Open Letter to the UK Government

the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson

the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, Robert Buckland QC

the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Dominic Raab

the Home Secretary Priti Patel

14 August 2020

Dear Prime Minister,

Dear Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice,

Dear Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,

Dear Home Secretary,

We write to you as legal practitioners and legal academics to express our collective concerns about

the violations of Mr. Julian Assange’s fundamental human, civil and political rights and the precedent

his persecution is setting.

We call on you to act in accordance with national and international law, human rights and the rule of

law by bringing an end to the ongoing extradition proceedings and granting Mr. Assange his long

overdue freedom – freedom from torture, arbitrary detention and deprivation of liberty, and political

persecution.

A) ILLEGALITY OF POTENTIAL EXTRADITION TO THE UNITED STATES

Extradition of Mr. Assange from the UK to the US would be illegal on the following grounds:

a) Risk of being subjected to an unfair trial in the US

Extradition would be unlawful owing to failure to ensure the protection of Mr. Assange’s fundamental

trial rights in the US. Mr. Assange faces show trial at the infamous “Espionage court” of the Eastern

District of Virginia, before which no national security defendant has ever succeeded. Here, he faces

secret proceedings before a jury picked from a population in which most of the individuals eligible for

jury selection work for, or are connected to, the CIA, NSA, DOD or DOS.i

Furthermore, Mr. Assange’s legal privilege, a right enshrined in Art. 8 European Convention on

Human Rights (ECHR) and long recognised under English common law, was grossly violated through

constant and criminal video and audio surveillance at the Ecuadorian embassy carried out by the

Spanish security firm, UC Global. This surveillance was, according to witness testimony, ordered by

the CIA and has triggered an investigation into the owner of UC Global, David Morales, by Spain’s

High Court, the Audiencia Nacional.ii The surveillance resulted in all of Mr. Assange’s meetings and

conversations being recorded, including those with his lawyers. The Council of Bar and Law Societies

of Europe, which represents more than a million European lawyers, has expressed its concerns that

these illegal recordings may be used – openly or secretly – in proceedings against Mr. Assange in the

event of successful extradition to the US. The Council states that if the information merely became

known to the prosecutors, this would present an irremediable breach of Mr. Assange’s fundamental

rights to a fair trial under Art. 6 of the ECHR and due process under the US Constitution.iii

Furthermore, the prosecuting state obtained the totality of Mr. Assange’s legal papers after their

unlawful seizure in the Embassy. Upon hearing that the Government of Ecuador was planning to seize

and hand over personal belongings of Mr. Assange, including documents, telephones, electronic

devices, memory drives, etc. to the US, the UN Special Rapporteur on Privacy, Joseph Cannataci,

expressed his serious concern to the Ecuadorian government and twice formally requested it to return

Mr. Assange's personal effects to his lawyers, to no avail.iv The UN Model Treaty on Extradition

prohibits extradition if the person has not received, or would not receive, the minimum

guarantees in criminal proceedings, as enshrined in Art. 14 of the International Covenant on

Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).v

b) The political nature of the offence prohibits extradition

The US superseding indictment issued against Mr. Assange on the 24 June 2020 charges him with 18

counts all related solely to the 2010 publications of US government documents. The publications,

comprising information about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, US diplomatic cables and

Guantanamo Bay, revealed evidence of war crimes, corruption and governmental malfeasance.vi

Charges 1-17 are brought under the Espionage Act 1917, which, in name alone, reveals the political

and antiquated nature of the charges.vii

Furthermore, the essence of the 18 charges concerns Mr.

Assange’s alleged intention to obtain or disclose US state “secrets” in a manner that was damaging to

the strategic and national security interests of the US state, to the capability of its armed forces, the

work of the security and intelligence services of the US, and to the interests of the US abroad. Thus,

the conduct, motivation and purpose attributed to Mr. Assange confirm the political character of the

17 charges brought under the Espionage Act (‘pure political’ offences) and of the hacking charge (a

‘relative political’ offence). In addition, several US government officials have at various times

ascribed motives “hostile” to the US to Mr. Assange, an Australian citizen.viii

The UK-US

Extradition Treaty, which provides the very basis of the extradition request, specifically

prohibits extradition for political offences in Art. 4(1). Yet the presiding judge and prosecution

wish to simply disregard this article by referring to the Extradition Act 2003 (“EA”) instead, which

does not include the political offence exception. This blatantly ignores the fact that the EA is merely

an enabling act that creates the minimum statutory safeguards, but it does not preclude stronger

protections from extradition as expressly provided in subsequently ratified treaties such as the UK-US

Extradition Treaty. Furthermore, there is broad international consensus that political offences

should not be the basis of extradition.ix This is reflected in Art. 3 of the 1957 European

Convention on Extradition, Art. 3 ECHR, Art. 3(a) of the UN Model Treaty on Extradition, the

Interpol Constitution and every bilateral treaty ratified by the US for over a century.

c) Risk of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the US

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

or Punishment (“the UN Rapporteur on Torture”), Professor Nils Melzer, has expressed with certainty

that, if extradited to the US, Mr. Assange will be exposed to torture or other cruel, inhuman or

degrading treatment or punishment. Similar concerns have also been raised by the UN Working

Group on Arbitrary Detention, and Amnesty International has recently restated its concerns in relation

to the unacceptable risk of mistreatment.x

The detention conditions, and the draconian punishment of 175 years, in a maximum security prison,

which Mr. Assange faces under the US indictment, would constitute torture or other cruel, inhuman or

degrading treatment or punishment, according to the current UN Rapporteur on Torture and according

to the consistently expressed opinion of his predecessor, as well as of NGOs and legal authorities.xi

If extradited, Mr. Assange would, by the US government’s own admission, likely be placed under

Special Administrative Measures. These measures prohibit prisoners from contact or communication

with all but a few approved individuals, and any approved individuals would not be permitted to

report information concerning the prisoner’s treatment to the public, thereby shielding potential

torture from public scrutiny and government from accountability.xii

Under the principle of non-refoulement, it is not permissible to extradite a person to a country

in which there are substantial grounds for believing that they would be subjected to torture.

This principle is enshrined in the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees,

specifically Art. 33(1) from which no derogations are permitted. Also relevant are Art. 3(1) UN

Declaration on Territorial Asylum 1967, Art. 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other

Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), and Art. 2 of the Resolution on

Asylum to Persons in Danger of Persecution, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the

Council of Europe in 1967. As an obligation arising from the prohibition of torture, the

principle of non-refoulement in this area is absolute and also takes on the character of a

peremptory norm of customary international law, i.e. jus cogens.xiii

Mr. Assange, who was accepted as a political asylee by the Ecuadorian government owing to

what have proved to have been wholly legitimate fears of political persecution and torture in the

US, should clearly have been accorded protection of this principle, firstly by Ecuador and

secondly by the UK. Ecuador violated its human rights obligations by summarily rescinding

Mr. Assange’s asylum in direct contradiction of the ‘Latin American tradition of asylum’xiv

and

the Advisory Opinion OC-25/18 of 30 May 2018 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

affirming the principle of non-refoulement in cases of persons who have entered an embassy for

protection.xv

The entry of the Ecuadorian Embassy by UK police and the arrest of Mr. Assange

were thus based on an illegal revocation of his nationality and asylum, which can only be

rectified by the UK upholding its own duty to protect the principle of non-refoulement by

denying extradition to the US.

B) VIOLATIONS OF THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND THE RIGHT TO KNOW

Counts 1-17 of the indictment under the Espionage Act violate the right to freedom of expression, the

right to freedom of the press and the right to know. These counts present standard and necessary

investigative journalistic practices as criminal.xvi

Such practices include indicating availability to

receive information, indicating what information is of interest, encouraging the provision of

information, receipt of information for the purpose of publication, and publication of information in

the public interest.

Under the charge of conspiracy to commit computer intrusion, the initial indictment criminalised also

Mr. Assange’s alleged attempt at helping his source to maintain their anonymity while providing the

documents in question, which falls squarely under the standard journalistic practice and duty of

protecting the source. In a bid to detract from this fact and re-paint Mr. Assange as a malicious

hacker, the US DOC has published a new “superseding indictment” on 24 June 2020, without even

lodging it with the UK court first, alleging the recruitment of, and agreement with, hackers to commit

computer intrusion. The new indictment has emerged unjustifiably late in the day, is based on no new

information and the testimony of two highly compromised sources.

We agree with the assessment of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe that

“The broad and vague nature of the allegations against Julian Assange, and of the offences listed in

the indictment, are troubling as many of them concern activities at the core of investigative journalism

in Europe and beyond.”xvii

Extradition on the basis of the indictment would gravely endanger

freedom of the press, a cornerstone of European democracies enshrined in Art. 10 ECHR.xviii

The US furthermore seemingly concedes the unconstitutionality of the charges, having stated in one

of its submissions to the Court that Mr. Assange will be denied the protections of freedom of speech

and the press guaranteed under the First Amendment due to his being a foreign national.xix

Furthermore, extraditing Mr. Assange to the US with the knowledge of their intended discrimination

against him would make the UK an accessory in a flagrant denial of his right to non-discrimination.

The extradition to the US of a publisher and journalist, for engaging in journalistic activities while in

Europe, would set a very dangerous precedent for the extra-territorialisation of state secrecy laws and

“would post an invitation to other states to follow suit, severely threatening the ability of journalists,

publishers and human rights organisations to safely reveal information about serious international

issues.”xx

Such concerns for journalistic freedom are echoed by the journalistic profession – over a

thousand journalists signed an open letter opposing Mr. Assange’s extradition.xxi

Massimo Moratti,

Amnesty International’s Deputy Europe Director has branded the US government’s unrelenting

pursuit of Mr. Assange as “nothing short of a full-scale assault on the right to freedom of expression”

which “could have a profound impact on the public's right to know what their government is up to.”xxii

Furthermore the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has stated that member States

should “consider that the detention and criminal prosecution of Mr Julian Assange sets a dangerous

precedent for journalists, and join the recommendation of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture” in

his call to bar the extradition and for the release from custody of Mr. Assange.xxiii

C) VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM TORTURE, THE RIGHT

TO HEALTH, AND THE RIGHT TO LIFE

The UN Rapporteur on Torture has reported, and continues to report, on the treatment of Mr.

Assange as part of his United Nations mandate. On 9 and 10 May 2019, Prof. Melzer and two

medical experts specialised in examining potential victims of torture and other ill-treatment

visited Mr. Assange in Her Majesty's Prison Belmarsh (“HMP Belmarsh”). The group’s visit

and assessment revealed that Mr. Assange showed “all symptoms typical for prolonged

exposure to psychological torture, including extreme stress, chronic anxiety and intense

psychological trauma.”xxiv

The UN Rapporteur on Torture concluded “Mr. Assange has been

deliberately exposed, for a period of several years, to persistent and progressively severe forms

of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the cumulative effects of which can

only be described as psychological torture”. The UN Rapporteur on Torture condemned “in the

strongest terms, the deliberate, concerted and sustained nature of the abuse inflicted”, and

characterised the failure of the UK government and the involved governments to take measures for the

protection of Mr. Assange’s human rights and dignity as “complacency at best and complicity at

worst”.xxv

The abuse includes systematic judicial persecution and violations of due process rights in all

jurisdictions involved and in all related legal proceedings.xxvi

It has most recently been demonstrated

in the treatment of Mr. Assange during the extradition proceedings heard at Woolwich Crown Court,

proceedings destined to be infamously remembered for the “glass box” to which Mr. Assange was

confined as if he, an award winning journalist and a publisher, was a dangerous and violent criminal.

Mr. Assange was subjected to arbitrary detention and oppressive isolation, harassment and

surveillance, while confined in the Ecuadorian embassyxxvii

and continues to be so subjected as a

prisoner in HMP Belmarsh. In Belmarsh, Mr. Assange has served the irregular and disproportionate

sentence of 50 weeksxxviii

for an alleged bail infringement. Perversely, the allegation, charge and

conviction resulted from Mr. Assange legitimately seeking and being granted diplomatic asylum by

the Ecuadorian government, which accepted Mr. Assange’s fear of politicised extradition to, and

inhuman treatment in, the US, as well founded.xxix

Although Mr. Assange has now served the

sentence, he remains imprisoned without conviction or legal basis for the purpose of a political, and

thereby illegal, extradition to the US. Further, he is imprisoned amid the Coronavirus pandemic,

despite the above and despite his vulnerability to the virus owing to an underlying lung condition

exacerbated by years of confinement and a history of psychological torture. It is particularly

worrisome that, as a result of his health and the medical circumstances, he has even been unable to

participate by videolink at recent hearings, yet he has been refused bail.xxx

UK authorities violated Mr. Assange’s right to health while deprived of his liberty in the Ecuadorian

Embassy by denying him access to urgent medical diagnosis and care.xxxi

The two medical experts

who accompanied the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture on his May 2019 visit to HMP Belmarsh

warned that unless pressure on Mr. Assange was alleviated quickly, his state of health would enter a

downward spiral potentially resulting in his death.xxxii

Mr. Assange’s father, Mr. John Shipton, has

reported that his son was subjected to physical torture by his being placed in a “hot box.”xxxiii

On 1

November 2019 the UN Rapporteur on Torture stated: “[u]nless the UK urgently changes course and

alleviates his inhumane situation, Mr. Assange’s continued exposure to arbitrariness and abuse may

soon end up costing his life.”xxxiv

Soon after, on 22 November 2019, over 60 doctors from around the

world raised concerns about the precarious state of Mr. Assange’s physical and mental health which

included fears for his life, and requested his transfer to a hospital properly equipped and staffed for his

diagnosis and treatment.xxxv

Furthermore, it has been revealed by the employees of UC Global, who worked at the Ecuadorian

embassy, that the CIA actively discussed and considered kidnapping or poisoning Mr. Assange.xxxvi

This shows a shocking disregard for his right to life and the due process of law of the very

government seeking his extradition.

We would like to remind the UK government:

● of its duty to protect Mr. Assange’s right to life, which is the most fundamental human

right enshrined in Art. 6 of the ICCPR, Art. 2 of the ECHR and Art. 2 of the Human

Rights Act (HRA);

● that the prohibition of torture is a norm of international customary law and constitutes

jus cogens. The prohibition is absolute and so there may be no derogation under any

circumstances, including war, public emergency or terrorist threat. It is also enshrined

in Art. 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Arts. 7 and 10 ICCPR,

CAT, and Art. 3 ECHR;

● of its unconditional obligation, under Art. 12 CAT, to ensure that its competent

authorities proceed to a prompt and impartial investigation of reported torture, which it

has thus far failed to undertake; and

● that it is a member State of the World Health Organization, whose Constitution states:

“The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental

rights of every human being without distinction of […] political belief [,,,]everyone

should have access to the health services they need, when and where they need them.”

We call on the UK government to take immediate action to cease the torture being inflicted

upon Mr. Assange, to end his arbitrary and unlawful detention, and to permit his access to

independent medical diagnosis and treatment in an appropriate hospital setting. That doctors,

their previous concerns having been ignored, should have to call on governments to ‘End

torture and medical neglect of Julian Assange’ in The Lancet is extremely worrying.xxxvii

D) VIOLATIONS OF THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL

We condemn the denial of Mr. Assange’s right to a fair trial before the UK courts. This right

has been denied as follows.

a) Judicial Conflicts of Interest

Senior District Judge (Magistrates’ Courts) Emma Arbuthnot, who as Chief Magistrate oversees Mr.

Assange’s extradition proceedings, has been shown to have financial links to institutions and

individuals whose wrongdoings have been exposed by WikiLeaks, the organisation which Mr.

Assange founded.xxxviii

This seemingly clear conflict of interest was, however, not disclosed by the

District Judge. District Judge Arbuthnot did not recuse herself and was permitted to make rulings to

Mr. Assange’s detriment, despite the perceived lack of judicial impartiality and independence. District

Judge (Magistrates’ Courts) Michael Snow has further exhibited bias and unprofessionalism by

participating in the defamation of Mr. Assange’s character, labelling the multi-award-winning public

interest publisher and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee a “narcissist who cannot get beyond his own selfish

interests” in response, ironically, to Mr. Assange’s legal team raising what were patently legitimate

concerns regarding bias in the proceedings.xxxix

b) Inequality of Arms

Mr. Assange has been denied time and facilities to prepare his defence in violation of the principle of

equality of arms which is inherent to the presumption of innocence and the rule of law.

After his arrest, the British police did not allow Mr. Assange to collect and take his belongings with

him.xl Subsequently, Mr. Assange was deprived of his reading glasses for several weeks.

xli Until end

of June 2020 he was also denied access to a computer. While a computer has now been provided it is

without internet access and read only, preventing the possibility of Mr. Assange typing any notes thus

being entirely unsuitable for the preparation of his defence. Mr. Assange was furthermore denied

access to the indictment itself for several weeks after it had been presented, while his access to other

legal documents remains limited to this day due to the bureaucracy and lack of confidentiality

involved in prison correspondence. Furthermore, despite the complexity of the case and the severity

of the sentence that Mr. Assange would face if extradited to be tried in the US, prison authorities are

failing to ensure that Mr. Assange can properly consult with his legal team and prepare for his

defence, by severely restricting both the frequency and duration of his legal visits. Since mid-March

2020, Mr. Assange has altogether not been able to meet in person with his lawyers.

The effects of the torture to which Mr. Assange has been subjected have further limited his ability to

prepare his defence and, at times during proceedings, even to answer basic questions, such as

questions about his name and date of birth.xlii

While further hearings have been delayed until

September, it is unclear whether this will enable Mr. Assange the necessary time and resources to

prepare his defence, since he is unable to communicate with his lawyers (due to his imprisonment

during the pandemic) apart from being given limited concessions for a limited period of time, i.e.

phone calls restricted to 10 minutes.

c) Denial of the defendant’s ability to properly follow proceedings and direct his legal team

Mr. Assange and his lawyers have repeatedly informed the Court of his inability to properly follow

proceedings, to consult with his lawyers confidentially and to properly instruct them in the

presentation of his defence due to his being prevented from sitting with them and being confined to a

bulletproof glass box. The arrangement has forced Mr. Assange to resort to waving to get the attention

of the judge or the people sitting in the public gallery, in order to alert his lawyers who are seated in

the courtroom with their backs to him. Although District Judge Vanessa Baraitser accepted that the

decision as to whether Mr. Assange should be allowed to sit with his lawyers was within her powers,

yet she refused to exercise her power in Mr. Assange’s favour, despite the prosecution having made

no objection to the application. Amnesty International has expressed concerns that if adequate

measures are not in place at further hearings to ensure Mr. Assange’s effective participation in, and

thereby the fairness of, the proceedings would be impaired.xliii

d) Refusal to address mistreatment of the defendant

Mr. Assange's lawyers informed the Court that during a single day, on 22 February, prison authorities

handcuffed him 11 times, placed him in 5 different cells, strip-searched him twice, and confiscated his

privileged legal documents. Overseeing the proceedings, District Judge Vanessa Baraitser explicitly

refused to intervene with prison authorities claiming that she has no jurisdiction over his prison

conditions. This oppressive treatment has rightly been condemned by The International Bar

Association’s Human Rights Institute.xliv

Co-Chair, Anne Ramberg Dr jur hc, branded it a “serious

undermining of due process and the rule of law.”xlv

Further, international psychiatrists and

psychologists have cited this as further evidence of psychological torture.xlvi

We remind the UK government that the right to a fair trial is a cornerstone of democracy and

the rule of law. It is a basic human right enshrined in Art. 10 UDHR, Art. 14 ICCPR, Art. 6

ECHR and Art. 6 HRA. These provisions, along with long-standing common law principles,

demand a fair and public hearing before an independent and impartial tribunal, the

presumption of innocence until proven guilty, the right to be informed promptly and in detail of

the nature and cause of the charges, the right to be provided with adequate time and facilities

for the preparation of one’s defence, and the right to have the ability to communicate with one’s

counsel.

For all these reasons we respectfully request that the UK government bring an end to the US

extradition proceedings against Mr. Assange and ensure his immediate release from custody.

Yours sincerely,

Lawyers for Assange

www.LawyersforAssange.org/en/

Signatories

Collective Signatories

1. African Bar Association 2. Arab Lawyers Association, UK

3. American Association of Jurists – AAJ, consultative status with the United Nations Economic

and Social Council

4. Asociación Nacional de Abogados Democráticos – ANAD, Mexico

5. Asociación Venezolana de Juristas, Venezuela

6. Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy – ABJD, Brazil

7. Center for Constitutional Rights – CCR, USA

8. Democratic Lawyers Association Pakistan – DLAP, Pakistan

9. Droit Solidarité, France

10. European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights - ELDH

11. Giuristi Democratici, Italy

12. Group of International Legal Intervention – GIGI, Italy

13. Indian Association of Lawyers, India

14. International Association of Democratic Lawyers – IADL, one of the original NGOs accredited

in Consultative II Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council

15. National Association of Democratic Lawyers – NADEL, South Africa

16. National Lawyers Guild – NLG, USA

17. Palestinian Center for Human Rights - PCHR, consultative status with the United Nations

Economic and Social Council, Palestine

18. Ukrainian Association of Democratic Lawyers, Ukraine

19. Unión Nacional de Juristas de Cuba – UNJC, Cuba

Individual Signatories

1. lic. iur. Amr Abdelaziz, LLM, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland

2. Lisanne Adam, LLM, LLB, legal academic (Criminal Justice and Corrections) at the Royal

Melbourne Institute of Technology, Honorary Associate in the School of Psychology within the

Faculty of Science (University of Sydney), European Law Consultant advising to the Australian

Assange Campaign, Australia/ Netherlands

3. Suzanne Adely, lawyer, National Lawyers Guild, United States

4. Dounia Alamat, lawyer, avocate au Barreau de Bruxelles, Vengauwen Avocats, Belgium

5. Prof. Dr. iur. Peter Albrecht, Professor Emeritus of Criminal Law at the University of Basel,

former criminal court judge, Switzerland

6. Stephen P Allen, solicitor England and Wales (retired), The Law Society (retired), United

Kingdom

7. Noam Almeleh, Esq. attorney, National Lawyers Guild, United States

8. Sabah Al-Mukhtar, lawyer, UK

9. Oscar Alzaga, lawyer, Mexico

10. Deborah C Anderson, Esq., attorney at Anderson Law, United States

11. Cesare Antetomaso, lawyer, Member of the Executive Committee of Giuristi Democratici, Italy

12. Nergiz Tuba Arslan, lawyer, secretary general of the Progressive Lawyers Association,

CHD, Turkey

13. Uirá Azevedo, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

14. Maria Rosario Barbato, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

15. Claudia Maria Barbosa, lawyer, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

16. Greg Barns, BA LLB, Barrister Member of the Tasmanian Victorian and Western Australian

Bars, Former National President Australian Lawyers Alliance, Australia

17. lic. iur. Stephan Bernard, LLM, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland

18. lic. iur. Matthias Bertschinger, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland

19. Niloufer Bhagwat, lawyer, India

20. Audrey Bomse, lawyer (retired), National Lawyers Guild, United States

21. Matteo Bonaglia, lawyer, France

22. lic. iur. Marcel Bosonnet, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland

23. lic. iur. René Brigger, Advokat, Switzerland

24. Julian Burnside, LLB BEc, barrister QC, Australia

25. RA Evelyn Butter-Berking, Rechtsanwältin, Germany

26. Umit Büyükdag, lawyer, second president of the Progressive Lawyers Association, CHD, Turkey

27. Fabiano Cangelosi, BA (Hons) LLB (Hons), Member of the Tasmanian Bar, Australia

28. Ivete Caribé da Rocha, lawyer, Serviço de Paz e Justiça da América Latina, Brazil

29. Graciela Cazamajou, lawyer, member of the American Association of Jurists Argentinian

branch, former Secretary for Coordination and Management of the Ministry of Culture, Argentina

30. Guillermo Celaya, lawyer, Movimiento Sociales, Argentina

31. Prof. Alan W. Clarke, Professor Emeritus, Utah Valley University, United States

32. Prof. Marjorie Cohn, Professor Emerita Thomas Jefferson School of Law, Member of the

Bureau IADL, United States

33. Prof. Helena Colodetti, Dr. iur. LLM,lawyer, Professor of Constitutional Law at the

FUMEC, Brazil

34. Prof. Heather Ellis Cucolo, Esq., Professor of Criminal Procedure, Mental Disability Law and

Professional Responsibility for the Criminal Lawyer, New York Law School; Director, International

Society for Therapeutic Jurisprudence (ISTJ), United States

35. Gregorio Dalbón, lawyer representing former President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de

Kirchner, Argentina

36. Juliana Darrigo, lawyer, delegate of the Association of Officials and Lawyers for Animal Rights

(AFADA), Argentina.

37. Prof. Eric David, Professor Emeritus of Public International Law, Université Libre de

Bruxelles, Belgium

38. Gail Davidson, lawyer (retired), Research Director at Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, Canada

39. MLaw, Anja Dillena, juristin, Switzerland

40. Paul–Emile Dupret, lawyer, advisor at European Parliament, GUE-NGL Group, Belgium

41. Evelyn Dürmayer, UN Representative of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers in

Vienna, Austria

42. RA Tim Engels, Rechtsanwalt, Germany

43. MLaw, Noëmi Erig, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland

44. Jan Fermon, lawyer,Secretary General of the International Association of Democratic

Lawyers, Belgium

45. RA Ilka Feyerabend, Rechtsanwältin, Germany

46. Prof. Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Dr. iur., LLM, Professor at the University of Bremen, Germany

47. Dr. Polona Florijančič, LLM, LLB, independent researcher, human rights and extradition

expert, Slovenia/United Kingdom

48. Tatyana Scheila Friedrich, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

49. María Galán López, lawyer, Spain

50. José Luis Galán Martín, lawyer, Spain

51. Eric Gillet, lawyer at the Brussels Bar, Equal partners, Belgium

52. Prof. Géraldine Giraudeau, Professor of Public Law, University of Perpignan, France

53. Krish Govender, lawyer, South Africa

54. Dr. iur. Dietrich Growe, Rechtsanwalt, Germany

55. Prof. Oscar Guardiola-Rivera, LLM, PhD (Philosophy), Fellow of the RSA, Birkbeck College,

University of London, United Kingdom

56. lic. iur. Viktor Györffy, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland

57. RA Gregor Gysi, Member of Parliament of the German Bundestag, Rechtsanwalt, author,

moderator, Germany

58. Leonard W G Hartnett, LLB, Member of the Victorian Bar, Australia

59. Richard Harvey, lawyer, Vice-President of the Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers, United

Kingdom

60. Prof. Claudia Hasanbegovic, lawyer, social researcher, international consultant and Professor in

Gender, Violence and Human Rights, Argentina

61. Fredrik S. Heffermehl, LLM, lawyer and author, Nobel Peace Prize Watch, International

Association Of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), Norway

62. Lord John Hendy QC, Management Committee of Centre for Labour and Social Studies

(CLASS), specialist in industrial relations law at Old Square Chambers, standing counsel to several

trade unions, Chair of the Institute of Employment Rights, President of the International Centre for

Trade Union Rights, visiting Professor at University College London and King’s College

London, United Kingdom

63. Prof. Lennox Hinds, Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University, United States

64. Abad Marion Hohn Abad, lawyer, Associació Catalana per a la Defensa dels Drets

Humans, Spain

65. Nancy Hormachea, attorney, Asylum, Consular Processing, Criminal and Deportation Defense,

Detention, United States

66. lic. iur. Ingrid Indermaur, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland

67. María José Fernández, lawyer, Poder Judicial Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires

(CABA), Argentina.

68. dipl. iur. Martina Kanalec, notary, former state attorney, Slovenia

69. J.D. Charlotte Kates, coordinator at National Lawyers Guild, International Committee, United

States

70. Niki Konstantinidis, barrister and solicitor (admitted to practise in the Supreme Court of

Victoria, Australia), solicitor (admitted to practise in the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern

Ireland), Australia/Northern Ireland

71. Prof. Vaios Koutroulis, Professor of Public International Law, Faculté de droit et de

criminologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

72. Jordan S. Kushner, Civil Rights Attorney, MSBA Certified Criminal Law Specialist, United

States

73. Lilian Lucia Lapadula, lawyer, Argentina

74. Avv RA Dr. Joachim Lau, lawyer, International Association Of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms

(IALANA), Germany/Italy

75. Stephen Laudig, attorney admitted to the practice of law before the US Supreme Court and the

Supreme Court of Hawaii, United States

76.James Marc Leas, Esq. Patent attorney admitted in Vermont and at the US Patent and Trademark

Office (USPTO), member of National Lawyers Guild, United States

77. Eric Lee, immigration attorney, USA

78. Lorraine Leete, attorney (licensed in NY), Legal Centre Lesvos, Greece

79. Elena Liberatori, judge at Contencioso Administrativo de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires,

(CABA), Argentina

80. J.D. Myrna Lim, television host, producer, United States

81. lic. iur. Martin Lutz, Advokat, Switzerland

82. Beth S. Lyons, IADL Alternate Representative to the United Nations in New York, United States

83.Fabio Marcelli, Research Director at the Institute for International Legal Studies of the National

Research Council, Italy

84. Muhammad Masaud Ghani, lawyer, Pakistan

85. Dr. iur. Milosz Matuschek, former assistant Professor at Sorbonne School of Law, vice-editor in

chief "Schweizer Monat" & columnist NZZ, Switzerland

86. Prof. Udo R. Mayer, Dr. iur., Professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg, Germany

87. lic. iur. Christian Meier, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland

88. Michael Melick, labour and employement lawyer, USA

89. RA Ursula Mende, Rechtsanwältin, national secretary of the German Association of Democratic

Lawyers, Germany

90. Luciane Maria Mezarobba, lawyer, Brazil

91. Jeanne Mirer, lawyer, President of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers, United

States

92. Lamia Mobada, lawyer, Secretary General Assistant of Arab Lawyers Union - International

Relations, Egypt

93. Ernesto Moreau, American Association of Jurists Vice President, Argentina

94. José Carlos Moreira, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

95. Luís Carlos Moro, General Secretary of the American Association of Jurists, President of

JUTRA Brazilian Portuguese Labour Jurists Association, Brazil

96. Luis Moro, lawyer, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

97. Catherine Morris, lawyer, Executive Director at Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, Canada

98. Dr. iur. Stephanie Motz, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland

99. Dr. iur. Giusep Nay, (retired) Supreme Court Judge, former president of the Federal Supreme

Court of Switzerland, Switzerland

100. J.D. Bruce D. Nestor, attorney, past president of the National Lawyers Guild, United States

101. Marc Nève, lawyer, Chair of the Central advisory Council on prison surveillance, teacher at the

Université de Liège, barrister at the Bar of Liège, Belgium

102. adj. Prof. George Newhouse, B.Com LL.B. Adjunct Professor of Law at Macquarie University

and Director of the National Justice Project, Australia

103. Peter Nickitas, attorney, United States

104. Dr. iur. Andreas Noll, Advokat, Switzerland

105. Dr. iur. Dr. med. Thomas Noll, Prison and Reintegration Staff, Switzerland

106. Mvuso Notyesi, lawyer, President of the National Association of Democratic Lawyers,

NADEL, South Africa

107. Prof. Dr. iur. Norman Paech, Professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg, Germany

108. Prof. Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen, Dr. iur., Professor Emeritus of Criminal Law and Criminal

Procedural Law at the University of Bonn, Germany

109. Cristiano Paixão, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

110. Norma Patitucci, lawyer, Psicóloga Social. Integrante de la Defensoría del Pueblo, Argentina

111. Jeff Petrucelly, attorney, Founder & Co Treasurer of the National Lawyers Guild,

Massachusetts Chapter, United States

112. Carol Proner, lawyer, academic, Member of the international secretariat of the Brazilian

Association of Jurists for Democracy (ABJD), former advisor to the National Amnesty Commission

Brazil, Member of the International Court for Restorative Justice of El Salvador, Brazil

113. Prof. José Luiz Quadros de Magalhães, Dr. iur., Professor of Constitutional and Public Law at

the Federal University of Minas Gerais, lawyer, author and TV presenter, Brazil

114. Yiannis Rachiotis, president of the Hellenic Union of Progressive Lawyers, Greece

115. Larissa Ramina, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

116. Vanessa Ramos, President of American Association of Jurist, Puerto Rico

117. Prof. Tatiana Ribeiro de Souza, Dr. iur., Professor of Constitutional Law and Human Rights at

UFOP, lawyer, TV Presenter, Brazil

118.Susan Riva Enteen, member of National Lawyers Guild, United States

119. Hernán Rivadeneira, American Association of Jurists Executive Committee

120. Pierre Robert, lawyer, Kompaso avocats, Belgium

121. Matthew Robson, lawyer, former Minister for Courts, Minister of Corrections and

Disarmament, Minister for Land Information, Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs, International

Association Of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), New Zealand

122. Hugo Roxo, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

123. Prof. Rafael Sales Pimenta, Dr. iur., Professor of Civil Law, Instituto Doctum de Educação e

Technologia, Brazil

124.Sara Mercês dos Santos, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

125. Jun Sasamoto, lawyer, Secretary General of the Confederation of Lawyers of Asia and the

Pacific (COLAP), Japan.

126. Gilbert Saucedo, Esq. attorney at law in Los Angeles, United States

127. Micòl Savia, lawyer, Permanent Representative of the International Association of Democratic

Lawyers to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland/Italy

128. J.D. Martha L. Schmidt, LL.M., National Lawyers Guild, United States

129. RA Thomas Schmidt, Rechtsanwalt, secretary general of European Association of Lawyers for

Democracy and World Human Rights, Germany

130. Ann Schneider, attorney, member of National Lawyers Guild, United States

131. Ray Schumann, anti-harassment attorney, United States

132. MLaw, Eva Schürmann, Advokatin, Basel, Switzerland

133. Susan Scott, National Lawyers Guild International Committee Steering Committee,

Human Rights/Housing Attorney, Inverness, California United States

134. Natali Segovia, Esq., Human Rights Attorney, Chair, NLG Indigenous Peoples’ Rights

Committee and Co-Chair NLG Colombia subcommittee, United States

135. J.D. Azadeh Shahshahani, Master’s in Modern Middle Eastern and North African Studies,

Legal and Advocacy Director, Project South, former president of the National Lawyers Guild, former

article editor for The Michigan Journal of International Law, United States

136. Geoffrey D Shears, MA, LLB, Solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales, Institute of

Employment Rights; Centre for Labour and Social Studies; The Law Society, United Kingdom

137. Judy Somberg, attorney, National Lawyers Guild, United States

138. Raji Sourani, lawyer, Director PCHR, (Amnesty International prisoners of conscience 1985-

1986; Robert Kennedy Human Rights award 1991, Right Livelihood Award 2013), Palestine

139. Barbara Spinelli, lawyer, European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human

Rights, Italy

140. Kilian Stein, (retired) judge, Germany

141. Mark D. Stern P.C.,attorney and mediator, member of the Labour and Employment Committee

of the National Lawyers Guild, United States

142. lic. iur. Philip Stolkin, LLM, Rechtsanwalt, Zürich, Switzerland

143. Uri Strauss, attorney, United States

144. Dr. iur. Stephan A.S. Sünner, LL.M. Notary for the Federal State of Baden

Würrtemberg, Germany

145. Prof. Dr. Juris MD, Aslak Syse, Professor of Public Law, University of Oslo, Norway

146. lic. iur. Birgitt Tambiah, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland

147. Valeska Teixeira Zanin Martins, lawyer, Former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da

Silva’s Attorney, Executive Committee of Lawfare Institute (London), Member of the Human Rights

Committee of the Lawyers Institute of São Paulo (IASP), Member of the International Bar

Association, Teixeira, Martins & Advogados LLP (São Paulo), Brazil

148. Prof.dr. Andraž Teršek, Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Primorska and New

University, Slovenia

149. Giovanni Tortieri, lawyer and legal correspondent, Brazil

150. Anjuli Tostes Faria Melo, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil

151. Kellie Tranter, lawyer, human rights activist, Australia

152. Mag. Stefan Traxler, lawyer, Austria

153. Craig Tuck, human rights lawyer, transnational criminal justice specialist, Director of LawAid

International, New Zealand

154. Serife Ceren Uysal, lawyer, Progressive Lawyers Association, CHD, Turkey

155. Yury Varlamov, lawyer & teacher of law at State Boarding School Intellectual Moscow, Russia

156. Prof. Pascale Vielle, Professor of Law at UCLouvain, founding member of

Belgium4Assange, Belgium

157. Dr. iur. Fanny de Weck, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland

158. Prof. Cristiano Zanin Martins, lawyer, Former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s

Attorney, Executive Committee of Lawfare Institute (London) Member of the Human Rights

Committee of the Lawyers Institute of São Paulo (IASP) Member of the International Bar

Associationm, Teixeira, Martins & Advogados LLP (São Paulo), Brazil

159. Prof. Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, Professor of Law, former Independent Expert on the Promotion

of a Democratic and Equitable International Order (2012 – 2018), United States

160. lic. iur. Magda Zihlmann, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland

i The Central Intelligence Agency, The National Security Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.

Department of State. ii José María Irujo, ‘Director of Spanish security company that spied on Julian Assange arrested’, El

País, (9 October 2019) available at:

https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/10/09/inenglish/1570606428_107946.html. iii Council of Bar and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE), CCBE Letter regarding the interception of

communications between Julian Assange and his lawyers addressed to Ms. Priti Patel, 24 February

2020. iv United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘UN expert on privacy seriously

concerned by Ecuador’s behaviour in Assange and Moreno cases’, (23 May 2019), available at:

https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24646&LangID=E. v United Nations Model Extradition Treaty, Art. 3(f); International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, Art. 14. vi In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, United

States v. Julian Paul Assange, 24 June 2020, available at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/wikileaks-

founder-charged-superseding-indictment, supersedes the indictment In the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, United States v. Julian Paul Assange,

23 May 2019, available at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1165556/download. vii

David Sadoff, Bringing International Fugitives to Justice, (Cambridge University Press, 2016), p.

202. viii

For example, Mike Pompeo, US Secretary of State and former CIA Director, 13 April 2017

‘WikiLeaks walks like a hostile intelligence service and talks like a hostile intelligence service… And

it overwhelmingly focuses on the United States, while seeking support from anti-democratic countries

and organizations. It is time to call out WikiLeaks for what it really is – a non-state hostile

intelligence service often abetted by state actors’ ix R. Stuart Phillips, ‘The Political Offence Exception and Terrorism: Its Place in the Current

Extradition Scheme and Proposal for Its Future’, 15 Dickinson Journal of International Law, (1997)

p. 342. x Amnesty International, ‘US/UK: Drop charges and halt extradition of Julian Assange’, (21 February

2020), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/usuk-drop-charges-and-halt-

extradition-of-julian-assange/. xi ‘UN torture rapporteur: Julian Assange’s detention has no legal basis’, Going Underground, (30

November 2019), available at: https://www.rt.com/shows/going-underground/474719-un-torture-

rapporteur-assange/. xii

Allard K. Lowenstein, The Darkest Corner: Special Administrative Measures and Extreme

Isolation in the Federal Bureau of Prisons (International Human Rights Clinic; The Centre for

Constitutional Rights, 2017). xiii

Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mr. Theo van Boven, Civil and Political

Rights in Particular Issues Related to Torture and Detention, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/137, 26 February

2002, para. 14, and Committee against Torture (CAT), General Comment No. 4: On the

implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the context of Article 20, advanced unedited

version, 9 February 2018, para. 9. This paragraph states that "The principle of “non-refoulement” of

persons to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that they would be in

danger of being subjected to torture is similarly absolute". xiv

The term ‘Latin American tradition of asylum’ commonly refers to the catalogue of bilateral and

multilateral treaties related to the legal institution of territorial and diplomatic asylum adopted for the

benefit of politically persecuted persons in Latin America, including the non-extradition clause for

political crimes or political motives. xv

Advisory Opinion OC-25/18 of 30 May 2018 requested by the Republic of Ecuador, Inter-American

Court of Human Rights (IACrtHR), (30 May 2018), available at:

https://www.refworld.org/cases,IACRTHR,5c87ec454.html, paras. 188-189; see also European

Commission on Human Rights, W.M. v. Denmark, No. 17392/90. Decision on Admissibility of 14

October 1992, para. 1, and Human Rights Committee, Case of Mohammad Munaf v. Romania

(Communication No. 1539/2006), UN Doc. CCPR/C/96/D/1539/2006, Views adopted on 21 August

2009, paras. 14.2 and 14.5. xvi

David Greene, at conference organised by GUE/NLG, European Union Left – Nordic Green Left,

Journalism Is Not A Crime – The Assange Extradition Case, (14 November 2019), available at:

https://web-guengl.streamovations.be/index.php/event/stream/journalism-is-not-a-crime-the-assange-

extradition-case. xvii

Julian Assange should not be extradited due to potential impact on press freedom and concerns

about ill-treatment, Commissioner for Human Rights for the Council of Europe (20 February 2020),

available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/julian-assange-should-not-be-extradited-due-

to-potential-impact-on-press-freedom-and-concerns-about-ill-treatment. xviii

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Goodwin v United Kingdom, para. 39. xix

Mohamed Elmaazi, ‘Assange Extradition: US Government Claims Foreign Journalists Aren’t

Protected by First Amendment’, Sputnik International (24 January 2020), available at:

https://sputniknews.com/uk/202001231078116774-assange-extradition-us-government-claims-

foreign-journalists-arent-protected-by-first-amendment-/; This was already previously hinted at by

former CIA director Mike Pompeo who claimed that the First Amendment of the US Constitution

should not apply to Mr. Assange at all, as he is not a US citizen. Glenn Greenwald, ‘Trump’s CIA

Director Pompeo, Targeting WikiLeaks, Explicitly Threatens Speech and Press Freedoms’, The

Intercept (14 April 2017), available at: https://theintercept.com/2017/04/14/trumps-cia-director-

pompeo-targeting-wikileaks-explicitly-threatens-speech-and-press-freedoms/. xx

Courage foundation, Briefing for the Council of Europe, ‘Why Opposing Julian Assange’s

Extradition to the U.S. Matters for European Democracy’, (March 2019), available at:

https://defend.wikileaks.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Council-of-Europe-briefing.pdf. xxi

Speak Up for Julian Assange: International journalist statement in defence of Julian Assange,

available at: https://speak-up-for-assange.org/journalists-speak-up-for-julian-assange/. xxii

Amnesty International, ‘ US/UK: Drop charges and halt extradition of Julian Assange’, (21

February 2020), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/usuk-drop-charges-

and-halt-extradition-of-julian-assange/. xxiii

Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, ‘Threats to Media Freedom and Journalists’ Security

in Europe’, Resolution 2317 (2020), para. 6.2, available at:

https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=28508&lang=en. xxiv

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘UN expert says "collective

persecution" of Julian Assange must end now, (31 May 2019)’, available at:

https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24665. xxv

Ibid. xxvi

‘UN torture rapporteur: Julian Assange’s detention has no legal basis’, Going Underground, (30

November 2019), available at: https://www.rt.com/shows/going-underground/474719-un-torture-

rapporteur-assange/. xxvii

United Nations Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Opinion No.

54/2015 concerning Julian Assange (Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland), A/HRC/WGAD/2015, (22 January 2016) available at:

http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/A.HRC.WGAD.2015.docx. xxviii

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘United Kingdom: Working

Group on Arbitrary Detention expresses concern about Assange proceedings’, (3 May 2019),

available at:

https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24552&LangID=E. xxix

Deborah Shipley, Criminal Litigation Practice and Procedure, (2019), p 56: "Although failing to

answer bail at the police station is technically a criminal offence, it is very rare in practice for the

police to charge a suspect with this offence." xxx

Lizzie Dearden, ‘Julian Assange ‘too ill’ to attend latest court hearing in US extradition case’, The

Independent, (1 June 2020), available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/julian-

assange-court-hearing-us-extradition-health-ill-sick-a9543126.html. xxxi

Open Letter to UK Home Secretary Priti Patel and Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott, (23

November 2019), available at: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/11/23/doctors-petition-uk-home-

secretary-over-julian-assange/ and https://medium.com/@doctors4assange. xxxii

‘UN torture rapporteur: Julian Assange’s detention has no legal basis’, Going Underground, (30

November 2019), available at: https://www.rt.com/shows/going-underground/474719-un-torture-

rapporteur-assange/. xxxiii

John Shipton at GUE/NLG, European Union Left – Nordic Green Left, Journalism Is Not A

Crime – The Assange Extradition Case, (14 November 2019), available at: https://web-

guengl.streamovations.be/index.php/event/stream/journalism-is-not-a-crime-the-assange-extradition-

case. xxxiv

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘UN expert on torture sounds

alarm again that Julian Assange’s life may be at risk’, (1 November 2019), available at:

https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25249. xxxv

Open Letter to UK Home Secretary Priti Patel and Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott, (23

November 2019), available at: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/11/23/doctors-petition-uk-home-

secretary-over-julian-assange/ and https://medium.com/@doctors4assange. xxxvi

Conrad Duncan, ‘Julian Assange: WikiLeaks founder ‘at high risk of suicide’ if extradited to US,

hearing told’, The Independent (24 February 2020), available at:

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/julian-assange-extradition-hearing-wikileaks-

suicide-us-trump-a9356141.html. xxxvii

Frost S, Johnson L, Stein J, Frost W. ‘End torture and medical neglect of Julian Assange’, The

Lancet (7 March 2020); 395:e44–5.

Hogan W, Frost S, Johnson L, Schulze T G, Nelson E A, Frost W. ‘The ongoing torture and medical

neglect of Julian Assange’, The Lancet (4 July 2020); 396:22-23. xxxviii

Matt Kennard and Mark Curtis, ‘Revealed: Chief magistrate in Assange case received financial

benefits from secretive partner organisations of UK Foreign Office’ (21 February 2020), available at:

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-02-21-revealed-chief-magistrate-in-assange-case-

received-financial-benefits-from-secretive-partner-organisations-of-uk-foreign-office/. xxxix

Simon Murphy, ‘Assange branded a narcissist by judge who found him guilty’, The Guardian,

(11 April 2019), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/apr/11/assange-branded-a-

narcissist-by-judge-who-found-him-guilty. xl Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or

punishment, Reference UA GBR 3/2019, 27 May 2019, Geneva, available at:

https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24641,

p. 8. xli

John Pilger, Talk given at Free the Truth conference, Novemer 2019, available at:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DH0s8hGLS6A&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1jD_2OQuuHAoB

kpksctnHj0UGt-A05epeihobvjzmqryfu0zXi_Ux1qG8. xlii

Jack Peat, ‘Assange “struggles to say his own name” as he appears in curt’, The London Economic,

(21 October 2019), available at: https://www.thelondoneconomic.com/politics/assange-struggles-to-

say-his-own-name-as-he-appears-in-court/21/10/.

xliii

Amnesty International, ‘UK: Amnesty International urges the UK to guarantee a fair extradition

process to Julian Assange’ (27 February 2020), available at:

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/uk-amnesty-international-urges-the-uk-to-guarantee-

a-fair-extradition-process-to-julian-assange/. xliv

International Bar Association, the global voice of the legal profession, ‘IBAHRI condemns UK

treatment of Julian Assange in US extradition trial’, (10 March 2020), available at:

https://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=c05c57ee-1fee-47dc-99f9-

26824208a750. xlv

Ibid. xlvi

Lissa Johnson, ‘Psychological Torture, Coronavirus, and Julian Assange’, Concurrent Disorders,

(2 April 2020) available at: https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/psychological-torture-

coronavirus-and-julian-assange/.