Open Source Licensing Powerpoint Presentation
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Transcript of Open Source Licensing Powerpoint Presentation
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Open Source Licensing
An Introduction
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Presentation outline:
Basic intellectual property law
(Very) basic software
History and philosophy of open source General outline of types of open source licenses
Analysis of individual licenses
Risks and benefits of open source The open source idea in other contexts
Conclusion
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Part I
Basic Intellectual
Property Law
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What is intellectual property?
Intellectual property refers to creations of the
mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and
symbols, names, images, and designs used incommerce. What is Intellectual Property?, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/
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There are three types ofintellectual property
1. Expressions
2. Ideas
3.Unique commercial identifiers
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Copyright Law
Protecting
Expressions
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What is the Legal Basis ofCopyright Law?
U.S. Const. Art. 1 8 Cl. 8.
The Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. 101 et
seq.
The Berne Convention for the Protectionof Literary and Artistic Works
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What is copyrightable?
[O]riginal works of authorship fixed in any
tangible medium of expression, now known or
later developed, from which they can beperceived, reproduced, or otherwise
communicated, either directly or with the aid of
a machine or device. 17 U.S.C. 102.
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How does a work becomecopyrighted?
As soon as a work is fixed in atangible medium, copyright
subsists.
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What protections does copyrightlaw provide? 17 USC 106
A copyright holder has the exclusive right:
To make copies of the work
To prepare derivative works To distribute copies of the original work or
derivative works
For certain types of works, to perform the work For certain types of works, to perform the work
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Copies
The original is the first copy
Any duplicate is a copy
All instances of a software program arecopies
All open source licenses grant the right to
make copies There is no limitation on the means made
to make a copy
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Derivative Works
[A] work based upon one or more
preexisting works, such as a translation . .
. or any other form in which a work may berecast, transformed, or adapted. 17
U.S.C. 101.
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Collective Works
A work . . . in which a number of
contributions, constituting separate and
independent works in themselves, areassembled into a collective whole. 17
U.S.C. 101.
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Joint Works
A joint work is a work prepared by two or
more authors with the intention that their
contributions be merged into inseparableor interdependent parts of a unitarywhole. 17 U.S.C. 101.
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Copyright Chain of Title
The copyright in a compilation or derivative
work extends only to the material contributed by
the author of such work, and does not imply anyexclusive right in the preexisting material. Thecopyright in such work is independent of, anddoes not affect or enlarge the scope, duration,
ownership, or subsistence of, any copyrightprotection in the existing material. 17 U.S.C. 103.
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Copyright Exceptions for Software
The owner of a copy has a right to make acopy; would otherwise be useless
The owner of a copy has a right to make acopy for archival purposes.
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Patent Law
Protecting Ideas
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What is the legal basis for patentlaw?
U.S. Const. Art. 1 8 Cl. 8.
The U.S. Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. 1 et
seq.
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What is patentable?
[A]ny new and useful process, machine,
manufacture, composition of matter, or
any new and useful improvement thereof.17 U.S.C. 101
Must be novel, useful, and non obvious
and be patentable subject matter.
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How does a work becomepatented?
Obtaining a patent is difficult and time consuming.An inventor must file a patent application with the
patent office in every country in which he or shewishes to have a patent. The patent may be later
overturned by a court if it is insufficient.
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What protections does patent lawprovide?
Gives patent holder right to exclude others from:
Making anything with his or her invention
Using anything embodying his or her invention Selling or offering to sell anything embodying his
or her invention
Importing anything embodying his or herinvention
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Copyright Exceptions for Software
Owner of a copy has a right to make acopy; would otherwise be useless
Owner of a copy has a right to make acopy for archival purposes. See Rosen at25-26
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Patent Chain of Title
Only one patent owner for any work
There is no open source definition for
patent licenses
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Assigning Ownership
Transferring ownership of a copyright,patent or trademark itself, not merely
rights associated with it Not usually helpful for open source; an
open source license generally provides
the same protections that an assignmentof ownership would.
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Trademarks
Protecting unique commercialidentifiers
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What is the legal basis fortrademark protection?
The U.S. Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.
The common law
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What is a trademark?
The unique identifying mark thatdistinguishes the goods or
services of one merchant fromthose of another.
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What protections does trademarklaw provide?
Keeps other merchants from usinganother merchants unique identifying
mark.
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Licenses
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What is a license?
Grants permission to use a copyrighted work
Can grant any or all of the rights associated with
copyright Can impose other restrictions, such as type or
place or usage, or duration of the license
Does not transfer ownership of the copyright
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Contracts
Must have three things:
- Offer
- Acceptance
- Consideration
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Part II
Software Basics
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Software
[A] general term used to
describe a collection of
computer programs, procedureand documentation that perform
some tasks on a computersystem. Wikipedia.
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Hardware
The physical parts of acomputer, as opposed to
software, which exists inside thecomputer
Th t t f d f
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There are two types of code forsoftware
Object code
Source code
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Source Code
Programming statements created by aprogrammer. Kennedy at 2
In human readable form Easy to modify
Most license agreements do not allow for
access to source code Programmers use a compiler to turn it into
object code
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Object Code
Also called executable code
The instruction sequence for the
computer processor. Kennedy at 2.
Not human readable
Most software is distributed in object code
form
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Part III
Open Source
Software
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What is open source software?
Open source software is software that issubject to an open source license.
An open source licensor must give thelicensee certain rights to be consideredopen source
Basically, the licensee has the right to use,modify or distribute the software, and theright to access the source code.
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Is it the same as free software?
Generally yes
Free software was the original name
Open source began being used to allaythe concerns of proprietary softwarecompanies that were thinking of utilizing or
developing free software
P i t O S
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Prominent Open SourcePrograms
Apache Web Server
Mozilla and Firefox web browsers
Linux
BIND
MySQL
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Prominent Open Source Vendors
IBM
Red Hat
Sun Microsystems
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The History of Open Source
Richard Stallman, the GNU operating System,the Free Software Foundation, and the GeneralPublic License (GPL)
Bill Joy, UNIX and the Berkeley SoftwareDistribution License (BSD)
Open source comes of age Linux, Mozilla,
Apache et al., and the corporate licenses The Open Source Initiative
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What are the OSI and the OSD?
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is the de factostandards body for open source software. Itdetermines what open source means, andapproves licenses as being open source
The Open Source Definition (OSD) is a set ofcriteria that a license must conform to to be
considered open source. The OSI maintains thedefinition and changes it from time to time.
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The Open Source Definition
1. Free Redistribution. The licenseshall not restrict any party from selling or
giving away the software as a componentof an aggregate software distributioncontaining programs from several different
sources, The license shall not requireroyalty or other fee for such sale.
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2. Source Code. The program must include sourcecode, and must allow distribution in source code as wellas compiled form. Where some form of a product is not
distributed with source code, there must be a wellpublicized means of obtaining the source code for nomore than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably,downloading via the Internet without charge. The sourcecode must be the preferred form in which a programmer
would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscatedsource code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such asthe output of a preprocessor or translator are notallowed.
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3. Derived Works. The license mustallow modifications and derived works,
and must allow them to be distributedunder the same terms as the license of theoriginal software.
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4. Integrity of the Authors Source Code.The license may restrict source-code frombeing distributed in modified form onlyif the
license allows the distribution of patch files withthe source code for the purpose of modifying theprogram at build time. The license mustexplicitly permit distribution of software built from
modified source code. The license may requirederived works to carry a different name orversion number from the original software.
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5. No Discrimination Against Persons orGroups. The license must not discriminateagainst any person or group of persons.
6. No Discrimination Against Fields ofEndeavor. The license must not restrictanyone from making use of the program in aspecific field of endeavor. For example, it may
not restrict the program from being used in abusiness, or from being used in geneticresearch
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7. Distribution of License. The rightsattached to the program must apply to all
to whom the program is redistributedwithout the need for execution of anadditional license by those parties.
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8.License Must Not Be Specific to a Product.The rights attached to the program must notdepend on the programs being part of a
particular software distribution. If the program isextracted from that distribution and used ordistributed within the terms of the programslicense, all parties to whom the program is
redistributed should have the same rights asthose that are granted in conjunction with theoriginal software distribution.
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9. License Must Not ContaminateOther Software. The license must not
place restrictions on other software that isdistributed along with the licensedsoftware. For example, the license mustnot insist that all other programsdistributed on the same medium must beopen-source software.
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10. License Must Be TechnologyNeutral. No provision of the license may
be predicated on any individual technologyor style of interface.
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Part IV
Open Source Licenses In
General
There are several types of
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There are several types ofsoftware licenses:
The GPL, or copyleft family of licenses
The BSD/academic family of licenses
The Mozilla/corporate type licenses Other open source licenses
Traditional proprietary licenses
Shareware/freeware Public domain (not a license, but a way of
accessing software)
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The GPL family of licenses
Basic rights under the GPL access tosource code, right to make derivative
works Copyleft
The Library or Lesser General Public
License
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The BSD family of licenses
Same basic rights as GPL
No copyleft provisions, i.e. licensees can
take software licensed under the BSDprivate
Can re-release software under a different
license
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Mozilla/corporate licenses
More expertly drafted
Serve as a model for later commercial
licenses Different provisions on relicensing
No copyleft
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Other Open Source Licenses
There are over fifty (50) other open sourcelicenses
The IBM Common Public License, the MITX license, and the Artistic License areexamples
The open source community discourages
writing ones own license in order toprevent license proliferation
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Shareware/Freeware
May be free or may not
Licensor does not provide the right to
make derivative works or give access tosource code
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Public Domain
Author retains no copyright rights if software is inthe public domain
Open source software authors retain copyright
rights Open source licenses contain restrictions, just
different ones than licensees may be used to
The restrictions in open source licenses arebased on copyright law and depend on it fortheir effectiveness.
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Part V
Some Specific Open
Source Licenses
The GNU General Public License
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The GNU General Public License(GPL)
Part license, part manifesto
Reciprocity/Copyleft
Purpose is to increase amount of publiclyavailable software and ensurecompatibility
Licensees have right to modify, use ordistribute software, and to access thesource code
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Problems with the GPL
Linking to GPL programs
No explicit patent grant
Does no discuss trademark rights
Does not discuss duration
Silent on sublicensing
Relies exclusively on license law, notcontract
The Library or Lesser General
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The Library or Lesser GeneralPublic License (LGPL)
Written to deal with the linking problem inthe GPL discussed above
Provides that programs that merely link toa program in a library are not subject tocopyleft
If licensee makes a derivative work of thelibrary, copyleft applies
The Berkeley Software
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The Berkeley SoftwareDistribution License (BSD)
No copyleft/reciprocity provision
Does not mention patents
Other BSD type academic
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Other BSD type academiclicenses
MIT
Apache
Artistic License
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The Mozilla Public License (MPL)
Professionally written
Includes an explicit patent grant, including
a reciprocal grant for contributors Includes many specific provisions that are
absent in the GPL and BSD but which are
often in licenses.
The Common Public License
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The Common Public License(CPL)
Developed and owned by IBM
Includes a limited patent license
Contains a reciprocity provision Contains a patent defense provision
Indemnity provision
The Open Source License and
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The Open Source License andthe Academic Free License
Mirror images of each other, except theAFL does not include reciprocityprovisions and the OSL does
Addresses aspects of copyright left out byother licenses, such as scope andduration
Grants a patent license Retains name and trademark of licensor
Multiple Licensing and other
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Multiple Licensing and otherstrategies
Microsofts Shared Source License
Public Source
Multiple Licensing Licensing in phases
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Part VI
Risks and Benefits of
Open SourceSoftware
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Legal Risks
Intellectual property infringement
No warranties
Copyleft
Copyright attribution and notice requirements Enforcement
Ambiguous license terms
Consumer protection laws
License management Licenses have not been construed by an American Court
Licenses may be revocable
Uncertain interpretation
Forking (not a legal risk, but still a risk)
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Benefits
Increased user base
Longer useful life
Increased stability Security
Scalability
Innovation Cost
Adaptability
How do licensors make money
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How do licensors make moneywith open source software?
Usually by providing other services, such as:
Support
Training Customization
Integration
Certification Offering warranties
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Part VII
The Open Source
Idea in OtherContexts
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Open Content
Describes any kind of creative work
published in a format that explicitly allows
copying and modifying of its information byanyone, not exclusively by a closedorganization, firm, or individual. FromWikipedia, the worlds largest open source project.
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Creative Commons
Creative Commons Licenses
Baseline rights
Various Licenses Creative Commons International
Other Open Content
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pOrganizations
Creative Commons Internationalhttp://creativecommons,org/international/
Science Commons (a Creative Commons Project)
http://sceincecommons.org Open Educational Resources Commons (OER)
http://www.oercommons.org/
Open Content (http://www.opencontent.org/
For more see the Google Directory,http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/(providing a list of websites dedicated toopen source)
Other open content licenses
http://creativecommons%2Corg/international/http://sceincecommons.org/http://www.oercommons.org/http://www.opencontent.org/http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/http://www.google.com/Top/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/http://www.opencontent.org/http://www.oercommons.org/http://sceincecommons.org/http://creativecommons%2Corg/international/ -
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pinclude:
GNU Free Documentation License
Open Content License
Free Art License Open Game License
October Open Game License
Considerations before licensing with Creative
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Considerations before licensing with CreativeCommons or other open content license
Make sure you understand what rights youare retaining and which ones you are
giving up Make sure you own the copyright
Make sure your work is subject to
copyright law Be specific about what you are licensing
(creative commons FAQs)
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Part VII
Further Reading
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LAWRENCE ROSEN , OPEN SOURCE LICENSING: SOFTWARE FREEDOMAND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW (Prentice Hall Professional andTechnical Reference 2004), available athttp://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htm. The best book on open sourcelicensing. Gives an in-depth but not overly detailed overview of issues
regarding open source licensing. Includes the text of some o the morepopular open source licenses and point-by-point analysis of some of themost important licenses.
http://www.opensource.org - the online home of the Open Source Initiative,the de facto standards body of the open source movement. Provides a listof and the text of all OSI approved licenses. Sets out the open source
principles, answers frequently asked questions, and provides helpful links Dennis M. Kennedy, A Primer on Open Source Licensing Legal Issues:
Copyright, Copyleft and Copyfuture, (2001), available athttp://www.denniskennedy.com/opensourcedmk.pdf .
http://creativecommons.org - the open source idea in non software contexts
http://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htmhttp://www.opensource.org/http://www.denniskennedy.com/opensourcedmk.pdfhttp://creativecommons.org/http://creativecommons.org/http://www.denniskennedy.com/opensourcedmk.pdfhttp://www.opensource.org/http://www.rosenlaw.com/oslbook.htm -
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On the business issues:
Eric S. Raymond, The Magic Cauldron, availableathttp://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/, (discussing how
to make money on open source) David A. Wheeler, Why Open Source
Software/Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, ofFOSS)? Look at the Numbers!,available at
http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html#history (reviewing literature on and discussing thebenefits of open source versus proprietarysoftware)
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/magic-cauldron/magic-cauldron.html/ -
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Lists of open source projects
http://freshmeat.net
http://sourceforge.net
On open source software
http://freshmeat.net/http://sourceforge.net/http://sourceforge.net/http://freshmeat.net/ -
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pgenerally
Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and theBazaar: Musings on Linux and Open
Source by an Accidental Revolutionary(OReilly Media 2001), available athttp://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/
http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/ -
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Part IX
Conclusion
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Like anything else, open source hasboth risks and benefits (for licensors
and licensees)
They are neither an unmitigated good, norparticularly dangerous. Before using them, either
to license your work or accepting work subject tothem, you should evaluate your own situation andmake an individual determination. Generalinformation cannot take into account your
r i l r ir m n
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And on a similar note,remember . . .
This presentation is not legal advice. Legal advice canonly be provided with regards to specific factual
circumstances in the context of an attorney-client
relationship. This presentation does not establish anattorney-client relationship. If you have any furtherquestions that you are unable to answer yourself afterreasonable efforts contact the Department of Legal