Open Linux

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XP Linux

Primary Extended (Logical)

40 GB Hard disk

C:// 10 GB

D:// 10 GB

E:// 10 GB

------------

/ 8GB

/boot 200-512 MB

Swap Ram*2

-------------

hda primary master

hdb primary slave

hdc secondary master

hdd secondary slave

----------------

0 Sector size = 512 bytesIPL = 446 bytes

FAT32 FAT32 FAT32 Ext3 Ext3 swap

/dev/hda /dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 /dev/hda3 /dev/hda6/dev/hda5/dev/hda4

C:// D:// E:// /boot X/dev/hda5/0 Sector (MBR)

Partition Table

GRUB

NTLDR

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1:- Linux file system

/ bin All commandswhich are used by normal users

/ sbin All commandswhich are used by supper user

/ boot Linux kernel ( vmlinuz , initrd ) Grub directory

/ etc System conf files

/ var Server data logsMail proxy cache

/ dev All devicesname stored in / dev

/ usr All gui toolsinstalled in / usr

/ proc System informations( picture of RAM )

/ home User'shome dir's

/ tmp Temporaryfiles

/ media Auto mounted devicesmount point in / media

/ boot / etc / usr / var / home / tmp / dev / proc / media

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2:--Concept of swap

/ / boot

Ext3 Ext3 swap

[Ram 256MB]

Linux os image size 300MB Remaining os image in swap

44MB

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3:-- Basic commonds

For changing directory / to /etc

One step back /etc to /

Go to previous working directory

Go to current login user home directory

Show the contents of /etc in single color

Show the contents of /etc in different colors with nature of contents

create a folder on root partition

Create a folder in /disk

Create multiple folder in multiple directories with single command

Create multiple folder in same directory

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Copy a file in directory

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /disk/dir/

Copy a directory with r option

Copy a file from /disk/file and paste it in /etc with myfile name

Remove a file

Remove a file with forcefully option

Remove a directory with out r option and you face will an error

Remove a directory with r option

Remove a directory with forcefully option

Move /etc/dir1 to /disk/ with different name

Rename the folder name mydir to dir

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Rename the file name with myfile

Read a file on terminal

Read a file page by page with less command

Read a file page by page with more command

Read first ten lines of grub.conf

Read last ten lings of grub.conf

Read first 12 lines with n option

Read last 11 lines with n option

Copy the contents of /etc/grub.conf in /disk/file

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Append the contents /etc/mtab in /etc/file

Merging tow commands with pipe sign output of the first command is input of second command

Count the total lines of squid.conf

Show only spool words in squid.conf

Flush the contents of file

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4:- User Management

Adding user with graphical utility

Show the properties of fiaz user

Add tow uses ishaq and umar with different command with default properties

Assigning password to ishaq

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Add a group

Customizing users properties at the time of creating user

[u uid ] [-g primary group] [-G secondary group] [ -c comments] [ -d home directory path ] [-s login shell ]

Modify user properties with usermod command

Delete a user saleem with his home directory

Delete a group corvit

All usersinformation stored in / etc/ passwd everyuser have a seven column line in thisfile

1-user name [ user authenticate at the time of login from the first column of / etc/ passwd ]

2-password required [ x meansusersmust requiredpasswordif remove thisx user canlogin without password

]

3-uid [ 500 first user id 0 to 499 idsare reserved0 for root user and remainingfor servicesusers]

4-gid [ every user relate with any group which storedin / etc/ group]

5-comments [full name but it is not compulsoryonly for information ]

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6-home directory path [ linuxfile system isread only for normal user only hishome directory iswith full

permission for normal user

7-login shell (/ bin/ bash, / bin/sh, / bin/ tsh, / sbin/ nologin) everyuser requireda shell for login without shell user

can never login at machine

All groups stored in this file

User password stored in this file

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5:- Help

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6:- Permission

Gui permission method...

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Three types of permission read write and execute, Ever file and folder have three relations owner group and

others

[ Read = r write = w execute = x ] [ owner = u group = g other = o ]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1= nature of object [d=dir -=file L=link]

2= first three permission for owner [ rwx]

3= second three permissionfor group members[ r-x]

4= thirdthree permissionfor others[r-x]

5= number of inodes contain bythisdirectory

6= owner of directory

7= groupof directory

8= size of directory

9= creatingdate of object

10=name of object

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Changingpermission = give write permission to other on/ disk

Give read write and execute permissionfor group on / disk

Assigningread writ and execute permissionto user, group and other with single command

Assigningdifferent permission with different commands which separate with semicolon

Usingnumber system =----- [ Read = 4 ] [ Write = 2 ] [ Execute = 1 ]

rwx=7

r-x=5

---=0

Assigningfull permission to owner and no permissionfor group and others

Assigningfull permissionfor owner and group nopermission for other

Assigningfull permission to all

Assigning full permission for owner and read, and execute for group and others

Assigning no permission for all

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Assigning sticky bit permission for other

Assigning suid permission for owner

Assigning sgid permission for group

7:-Archivingand Compression

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8:-Partition

Fdisk utility use to manage hard disk

Help

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Starting cylinder

Print partition table

Add new partitionSize in Mb

Print partition table

New partition size 500MB

Write and quite

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This command sink and updating kernel real table with fdisk utility you can check this table cat /proc/partitions

Make file system ext3 on /dev/hdc6

Create a folder for mount point

Mount device name on /windisk folder

Show Linux mounted partitions size and usage percentage

Boot time Linux file system mount from /etc/fstab

Device name Mount point File system Mounting option

Auto dump

Order of

fsck utility

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Umounting partition

Assigning a label [work] to device name

Show device name label

Mounting device label on /windisk

/ dev/ hdc6 or LABEL=work

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10:- RPM ( Redhat package manager )Query about zsh package from installed rpm database

Removing zsh package

Again query after removing zsh package

For installing new rpms first mount your DVD in /media

Copy the contents of DVD in /var/ftp/pub

Installing zsh package

Information about installed zsh package

Show the path where zsh is installed

Query all installed rpms

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Query all installed rpms but show only those which have bind word in there name

Query to squid.conf what is your package name

Query about information of uninstalled zsh package

Query the list of files and directories which zsh will be create after installing

Fresh installation of zsh package with new version ( old version of zsh must be installed before using Fvh )

Update zsh package with new version of zsh ( Uvh can work as ivh )

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11:- Network Configuration

Show ip address and MAC of eth1

Show physical connectivity

Enable eth1

Disable eth1

Opening gui tool for configuring ip configuration

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Restarting network service

Dns address stored this file

Mac, ip and more information about eth1 in this file

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Check your machine name

Reconfigure your machine name

Permanent store your machine name in this file

Check your route way

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12:- Disk Quota

Quota is mounting option before applying quota on any partition first mount this partition with quota option

Add mounting option in /etc/fstab because our file system mounting from /etc/fstab

After adding usrquota option remount the partition

Show all mounted partitions mount points and mounting options

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13:- ACL

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14:- Crontab

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15:- SWAP(Partition & file)

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SWAPPartition

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/ dev/ hdc7 swap swap defaults 0 0

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/ etc/ rc.d/ rc.sysinit

1: set kernel parametersin / etc/ sysctl.conf

2: load system maps

3: Enablesswap partition

4: Setshostname

5: Root file system check and remount

6: Active Raid and LVM devices

7: Enable disk quota

Run levels:--

# ls/ etc/ rc.d/

Rc0.d [halt or shutdown ]

Rc1.d [ emergency mode or single user mode without password ]

Rc2.d [ Multi user mode without nfsservice ]

Rc3.d [ Full multi user mode ]

Rc4.d [ unused ]

Rc5.d [ X11 ]

Rc6.d [ Reboot ]

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17:- Raid [redundant array independent disk]

0striping 1Mirroring 5Strip set with parity bit

Hard disk 2-32 2-2 3-32

Failure support 0 1 1

Size loss 0% 50% =1 hard disk

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18:- LVM (logical volume manager)

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19:-YUM

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On client

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Open Linux

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