unix versions, and it can be

built as an Apache module and as a binary that can run as a CGI. 5 54 When built as an Apache module, PHP is especially lightweight and speedy.

Without any process creation overhead, it can return results quickly.

Why PHP is different from other programming languages : -

PHP VS JAVA

PHP vs Java

Subject PHP Java

Integration

with

HTML

PHP has several ways to

markup the scriptlets, but

the most common way is


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PHP vs Java

Subject PHP Java

dynamic nature makes it a

very difficult language for

compilation. In the PHP

world, compiling just means

caching the opcodes. The

opcodes consist just in a

parsed version of PHPs

source code (i.e. translating$a = $b + 1; in an opcode

for the assignment and another

for the addition.

machine that dynamically

profiles the code being executed.

When the VM detects a place

worth of compiling, it goes

ahead and compiles it right into

machine code. The name of the

VM, hotspot, comes from that.

Encoding

support

Theres no support for

encoding in PHP. Everything

is just bytes, and its up-to-youdecide in which encoding you

are working. There are some

libraries to handle encoding,

but they are not well

integrated. Full Unicode

support is promised for the

allmighty 6.0 release, although

is yet to be seen whether they

will be able to retrofit

encoding support without

Java has been Unicode (UTF-16) based from the start. Every char

is an unicode char, and nave

developers create unicode-ready

applications without even think

about it. When you do a

str.length(), str.substring(), etc.

you are already handling unicode

chars.


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PHP vs Java

Subject PHP Java

disrupting the PHP

community.

Data access

PHP lacks a standard data

access API. It could be said

that PDO is aiming to be that

API, but its a recent addition

and is not the dominating API.

APIs in PHP had traditionally

be DB specific (e.g. you have

a mysqli API just for

MySQL), and you need to call

another set functions if you

want to switch databases.

Mysqli API is not welldesigned: prepared statement

is handled completelly

different than non-prepared

statement, and the way you

have to bind result

parameters is anti-intuitive.

Connection pooling is not a

widely used feature.

Java has a well designed set of

clasess for handling database

access: JDBC. This API is db

agnostic, and you can switch

databases without changing a

single line of code (but you still

might need to adjust your SQL).

There are dozens for connection

pooling implementations.

PHP VS ASP.NET: -


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ASP or Active Server Pages is the first attempt of Microsoft to create a

server-side language used for generating dynamic and interactive pages. In

2002 Microsoft releases the ASP.NET as a successor to ASP. ASP.NET is

built on the Common Language Runtime, which allows programmers towrite ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language (C#, C++, J#,

Jscript.NET, Python, Ruby, etc).

Here are some interesting comparative details for both languages : -

PHP generally is much simpler than ASP in terms of usage. PHP was

written in C which makes coding simple. On the other hand ASP uses

a simplified form of Visual Basic language known as VB script

(although with .NET you can choose between all the different

languages mentioned above). However ASP has a steeper learning

curve.

One of the big advantages of PHP is the great support of different

database systems (with MySQL usually as the first choice). Although

connectivity in ASP is much improved since its first versions. ASP.NET is generally faster than PHP (both on Window and on Linux

servers) with the exception of File Copy and Attribute operations.

On the other hand loading speed is a big factor. And in that case PHP

is faster, because ASP uses an overhead on the server since it uses a

COM based architecture (check below the advantage of compiling of

ASP).

However .NET enjoys all the benefits of fast and accurate

compilation. However with PHP you can use Sends PHP Accelerator

which is doing more or less the same.


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When it comes to databases, MySQL on PHP is a little bit faster than

SQL Server on ASP. However in terms of performance for large scale

databases opinions vary.

Features of PHP: -

PHP is open source which means free to use with tons of users with

helpful hints and solutions. PHP enjoys the flexibility of running on various platforms such as

Linux, UNIX, Windows and Solaris. On the other hand ASP is

primarily related with Windows platform.

Database Access : -

One of set modules control database access. Using PHP

with MySQL has become common enough that the MySQL interface is now

part of core PHP instead of a plug-in module. Most other databases have

modules that can be included in a PHP build to allow access. PHP can access

most any SQL or ODBC database. It can both read and write information in

the database.

File Access : -

PHP can read and write files. It can also do basic file and

directory maintenance. Because of this, you can use it to do such things as

edit documents remotely.Application Control: -

PHP started as an application control language.

Specifically, it was designed to handle access logging for HTTP.

Graphics: -


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PHP can not only manage text content, it can also manage

graphic content. It can be used to create graphs and charts Servers.

Extensible: -

PHP is extensible. It is written in C and the underlying

source can be expanded on with new modules written in the same. It is also

open source, so engaging in such expansion is permitted and encouraged.

For all these high features PHP is more used than other languages.

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