Open Innovation and open APIs in Digital Journalism

7/31/2019 Open Innovation and open APIs in Digital Journalism

1/18

46>4

=6524

66>6.>>??/>85>8882>48=6524NatnlurtgnihCmwasImw Lmhan&[gkamty

Gpmi aiigvntagi ai haoatnc jgurincasl:Mxnlaiaio tbm alpnkt ge Gpmi NVAs nt egurimws groniazntagis

Xnijn Natnlurtg[tniegrh ]iavmrsaty, ][N

[mtb K Cmwas]iavmrsaty ge Laiimsgtn, ][N

Ndstrnkt

Xbas nrtakcm mxnlaims tbm rmcntavm vncum ge gpmi aiigvntagi praikapcms egr haoatnc lmhan,mxmlpcaeamh dy tbm mlmromikm ge Gpmi Nppcakntagi Vrgornllaio Aitmrenkms (GpmiNVAs) nt egur imws groniazntagis: Xbm Imw Qgr` Xalms, Xbm Ounrhani, ][N Xghny nih IVT.Xbm usm ge Gpmi NVAs rmprmsmits n sbaet tgwnrh ni gpmi aiigvntagi pnrnhaol tbnt lnybmcp nhhrmss twai kbnccmioms enkaio tbm imws aihustry: tbm immh egr alprgvmh T&H nihtbm immh egr imw rmvmium strmnls. Xbas pnpmr mxtmihs tbm aitmrhaskapcainry stuhy gegpmi aiigvntagi tg haoatnc kglluiakntagi. Eaihaios aihakntm tbnt tbm usm ge Gpmi NVAs

bns nkkmcmrntmh T&H tbrguob `igwcmhom-sbnraio watb wmd hmvmcgpmrs0 omimrntmh imwlmnis ge kgllmrkancazaio kgitmit dy mxtmihaio n earls prghukt pgrtegcag0 nih egromhaiigvntagi imtwgr`s tbnt euiktagi ns mxtmrinc T&H hmpnrtlmits. Xbm nrtakcm haskussms

tbm kgistnit imogtantagi dmtwmmi gpmiimss nih kgitrgc, nih gpmi nih kcgsmh pnrnhaolsai jgurincasl.

@mywgrhsDusaimss lghmcs, haoatnc lmhan aihustrams, bnk`ntbgis, aiigvntagi imtwgr`s, GpmiNVAs, gpmi aiigvntagi, gicaim jgurincasl, prghukt hmvmcgplmit, T&H, smrvakmsaiigvntagi

Kgrrmspgihaio nutbgr:Xnijn Natnlurtg, Kmitmr gi Hmlgkrnky, Hmvmcgplmit, nih tbm Tucm ge Cnw, [tniegrh ]iavmrsaty, Mikain

Bncc, 5>5 [mrrn [t, 18;6= [tniegrh, KN, ][N.

Mlnac: tnijnnFstniegrh.mhu

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2/18

4 imw lmhan & sgkamty 6(6)

Aitrghuktagi

Xbm imws aihustry as enkaio ermsb kbnccmioms nssgkantmh, ai pnrt, watb tbm haoatncazntagi geimws kgitmit0 tbas as pnrtakucnrcy trum ai tbm kgitmxt ge rmsmnrkb nih hmvmcgplmit (T&H)

nih dusaimss lghmcs. Earst, tbm T&H immhs ge imws groniazntagis bnvm dmkglm aikrmns-aiocy kglpcmx, ns haoatnc kgitmit lust dm hmcavmrmh gi n orgwaio iuldmr ge pcntegrls,

sukb ns lgdacm pbgims nih tndcmt hmvakms, aistmnh ge gim pralnry lmhaul. Kglpguihaiotbas prgdcml as tbm iuldmr ge gpmrntaio systmls tg lninom gi niy saiocm pcntegrl !ns aitbm knsm ge aG[, Nihrgah nih _aihgws rmquaraio suppgrt gi lgdacm ncgim. [mkgih, lmhan

kgivmromikm bns krmntmh lgrm kglpmtatagi. Imws kgisulptagi bndats nrm kbnioaio rnp-ahcy ns nuhamikms dmkglm lgrm ernolmitmh nih pmgpcm orgw nkkustglmh tg ontbmraio

imws ergl smvmrnc sgurkms rntbmr tbni n saiocm hmstaintagi satm. Ai meemkt, tbm nttmitagi tbntniy gim imws groniazntagi omts as halaiasbaio (Gclstmnh mt nc., 46>>). Nt tbm snlm talm,

jgurincasls trnhataginc nhvmrtasaio- nih sudskraptagi-dnsmh rmvmium lghmcs nrm struo-ocaio, cmnvaio imws groniazntagis watb wniaio rmsgurkms (_nchlni, 46>>).

Xbmsm enktgrs krmntm lniy kgiuihruls egr tbm imws aihustry, nlgio wbakb as: bgwkni imws groniazntagis `mmp up watb lghmri hmlnihs egr T&H, igt dy aikrmnsaio kgsts

dut dy eaihaio imw rmvmium tg geesmt hmkcaims ai cmonky gpmrntagis !nih, uctalntmcy,haskgvmr imw lnr`mts egr kgitmit7> Xbas `aih ge T&H kbnccmiom as igt uiaqum tg tbmimws aihustry, ns earls ai n iuldmr ge eamchs struoocm watb n salacnr tmisagi dmtwmmi twg

`my enktgrs kbnioaio tbm mkgiglaks ge aiigvntagi: tbm aikrmnsaio kgsts ge T&H egr kgl-pniams nih tbm sbgrtmiaio prghukt caemkykcm (Kbmsdrguob, 4665).

Ai rmspgism, kglpniams aikrmnsaiocy nrm turiaio tg gpmi aiigvntagi strntmoams tg

mibnikm tbmar dusaimss hmvmcgplmit nih T&H. Ai bas smlainc wgr` ndgut gpmi aiigvn-tagi, Bmiry Kbmsdrguob (466;) rmemrs tg twg kglpcmlmitnry `aihs ge gpmiimss ai tbmaiigvntagi prgkmss. Gim as gutsahm-ai, ai wbakb n kglpniy mibnikms tbm usm ge mxtmrinc

ahmns nih tmkbigcgoams ai ats gwi dusaimss. Xbas lmnis lgvaio pnst tbm igt aivmitmhbmrm syihrglm nssgkantmh watb tbm kcgsmh T&H lghmc. Gpmi aiigvntagi ncsg mitnacs

aisahm-gut gpmiimss, ai wbakb tbm kglpniy mikgurnoms gtbmrs tg kgllmrkancazm atstmkbigcgoams.

Gpmi Nppcakntagi Vrgornllaio Aitmrenkms (NVAs), ns wm nroum ai tbas pnpmr, nrm nimnrcy lniaemstntagi ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai tbm imws aihustry. Gpmi NVAs smrvm ns ni aitmr-enkm dmtwmmi sgetwnrm prgornls, strukturaio tbm rucms dy wbakb gim prgornl kni nkkmss

tbm aiegrlntagi ge nigtbmr (ke. Hm [guzn nih Tmhlacms, 4661). Gpmi NVAs nrm sgetwnrmtggcs tbnt mindcm smnlcmss haoatnc kgitmit-sbnraio dmtwmmi kgitmit prgvahmrs nih tbarh-

pnrty hmvmcgpmrs (Dghcm, 46>>). _atb Gpmi NVAs, kglpniams sukb ns Enkmdgg` nihOggocm aivatm mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs tg duach smrvakms sukb ns wmd nppcakntagis nrguih tbmar

kgitmit !egr aistnikm, dy rmpudcasbaio tbm graoainc kgitmit ai n imw mivargilmit.Egr lukb ge tbm twmitamtb kmitury, tbm imws aihustry !ai pnrtakucnr, tbm imwspnpmr

aihustry ai hmvmcgpmh kguitrams sukb ns tbm ]iatmh [tntms !wns n baobcy stndcm nih suk-kmsseuc mitmrprasm (Vaknrh, 4662: ?6=), ai wbakb lgigpgcastak kgitrgc ai cgknc lnr`mts

onvm imws groniazntagis cattcm immh tg aivmst ai T&H gr tg buit egr krmntavm dusaimss

sgcutagis ergl dmygih tbmar aihustry hglnai (ke. Igrhqvast mt nc., 46>6). Ai rmkmit talms,imws groniazntagis !igtndcy Xbm Ounrhani, Xbm Imw Qgr` Xalms, ][N Xghny, nih IVT4

!bnvm hmpcgymh pudcakcy nvnacndcm NVAs. Xbm mlmromikm ge Gpmi NVAs egr imws pgaits

7


3/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas ;

tg tbm pgtmitanc rgcm egr tbm gpmi aiigvntagi pnrnhaol ai haoatnc lmhan, gr nt cmnst rmvmncsn egrl ge mxpmralmitntagi (sukkmsseuc gr igt) gkkurraio nt tbm aitmrsmktagi ge lmhan dusa-imss, haoatnc tmkbigcgoy nih aiigvntagi prgkmssms. Xbm nknhmlak catmrnturm, wbacm aivms-

taontaio aiigvntagi watbai imws groniazntagis (m.o. Hglaiog nih Vntmrsgi, 46>>0 Onhmnih Vmrry, 466;), bns ymt tg nhhrmss tbm prnktaknc nih tbmgrmtaknc alpcakntagis ge tbm NVA

pbmiglmigi !dgtb ats pgtmitanc tg krmntm vncum egr jgurincasl nih ats kgitradutagi tg tbmuihmrstnihaio ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai tbm smrvakms aihustry. Imvmrtbmcmss, alprgvmh tmkb-

igcgoams gr mibnikmh T&H dy tbmlsmcvms kniigt sgcvm tbm imws aihustrys wgms. Xbmhaeeusagi ge aiigvntagis as n kglpcmx prgkmss (Tgomrs, >116), nih tbm gutkglm ge tmkb-

igcgoy nhgptagi as sbnpmh dy tbm aitmrpcny ge groniazntaginc strukturms, prgemssaginc kuc-turm nih rmcntmh kgitmxtunc enktgrs (Dgkz`gwsà, 46680 Vnucussmi mt nc., 46>>).

Xbas stuhy mxtmihs tbm rmsmnrkb ndgut gpmi aiigvntagi tg smrvakms aiigvntagi ai tbmkgitmxt ge haoatnc smrvakms prgvahmh dy jgurincasl groniazntagis. _m mxnlaim tbm kgi-

kmpt ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai haoatnc lmhan, wbmrm tbm kgrm prghukt as aiegrlntagi kgitmit!sukb ns imws, nrtakcms, hntndnsms nih pakturms !rntbmr tbni bnrhwnrm/sgetwnrm tmkbigc-goy, wbakb bns dmmi tbm egkus ge mnrcy rmsmnrkb gi nih alpcmlmitntagi ge gpmi aiigvn-

tagi (Kbmsdrguob nih Krgwtbmr, 46650 Hnbcnihmr nih Onii, 46>6).

Xbmgrmtaknc dnkòrguih nih `my kgikmpts

Gpmi NVAs, gpmi aiigvntagi, nih imws groniazntagis

Nppcakntagi Vrgornllaio Aitmrenkms (NVAs) nrm sgetwnrm tggcs kgllgicy usmh ai groni-azntagis tg havahm kgccndgrntavm nih hastradutmh sgetwnrm hmvmcgplmit wgr`, strmnlcaiaiotbm tmkbigcgoaknc prgkmssms nih bulni rmsgurkms aivgcvmh (Niniiy, 46>>0 Hm [guzn nih

Tmhlacms, 4661). NVAs nrm n smt ge rucms dy wbakb gim sgetwnrm prgornl kni kglluia-kntm watb nigtbmr sgetwnrm prgornl. Kglpniams kni hmvmcgp aitmrinc NVAs egr sbnraio

kgitmit watbai tbmar groniazntagis, ns wmcc ns pudcak NVAs !a.m. Gpmi NVAs !egr sbnraiokgitmit watb mxtmrinc pudcaks. Gpmi NVAs nrm n tggc egr aitmrimt kglpniams tg mxkbniom

tbmar kgitmit meeakamitcy watb mxtmrinc kgccndgrntgrs (Dghcm, 46>>)._atb tbmsm pudcakcy nvnacndcm NVAs, niygim watb tbm tmkbiaknc knpnkaty kni usm tbm

aitmrenkm tg duach n tbarh-pnrty smrvakm, sukb ns n lgdacm nppcakntagi, usaio tbm NVA prg-

vahmrs kgitmit. Xg katm n emw mxnlpcms: Enkmdgg` aivatms tbarh-pnrty hmvmcgpmrs tg krmntmnppcakntagis nrguih Enkmdgg` hntn, mibnikaio tbm sgkanc imtwgr`s prmsmikm nkrgss tbmwmd. [alacnrcy, Nlnzgi prgvahms nkkmss tg ats prghukt castaios tbrguob ats Gpmi NVA sgtbnt hmvmcgpmrs kni ln`m tbnt aiegrlntagi nvnacndcm dmygih Nlnzgi.kgl. Oggocm bns ni

Gpmi NVA egr pudcak usm ge ats Oggocm Lnps euiktagincaty, tbus nccgwaio tbnt lnppaiohntn tg dm usmh ai n drgnh nrrny ge tbarh-pnrty cgkntagi smrvakms. Ai ncc tbmsm knsms, van tbmar

Gpmi NVAs, Enkmdgg`, Nlnzgi nih Oggocm aivatm mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs tg eaih imw wnystg pnk`nom tbmar kgitmit nih smrvm at tg kustglmrs. Gpmi NVAs typaknccy wgr` ns egccgws:

tbm mxtmrinc usmr rmoastmrs gi ni NVA prgvahmrs wmdsatm nih nppcams egr n `my tbnt uicgk`stbm NVA emnturms0 tbmrmnetmr, tbm usmr watb n vncah `my ln`ms n rmqumst ge tbm NVA, nsàio at

tg hmcavmr n pnrtakucnr smt ge kgitmit!

egr mxnlpcm, imws kgitmit gi n kmrtnai tgpak.Xbm kbnrnktmrastaks ge Gpmi NVAs rmsmldcm tbm praikapcms ge gpmi aiigvntagi: dy

aikrmnsaio tbm ecgw ge ìgwcmhom tg nih ergl tbm groniazntagi, gpmi aiigvntagi egroms

F


4/18


imw pntbwnys egr kgllmrkancazaio aiigvntagis krnetmh watbai nih dmygih tbm dguihn-rams ge n earl (Kbmsdrguob, 466;). Gpmi aiigvntagi aivgcvms tbrmm kgrm prgkmssms, grahmnc typms: gutsahm-ai, aisahm-gut nih n kgupcmh prgkmss. Ai tbm gutsahm-aiprgkmss, earls

mibnikm tbmar ìgwcmhom dnsm dy tnppaio aitg tbm washgl ge tbmar suppcamrs nih kustgl-mrs. Xbas aidguih gpmi aiigvntagi cmvmrnoms tbm haskgvmrams ge gtbmrs, nih groniazntagis

dmkglm cmss hmpmihmit gi tbmar aitmrinc T&H (Kbmsdrguob nih Krgwtbmr, 4665). Egrmxnlpcm Vrgktmr & Onldcm aikrmnsmh ats T&H prghuktavaty dy 56 pmrkmit dy mlpcgyaio

gpmi aiigvntagi, nih lgrm tbni gim-tbarh ge tbm kglpniys imw prghukts graoaintmhergl gutsahm tbm kglpniy (Hghosgi mt nc., 46650 Bustgi nih [n``nd, 4665).

Gpmi aiigvntagi ncsg mionoms ni aisahm-gutprgkmss ge mxtmrincazaio aiigvntagi prg-kmssms tg lgrm quak`cy draio ahmns tg lnr`mt. N kglpniy kni hg tbas dy cakmisaio ats gwi

aitmccmktunc prgpmrty (AV), ns wmcc ns dy rmnkbaio imw lnr`mts tbrguob spai-gees nihpnrtimrsbaps ! tbus aikrmnsaio gvmrncc rmvmium wbacm nt tbm snlm talm snvaio T&H

rmsgurkms (Kbmsdrguob, 4665). Xbus, kglpniams nrm ig cgiomr rmstraktaio tbmlsmcvms tglnr`mts tbnt tbmy smrvm harmktcy, dut rntbmr nrm usaio pnrtimrs tg eaih imw lnr`mts nih

dusaimss lghmcs egr tbmar tmkbigcgoams (Mi`mc mt nc., 4661). Xmkbigcgoy trnisemr ai tbm

egrl ge cakmisaio as ni mxnlpcm ge gutdguih gpmi aiigvntagi. Kglpniams sukb nsBmwcmtt-Vnk`nrh nih Hgw Kbmlaknc omimrntm niiunccy buihrmhs ge laccagis ge hgccnrs ai

rgynctams (Cakbtmitbncmr mt nc., 46>>). Xg katm nigtbmr mxnlpcm, Nlnzgi bns sukkmsseuccyusmh tbm gutdguih ecgw ai gpmi aiigvntagi. Aistmnh ge `mmpaio ìgwcmhom ndgut

m-kgllmrkm tg atsmce, Nlnzgi bmcpmh tbarh-pnrty rmtnacmrs hmvmcgp tbmar gwi lmrkbni-hasaio satms. Xbmi Nlnzgi dmoni bgstaio tbmsm tbarh-pnrty rmtnacmrs gi ats smrvmrs, dmkgl-

aio tbm aiernstrukturm suppcamr ai n wny tbnt nccgwmh Nlnzgi tg cmvmrnom wbnt at ìgws

!bgw tg groniazm nih euceacc rmtnac grhmrs gicaim

!nih omt pnah egr tbnt ìgwcmhom ai tbm

lnr`mtpcnkm dmygih tbm dguihnrams ge Nlnzgi.kgl (Kbmsdrguob, 46>>n).Xbm tbarh ahmnc typm ai tbm gpmi aiigvntagi prgkmss as n kgupcmh prgkmss, ai wbakb

kglpniams krmntm nccanikms, pnrtimrsbaps nih jgait vmiturms, tbus kg-krmntaio vncum egr

dgtb pnrtams. Ai tbmsm knsms, kglpniams kgldaim tbm gutsahm-ai nih aisahm-gut prgkmssms,kgllmrkancazaio aiigvntagis watb pnrtimrs nih sbnraio kglpcmlmitnry rmsgurkms (Mi`mc

mt nc., 4661). Dy nppcyaio tbm gpmi aiigvntagi strntmoy, tbm kglpniy kni lgvm tgwnrh nigpmi dusaimss lghmc (ncsg knccmh n pcntegrl dusaimss lghmc), ai wbakb tbm vncum (nih

rmvmium) as kg-krmntmh watb kgccndgrntgrs (Kbmsdrguob, 46>>d). Kglpnrmh tg tbm gtbmr

ahmnc typms ai gpmi aiigvntagi, tbm kgupcmh prgkmss bns dmmi uihmr-mxnlaimh ai tbm cat-mrnturm gi gpmi aiigvntagi.

Gpmi NVAs nrm n rmcntavmcy imw pbmiglmigi egr imws groniazntagis. Ai tbm ]iatmh

[tntms, IVT wns dmcamvmh tg dm tbm earst lnjgr imws groniazntagis tg cnuikb ni Gpmi NVAwbmi at hah sg ai 4662, bmrnchaio tbm stmp tbus:

Ni Gpmi NVA cmts IVT geemr gur kgitmit tg tbm pudcak ai aieaiatm wnys. Xbm pudcak bns ncwnysdmmi ni mssmitanc pnrt ge wbnt wm hg !wm bnvm Vudcakai gur inlm !nih tbm NVA kgikmpt wacc

nhvnikm tbnt rmcntagisbap ai n trnisegrlntavm wny.;

Xg hntm, tbm usm ge Gpmi NVAs ai tbm kgitmxt ge jgurincasl bns dmmi calatmh tg tbm cnromstintaginc nih aitmrintaginc imws groniazntagis. Gpmi NVAs bnvm igt dmmi usmh drgnhcy, aent ncc, nlgio cgknc imws groniazntagis ([uccavni, 46>6). Xbnt lny kbniom ns imwsrggls

A


5/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas =

nctmr tbmar kgitmit lninomlmit systmls (KL[) gr nhgpt imw gims tbnt bnvm duact-aiGpmi NVAs !ns ai tbm knsm ge gim gpmi-sgurkm KL[, knccmh Nrlstrgio,8 wbakb as dmaiohmvmcgpmh dy tbm imws stnrtupsDny Katazmi nih Xmxns Xraduim, nih wbakb as mxpmktmh tg

dm usmh wahmcy dy slnccmr imws groniazntagis. Xbus, Gpmi NVAs nrm pgasmh egr pgtmi-tanccy rnpah haeeusagi ai tbm imws aihustry.

Tmsmnrkb qumstagis

_m nroum tbnt tbm mlmromikm ge Gpmi NVAs nt imws groniazntagis rmprmsmits n sbaettgwnrh ni gpmi aiigvntagi pnrnhaol tbnt, ai tbmgry, laobt bmcp nhhrmss tbm T&H kbnc-

cmioms enkaio tbm imws aihustry, ns wmcc ns tbm kbnccmioms ai eaihaio imw rmvmium lghmcs.Xbrguob n stuhy ge egur cmnhaio knsms ge Gpmi NVA hmpcgylmit !IVT, Xbm Imw Qgr`

Xalms, Xbm Ounrhani nih ][N Xghny !tbas pnpmr mxnlaims tbm mvahmikm egr nih alpcakn-tagis ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai tbm kgitmxt ge Gpmi NVAs nih imws, strukturmh nrguih tbm

egccgwaio rmsmnrkb qumstagi:

Bgw nrm tbm mcmlmits ge gpmi aiigvntagi lniaemstmh ai imws groniazntagis Gpmi NVA

aiatantavms7

Xbus, wm nincyzm wbnt mcmlmits ge tbm tbrmm ahmnc typms ge gpmi aiigvntagi (aisahm-gut,

gutsahm-ai nih kgupcmh prgkmss) nrm mvahmit ai tbm imws groniazntagis hmpcgylmit geGpmi NVA aiatantavms. _m trmnt tbm praikapcms ge gpmi aiigvntagi (>) nkrgss egrlnc gronia-

zntaginc dguihnrams, (4) hastradutmh nkrgss nktgrs, nih eainccy, (;) mldmhhmh ai tbm rmpur-pgsaio ge mxastaio vncum nrtaenkts (sukb ns imws kgitmit) tg krmntm vncum egr mxastaio gr

imw nktgrs. Eurtbmrlgrm, wm kgisahmr tbm alpcakntagis ge Gpmi NVA aiatantavms egr imwsgroniazntagis haoatnc dusaimss strntmoy nih T&H prgkmss, nih tbm kbnccmioms tbnt imws

groniazntagis enkm ai mionoaio gpmi aiigvntagi praikapcms ai tbmar T&H. Xbm ognc as tgonai mnrcy uihmrstnihaio ndgut tbm pgssadacatams nih kbnccmioms ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai tbm

haoatnc lmhan aihustry.

Lmtbghs nih kgitmxt

Lmtbghs nih hntn

]saio n quncatntavm npprgnkb ca`m tbnt usmh ai rmsmnrkb gi groniazntagis, wm kbgsm n slncc

iuldmr ge baobcy vasadcm gdjmkts (ai tbas knsm, mcatm imws groniazntagis) tg onai uihmr-stnihaio ge tbm pbmiglmigi nih mlpbnsazm haskgvmry, tbus mionoaio n luctapcm-knsm

stuhy lmtbghgcgoy (Masmibnrht, >1210 Lacms nih Budmrlni, >118: 41, >?4). Xbm egccgw-aio egur imws groniazntagis wmrm kbgsmi ns gdjmkts egr tbas stuhy: IVT, Xbm Imw Qgr`

Xalms, Xbm Ounrhani, nih ][N Xghny. Xbmsm wmrm smcmktmh igt gicy dmknusm tbmy nrmprglaimit, nomihn-smttaio aistatutagis, dut ncsg dmknusm tbmy wmrm tbm gicy imws gronia-zntagis tbnt, tg gur `igwcmhom, bnh hmpcgymh Gpmi NVAs wbmi tbas stuhy dmoni ai 46>6

(ke. Niniiy, 46>>).Xbm hntn wmrm ontbmrmh tbrguob aitmrvamws watb nt cmnst gim hmvmcgpmr wbg bns cmh tbm

hmpcgylmit ge Gpmi NVAs nt tbm egur imws groniazntagis. Aitmrvamwmms wmrm kbgsmi

C


6/18


dnsmh gi tbmar mxpmrtasm, ai caim watb tbm `my aiegrlnit npprgnkb (@ulnr mt nc., >11;).Xbm aitmrvamws wmrm kgihuktmh huraio tbm kgursm ge n sax-lgitb pmragh ai 46>6 nih46>>. Xwg aitmrvamws wmrm hgim ai pmrsgi nih twg van pbgim, nih tbm nvmrnom aitmrvamw

cnstmh ndgut 8= laiutms. Xbm aitmrvamws wmrm rmkgrhmh nih trniskradmh.Xbm snlm smla-strukturmh aitmrvamw skbmlm wns usmh ai tbm aitmrvamws, watb qums-

tagis egkusaio gi tbm lgtavntagis egr NVA hmpcgylmit, tbm dmimeats nih kbnccmioms nssg-kantmh watb tbas hmpcgylmit, nih tbm kgismqumikms ge tbas prgkmss egr tbm imws

groniazntagi nih ats dusaimss nih mhatgranc prnktakms. Xbm aitmrvamw skbmlm wns kgi-struktmh dnsmh gi tbm tbmgrmtaknc ernlmwgr` ge gpmi aiigvntagi.

Xbm aitmrvamws watb tbm `my aiegrlnits wmrm nincyzmh ns egccgws. Ai tbm earst rguih,gpmi kghaio prnktakm wns usmh, nccgwaio `my tbmlms nih pnttmris tg mlmrom ergl tbm

hntn nih tbus ouahm eurtbmr nincysas (Caihcge nih Xnycgr, 4664: 4>8). ûncatntavm hntnnincysas sgetwnrm wns usmh ai tbm kghaio, nih nincytak lmlgs wmrm wrattmi ncgio watb

tbm kghaio prgkmss tg suppgrt tbm nincysas. Xbm `my kghms mlmroaio ergl aiatanc kghaiowmrm orgupmh aitg tbm egccgwaio egur kgikmptunc tbmlms, wbakb cmih tbm lgst mxpcnin-tgry rmcmvnikm ndgut tbm pbmiglmigi ge Gpmi NVAs: Gpmi NVAs ns n dusaimss hmvmcgp-

lmit tggc0 Gpmi NVAs ai T&H0 tmisagi dmtwmmi ni gpmi vs. kcgsmh lghmc0 rmhmeaiatagige imws groniazntagis rgcm.

Xbas tbmlntak groniazntagi, nkìgwcmhoaio tbm pgtmitanc pnrtanc gvmrcnp ai tbmtbmlms, wns usmh ns n ernlmwgr` ai tbm smkgih rguih ge kghaio, ai wbakb n lgrm aitmr-

prmtavm cmvmc ai tbm nincysas wns rmnkbmh van tbmgrmtaknc kghaio prnktakm ([nchnin, 4661:>5;). Ai tbmgrmtaknc kghaio, tbm tbmlms nrm aitmorntmh systmlntaknccy aitg tbm tbmgrmtaknc

ernlmwgr`, wbakb, ai tbas knsm, as gpmi aiigvntagi nih ats tbrmm ahmnc typms. Xbrguobtbas aihuktavm npprgnkb, wm sguobt tg hmskradm nih mxpcnai tbm lniaemstntagis ge tbm

gpmi aiigvntagi ahmnc typms ai tbm snlpcm knsms. Lmldmr-kbmkàio wns kgihuktmh watbtbm `my aiegrlnits tbmlsmcvms nih/gr gtbmr rmprmsmitntavms watbai tbmar groniazntagis tgbmaobtmi tbm vncahaty ge tbm rmsucts, watb tbm mxkmptagi ge gim knsm wbmrm tbm aiegrlnit

hmkcaimh tg rmspgih tg rmqumsts egr emmhdnk`. Xbm aiegrlnits rmkmavmh n kgpy ge tbmnrtakcm dy m-lnac egr rmvamw, kcnraeakntagi, suoomstagis nih uphntms. _atb gim imws

groniazntagi, tbm graoainc aitmrvamwmm bnh kbniomh jgds, nih tbm lmldmr-kbmkàio wnskgihuktmh dy twg gtbmr mxpmrts nt tbm groniazntagi wbg wmrm ahmitaeamh dy tbm

groniazntagi.

[nlpcm prgeacm

Dmegrm hmtnacaio tbm eaihaios, wm prgkmmh earst watb n dnsak prgeacm ge Gpmi NVA usm nt

tbmsm egur imws groniazntagis. Ai mnkb knsm, tbmrm nrm haeemrmikms ai tbm iuldmr ge GpmiNVAs hmpcgymh, tbm nlguit ge kgitmit nvnacndcm, nih tbm pntbs egr kgllmrkancazntagi.

Xbm iuldmrs ge NVA knccs (gr rmqumsts tg nkkmss n oavmi NVAs hntn) ai tbm snlpcm prgeacmdmcgw aikcuhms knccs ergl dgtb tbm imws groniazntagi atsmce nih mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs. Egr

mxnlpcm, nt IVT, lgst ge tbm NVA rmqumsts kglm aitmrinccy, nih tbmrmegrm lgst ge tbmtrneeak hmravmh ergl NVA-hravmi nppcakntagis kglms ergl IVTs gwi nppcakntagis. Xbas

lmnis tbnt IVT as tbm cnromst kgisulmr ge IVT-prghukmh, NVA-enkacatntmh kgitmit!

nprgkmss tbnt hmvmcgpmrs rmemr tg ns mntaio gur gwi hgo eggh.

J


7/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas ?

IVT:IVTs Gpmi NVA aikcuhms nuhag ergl lgst IVT prgornls saikm >11= nswmcc ns tmxt, alnoms nih gtbmr wmd-gicy kgitmit ergl IVT nih ats lmldmr stn-tagis. Xbm IVT [tgry NVA aihmxms ncc IVT stgrams nkkgrhaio tg smvmrnc enktgrs

sukb ns tgpak, prgornls, hntms nih lusak omirms. Xbm Xrniskrapt NVA oavms nkkmsstg eucc trniskrapts ge stgrams naraio gi smcmktmh IVT prgornls. Ai 46>>, IVT bni-

hcmh lgrm tbni 466 laccagi rmqumsts pmr lgitb, hmcavmraio ndgut tbrmm daccagistgrams lgitbcy. IVT bns nvmrnomh 1 pmrkmit orgwtb ai rmqumsts mnkb lgitb egr

pnst ymnr, nih bns smrvmh imnrcy twg daccagi tgtnc NVA rmqumsts ai tbrmm ymnrs. Xbmrmwmrm ndgut =666 rmoastmrmh NVA usmrs ns ge Hmkmldmr 46>>. IVT nccgws gicy

pmrsginc, igi-kgllmrkanc usm ge ats NVA, gr igi-kgllmrkanc usm dy n igiprgeattbnt as igt ncsg n imws groniazntagi. IVT ncsg rmsmrvms tbm raobt tg aikcuhm spgi-

sgrsbap watb ats NVA kgitmit, nih rmstrakts tbm hmvmcgpmrs gwi usm ge nhvmrtasaioncgiosahm IVT kgitmit.=

Xbm Ounrhani: Bmnhqunrtmrmh ai tbm ]iatmh @aiohgl, Xbm Ounrhani cnuikbmh atsGpmi NVA egr kgitmit ai Lnrkb 4661, oavaio nkkmss tg lgrm tbni n laccagi nrtakcms

pudcasbmh saikm >111. Xbm Ounrhani ncsg prgvahms spmkancazmh NVAs: tbm Vgcataks

NVA aikcuhms aiegrlntagi ndgut pgcataknc pnrtams, mcmktagis nih Vgcatakanis ai tbm]@0 tbm Hntn NVA nccgws hmvmcgpmrs tg nkkmss hntn smts gi tbm Ounrhani Hntn

[tgrm, wbakb kgisasts ge ogvmrilmit hntn ergl nrguih tbm wgrch. Dy 46>>, lgrmtbni 4666 nppcakntagis bnh dmmi duact, nih tbm NVA as bnihcaio ?6 laccagi NVA

knccs pmr lgitb. [glm 8666 mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs bnvm rmoastmrmh tg usm tbmOunrhani NVA.5 Xbm Gpmi NVA as pnrt ge Xbm Ounrhanis gpmi pcntegrl strntmoy,

ai wbakb tbm imwspnpmr mikgurnoms tbm mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmr kglluiaty tg duachnppcakntagis nrguih Xbm Ounrhanis imws kgitmit nih hntn. Ge tbm egur imws

groniazntagis stuhamh, Xbm Ounrhani bns tbm lgst sgpbastakntmh systml tg nccgwats pudcak hmvmcgpmrs tg omimrntm rmvmium. Xbm lghmc as tbrmm-tamrmh, nih XbmOunrhani hmtmrlaims tbm kgihatagis ge NVA usnom watb cmvmcs ge nkkmss tg Ounrhani

kgitmit.?

Xbm Imw Qgr` Xalms: Xbm Xalms cnuikbmh ats Gpmi NVA ai 4662, nih ns ge

Hmkmldmr 46>> at wns geemraio >2 Gpmi NVAs kgvmraio n rniom ge kgitmit: imws,lgvam rmvamws, kgiormssaginc hntn nih usmr-omimrntmh kgitmit. Xbmsm NVAs, uica`m

tbgsm geemrmh dy IVT nih Xbm Ounrhani, hg igt aikcuhm eucc-tmxt nrtakcms, aistmnhaikcuhaio cai`s dnk` tg Xbm Xalmss wmdsatm. Dy tbm mih ge 46>>, tbmrm wmrm sglm

>5,666 rmoastmrmh NVA `mys,2 nih tbm NVAs bnihcmh ndgut 46 laccagi NVA knccslgitbcy, rmprmsmitaio n stmnhy orgwtb ergl tbm prmvagus ymnr. Xbm NVAs hmcavmrmh

ndgut 1 laccagi pamkms ge imws kgitmit lgitbcy. Xbm Imw Qgr` Xalms hgms igt nccgw ats NVA tg dm usmh egr kgllmrkanc pur-

pgsms, gr watb niy smrvakm tbnt kglpmtms watb tbm prghukts nih smrvakms

geemrmh dy Xbm Xalms. Xbm imwspnpmr ncsg bns gtbmr rmstraktagis: egr mxnlpcm,Xalms kgitmit kniigt dm sgch ai niy nppcakntagi, ni npp watb Xalms kgitmit

kniigt dm sgch, igr kni n tbarh pnrty kbnrom n sudskraptagi emm. 1 Gim mxkmptagi

tg tbmsm rmstraktagis as Xbm Xalmss ogvmrilmit NVAs, wbakb nrm nccgwmh egrkgllmrkanc usm.

B


8/18


][N Xghny: Ns tbm cntmst ge tbmsm groniazntagis tg jgai tbm Gpmi NVA hglnai !watb ats earst geemraios nppmnraio ai cntm 46>6 !tbm smkgih-cnromst imwspnpmr ai

tbm ][ geemrs iaim NVAs: nrtakcms, drmn`aio imws, dmstsmccaio dgg`s, dgg` rmvamws,

lusak rmvamws, lgvam rmvamws, sinpsbgts (stntastaknc ornpbaks), spgrts sncnrams nihkmisus hntn. Xbm Nrtakcms NVA aikcuhms imws stgrams dnk` tg 4668 dut hgms igt

geemr eucc-tmxt nkkmss. Tguobcy 566 hmvmcgpmrs bnh rmoastmrmh ns NVA usmrs dy tbmmih ge 46>>, nih tbm NVAs bnihcms ndgut >66,666 knccs wmm`cy. ][N Xghny hgms

igt nccgw ats NVA tg dm usmh egr kgllmrkanc purpgsms, gr watb niy smrvakm tbntkglpmtms watb tbm prghukts nih smrvakms geemrmh dy ][N Xghny, igr kni ni nppca-

kntagi watb kgitmit kbnrom egr nkkmss.>6 ][N Xghny mikgurnoms hmvmcgpmrs tgaiquarm ndgut kustglazmh pnrtimrsbaps egr kgllmrkanc cakmisms nih mxpnihmh

nkkmss tg tbm kgitmit. Ai cntm 46>>, ][N Xghny nccgwmh tbrmm ge ats NVAs (nrtakcm,rmvamws nih kmisus) tg dm usmh egr kgllmrkanc purpgsms.

Eaihaios

Xbm lniaemstntagis ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai imws groniazntagis Gpmi NVA aiatantavms nrmdmst hmskradmh ns (>) ni nkkmcmrntgr ge T&H, (4) ni nvmium egr kgllmrkancazntagi, nih

(;) ni mlmromit imtwgr` ge aiigvntagi. Mnkb ge tbmsm mcmlmits as mcndgrntmh dmcgw, egc-cgwmh dy n haskussagi ge tbm tmisagi dmtwmmi gpmi nih kcgsmh lghmcs ai imws groniazn-tagis, nih n kgikcuhaio nincysas rmonrhaio gpmi aiigvntagi praikapcms ai tbmsm Gpmi NVA

aiatantavms.

Nkkmcmrntaio T&H

Egr tbm imws groniazntagis nincyzmh ai tbas stuhy, Gpmi NVAs bnvm smrvmh tg stalucntm

T&H prgkmssms dgtb watbai nih dmygih tbm earl, dut mspmkanccy ai quak`miaio tbm pnkmge gutsahm-ai `igwcmhom trnisemr ! egr mxnlpcm, ns mxtmrinc aiatantavms duact gi Gpmi

NVAs ouahm aitmrinc hmvmcgplmit. Egr mxnlpcm, nt IVT, ni mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmr usaioIVTs NVA cnuikbmh tbm earst aVbgim nppcakntagi egr IVT kgitmit. Xbm ermm npp, knccmh

IVT Nhhakt, quak`cy dmknlm pgpucnr, watb buihrmhs ge tbgusnihs ge hgwicgnhs.Hmvmcgpmrs watbai IVT cmnrimh ergl tbas mxtmrinc nppcakntagi nih bnstmimh tg duach tbmar

gwi geeakanc aVbgim npp. Ns n `my hmvmcgpmr nt IVT hmskradmh at: At rmnccy knpturmh guralnoaintagi tbnt, _gw, ae wm hgit hg at, sglmgim mcsm as ogiin hg at. _mh dmttmr hg

at. Cntmr, tbm geeakanc IVT npp surpnssmh tbm mxtmrinccy hmvmcgpmh gim ai pgpucnraty.Ai tbas wny, Gpmi NVAs egstmr tbm aidguih ecgw ge ahmns tg tbm groniazntagi. Egr imws

groniazntagis, tbas aiput bns nkkmcmrntmh tbmar T&H dmknusm tbmy ig cgiomr lust mxpmra-lmit watb mvmrytbaio tbmlsmcvms0 rntbmr, tbmy kni cmni gi tbm wgr` ge mxtmrinc hmvmcgp-mrs tg bmcp ahmitaey oggh ahmns ergl dnh gims. Xbas mindcms lgrm meeakamit T&H ns tbm

groniazntagis hrnw gi mxastaio (mxtmrinc) mxpmralmits ns ernlmwgr`s egr tbmar gwi(aitmrinc) mxpcgrntagi. ]ctalntmcy, tbas snvms rmsgurkms dy rmhukaio n earls ras`s huraio

ni mnrcy, krukanc nih kgstcy stnom ge tbm aiigvntagi prgkmss!

tbm tmstaio nih prgtgtypaiokykcms (Onsslnii mt nc., 46650 Vaccmr mt nc., 46>6). Xbus, Gpmi NVAs smrvm ns n wny egr

tbm imws groniazntagis tg hg mxtmrinc prgtgtypaio, watb tbm bmcp ge mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs.

@


9/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas 1

Egr tbm imws groniazntagis, Gpmi NVAs euiktagi ca`m ni mxtmrinc T&H cnd ergl wbakbprghukt hmvmcgplmit gkkurs groniaknccy, ns gim hmvmcgpmr put at. Mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs

bnvm duact prghukts dy usaio tbm imws kgitmit ai n ensbagi tbnt tbm groniazntagis bnh igt

alnoaimh. Egr aistnikm, ni mxtmrinc kgccndgrntgr>>

hrmw upgi Xbm Ounrhanis VgcataksNVA nih aiegrlntagi ai tbm Ounrhani Hntn [tgrm tg krmntm n Ugtmr Vgwmr Aihmx. Xbm

aihmx nssmssmh tbm alpgrtnikm ge n saiocm vgtm ai n oavmi rmoagi, nih tbus aihakntmhwbmtbmr vgtaio tbmrm wguch ln`m n haeemrmikm ai nctmraio tbm pgcataknc pgwmr strukturm.

Gpmi NVAs tbus bgch pgtmitanc egr imw prghukts tbnt cmih ermsb pmrspmktavm gi tbm hmlg-krntak purpgsms kmitrnc tg jgurincasls euiktagi.

Xbm nppcakntagis hmvmcgpmh dy tbmsm mxtmrinc T&H cnds nrm igt gwimh dy tbm imwsgroniazntagis dut dmcgio tg tbmar mxtmihmh prghukt pgrtegcag, tbrguob wbakb sbnrmh rmv-

mium lny dm hmravmh. Xbm imws groniazntagis hg igt gwi tbmsm imw prghukts, dut tbmygwi tbm kgrm mcmlmit ai tbmsm prghukts: tbm imws kgitmit. Ai tbas smism, Gpmi NVAs smrvm

ns ni giogaio smnrkb egr imw lnr`mt gppgrtuiatams. _atb tbmsm mxtmrinc T&H cnds, imwsgroniazntagis kni onuom tbm rmcntavm hmlnih egr kgitmit tbnt kguch dm rmkykcmh gr rmpur-

pgsmh. Imws groniazntagis bgpm tg eaih imw wnys tg rmpnk`nom tbmar kgitmit, ns hmskradmhdy n cmnh hmvmcgpmr nt ][N Xghny ai mcndgrntaio tbm rmnsgiaio dmbaih krmntaio ni GpmiNVA egr tbm cast ge dmstsmccaio dgg`s:

As tbmrm n hmlnih gut tbmrm egr gur dmstsmccaio dgg`s dmygih Ptbm\ sgrt ge tbm wmdsatm wbmrm ats

ncwnys cavmh7 A lmni, wmrm dnsaknccy oavaio imw caem tg tbas kgitmit, nih wm wnit tg smm aepmgpcm gut tbmrm datm nih nrm aitmrmstmh ai at.

Gpmi NVAs ncsg mindcm hmvmcgpmrs tg duach prghukts egr iakbm nuhamikms!

gr orgupstbnt aiatanccy lny nppmnr ns laigr dut cntmr mvgcvm aitg n daoomr lnr`mt. Xbas as ni nhvni-

tnom egr imws groniazntagis tbnt lust egkus gi draioaio prghukts tg lnss lnr`mts rntbmrtbni tnromtaio lnroainc nuhamikms. Ai tbm knsm ge IVT, n Oggocm mioaimmr hmvmcgpmh ni

IVT nppcakntagi egr tbm Nihrgah pcntegrl, wbakb nt tbnt talm wns n slnccmr pcntegrlrmcntavm tg aG[. Nigtbmr mxtmrinc kgccndgrntgr duact ni IVT pcnymr egr tbm ]iax pcntegrl.

Mvmi tbguob ]iax as lnroainc ai tmrls ge usmr vgculm, tbmrm wns hmlnih watbai tbntiakbm orgup egr ni IVT pcnymr, nih n kgccndgrntgr gicy immhmh tbm IVT Gpmi NVA tg dmndcm tg duach tbm prghukt nih sntasey tbnt hmlnih. _atb Gpmi NVAs, mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs

kni kustglazm tbm kgitmit watbai n ernlmwgr` tbmy eaih usmeuc. Xbas, ai turi, nccgws egrmibnikmh kustglazntagi egr mih-usmrs, wbg aikrmnsaiocy mxpmkt ormntmr kgitrgc nih

nhnptndacaty ns tbmy kgisulm imws van noormontgrs, smnrkb mioaim rmemrrncs nih sgkancrmkgllmihntagis (Xbgrsgi, 46620 Xburlni, 46>>).

Gpmi NVAs ncsg dmimeat imws groniazntagis aitmrinc prghukt hmvmcgplmit ai gtbmrwnys. Xbm Gpmi NVA aiatantavms nrm getmi tamh tg cnromr strukturnc kbnioms watbai tbm groni-

azntagi, sukb ns n rmtggcaio ge tbm imwsrggls KL[ ncgio watb systmlntak, groniazntagi-wahm usm ge NVAs. Xbm NVA as n strukturmh tggc egr prghukt hmvmcgplmit, nccgwaio tbm

hmvmcgplmit tmnl tg egkus lgrm gi tbm usmr mxpmramikm nih cmss gi tmkbigcgoaknc laiu-tanm. Xbas nkkmcmrntms aitmrinc T&H nih snvms lgimy. Egr mxnlpcm, Xbm Ounrhani wns

ndcm tg duach ni aVnh npp watb ats aitmrinc NVA egr n ernktagi ge tbm igrlnc kgst.Aisahm imws groniazntagis, prghukt hmvmcgplmit watb NVAs bns aikrmnsmh kgccndgrn-

tagi nkrgss hmpnrtlmitnc dguihnrams, egr mxnlpcm dy egstmraio kgccndgrntagi dmtwmmi

L


10/18

>6 imw lmhan & sgkamty 6(6)

tmkbigcgoy nih mhatgranc tmnls. _bmi tbm ]@ Xrmnsury rmcmnsmh tbm KGAI[ (KgldaimhGicaim Aiegrlntagi [ystml) hntn, Ounrhani jgurincasts nih prgornllmrs duact n smrvakmtg smnrkb tbm KGAI[ hntndnsm.>4 Egr Xbm Ounrhani, usaio tbm NVA nkkmcmrntmh tbm nincy-

sas ge hntn egr imws nrtakcms, nih lnhm tbm tmnls wgr` lgrm smnlcmsscy ai tnihml.

Kgllmrkancazntagi

Dusaimss strntmoy as gim ge tbm pralnry lgtavntgrs egr cnuikbaio Gpmi NVA aiatantavms.

Xbm imws groniazntagis bnvm haskgvmrmh strntmoams egr onaiaio rmvmium ergl Gpmi NVAs,usunccy ai gim ge twg wnys: earst, dy cmttaio kgccndgrntgrs usm tbm kgitmit egr ermm dut

mxpmktaio tbml tg tn`m tbm imws groniazntagis nhvmrtasaio `my watb tbml. Ai tbm knsm geXbm Ounrhani, tbas lmnis tbnt wbmi ni mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmr duachs ni nppcakntagi nrguih

Ounrhani kgitmit tbrguob ats Gpmi NVA, tbm nppcakntagi lust prmsmit nhvmrtasaio ergltbm Ounrhani nh imtwgr`.>; Xbm Ounrhani ncsg nccgws hmvmcgpmrs tg prmsmit tbmar gwi

nhs. Xbm smkgih lmtbgh egr harmkt rmvmium van Gpmi NVA-duact prghukts as tg kbnrom ncakmisaio emm egr tbm kgitmit. Xbm Ounrhani nih ][N Xghny nppcy tbas lmtbgh ns gim

rmvmium gppgrtuiaty.Npnrt ergl harmkt rmvmium strmnls ai tbm egrl ge nhvmrtasaio nih cakmisaio emms, tbm

imws groniazntagis bnvm eguih gtbmr wnys tg strmiotbmi tbm vncum ge tbmar prghukt. Xbmyhravm trneeak tg tbmar wmdsatm tbrguob tbm kgitmit nvnacndcm van Gpmi NVAs, ns Xbm Imw Qgr`Xalms hgms ns pnrt ge ats Gpmi NVA dusaimss strntmoy. _bmi mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs usm kgi-

tmit hmcavmrmh tbrguob tbm Xalms NVA, Xbm Xalms rmquarms tbnt cai`s dnk` tg ats gwi kgitmit

dm haspcnymh. Xbm Ounrhani usms n salacnr npprgnkb ai ats tbrmm-tamrmh dusaimss strntmoy:Ai gim ge tbm tamrs, Xbm Ounrhani nccgws ni nkkmss tg Ounrhani bmnhcaims dut igt tbm dghykgpy ge tbm nrtakcm0 nt tbas cmvmc, tbm hmvmcgpmr kni pudcasb Ounrhani bmnhcaims nih lmtn-

hntn egr ermm nih `mmp tbm nhvmrtasaio rmvmium. Xbas rmpurpgsaio ge kgitmit van imw nppca-kntagis bmcps mxtmih tbm imws groniazntagis prmsmikm gicaim. Egr mxnlpcm, Xbm Ounrhanis

Vgwmrmh dy tbm Ounrhani cgog bns nppmnrmh wahmcy nkrgss tbm wmd, nih kni dm eguih gihglnais tbnt utacazm nppcakntagis duact nrguih NVA-hmcavmrmh kgitmit.

Nlah tbas orgwtb, bgwmvmr, at as haeeakuct tg qunitaey tbm rmvmium krmntmh van GpmiNVAs dmknusm imws groniazntagis hg igt haskcgsm sukb eaourms. Imvmrtbmcmss, tbm dusa-imss strntmoams dmbaih Gpmi NVAs rmecmkt n euihnlmitnc sbaet ai bgw imws groniazntagis

pmrkmavm tbmar rgcm nih dguihnrams. Imws groniazntagis bnvm n strgio vamw ndgut tbmuirmstraktmh, dguihcmss wmd kbnioaio tbm inturm ge tbm imws dusaimss: tbmy wnit tbmar

kgitmit tg dm wahmcy karkucntmh nih taobtcy aitmorntmh aitg tbm bypmrcai`mh strukturm ge tbmwmd, nih tbmy smm Gpmi NVAs ns n wny tg nkkglpcasb tbnt. Ns n `my hmvmcgpmr hmskradms

tbm strntmoy:

[g tbnts wbmrm wm knlm up watb tbas aih ge dao, drgnh stntmlmit ndgut wmnvaio Xbm Ounrhani

aitg tbm endrak ge tbm aitmrimt. At wns dmknusm at wns n rmncazntagi tbnt wm immhmh tg dm n pnrt ge

tbm aitmrimt nih igt just gi tbm aitmrimt.

Ai tbas vamw, at as igt miguob tg krmntm kgitmit egr n saiocm hglnai0 rntbmr, tbnt kgitmitimmhs tg dm sprmnh nkrgss tbm wmd nih gi luctapcm hmvakms, tg `mmp pnkm watb usmrs wbgig cgiomr smttcm gi gim hmstaintagi satm nih pcntegrl. Ns n `my hmvmcgpmr hmskradmh tbas

!N


11/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas >>

npprgnkb: Xbm Xalms bns n ormnt drnih nih ormnt kgitmit, nih tbm dmst wny tg omt at tgpmgpcm nih tg omt pmgpcm kglaio dnk` tg gur satm as tg omt tbnt kgitmit mvmrywbmrm nih tgbnvm mymdnccs gi at ncc tbm talm.

Xbas strntmoy rmecmkts n rnhaknc sbaet egr imws groniazntagis tbnt nrm usmh tg kgitrgccaiotbmar kgitmit gi tbmar gwi pcntegrls. Bgwmvmr, ai tbm haoatnc mrn, imws groniazntagis

bnvm enr cmss kgitrgc gvmr tbm hastradutagi aiernstrukturm !tbm aitmrimt ! tbni tbmy hahwbmi tbm imws wns hmcavmrmh van pnpmr, nuhag gr vahmg. Ai tbas imw tbaiàio, imws groni-

azntagis kglm tg pmrkmavm tbm aitmrimt ns n wbgcm, rntbmr tbni tbmar satm, ns tbmar pudcasbaiopcntegrl. Xbmy nrm rmnhy tg rmcaiquasb kgitrgc, tg sglm mxtmit, nih rmnkb gut tg imw

lnr`mts tbrguob aitmrlmhanrams. Cmttaio og ge kgitrgc krmntms n imw rgcm egr imws gronia-zntagis: rntbmr tbni dmaio pnssavm aiegrlntagi-prgvahmrs, tbmy kcnal n strgiomr, lgrm

nktavm rgcm ai mindcaio usmrs !ai tbas knsm, tbm hmvmcgpmr kglluiaty !tg rm-usm, aitmrnktwatb nih mxpmralmit watb tbm kgitmit. Xbas lmnis trnisegrlaio imws nih aiegrlntagi

satms aitg imws nih aiegrlntagipcntegrls, ns gim hmvmcgpmr hmskradmh at.

Aiigvntagi imtwgr`s

Imws groniazntagis mldrnkm tbm aiigvntagi mkgsystml tbnt bns hmvmcgpmh nrguih tbmar

Gpmi NVAs. _atb mxtmrinc kgccndgrntgrs usaio tbmar kgitmit tbrguob Gpmi NVAs, imwsgroniazntagis kni ahmitaey nih lmmt tbm kbnioaio immhs ge mih-usmrs. Xbm hmvmcgpmrkglluiaty tbus smrvms ns ni aiigvntagi imtwgr`, wbakb enkacatntms aisahm-nih-gutsahm

ìgwcmhom ecgw, pnrtimrsbaps nih dusaimss gppgrtuiatams. Xbm Ounrhani ncgim bns n imt-

wgr` ge ;666 hmvmcgpmrs nrguih ats Gpmi Vcntegrl.Ns imws groniazntagis mldrnkm tbmsm mlmroaio mkgsystmls, tbm rmsuct as n vartuguskarkcm ge lutunccy rmaiegrkaio dmimeats ecgwaio dmtwmmi tbm imws groniazntagis nih tbm

aiigvntagi imtwgr`. Xbm imtwgr`s pcny ni alpgrtnit rgcm ai igwcmhom-krmntagi (Vgwmcc,>116) nih aikrmnsm nkkmss tg bmtmrgomimgus ìgwcmhom, wbakb as krukanc ai smrvakms aiig-

vntagi ai tbm haoatnc lmhan smktgr. Egr tbm imws groniazntagis, tbas hyinlak bns rmsuctmhai pnrtimrsbaps nih dusaimss gppgrtuiatams ai kgiimktagi watb aihavahunc hmvmcgpmrs,

stnrt-up kglpniams nih mstndcasbmh tmkbigcgoy earls.Xbm smce-smrvakm inturm ge Gpmi NVAs mibnikms tbm knpnkaty egr kgccndgrntagi watb

tbm aiigvntagi imtwgr`. Dmegrm Gpmi NVAs, sukb kgccndgrntagis rmquarmh n kglpcakntmh

kgitmit-sbnraio prgkmss, gim rmqumst nt n talm!

wbmrmns imws kgitmit as nvnacndcm vanGpmi NVAs gi ni giogaio dnsas. Xbas mxpmhatms tbm prgkmss ge prghukt hmvmcgplmit.

Imws groniazntagis pusb kgitmit tbrguob Gpmi NVAs ai n kgistnit ecgw, nih tbnt ecgweuiktagis ns n traoomr egr aiigvntagi.

[glm imws groniazntagis bnvm igurasbmh tbmar imtwgr`s dy groniazaio mvmits tgmikgurnom kgccndgrntagi nlgio hmvmcgpmrs nih jgurincasts ! ns ai tbm knsm ge bnk`

hnys, bnk`ntbgis, nih kghmntbgis, wbakb nrm lnrntbgi smssagis ge kglputmr prg-ornllaio hmsaoimh tg àk`-stnrt prgjmkts nih tg hmvmcgp pnrtimrsbaps.

Gpmi vs. kcgsmh lghmc ai imws groniazntagis

Xbm mlmromikm ge gpmi aiigvntagi rmecmkts n kucturnc nih strukturnc sbaet ai tbmsm imwsgroniazntagis ns tbmy trnisatagi ergl n kcgsmh tg ni gpmi dusaimss lghmc. Gpmi NVAs nrm

!!


12/18


smmi ns tggcs egr dusaimss hmvmcgplmit nih ni alpgrtnit aiatanc stmp ai tbas lgvm tg nigpmi lghmc. Bgwmvmr, imws groniazntagis enkm kbnccmioms ai nttmlptaio tg aitmorntm tbasimw gpmi tbaiàio aitg tbmar dusaimss nih aiigvntagi lninomlmit strntmoy. Xbm kucturnc

laih-smt ge trnhataginc imws groniazntagis baihmrs Gpmi NVA hmpcgylmit. Aitmrinc hmvmc-gpmrs bnvm rui aitg rmsastnikm ns tbmy bnvm rmnkbmh up vmrtaknccy tg onai tbm duy-ai ge

kgrpgrntm cmnhmrs nih rmnkbmh nkrgss bgrazgitnccy tg kgivaikm jgurincasts ai tbm imws-rggl. [tn`mbgchmrs bnvm dmmi s`mptaknc ndgut tbm inturm ge lnàio niytbaio gpmi, ns

gim hmvmcgpmr mxpcnaimh:

_m lnhm tbm pusb. _m sgch at aitmrinccy. Xbmrm wns sglm npprmbmisagi0 sglm wgihmr wbnt

ygurm tncàio ndgut, _by nrm wm ogaio tg oavm nwny tbm enrl egr ermm7 Xbas as gur dndy. _mrm

oavaio nwny tbm kgitmit.Gur nroulmit wns, Xbm kgitmit as gi tbm wmdsatm. Niygim kni kglmnih skrnpm at. Niygim kni knpturm n strmnl. Xbm kgitmit as gut tbmrm. Ats ermm niywnys.

Ai n salacnr vmai, nigtbmr hmvmcgpmr hmskradmh bgw bas tmnl sgrt ge hm-mlpbnsazmhtbm gpmi sahm ge tbaios ai tbmar haskussagis watb mxmkutavms, mxpcnaiaio tbnt tbm gpmi pnrt

ge NVAs wns ni uinvgahndcm enktgr ge bnvaio n pudcak NVA egr purpgsms ge dmttmr T&Hnih tbus egr ormntmr prgeats.

]ctalntmcy, hmvmcgpmrs eguih tbnt tbmy kguch onai nkkmptnikm dy ernlaio Gpmi NVAaiatantavms ai twg wnys: ai gim smism, ns Dusaimss Hmvmcgplmit 4.6, ns gim hmvmcgpmr

put at0 nih ns n lmnis ge lnaitnaiaio kgitrgc gvmr kgitmit.

Xbnt wns dnsaknccy gur sncms patkb, tbnt, Xbas kgitmit as wahm gpmi niywnys. Cmts kgitrgc at,

nih cmts dm ndcm tg trnk` at nih sbut pmgpcm hgwi ae tbmyrm hgaio mvac tbaios, nih wbntmvmrmcsm, nih mvmitunccy pmgpcm knlm nrguih nih wm gpmimh at.

Bgwmvmr kgitrnhaktgry at lny sguih, tbmsm imws groniazntagis smm tbm prgkmss gegpmiaio up ns n wny ge bmcpaio tbml tg wamch ormntmr kgitrgc gvmr kgitmit. Ns gim hmvmc-

gpmr hmskradmh at:

_m hgit wnit Pgur kgitmit\ tg imkmssnracy dm ermm. _m wnit pmgpcm tg usm at nih nttradutm at nih

hg ncc tbm oggh stuee watb at. Qgu trmnt at rmspmktndcy. Xbm NVA nktunccy oavms ygu ni gppgrtuiaty

tg kgitrgc tbnt ai sglm wnys tbnt tbm wmdsatm hgmsit, nih ai enkt tbm pmgpcm wbg usm tbm NVA

bnvm lgrm rmspmkt egr at niywnys.

Nigtbmr aitmrinc haeeakucty as tbm qumstagi ge aitmccmktunc prgpmrty raobts. Xrnhataginccy,tbm cakmisaio raobts tbnt imws groniazntagis bnvm imogtantmh !egr mxnlpcm, egr tbm usm ge

ermmcnikm pbgtgornpby !bnvm dmmi hgim watb prait gr wmd pudcasbaio ai laih0 tbgsmraobts nrm igt gptalazmh egr tbm hntndnsm-hravmi, lucta-usm inturm ge NVAs. Xbm assums

watb cakmisaio raobts bnvm rmstraktmh tbm nlguit ge kgitmit tbnt imws groniazntagis knisbnrm tbrguob Gpmi NVAs. Xbmsm kgisahmrntagis ncsg bnvm enktgrmh aitg hmtmrlaiaio

wbmtbmr imws groniazntagis kni (nih sbguch) kbnrom cakmisaio emms, gr wbmtbmr kgitmit

sbguch suppgrt kgllmrkanc nppcakntagis krmntmh dy mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs.Xg tbas mih, tbmrm as n tmisagi ndgut wbmrm tg hrnw tbm caim egr gpmiimss: bgw lukb

kgitmit sbguch dm ermm tbrguob Gpmi NVAs, nih wbmrm sbguch tbm caim dm hrnwi egr

!7


13/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas >;

kgllmrkanc usm7 Ai gim knsm, n imws groniazntagi as prgvahaio ermm nkkmss tg pnrt ge ninrkbavm van ni Gpmi NVA nih tbm rmst as nvnacndcm egr kbnrom. Xbas rmecmkts tbm dncnikaionkt dmtwmmi tbm imw gpmi lghmc nih tbm trnhataginc kcgsmh lghmc ai groniazntaginc struk-

turm nih kucturm, nih as ni uinvgahndcm pnrt ge tbm mxpcgrntavm stnom hmskradmh dy gim getbm aiegrlnits:

P_\mrm tryaio, nt cmnst, tg lgimtazm. Nih A tbai` ae tbm hmlnih asit tbmrm, tbmi lnydm wm kni

sgrt ge wmrm gpmi tg rmkgisahmraio tbnt. Dut egr igw wmrm ogaio tg smm ae wm knit hravm ncattcm dusaimss tbrguob kgitmit cakmisaio.

Gpmi aiigvntagi prgkmssms ai Gpmi NVAs

_bmi imws groniazntagis hmcavmr kgitmit van Gpmi NVAs, tbmy kni cmvmrnom tbm dmimeats

ge tbm tbrmm ahmnc prgkmssms ai gpmi aiigvntagi: tbm aidguih ecgw, tbm gutdguih ecgw nihtbm kgupcmh prgkmss (smm Eaourm >). Ai tbm aisahm-gut prgkmss ge gpmi aiigvntagi, tbmimws groniazntagis ln`m tbmar kgrm prghukt !imws kgitmit !nvnacndcm egr niygim tg

usm. Ns n rmsuct, tbmy kni smm tbmar kgitmit tn`m gi n imw caem ai vnragus nppcakntagiskrmntmh ai tbm mxtmrinc T&H cnd tbnt as tbm hmvmcgpmr kglluiaty, tbrguob aiigvntagis

ai rmpudcasbaio tbnt kgitmit. Xbm rmsucts ergl tbm mxtmrinc kglluiaty ecgw dnk` tg

Eaourm >. Gpmi aiigvntagi ai imws groniazntagis Gpmi NVAs.Aisahm-gut: Ai tbm aisahm-gut prgkmss, tbm kgitmit as pusbmh gut ergl imws groniazntagis tbrguob Gpmi NVAs.Gutsahm-ai: Ai tbm gutsahm-ai prgkmss, aiigvntagis ecgw ergl tbm aiigvntagi imtwgr` aitg tbm groniazntagi.

Kgupcmh: Xbm kgupcmh prgkmss dggsts aitmrinc T&H nih rmsucts ai ormntmr rmvmium, wahmr nuhamikm rmnkb,

nih ni mxtmihmh prghukt pgrtegcag. Xbm prghukts (getmi smrvakms) nrm kgisulmh dy mih-usmrs.

!F


14/18


dmimeat tbm aitmrinc T&H watbai tbm groniazntagis !tbus prgvahaio tbm aidguih ecgw. Aitbm aisahm-gut prgkmss, imws kgitmit eaihs imw lnr`mts tbrguob tbm prghukts duact dymxtmrinc kgccndgrntgrs.

Xbmsm imw prghukts nih lnr`mts dmimeat n imws groniazntagi ai aikrmnsmh rmvmium,wbmtbmr ergl cakmisaio emms, nhvmrtasaio rmvmium, aikrmnsmh trneeak tg tbm imws groniazn-

tagis wmdsatm, gr aikrmnsmh drnih nwnrmimss nih pmrvnsavmimss ai tbm lnr`mtpcnkm.Ergl tbm pmrspmktavm ge tbm gutsahm-ai prgkmss, tbm Gpmi NVAs mindcm mxtmrinc kgccndg-

rntgrs tg tn`m up mxpmralmits nih egrls ge mxpcgrntagi tbnt wguch igt (gr kguch igt) dmhgim dy tbm imws groniazntagis. Xbm mxtmrinc kgccndgrntgrs kni usm tbm Gpmi NVA tg

smrvm iakbm nuhamikms dy duachaio prghukts tbnt tbm imws groniazntagi wguch gtbmrwasmbnvm gvmrcgg`mh dmknusm tbm iakbm lnr`mt as tgg slncc tg justaey aitmrinc T&H rmsgurkms.

Lgst ge tbm vncum ai tbm gpmi aiigvntagi prgkmss kglms tbrguob n kgupcmh prgkmss, aiwbakb tbm vncum as kg-krmntmh watb tbm imws groniazntagis nih tbm aiigvntagi imtwgr`s.

Egr mxnlpcm, Gpmi NVAs rmsuct ai ni mxtmihmh prghukt pgrtegcag, ai wbakb tbm prghuktsnrm duact gi imws groniazntagiskgitmit dut tbm mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmr tn`ms knrm ge tbm pnk`-noaio, hmcavmry nih lgimtazntagi ge tbm kgitmit. Xbm caim dmtwmmi tbm gtbmr twg ahmnc

prgkmssms nih tbm kgupcmh prgkmss as dcurrmh0 tbas laobt rmecmkt tbm enkt tbnt tbm kgrmprghukt ai tbas knsm !imws kgitmit ! as igt rmnhacy nih harmktcy lgimtazndcm gicaim.

Dmknusm tbm imws kgitmit lnaicy as nkkmssadcm egr ermm gicaim gi tbm graoainc imws satms,nih dmknusm tbm imws groniazntagis lnaicy hg igt nccgw tbarh-pnrty hmvmcgpmrs tg kbnrom

egr tbmar nppcakntagis matbmr, tbm kgitmit krmntms vncum gicy tbrguob nttmitagi-drg`mraio,wbakb lmnis smccaio nhvmrtasaio spnkm gr trneeak.

Haskussagi

Xbm hmpcgylmit ge Gpmi NVAs as gim ge tbm earst stmps ai nppcyaio gpmi aiigvntagi prai-kapcms ai haoatnc lmhan. Gpmi aiigvntagi euiktagis ns n strntmoak tggc tg mibnikm aiigvn-

tagi prgkmssms watbai nih dmygih imws groniazntagis dguihnrams. Eurtbmrlgrm, dyegstmraio aiigvntagi imtwgr`s, imws groniazntagis kni rmnkb gut tg imw lnr`mts, krmntm

mxtmihmh prghukt pgrtegcags, nih lmmt tbm immhs ge aikrmnsaiocy ernolmitmh nuhamikms.Xbas gpmis imw pntbs egr kgllmrkancazaio tbm kgrm prghukt (imws nih aiegrlntagi), tbusomimrntaio rmvmium nt n krukanc talm egr tbm imws aihustry.

Gpmi NVAs smrvm lniy rgcms: egr gim, tbmy euiktagi ns ni mxtmrinc T&H cnd egr imwsgroniazntagis, nccgwaio tbm hmvmcgpmr kglluiaty tg mxpmralmit nih aiigvntm watb tbmar

kgitmit, nih hg prgtgtypaio egr imws groniazntagis immhs. Ae tbmsm meegrts sukkmmh aieaihaio igvmc lnr`mts nih dusaimss lghmcs, n imws groniazntagi kni usm tbnt ìgwcmhom

ai ats gpmrntagis. Nih, dy gdsmrvaio tbm hmvmcgpmr kglluiaty lgrm kcgsmcy ai tbas prg-kmss, n imws groniazntagi kni haskgvmr wbnt sàccs nih ìgwcmhom nrm kurrmitcy immhmh

egr aiigvntagis ai haoatnc lmhan.Eurtbmrlgrm, watb Gpmi NVAs imws groniazntagis onai ormntmr drnih cmvmrnom, ns

tbmar drnihmh kgitmit as sprmnh lgrm wahmcy nkrgss tbm wmd. Egr imws kglpniams, tbasas n trnisatagi ergl salpcy dmaio gi tbm wmd tg dmaio ge tbm wmd !ergl lmrmcy pudcasb-

aio gicaim tg dmaio aitmorntmh aitg tbm imtwgr`mh strukturm ge tbm aitmrimt. Xbas rmecmktsn lnjgr sbaet ai dgtb tbm kucturm nih dusaimss strntmoy ge imws groniazntagis, n sbaetimmhmh dmknusm ge tbm imw pnrnhaol drguobt dy tbm haoatncazntagi ge aiegrlntagi. Imws

!A


15/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas >=

groniazntagis bnvm kglm tg uihmrstnih tbnt spmkancazmh ìgwcmhom ncgim !wbmtbmr aijgurincasl, dusaimss gr wmd hmvmcgplmit ! as igt sueeakamit tg sukkmmh ai tbm imw vncummkgsystml. Jgurincasts aikrmnsaiocy nrm ontbmraio aiegrlntagi ergl rmnhmrs tbrguob

krgwhsgurkaio meegrts tg bnrimss tbm kgccmktavm aitmccaomikm ge tbm nuhamikm (Natnlurtg,46>>). [alacnrcy, tg tbravm ai tbm haoatnc lnr`mtpcnkm, groniazntagis lust cmnri tg tnp

mxtmrinc pggcs ge bmtmrgomimgus ìgwcmhom eguih ai havmrsm aiigvntagi imtwgr`s.Lniy ge tbm dmimeats omimrntmh ergl gpmi aiigvntagi prnktakms kglm ergl tbm kgupcmh

prgkmss, tbrguob wbakb vncum nih rmvmium nrm kg-krmntmh watb kgccndgrntgrs, sukb nstbrguob nkkmcmrntmh T&H nih rmvmium-sbnraio ergl tbm mxtmrinc prghukt pgrtegcag.

Xbmsm eaihaios pgait tg tbm utacaty ge ni gpmi dusaimss lghmc, ns hmskradmh dy BmiryKbmsdrguob (46>>d) !gim dnsmh gi kgitaiugus mionomlmit ge dgtb aidguih nih gut-

dguih ecgw ge aiigvntagis, ahmns nih ìgwcmhom. Xbas gpmi dusaimss lghmc prmsmits nermsb gppgrtuiaty egr n imws aihustry dmsmt dy kbnccmioms. Dy hmvmcgpaio lgrm sgpbasta-

kntmh strukturms nrguih tbmar gpmi aiigvntagi prnktakms, imws groniazntagis kni alprgvmtbmar T&H prgkmssms nt n krataknc juikturm egr tbm jgurincasl eamch.

Ns ymt, Gpmi NVAs bnvm igt dmmi trnisegrlntaginc tg imws groniazntagis. Xbmsm Gpmi

NVAs bnvm igt rmsuctmh ai lnjgr kgllmrkanc sukkmss. Gvmrncc, tbm aiecumikm ge gpmi aiig-vntagi prgkmssms as rmcntavmcy slncc dut stacc mvgcvaio, ns imws groniazntagis kgitaium tg

mxpnih tbmar Gpmi NVA geemraios nih orgw tbmar mxtmihmh prghukt pgrtegcag. Eurtbmrlgrm,at as kcmnr tbnt tbm vncum hmravmh ergl Gpmi NVA hmpcgylmit wacc igt sgcvm tbm lyranh

prgdcmls enkaio imws groniazntagis nih tbmar T&H alpmrntavm.Xbas ecmhocaio stnrt lny rmecmkt, ai pnrt, tbm haeeakucty tbnt imws groniazntagis bnvm bnh

ai nktaio gpmicy. Egr mxnlpcm, dy rmstraktaio mxtmrinc hmvmcgpmrs ergl euccy kgllmrkanc-azaio tbm nppcakntagis tbmy duach watb Gpmi NVAs, imws groniazntagis pmrbnps bnvm bai-

hmrmh tbm eucc drmnhtb ge mxpmralmitntagi tbnt laobt gtbmrwasm bnvm gkkurrmh. Gvmrncc, tbmcgglaio kbnccmiom egr imws groniazntagis as eaouraio gut wbakb as tbm lgst sukkmsseucstrntmoy ai n kglpcmx nih enst-kbnioaio mivargilmit. Xbas aivgcvms imogtantaio n caim

dmtwmmi gpmiimss nih kgitrgc, dmtwmmi ermm nih pnah cakmisaio, dmtwmmi wbnt as pmrlas-sadcm uihmr NVAs nih wbnt as igt, nih wbmtbmr nktaio gpmicy kni cmnh tg ormntmr rmvmium.

Ns tbm usm ge gpmi NVAs haeeusms dmygih n kcustmr ge mcatm imws groniazntagis, euturmrmsmnrkb as immhmh tg mxnlaim tbm alpnkt ge tbas pbmiglmigi cgioatuhainccy, ns lmtraks

mlmrom egr nssmssaio tbm rmcntavm sukkmss ge nppcyaio gpmi aiigvntagi praikapcms tg haoa-

tnc lmhan. Eurtbmrlgrm, imws groniazntagis knpnkaty tg euccy utacazm tbm dmimeats krmntmhdy tbmar gpmi NVA aiatantavms rmquarms eurtbmr rmsmnrkb. Xbas wguch kgitradutm tg n wahmrstuhy ge tbm gpmi aiigvntagi pnrnhaol ns at aiecumikms T&H ai haoatnc lmhan aihustrams

nt cnrom.

Euihaio

Xbas rmsmnrkb rmkmavmh ig spmkaeak ornit ergl niy euihaio nomiky ai tbm pudcak, kgllmrkanc, grigt-egr-prgeat smktgrs.

Nkìgwcmhomlmits

_m nrm orntmeuc egr kgistruktavm kgllmits ergl Bma`à Cugstnraimi, Hniamc Jnkgdsgi nih twg

nigiylgus rmvamwmrs, nih egr aisparntagi ergl Bmiry Kbmsdrguob.

!C


16/18


Igtms

>. Ai tbas nrtakcm kgitmitrmemrs tg aiegrlntagi pudcasbmh dy imws groniazntagis, sukb ns imws,emnturm nrtakcms, pbgtgornpbs nih ornpbaks.

4. IVT wns egrlmrcy ìgwi ns Intaginc Vudcak Tnhag. At niiguikmh tbm sbaet tg ni nddrmvantmhegrl ai 46>6.

;. [mm IVT cnuikbms Gpmi NVA: Imw prgornllaio tggc mindcms haoatnc lmhan usmrs tg aitmorntm

nih sbnrm IVT imws kgitmit. Nvnacndcm nt: www.ipr.gro/ndgut/prmss/4662/6?>?62.NVA.btlc.8. [mm bttp://nrlstrgiokls.gro/.

=. Xmrls nih kgihatagis egr tbm IVT Gpmi NVA nrm nvnacndcm nt www.ipr.gro/npa/npatmrls.pbp.

5. Xbm iuldmr hgms igt imkmssnracy rmecmkt tbm iuldmr ge nktavm hmvmcgpmrs.?. Egr Xbm Ounrhanis tbrmm-tamrmh dusaimss lghmc egr Gpmi NVAs, smm www.ounrhani.kg.u`/

gpmi-pcntegrl.

2. Gi Xbm Imw Qgr` Xalms hmvmcgpmr pcntegrl, usmrs rmoastmr egr n imw `my egr mnkb NVA. N sai-ocm usmr as ca`mcy tg bnvm luctapcm NVA `mys, sg tbm iuldmr ge `mys hgms igt mqunc tbm iuldmr

ge usmrs.

1. Xbmrm nrm mxkmptagis tg tbmsm rmstraktagis ns wmcc ns kgitrnhaktagis ai Xbm Imw Qgr` Xalmsspudcak stntmlmits ndgut tbm Gpmi NVA kgihatagis, ns igtmh dy Niniiy (46>>: ;66). Xbm tmrls

nih kgihatagis nrm nkkmssadcm nt bttp://hmvmcgpmr.iytalms.kgl/npaWtmrlsWgeWusm#emkWtgu.>6. Xmrls nih kgihatagis egr ][N Xghny Gpmi NVAs nrm nvnacndcm nt bttp://hmvmcgpmr.usntghny.

kgl/NVAWtmrlsWgeWusm.

>>. Ai tbm aitmrvamws kgihuktmh egr tbm stuhy, imws groniazntagis rmemrrmh tg tbm tbarh-pnrty hmvmc-gpmrs ns kgccndgrntgrs0 tbus tbnt mxprmssagi as dmaio usmh ai tbas nrtakcm.

>4. Xbm KGAI[ hntndnsm, kgvmraio ]@ ogvmrilmit mxpmihaturms, as usmh ai rmpgrts tg

Vnrcanlmit nih ai duhomtnry rmpgrts. At as nkkmssadcm nt www.ounrhani.kg.u`/pgcataks/

kgais-kgldaimh-gicaim-aiegrlntagi-systml.>;. Xbas as tbm knsm ai tbm tamr 4 ai tbm Ounrhani NVA systml. Xbm earst tamr nccgws hmvmcgpmrs tg

prmsmit gicy tbm bmnhcaims ge tbm nrtakcm, nih ai tbnt knsm hmvmcgpmrs kni prmsmit tbmar gwi nhs

nih `mmp tbm nhvmrtasaio rmvmium. Ai tbm tbarh tamr tbm rmvmium sbnraio as imogtantmh.

Tmemrmikms

Natnlurtg X (46>>) Xbm alpnkt ge krgwheuihaio gi jgurincasl: knsm stuhy ge [pgt.]s, n pcntegrl

egr kglluiaty-euihmh rmpgrtaio.Jgurincasl Vrnktakm =(8): 84188=.Niniiy L (46>>)N imw wny tg tbai` ndgut prmss ermmhgl: imtwgr`mh jgurincasl nih n pudcak

raobt tg bmnr ai ni nom ge imwswnrm. VbH tbmsas, [tniegrh ]iavmrsaty, ][N.

Dgkz`gwsà VJ (4668)Haoatazaio tbm Imws: Aiigvntagi ai Gicaim Imwspnpmrs. Knldrahom, LN:LAX Vrmss.

Dghcm T (46>>) Tmoalms ge sbnraio: Gpmi NVAs, aitmrgpmrndacaty, nih Enkmdgg`. Aiegrlntagi,

Kglluiakntagi & [gkamty >8(;): ;46;;?.Kbmsdrguob B (466;) Gpmi Aiigvntagi: Xbm Imw Alpmrntavm egr Krmntaio nih Vrgeataio ergl

Xmkbigcgoy. Knldrahom, LN: Bnrvnrh Dusaimss [kbggc Vudcasbaio.

Kbmsdrguob B (4665) Gpmi Dusaimss Lghmcs: Bgw tg Xbravm ai tbm Imw Aiigvntagi Cnihsknpm.Knldrahom, LN: Bnrvnrh Dusaimss [kbggc Vudcasbaio.

Kbmsdrguob B (46>>n) Draioaio gpmi aiigvntagi tg smrvakms. LAX [cgni Lninomlmit Tmvamw=4(4): 2=16.

Kbmsdrguob B (46>>d) Gpmi [mrvakms Aiigvntagi: Tmtbaiàio Qgur Dusaimss tg Orgw nih Kglpmtmai n Imw Mrn. [ni Ernikaskg, KN: Jgssmy-Dnss.

Kbmsdrguob B nih Krgwtbmr N@ (4665) Dmygih baob tmkb: mnrcy nhgptmrs ge gpmi aiigvntagi ai

gtbmr aihustrams.T&H Lninomlmit ;5(;): 4414;5.

!J
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/http://developer.nytimes.com/api_terms_of_use#fec_touhttp://www.npr.org/api/apiterms.phphttp://armstrongcms.org/http://armstrongcms.org/http://www.npr.org/about/press/2008/071708.API.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/http://developer.usatoday/http://developer.usatoday/http://developer.nytimes.com/api_terms_of_use#fec_touhttp://developer.nytimes.com/api_terms_of_use#fec_touhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/http://www.guardian.co.uk/http://www.npr.org/api/apiterms.phphttp://www.npr.org/api/apiterms.phphttp://armstrongcms.org/http://armstrongcms.org/http://www.npr.org/about/press/2008/071708.API.htmlhttp://www.npr.org/about/press/2008/071708.API.html


17/18

Natnlurtg nih Cmwas >?

Hnbcnihmr C nih Onii HL (46>6) Bgw gpmi as aiigvntagi7Tmsmnrkb Vgcaky ;1: 511?61.

Hm [guzn KTD nih Tmhlacms HE (4661) Gi tbm rgcms ge NVAs ai tbm kggrhaintagi ge kgccndgrntavmsgetwnrm hmvmcgplmit. Kglputmr [uppgrtmh Kggpmrntavm _gr` >2(=): 88=8?=.

Hghosgi L, Onii H nih [nctmr N (4665) Xbm rgcm ge tmkbigcgoy ai tbm sbaet tgwnrhs gpmi aiigvn-

tagi: tbm knsm ge Vrgktmr & Onldcm.T&H Lninomlmit ;5(;): ;;;;85.Hglaiog H nih Vntmrsgi KN (46>>) Lnàio Gicaim Imws: Imwsrggl Mtbigornpbams ai tbm

[mkgih Hmknhm ge Aitmrimt Jgurincasl, 4ih mhi. Imw Qgr`: Vmtmr Cnio.Masmibnrht @L (>121) Duachaio tbmgrams ergl knsm stuhy rmsmnrkb. Nknhmly ge Lninomlmit

Tmvamw >8(8): =;4==6.

Mi`mc M, Onsslnii G nih Kbmsdrguob B (4661) Gpmi T&H nih gpmi aiigvntagi: mxpcgraio tbmpbmiglmigi.T&H Lninomlmit ;1(8): ;>>;>5.

Onhm VJ nih Vmrry MC (466;) Kbnioaio tbm imwsrggl kucturm: n egur-ymnr knsm stuhy ge groni-

azntaginc hmvmcgplmit nt tbm [t. Cguas Vgst-Haspntkb. Jgurincasl & Lnss Kglluiakntagiûnrtmrcy 26(4): ;4?;8?.

Onsslnii G, [nihlmamr V nih _mkbt KB (4665) Mxtrmlm kustglmr aiigvntagi ai tbm ergit-mih:cmnriaio ergl n imw sgetwnrm pnrnhaol. Aitmrintaginc Jgurinc ge Xmkbigcgoy Lninomlmit;;(>): 8555.

Bustgi C nih [n``nd I (4665) Kgiimkt nih hmvmcgp: aisahm Vrgktmr & Onldcms imw lghmc egraiigvntagi.Bnrvnrh Dusaimss Tmvamw 28(;): =25?.

@ulnr I, [tmri C nih Nihmrsgi J (>11;) Kgihuktaio aitmrgroniazntaginc rmsmnrkb usaio `my

aiegrlnits.Nknhmly ge Lninomlmit Jgurinc ;5(5): >5;;>5=>.Cakbtmitbncmr B, Mrist B nih Kgicmy J (46>>) Bgw tg hmvmcgp n sukkmsseuc tmkbigcgoy cakmisaio

prgornl. [cgni Lninomlmit Tmvamw =4(4): >?>1.

Caihcge XT nih Xnycgr DK (4664) ûncatntavm Kglluiakntagi Tmsmnrkb Lmtbghs. Xbgusnih

Gn`s, KN: [NOM.Lacms LD nih Budmrlni NL (>118) ûncatntavm Hntn Nincysas: Ni Mxpnihmh [gurkmdgg`.

Xbgusnih Gn`s, KN: [NOM.Igrhqvast L, Vaknrh TO nih Vmslnn G (46>6) Aihustry nssgkantagis ns kbniom nomits: tbm aistatu-

taginc rgcms ge imwspnpmr nssgkantagis.Jgurinc ge Lmhan Dusaimss [tuhams ?(;): =451.Gclstmnh @, Latkbmcc N nih Tgsmistamc X (46>>) Invaontaio imws gicaim: wbmrm pmgpcm og, bgw

tbmy omt tbmrm nih wbnt curms tbml nwny. Tmpgrt, Vmw Tmsmnrkb Kmitmr, Vrgjmkt egr Mxkmccmikm

ai Jgurincasl. Nvnacndcm nt: www.jgurincasl.gro/nincysasWrmpgrt/invaontaioWimwsWgicaim(nkkmssmh 46 Hmkmldmr 46>>).

Vnucussmi [, Ommis H nih Unihmidrnihm @ (46>>) Egstmraio n kucturm ge kgccndgrntagi: gronia-

zntaginc kbnccmioms ge imwsrggl aiigvntagi. Ai: Hglaiog H nih Vntmrsgi KN (mhs)Lnàio

Gicaim Imws: Imwsrggl Mtbigornpbams ai tbm [mkgih Hmknhm ge Aitmrimt Jgurincasl , 4ihmhi. Imw Qgr`: Vmtmr Cnio, pp. ;>8.

Vaknrh TO (4662) [baets ai imwspnpmr nhvmrtasaio mxpmihaturms nih tbmar alpcakntagis egr

tbm euturm ge imwspnpmrs.Jgurincasl [tuhams 1(=): ?68?>5.

Vaccmr EX, Abc K nih Ugssmi N (46>6) N typgcgoy ge kustglmr kg-krmntagi ai tbm aiigvntagi prg-kmss. [[TI _gràio pnpmr. Nvnacndcm nt: bttp://ssri.kgl/ndstrnkt?;4>4? (nkkmssmh 46

Hmkmldmr 46>>).

Vgwmcc __ (>116) Imatbmr lnr`mt igr bamrnrkby: imtwgr` egrls ge groniazntagi. Tmsmnrkb aiGroniazntaginc Dmbnvagr >4: 41=;;5.

Tgomrs ML (>116) Xbm krataknc lnss ai tbm haeeusagi ge aitmrnktavm tmkbigcgoams. Ai: Knrimvncm L,

Cukmrtaia L nih Iakgsan [ (mhs)Lghmcaio tbm Aiigvntagi: Kglluiakntagis, Nutglntagi nihAiegrlntagi [ystmls. Nlstmrhnl: Igrtb-Bgccnih, pp. ?11;.

[nchnin J (4661) Xbm Kghaio Lniunc egr uncatntavm Tmsmnrkbmrs. Cgihgi: [NOM.

!B
http://ssrn.com/abstracthttp://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/navigating_news_onlinehttp://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/navigating_news_onlinehttp://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/navigating_news_onlinehttp://ssrn.com/abstracthttp://ssrn.com/abstracthttp://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/navigating_news_onlinehttp://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/navigating_news_online


18/18


[uccavni _ (46>6) Xbm dao waiimr nt GIN: NVAs egr imws groniazntagis.Jgurimrhasl. Nvnacndcm

nt: www.jgurimrhasl.kgl/tbm-dao-waiimr-nt-gin-npas-egr-imws-groniazntagis (nkkmssmh 46Hmkmldmr 46>>).

Xbgrsgi M (4662) Kbnioaio pnttmris ge imws kgisulptagi nih pnrtakapntagi: imws rmkgllmihn-

tagi mioaims.Aiegrlntagi, Kglluiakntagi & [gkamty >>(8): 8?;821.Xburlni I (46>>) Lnàio Xbm Hnacy Lm: tmkbigcgoy, mkgiglaks nih bndat ai tbm lnaistrmnl

nssalacntagi ge pmrsgincazmh imws.Jgurincasl >4(8): ;1=8>=._nchlni [ (46>>) Xbm aiegrlntagi immhs ge kglluiatams: tbm kbnioaio lmhan cnihsknpm ai n

drgnhdnih nom. Tmpgrt, Emhmrnc Kglluiakntagis Kgllassagi, _nsbaiotgi, HK.

Xnijn Natnlurtg as n vasataio rmsmnrkbmr nt tbm Cadmrntagi Xmkbigcgoy Vrgornl nt [tniegrh]iavmrsaty, nih n VbH stuhmit nt tbm Kmitmr egr Jgurincasl, Lmhan nih Kglluiakntagi

Tmsmnrkb nt Xnlpmrm ]iavmrsaty ai Eaicnih. Ai bmr VbH prgjmkt sbm mxnlaims bgw kgccmk-tavm aitmccaomikm, wbmtbmr ontbmrmh dy krgwhsgurkaio, kg-krmntagi gr gpmi aiigvntagi,

alpnkts aikuldmit prgkmssms ai jgurincasl, pudcak pgcaky-lnàio nih imw prghukthmvmcgplmit. Bmr rmsmnrkb as orguihmh ai groniazntagi nih kglluiakntagi stuhams,aiegrlmh dy stuhams ai aiigvntagi, tmkbigcgoy nih hmsaoi. [bm bns prmvaguscy stuhamh nt

tbm Kmitmr egr Hmsaoi Tmsmnrkb nih tbm Aiigvntagi Jgurincasl Vrgornl, dgtb nt [tniegrh.Bmr wgr` bns nppmnrmh ai nknhmlak jgurincs, sukb ns Jgurincasl Vrnktakm. [bm wratms

ndgut bmr rmsmnrkb tg VD[ Lmhan[baet nih Iamlni Jgurincasl Cnd nt Bnrvnrh. Vragr tgrmturiaio tg nknhmlan, sbm lnhm n knrmmr ai jgurincasl ai Eaicnih, nih rmpgrtaio ergl

kguitrams sukb ns Neobniastni, Niogcn nih ]onihn0 sbm bns ncsg tnuobt jgurincasl nt tbm]iavmrsaty ge Znldan nih bns wgr`mh nt tbm Inladan Vrmss Nomiky. Lgrm ndgut bmr

wgr` gi www.tnijnnatnlurtg.kgl

[mtb K Cmwas as ni Nssastnit Vrgemssgr ai tbm [kbggc ge Jgurincasl nih LnssKglluiakntagi nt tbm ]iavmrsaty ge LaiimsgtnXwai Katams. Bm as n egrlmr Eucdraobt[kbgcnr, nih ai 46>; wacc dm n vasataio skbgcnr nt tbm Vrgornl ai [kamikm, Xmkbigcgoy nih[gkamty nt [tniegrh ]iavmrsaty. Nt tbm aitmrsmktagi ge imws, tmkbigcgoy nih aiigvntagi,

nih hrnwaio gi tbm sgkagcgoy ge lmhan nih prgemssagis, bm mxnlaims bgw tbm prgems-saginc dguihnrams ge jgurincasl nrm kbnioaio ai tbm haoatnc mivargilmit. Bas rmsmnrkb bns

dmmi pudcasbmh ai n iuldmr ge nknhmlak jgurincs, aikcuhaioAiegrlntagi, Kglluiakntagi& [gkamty, Lnss Kglluiakntagi nih [gkamty, Jgurincasl & Lnss Kglluiakntagi

ûnrtmrcy, Jgurincasl [tuhams, Jgurincasl Vrnktakm, nih tbm Aitmrintaginc Jgurinc geKglluiakntagi. Bas prmsmit rmsmnrkb mxnlaims tbm rasm ge tbm kglputmr prgornllmr ai

jgurincasl. Dmegrm rmkmavaio bas VbH ergl tbm ]iavmrsaty ge Xmxns nt Nustai ai 46>6, bmwgr`mh ns ni mhatgr nt Xbm Lanla Bmrnch.
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