Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete,...

Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete, 14th-17th November 2006

Landscape scale assessment of nitrogen interactionsPierre CELLIER, Albert BLEEKER, Eva BØGH, Lutz BREUER, Nicolas

BRUEGGEMANN, Tommy DALGAARD, Ulrike DRAGOSITS, Jean-Louis DROUET, Patrick DURAND, Enzo MAGLIULO, Jørgen OLESEN

Lech RYSZKOWSKI, Mark THEOBALD, Mark SUTTON

INRA (F), ECN (NL), Univ. Roskilde (DK), Univ. Giessen (D), IMK-IFU (D), DIAS (DK), CEH (UK), RCAFE (PL)


How can be seen a landscape with a nitrogen perspective?

A patchwork of sources and sinks of N in the natural (fields, forests, natural ecosystems) and « man-made » environments (building, villages, roads) (both largely determined by human activities in the past and present)with a significant fraction of sources and sinks managed by man and possible mitigation on both.

Special focus on rural landscapes where large amounts of N are manipulated agricultural areas with livestock, pigs, poultry, …

Courtesy J.E. Olesen ??

What are the interactions between these sources and sinks, and the consequences on N2O fluxes?


What happens to reactive nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere and the soil

in such areas?


B. Loubet et al. (collab INRA / CEH)

Local recapture of ammonia by tree-belts close to a source

Using a lagrangian-stochastic model (MODDAS-2D, Loubet et al., 2006) to estimate NH3 deposition and concentration field close to a source (animal housing) surrounded by a tree belt of different widths

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

X (m)

Z (

m)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

X (m)

Z (

m)

x (m)

z (m

)

700

10

0

10

010

010

0

z (m

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

z (m

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

x (m)

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

z (m

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Canopy Length15 m

Canopy Length30 m (Base Scenario)

Canopy Length60 m

NH3 Concentration

(g m-3)

(7.1%)

(4.6%)

(2.1%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70x (m)

z (m

)z

(m)

z (m

)

An

imal

ho

usi

ng

L

TreeBelt

L = 15 m

L = 30 m

L = 70 m

4.6%

2.1%

7.1%


from Fowler et al. (1998)

Distance to the farm (m)

Dis

tan

ce t

o th

e fa

rm (

m)

WE

ST

NORTH

EA

ST

SOUTH

-60

-40

-20 0

20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

FA

RM

240-280

200-240

160-200

120-160

80-120

40-80

0-40

Deposition

Kg N ha-1 y-1

Ammonia deposition can induce large input to neighbour

ecosystems

are there N2O emissions induced by these hot-spots of NH3

deposition?



Atmospheric deposition from « source » to « sink » fields

wind

Deposition = 6.4% of the emissions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

S1

S30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

S1

S40

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

S1

S30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8



Bare soil where slurry has been applied large ammonia emission

Grassland with LAI = 2

wind

wind


Nitrateleaching

Nitratetransfer

Nitraterecapture by crops

Denitrification

N2O emission

Nitrate transfer and N2O emissions at catchment scale in shallow groundwater

systems


Soil-groundwater interaction zone

Distributed denitrification

Distributed N concentration in groundwater

from Patrick Durand, INRA Rennes

Consequence of hydrological transfer on N2O emission at catchment scale

TNT2Model


Transfer of nitrogen by the atmosphere and the hydrology can create delocalized hot-spots of N2O emission (indirect emission) at local scale,

and modify the GHG balance at landscape scale.

This is sensitive to the arrangement of landscape elements (farm, vegetation, humid zones, …)


Fertilizermanufacture

Atmospheric N2 fixed to reactive

nitrogen (NR)

NR

Crops for food &animal feed

NR

Nitrogen oxides(NOx)

Nitrous Oxide(N2O)

Ammonia(NH3)

Leached Nitrate (NO3

-)

Further emissionof NOx & N2O

carrying on the cascade

Livestock farming

Natural ecosystems

Ammonium nitrate in rain (NH4NO3)

Nitrate instreamwaters

The Nitrogen Cascade


Accounting for the farm dimension allows to ensure …

• Accounting of all emissions (housing, field work, transport, indirect, …)• N and C flows consistency• N/C allocation to fields (amount+timing)• Estimate at farm scale (see e.g. GreenGrass results)• …• Link with management• Link with mitigation options

Moreover, the farm is a part of the landscape


Nitrogen flows on a mixed cattle farm(FASSET model, DIAS, DK)

CropAbove-groundBelow-ground

Soil

Manurestore Animals

Sale ofmilk+meat

Import offeed+straw

NH3

76

39

Sale ofplant prod.

104

51

129

64

105

11613 85

10

Import offertiliser

NO3N2O

74

N2

59

11(+11)

94

<1

2

76<1 6

Nitrous oxide emissions:7933 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr

238


Farm N efficiency, output/input (%)

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s (k

g C

O2-

eq k

g-1m

ilk)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2ConventionalOrganic

Emissions per kg milk produced

Two examples of output from a farm model

Allows to compare farming system on farm scale basis

(FASSET model, DIAS, DK)

Field

Animals

House

Manure

Pre-chain

Field

Pre-chain

Manure

Animal

House

Integrate all components at farm scale

Emissions per

component


Organization of farm activity in space: example of an INRA experimental farm

Steers

Dairy cows

night pasture

Heifers

Heifers

Hay

Hay

Calves

Calves

FARM

Heifers

Dairy cows

day pasture

+ slurry/manure management+ hay / silage management

N used at farm scale is not disposed randomly nor uniformly to land need to consider spatial interactions

from Jean-Louis FIORELLIINRA Mirecourt

grassland

cropland


A ± common scale to all « processes »



Dis

tan

ce t

o th

e fa

rm (

m)

WE

ST

NORTH

EA

ST

SOUTH

-60

-40

-20 0

20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

FA

RM

240-280

200-240

160-200

120-160

80-120

40-80

0-40

Deposition

Kg N ha-1 y-1



Dis

tan

ce t

o th

e fa

rm (

m)

WE

ST

NORTH

EA

ST

SOUTH

-60

-40

-20 0

20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

FA

RM


Dis

tan

ce t

o th

e fa

rm (

m)

WE

ST

NORTH

EA

ST

SOUTH

-60

-40

-20 0

20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

FA

RM

-60

-40

-20 0

20 40 60 80 100

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

-40

-60

FA

RM

FA

RM

240-280

200-240

160-200

120-160

80-120

40-80

0-40

Deposition

Kg N ha-1 y-1

240-280

200-240

160-200

120-160

80-120

40-80

0-40

Deposition

Kg N ha-1 y-1

1 km100 m

100 m – 1 km

typical scale of 100-101 km²


Need for a coupled model

The biophysical model(ecosystem/atmosphere/hydrology) needs afarm model to • allocate N and C to

field• ensure consistency at

farm/regional scale• link with decision

making

The farm model needsa biophysical model to • improve emission

estimates at field• account for the

characteristics of the environment

Need decision rules to allocate N in space


The landscape scale in NitroEurope:development of the NitroScape model

Farm buildings & manure stores

Grass fields

Arable fields

Forest & shrubland

Farm management model

Multi-ecosystem model

Nested atmospheric model

Distributed hydrological model

Lan

dscap

e datab

ase & G

IS

Controller programme

Non-agricsources

Landscape inventory input data

Soils & hydrologyinput data

Meteorol.input data

Output mapsdatasets &scenarios

Emission / deposition

Leaching / uptake

Lateral transfer in catchments

Local and regional atmospheric dispersion

Model data exchange

N & C flux

Farm buildings & manure stores

Grass fields

Arable fields

Forest & shrubland

Farm management model

Multi-ecosystem model

Nested atmospheric model

Distributed hydrological model

Lan

dscap

e datab

ase & G

IS

Controller programme

Non-agricsources

Landscape inventory input data

Soils & hydrologyinput data

Meteorol.input data

Output mapsdatasets &scenarios

Emission / deposition

Leaching / uptake

Lateral transfer in catchments

Local and regional atmospheric dispersion

Model data exchange

N & C flux

Landscape

database

GIS

Choosing the relevant models :

• atmospheric• hydrological• ecosystem• farm

(in a consistent way)


Concepts of model linking

Re-coding

Model A

Model B

Model C= A+B

Database(input data)

Model A

Model B

WrapperCalls models& database,Provides input from & collects output to DB at iterations

Model C

Database(input data)

Linked models (1)

Model A

Model B

Model CDatabase(input data)

Linked models (2)(OpenMI, Palm, MCT, …)


NitroEurope – NEU Landscape networkNitroEurope – NEU Landscape network

NEU-C4 : establishing a network of landscape sites

Leadburn

Turew

Piana del Sele

Naizin

Bjerringbro

Vel Vanla

- Different climatic conditions

- Different farming systems

- High N inputs but ≠ levels

- Mixing of fields/farms and natural ecosystems deposition

- Landscape size : ≈ 5 km x 5 km

- Local involvement of farmers


Summary:landscape scale analysis must be made in the context of nitrogen research because:

• Complexity of the environment and possible interactions between, physical, biological and human « environments »

• Scale of management/decision making,of application for abatement options

• Need for understanding basic processes and interactions at this scale and interactions between natural environment and processes and decision-making

• Help to account for the environment in N management and mitigation options

• Helpfull to upscale from farm/field emission to regional scale, and make balances at landscape and farm scale

Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete,...

Documents

Transcript of Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, Sissi-Lassithi, Crete,...