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Memorias de Resumenes de Trabajos
Presentados en LA 1ER REUNION ANUAL DE MIEMBROS INVESTIGADORES DE LA RED TEMATICA DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS, CELEBRADA DEL 10 AL 13 DE OCTUBRE DEL 2016
EN LAS BARRANCAS DE EL COBRE, CHIHUAHUA
MATCORED
2
Memorias de Resumenes de Trabajos, presentados en LA 1ER REUNION ANUAL DE
MIEMBROS INVESTIGADORES DE LA RED TEMATICA DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS, CELEBRADA DEL 10 AL 13 DE OCTUBRE DEL 2016 EN LAS BARRANCAS DE EL COBRE, CHIHUAHUA.
INDICE DE RESUMENES DE TRABAJO P001. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-SCALE ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALES
Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. J. Herrera-Franco, A. Valadez-González, and E. Flores Johnson
P002. Development, Manufacturing and Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composite Materials CIDESI
N. Camacho1, M. Torres-Arellano1, and U. Sánchez-Santana2 P003. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMERIC AND METALIC MATRICES: Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro
C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, A. Toscano-Giles, O. Gómez-Guzmán, C. Flores-Hernández, L. Ramos-Galicia. P004. POLYMER MEMBRANES COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO REMOVE POLLUTANS FROM WATER: Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro
A.L. Martínez-Hernández1, C. Velasco-Santos1, V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba2, E. Morales-Rodríguez1, E.E. Pérez-Ramírez1, M. de la Luz-Asunción1
P005. Improved Performance of a Polymeric Matrix as a Result of incorporating Graphite materials or natural fiber University of Guanajuato
R. Fuentes-Ramírez1 P006. Functional and biodegradable polymeric composites Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno, Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte P007. Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites1,2. Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste1,3. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco
Luis Noreña-Franco1, Qing Wang2, Julia Aguilar-Pliego3 P008. Polymeric composites for electrochemical applications Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero
C.M. de León-Almazán, R.D. Martínez-Orozco, U. Páramo-García, J.L. Rivera-Armenta
P009. Composite materials based on polymers using chicken feathers, nanoclay and 1D and 2D nanoparticles Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero
J. López-Barroso, M.L. Méndez-Hernández, J.L Rivera-Armenta, B.A. Salazar-Cruz, M.Y. Chavez-Cinco P010. Composite food packaging based on renewable agroindustrial biopolymers Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca
V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba1, J.A. Vargas-García2, E. del C. Varela_Santos3, G. Hernández-Ramírez4, K. Bustos-Ramírez5 P011. Towards Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization in Biocomposite Materials Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C
T. J. Madera-Santana1 and P. J. Herrera-Franco2 P012. Development of light weight polymer concrete Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco
A. Padilla1 and M.I. Panama2 P013. Sustainable design of cements Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua C. Prieto-Gómez1 P014. Materiales para la construcción fabricados a base de fibra de vidrio FRP
DICOM Ing. Maricruz Soriano
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P015. Electrochemical oxidation of graphite and its functionalization with ZnO hollow microspheres Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada S. Fernández1, A. De León1, E. De Casas1, A. Mercado1, M. Rodríguez1 and D. Morales1
P016. Convenient stearic acid graphite exfoliation and magnetite composites synthesis Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada S. Fernández1, E. De Casas1, A. De León1, and A. Mercado1
P017. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Magnetite Nanocomposite.
Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez J.F. Hernandez-Paz1, J.T. Elizalde-Galindo1, and Rurik Farías1
P018. Surfaces, interfaces and simulations in advanced composite
Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez P. G. Mani-Gonzalez, J.L. Enriquez-Carrejo, and M. A. Ramos Murillo
P019. Synthesis of Composites and Fillers at UACJ
Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Olivas Armendariz1, K. Castrejón Parga1, H. Camacho Montes1, P. E. García Casillas, A. Martel Estrada1, C.A. Martínez Pérez1, C. Chapa Gonzalez, C.A. Rodríguez Gonzalez1
P020. Nanocomposites of P(GA)/TiO2 and P(LLA)/SBA-15 and new trends in P(LLA/GA) copolymers
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez, I. Silva de la Cruz, J. Gudiño-Rivera and M. Gutierrez-Sánchez
P021. Development of new composed nanostructured materials for application in: microelectronics, sustainable alternative
energy generation, and comprehensive water conservation. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV)
P. Amézaga-Madrid, S.F. Olive-Méndez, P. Pizá-Ruiz, C. Leyva-Porras, O. Solís-Canto, C. Ornelas-Gutiérrez, B. E. Monárrez-Cordero, A. Sáenz-Trevizo, A. Heiras-Trevizo, O. Esquivel-Pereyra, M. Miki-Yoshida
P022. Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV)
R. Martinez Sanchez, J. M. Herrera Ramirez, C. Carreño Gallardo, J. E. Ledezma Sillas P023. Computation of effective properties in elastic composites with different inclusion shapes and under imperfect contact Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Estado de México
J. A. Otero1, Reinaldo Rodriguez Ramos2, and Guillermo Monsivais3 P024. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their dependency on Poisson’s ratios
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Universidad de la Habana M. Ramírez1, F. J. Sabina1, R. Guinovart-Díaz2, R. Rodríguez-Ramos2 and J. Bravo-Castillero2
P025. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their dependency on Poisson’s ratios
HAVANA UNIVERSITY R. Rodriguez-Ramos, R. Guinovart-Diaz, and J. C. Lopez-Realpozo
P026. MEMS-Based Composite Resonators for Magnetic Field Sensors
Universidad Veracruzana A.L. Herrera-May1, S.M. Domínguez-Nicolás1,2, R. Juárez-Aguirre1, F. López-Huerta3
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Contents P001. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-SCALE ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALES .......................................................................... 5
P002. Development, Manufacturing and Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composite Materials ...................................................................... 6
P003. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMERIC AND METALIC MATRICES: ....................................................................................................... 7
P004. POLYMER MEMBRANES COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO REMOVE POLLUTANS FROM WATER: ....................................... 8
P005. Improved Performance of a Polymeric Matrix as a Result of incorporating Graphite materials or natural fiber ................................ 9
P006. Functional and biodegradable polymeric composites ......................................................................................................................... 9
P007. Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites1,2. Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste1,3. ....................................................... 10
P008. Polymeric composites for electrochemical applications ................................................................................................................... 13
P009. Composite materials based on polymers using chicken feathers, nanoclay and 1D and 2D nanoparticles ....................................... 13
P010. Composite food packaging based on renewable agroindustrial biopolymers ................................................................................... 14
P011. Towards Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization in Biocomposite Materials ......................................................................................... 15
P012. Development of light weight polymer concrete ............................................................................................................................... 16
P013. Sustainable design of cements .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
P014. Materiales para la construcción fabricados a base de fibra de vidrio FRP ........................................................................................ 20
P015. Electrochemical oxidation of graphite and its functionalization with ZnO hollow microspheres ...................................................... 20
P016. Convenient stearic acid graphite exfoliation and magnetite composites synthesis .......................................................................... 22
P017. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Magnetite Nanocomposite. ..................................................................................... 23
P018. Surfaces, interfaces and simulations in advanced composite ........................................................................................................... 24
P019. Synthesis of Composites and Fillers at UACJ ..................................................................................................................................... 25
P020. Nanocomposites of P(GA)/TiO2 and P(LLA)/SBA-15 and new trends in P(LLA/GA) copolymers ....................................................... 25
P021. Development of new composed nanostructured materials for application in: microelectronics, sustainable alternative energy
generation, and comprehensive water conservation. ................................................................................................................................ 26
P022. Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials ............................................................................................................. 28
P023. Computation of effective properties in elastic composites with different inclusion shapes and under imperfect contact .............. 29
P024. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their dependency on Poisson’s ratios ............................... 29
P025. GROUP OF MECHANICS OF SOLIDS ................................................................................................................................................... 30
P026. MEMS-Based Composite Resonators for Magnetic Field Sensors ..................................................................................................... 31
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P001. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-SCALE ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALES
-Effect of interfacial interactions on the durability-
P.J. Herrera-Franco, A. Valadez-González, and E. Flores Johnson
Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.
Calle 43 # 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205
Mérida, Yucatán, México
ABSTRACT
Subjects such as the imminent decrease of oil
supply used for the production of synthetic Polymers, a growing environmental concern to
avoid the accumulation of plastic non-biodegradable waste and the need for a stronger
support to the scientific and technological development of our country, have resulted in the
several proposals to study advanced materials, nano materials and nano composites. Current
developments of nano-structured materials and hierarchical composite materials, using,
mainly thermosetting resins and inorganic inclusions have opened a new window to study the
addition of new functionalities of material systems for the development of advanced
hierarchical or multiscale composite materials.
The group of advanced composite materials of the Materials Unit at CICY has developed
several projects for the study of advanced composite materials, the micromechanics of
composite materials and the degradation of polymeric materials, as well as the incorporation
of nano materials for the improvement of the interfacial and mechanical properties of the
engineering fiber composites. More recently our research efforts have been directed to the
development of materials for structural applications with improved mechanical and physical
properties, and larger endurance to repetitive and cyclic loading and humidity from the
environment.
Our approach consists on the inclusion of the nanofibers (carbon nanotubes or graphene
oxide nano-platelets) in the fiber-matrix interphase. Our main objective is to improve the
understanding from the nano-scale to the micro-scale and to the macro-scale. That is, three
different hierarchies that should allow the design of composite materials with optimal
performance under growing and severe environmental and mechanical conditions.
More specifically our efforts are centered on: (1) a systematic study of the structure-property
relationships of self-repairing advanced hierarchical composite materials for structural
applications; (2) to study the durability of the advanced hierarchical composite materials
exposed to harsh environmental conditions and cyclic or varying mechanical loads; (3) To
improve the durability of the advanced composite materials through the modification of their
physico-chemical properties at the nano-/micro- scales to obtain a response of the material in
a self-repair fashion.
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P002. Development, Manufacturing and Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composite Materials
N. Camacho1, M. Torres-Arellano1, and U. Sánchez-Santana2
1CONACyT-CIDESI, Composite Materials Department
2 CIDESI, Composite Materials Department
The Composite Materials Laboratory (CML) from the Center for Engineering and Industrial
Development (CIDESI) has focused on strengthening scientific and technological skills and
experience for the innovation of high-tech manufacturing of advanced materials through the
implementation of high-impact processes focused on sustainable development. The aim of the
research projects conducted at CIDESI is to develop technological capabilities to increase the
competitiveness of industry in the aeronautical, aerospace, automotive and wind fields,
among others. The CML is dedicated to study innovative materials and manufacturing
technologies that enable the industry to complete projects with greater complexity and higher
added value. According to CIDESI technological strengths and the experience of CONACYT
research fellows, there are different research lines being developed:
a. Reinforced polymers with nanoparticles.
Structural analysis to assess dispersion, distribution and orientation of nanoparticles
in polymeric matrices at different concentrations.
Cryogenic mechanical-dynamic analysis of polymeric matrices with nanoparticles
incorporated by solution blending and manufactured through (compression) molding.
Physico-chemical characterization of polymeric matrices with nanoparticles.
Determination of the influence of addition of (functionalized) CNTs in total damping
response to low energy impact testing of hybrid material (Ti/CFRP).
b. Characterization of reinforced polymers.
Mechancal characterization: Evaluation of dynamic fracture toughness of fiber-metal
laminated materials (long fibers and metallic sheets), extending the applicability of a
method for dynamic characterization for laminated monolithic materials.
Analysis of the impact behavior of hybrid composites (long fibers/epoxy reinforced
with nanoparticles).
Determination the influence of different nanoparticle functionalization in the total
damping of the composite material (CFRP).
Determination of the influence of different surface treatments on metallic sheets in
the interfacial adhesion of the hybrid material (metallic nanoparticles/CFRP).
Mechanical characterization (tensile and flexural properties).
c. Instrumentation of the manufacturing process for fiber reinforced polymers.
Manufacturing processes for fiber reinforced polymers and nanoparticles.
Preparation of carbon-epoxy laminates by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and
Autoclave.
Curing and mechanical monitoring of carbon-epoxy materials throughout sensors’
measurements (strain gauges, thermocouples, etc.).
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P003. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMERIC AND METALIC MATRICES:
ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY GROUP.
C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, A. Toscano-Giles, O. Gómez-Guzmán, C. Flores-
Hernández, L. Ramos-Galicia.
División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av.
Tecnológico s/n esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Col. Centro Histórico, Santiago de Querétaro,
México, C.P. 76000.
Composite materials developed in the advanced materials and nanotechnology group could
be divided considering the matrix type and reinforcements. The researches focus in
composites, that our group have worked recently are the next:
a) Nanocomposites developed with nylon 6, 6 and carbon nanomaterials of 1 and 2
dimension, to evaluate the influences of carbon dimension in crystal structure of polymer and
thermomechanical properties, two methods have been used to develop the composites:
Electrospinning and injection molding. Functionalization and dimension of carbon materials
are evaluated in the composites properties. [1,2].
b) Multiscale composites with polypropylene matrix reinforced with short carbon fiber and
carbon nanotubes. The processing of these composites is achieved by extrusion in a semi-
industrial machine, mechanical properties of these materials show that combination of
multiscale carbon materials could be useful to take advantage of each scale in the composite.
Epoxy reinforced with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide and multidimension
composites with 1 and 2 dimension carbon nanomaterials also have been developed with
good synergic effects in the mechanical properties [3].
c) Natural and synthetic polymers reinforced with keratin materials. Chitosan-starch have
been reinforced with different keratin materials obtained from feathers. Processing can be
achieved by extrusion, casting and 3D printing. Parameters such as: functionalization and
keratin form have been evaluated in thermo mechanical [4-6] and acoustic properties. Also
degradation properties have been studied.
d) Natural polymer reinforced with carbon nanomaterials modified with biomolecules. The
thermomechanical properties of these composites have been evaluated with a high influence
of nanoreinforcements [7,8] . Biocompatibility of these kind of materials is other important
topic in this kind of materials.
e) Mechanical properties in glass fiber composites. The performance of glass fiber composites
in laminated composites and pressure vessels have been evaluated employing different
mechanical characterizations, structure and performance of this kind of composites are
evaluated taking account the applications.
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P004. POLYMER MEMBRANES COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO REMOVE POLLUTANS
FROM WATER:
ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY GROUP.
A.L. Martínez-Hernández1, C. Velasco-Santos1, V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba2, E. Morales-
Rodríguez1, E.E. Pérez-Ramírez1, M. de la Luz-Asunción1
1División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av.
Tecnológico s/n esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Col. Centro Histórico, Santiago de Querétaro,
México, C.P. 76000.
2Ingeniería en Industrias Alimentarias, Posgrado en Ciencia de los Materiales y
Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca, Av. Veracruz s/n Esq. Héroes
de Puebla, Col. Pemex, Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, México.
Polyurethane modified with keratin or carbon allotropes of different dimension are used as
composites or membranes to remove pollutants such as: arsenic, chromium VI, lead, phenol
and dyes. Our group has worked recently in the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of
these new composites as adsorbents of contaminants. The main focuses of this research line
are:
a) Polyurethane membranes and composites modified with keratin obtained from chicken
feathers. Keratin fibers are functionalized and incorporated as active adsorbent reinforcement
to polyurethane matrix. In the other hand, membranes were synthesized by adding dissolved
keratin to polyol during crosslinking reactions of polyurethane. Composites and membranes
have been characterized to obtain their morphology, mechanical properties and chemical
structure. Results show that composites are more efficient in the removal process of
pollutants than membranes. This is due to dissolved keratin occupies active sites in the
polyurethane crosslinking, while keratin fibers only reinforce polyurethane and this does not
affect functional sites by chemical interactions [1, 2].
b) Carbon materials as adsorbents. In order to observe the potential of carbon nanomaterials
to remove pollutants, these have been tested as adsorbents of contaminants to understand
the adsorption kinetic achieved [3, 4]. This research was done before including carbon
nanomaterials reinforcements in nanocomposites. Results indicate that different parameters
play an important role in adsorption process such as: functional groups in the surface,
dimension of carbon materials and surface area.
c) Nanocomposites reinforced with carbon materials of different dimensions. Carbon
nanotubes and graphene derivate materials have been incorporated in polyurethane matrix.
These nanocomposites were characterized and evaluated as adsorbent materials to remove
phenol and Cr(VI) from water, the efficiency of these composites reach up to 80 %. Dimension
affects considerably the removal process [5].
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P005. Improved Performance of a Polymeric Matrix as a Result of incorporating Graphite
materials or natural fiber
R. Fuentes-Ramírez1
1 University of Guanajuato
INTRODUCTION
In the University of Guanajuato, we collaborated with various groups (ITQ, ITZ, BUAP), to
improve the mechanical properties of a polymeric matrix by reinforcing it with different
materials. By example polymeric matrix with ntc or graphene oxide or a combination of
graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Also, were prepared composites (polyester) with
arundo donax.
Nanocomposites (epoxy matrix) were prepared with different load of nanofillers: 0.1, 0.4, 0.7,
1.0 wt% and a neat epoxy. In this study, oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (o-CNT) and
graphene oxide were evaluated as reinforcements to determine their ability to transfer their
properties and thus improve the performance of an epoxy matrix.
In another study its combination were used ratios of graphene oxide and reduced graphene: 0
: 1, 0.25 : 0.75, 0.5 : 0.5, 0.75 : 0.25, and 1 : 0. Results show tensile strength higher than neat
epoxy.
In another work, Arundo Donax fiber was given an alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide
in order to obtain a better interfase in the composite resin polyester-carrizo. The treatment
with concentration 2 M removed the greater amount of lignin. Composite with resin polyester
matrix and fiber showed better resistance to impact.
Another study with membranes made of carbon nanotubes and cellulose acetate with
polyacrylic acid were designed in order to study their properties and their applicability for
chromium removal. Carbon nanotubes were added to the membrane during their process of
synthesis in proportions of 1% by weight.
P006. Functional and biodegradable polymeric composites
Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno, Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte
Departamento de Ingeniería y Química de Materiales. Centro de Investigación en Materiales
Avanzados, S.C. Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, México. Miguel de Cervantes 120 Chihuahua,
Chih, México.
ABSTRACT
The polymeric material composites are widely employed in so many applications, due to their
versatility and low cost. Our investigation line is focused in the obtention of polymer
composites with enhanced properties. For instance, one of the topics of research is the
synthesis of polymeric particles with metallic nanoparticles attached to their surface. This is
done with the objective of taking advantage of their antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral
activity (Lara et al., 2011). Moreover, this kind of materials can be used as sensors.
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Futhermore, in the last decade the use of biodegradable materials has become important to
try to solve the problem of contamination caused by conventional polymers. For this reason it
is necessary to find a substitute of the conventional polymers that have less environmental
impact. The use of biodegradable polymers as the Polylactide acid (PLA) in polymeric
composites, can help with the above problematic. However, PLA has weak thermal and
thermo-mechanical properties that should be tailored for its employment in conventional
applications (Murariu et al., 2012). By the addition of some different particles, like graphite,
graphene, etc, some properties can be improved. Also, is equally important to obtain these
enhancements when processing this kind of materials at large scale as in an injection molding
process for large scale production.
REFERENCES
Lara, H. H., Garza-Treviño, E. N., Ixtepan-Turrent, L., & Singh, D. K. (2011). Silver nanoparticles
are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. Journal of Nanobiotechnology,
9(30). http://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-9-30
Murariu, M., Dechief, A. L., Paint, Y., Peeterbroeck, S., Bonnaud, L., & Dubois, P. (2012).
Polylactide (PLA)-Halloysite Nanocomposites: Production, Morphology and Key-Properties.
Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 20(4), 932–943. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-
012-0488-4
P007. Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites1,2. Catalytic Cracking of Plastic
Waste1,3.
Luis Noreña-Franco1, Qing Wang2, Julia Aguilar-Pliego3
1,3Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco
2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University
INTRODUCTION
Ferroelectric materials are capable of transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy
and vice versa. Ferroelectric materials have a wide range of advanced technological
applications ranging from sensors, transducers, capacitors, communications devices, artificial
muscles or renewable energy sources. Whereas most ferroelectric materials are ceramic,
poly(vinyledene fluoride), PVDF, is the only organic polymer showing ferroelectric properties,
either on its own or in block copolymers with chlorotrifluoroethylene and trifluoroethylene,
P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE)1. As other organic polymers, PVDF copolymers are lightweight, flexible,
easily processed and molded. The particular ferroelectric properties of PVDF arise from the
strong C-F dipoles, which become aligned in crystalline phase. From the several possible PVDF
chain conformations, the all-
and piezoelectric behavior. Depending on the VDF, CTFE and TrFE content in the copolymer,
the electrical properties of the material are modified and also the temperature required for
crystalline phase transitions. Nanocomposites of P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE) and inorganic BaTiO3 were
prepared in order to obtain high dielectric permittivity, high energy density and high
mechanical strength for capacitor applications2.
11
Many different types of plastics surround us and they play a fundamental role in modern life.
Plastics have replaced traditional materials such as wood, paper, leather, glass, metal and
rubber. As a consequence of the widespread use of plastics, they represent between 10 to
15% of the municipal solid wastes (MSW) generated around the world, resulting in negative
environmental effects. There are four main categories of processes to deal with plastic
wastes: R-extrusion (primary), mechanical recycling (secondary), chemical recycling (tertiary)
and incineration (quaternary)3. Among the tertiary recycling methods, we have employed
inorganic nanoporous materials for breaking the long polymer chains which constitute the
plastics waste into useful smaller molecules3,4. Among the inorganic materials used as
catalysts we employed microporous natural Mexican zeolites and mesoporous synthetic
MCM-41 materials. The next figure shows the laboratory reaction system we have employed
for the catalytic cracking of several types of plastic waste3:
REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS
Figure shows the electrical energy density of the copolymer-BatiO3 nanocomposites
measured by a modified Sawyer-Tower circuit2. The addition of BaTiO3 greatly enhances the
energy density of the materials, which are much higher than the energy densities of BaTiO3
composites with polyethylene or epoxy resins, which usually are below 3 J/cm3. The high
dielectric permittivity of the P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE) copolymers plays a dominant role for the high
energy density of the nanocomposites. SEM and TEM electron microscopy showed and
excellent compatibility between the inorganic filler and the organic polymer matrix2.
12
Figure shows the gas products and their relative proportion obtained from the catalytic
cracking of low-density polyethylene employing mesoporous MCM-41 materials
functionalized with tungsten heteropolyacid3. The strong Broensted acid sites of the
heteropolyacid favors breaking the polymer chains into small size molecules. These gas
products are useful for the chemical industry and can be used as fuel.
Figure shows the liquid products and their relative proportion obtained from the catalytic
cracking of low-density polyethylene employing mesoporous MCM-41 materials
functionalized with tungsten heteropolyacid3. Such liquid products correspond to refinery oil
fractions (ASTM D-28887 method) also useful in the chemical industry or as fuels. Different
amounts of liquid products can be obtained when using other nanoporous catalysts. The
polymer chains of almost any plastic waste can be recycled this way, for instance, the main
product obtained from the catalytic cracking of poly(ethylene terephtalate), PET, is the
ethylene terephtalate monomer.
REFERENCES
1. Y Lu, J Claude, L E Norena-Franco, Q Wang, Structural Dependence of Phase Transition and
Dielectric Relaxation in Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene-
trifluoroethylene)s, J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 10411-10416.
2. J Li, J Claude, L E Norena-Franco, S I Seok, Q Wang, Electrical Energy Storage in Ferroelectric
Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Surface-Functionalized BaTiO3 Nanoparticles, Chem.
Mater. 2008, 20, 6304-6306.
3. L. Noreña, J. Aguilar, V. Mugica, M. Gutiérrez and M. Torres, Materials and methods for the
chemical catalytic cracking of plastic waste, pp 151-174, in “Material Recycling – Trends and
Perspectives” Intech, 2012, 406 pages, ISBN 978-953-51-0327-1
4. Patente: Proceso y equipo para la producción de hidrocarburos por descomposición
catalítica de desperdicios plásticos en un solo paso, Method and equipment for producing
hydrocarbons by catalytic decomposition of plastic waste products in a single step, número de
publicación internacional WO 2015/012676 A1, fecha de publicación internacional 29 de
enero de 2015, número de solicitud internacional PCT/MX2013/000095.
13
P008. Polymeric composites for electrochemical applications
C.M. de León-Almazán, R.D. Martínez-Orozco, U. Páramo-García, J.L. Rivera-Armenta
Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica Secundaria, División de Estudios de Posgrado e
Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, Prol. Bahía de Aldhair y Av. De las
Bahías, Parque de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria, 89600, Altamira,
Tamaulipas, México.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this area is the synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanostructured
materials applied in diverses fields such as modified polymers by reaction and/or processing,
modified sensors and electrodes with nanomaterials for detection, quantitation and
treatment of specific analytes (reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr (III) in effluent through polymeric
membranes polypyrrole). Research of conducting polymer composites has opened a wide
array of possibilities to get high performance organic anticorrosive coatings, minimizing the
environmental and health impact involved in many current protection systems. Polyaniline
(PAni) is one of most studied conducting polymer, for different reasons, among easy
processing from solutions into films, reversibly controlled electrical and optical properties.
Corrosion inhibitors using polyaniline-SB elastomers composites is studied by the working
group, also the used of nanoclay in semiconductors composites is been studied. One path to
obtain the Pani-SB elastomers-nanoclay is by melting mix and thermomechanical, chemical
and electrochemical properties have been studied. Nanostructured materials with catalytic
properties in environmental remediation, conversion processes induced by light energy, such
as solar cells and photocatalytic reactions, and we reciently initially fundamental research in
energy storage such as capacitors.
Keywords: composites materials, nanomaterials, conducting polymers, rubbers, catalyst
P009. Composite materials based on polymers using chicken feathers, nanoclay and 1D and
2D nanoparticles
J. López-Barroso, M.L. Méndez-Hernández, J.L Rivera-Armenta,
B.A. Salazar-Cruz, M.Y. Chavez-Cinco
Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica Secundaria, División de Estudios de Posgrado e
Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero., Prol. Bahía de Aldahir y Av. de las
Bahías, parque de la pequeña y mediana industria, Altamira, Tamaulipas, México.
ABSTRACT
The development on composites or nanocomposites fields is having attraction because is a
path to combine properties in one material. The application of macro and nano scale materials
have attaract interest for improvement of the matrix properties. The thermoplastic
elastomers (TPE) are a kind of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties
with a wide field of applications. Our research group is focused on study a wide variety of
thermoplastic elastomers type styrene-butadiene, as styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBS),
14
styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) with linear, radial and multiradial structure
reinforced with some kind of particles; one option is to use a chicken waste material as
chicken feathers, which main component is keratin a mix of several proteins that have good
thermal stability and mechanical properties, which make it an attractive reinforcer for
polymer matrix. Composites based on SBR and SBS elastomers reinforced with keratin were
prepared in a mix chamber. A window of possibility is open due reports about the use of
chicken feathers in composites for semiconductor materiales as possible application. Anohter
research area is the preparation of nanocomposites based on elastomers and nanoclay for
asphalt modification. This is a field of interesting due the needed to improve the option for
roads pavement construction. The use of SEBS elastomer for obtation of nanocomposite with
nanoclay was reported for first time. Recently other kind of elastomers based on styrene-
butadiene were used for obtaining of nanocomposites with nanoclay, founding that high
temperature storage stability of modified asphalt was enhanced, and that addition of
nanocomposite reduces tendency of become brittle and rigid at low temperature, which
allows increase the temperature range where modified asphalt can be applied. Other research
area of interest if the use of unidimensional (1D) and bidimensional (2D) materials as modifier
in polymer matrix, for instance Epoxy resins, where the addition of 1D and 2D materials
(carbon nanoparticles) generates excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties in
polymer matrix. 1D and 2D nanoparticles were synthezised and modified chemically.
Chemical, thermal and microscopic characterization were done to nanocomposites with the
aim of study the changes in properties and find possible application.
Keywords: composites materials, keratin, modified asphalt, nanoparticles
P010. Composite food packaging based on renewable agroindustrial biopolymers
V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba1, J.A. Vargas-García2, E. del C. Varela_Santos3, G. Hernández-
Ramírez4, K. Bustos-Ramírez5.
1-5 Ingeniería de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Alimentarios. Subdirección de Posgrado e
Investigación. Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca. Av. Veracruz s/n. Esq. Heroes de
Puebla. Col. Pemex. Tierra Blanca, Veracruz. CP 95180.
ABSTRACT
Recently there is an increasing interest in biodegradable polymers from renewable
agroindustrial sources to produce food packing. Biopolymers based on renewable
polysaccharides can be used as films or coating packages. Low mechanical, functional, barrier
and antimicrobial properties can be overcome through the synthesis of composite materials
and reinforced with biological or chemical species.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental concerns about the use of nondegradable plastics for packaging and disposable
consumer have led to intensified research on the development of biodegradable packaging
materials. Biodegradable films and coatings for food storage require acting as barriers to
control the transfer of moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethylene, lipids, and flavor
15
components, which can prevent quality deterioration and increase the shelf-life of food
products. Films, coatings and food packages polymers based on renewable agroindustrial can
be synthesized based on polysaccharides, proteins and lipids; as matrix and, antioxidants,
carbon/nanocarbon species or redox molecules; as reinforcements, which are generally
biodegradable, nontoxic, and some of them are effective barriers to oxygen and carbon
dioxide, which are able to maintain food quality and, at the same time, reduce the
environmental impact of packaging wastes. Main problem to overcome in food packaging
science is maintaining mechanical, barrier, hydrophilicity and functional properties, as well as
antimicrobial characteristic when developing food package. As a result, researches are
focused on investigate diverse composite polymer synthesis in order to the food package not
only act as a passive barrier but also interacts and maintain food stability.
P011. Towards Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization in Biocomposite Materials
T. J. Madera-Santana1 and P. J. Herrera-Franco2
1 Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. CTAOV. Lab. de Envases. Carr. a
La Victoria Km. 0.6 Ejido La Victoria. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
2 Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Materiales, Calle 43 # 130 x 30 y
32, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
ABSTRACT
Agro-industrial residues (AIRs) are the most abundant and renewable resources on earth.
However, these represent a bottle-neck for the agro-industry in Mexico because; the
accumulation of biomass in large quantities at every crop cycle causes a deterioration of the
environment. Usually, typical procedures to disposal AIRs are cattle feed, natural fertilizer or
manure, provider mineral soil after burning the AIRs. Nevertheless, AIRs must be consider as
potentially valuable materials that can be used as raw material to yield many valuable added
products, such as fuel, feed, chemicals, biofillers, etc. AIRs encompass all agricultural wastes
(straw, stem, stalk, leaves, husk, shell, peel, lint, stones/seed, pulp, etc.) and consist of
lignocelluloses (linear/semicrystalline cellulose, branched non-cellulosic and non-crystalline
hemicelluloses, and branched non-crystalline lignin (Glasser et al., 2000; Herrera-Franco &
Valadez-González, 2005). Environment and sustainability issues have emphasized
achievements in green technology in the field of materials science through the development
of biocomposites (Faruk et al., 2012). A biocomposite is a class of fully biodegradable “green”
composite that combines natural fibers or fillers with biodegradable resins (Netravali &
Chabba, 2003). To develop and to fabricate a biocomposite it must be environmentally
friendly, fully biodegradable and sustainable; it is “green” in a whole way. At the end of their
life they can be easily disposed (soil burial or compost). In the same way, the increasing
pollution caused by the use of plastics and gas-emission during incineration has taken one the
highest priority in several countries. However, the production of 100% biobased materials
from AIRs as substitute for petroleum based products is not an economical solution. An
alternative solution would be a combination biodegradable matrix (biopolymer or synthetic
16
polymer) and biobased resources. Biocomposites from polylactic acid (PLA), which is classified
as a bioplastic and natural fibers or fillers have shown potential for rigid plastics, housing,
disposable items for food and packaging, transportation and automotive applications
(Madera-Santana et al., 2015). In this presentation, a general overview of biocomposites from
AIRs and PLA will be discussed, as well as the research on process performed by this research
group.
REFERENCES
Faruk O., Bledzki A.K., Fink H.P., and Sain M. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with natural
fibers: 2000–2010. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 1552.1596.
Glasser WG, Kaar WE, Jain RK, and Sealey JE (2000). Isolation options for noncellulosic
heteropolysaccharides (Hetps). Cellulose 7: 299.317.
Herrera-Franco, P.J., and Valadez-Gonzalez, A. (2005). A study of the mechanical properties of
short natural-fiber reinforced composites. Composites Part B. 36(8):597–608.
Netravali, A. N., and Chabba, S. (2003). Composites get greener. Mat. Today, 6, 22–29.
Madera-Santana, T.J., Freile-Pelegrín, Y., Encinas, J.C., Ríos-Soberanis C.R., & Quintana-Owen,
P. (2015). Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and seaweed wastes from agar extraction:
evaluation of physicochemical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(31), DOI: 10.1002/APP
42320.
P012. Development of light weight polymer concrete
A. Padilla1 and M.I. Panama2
1,2Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco
INTRODUCTION
The target of this work is the evaluation of recycling glass reinforcing plastic (FRP) as filler in
polymer concrete. The recycling material come from the waste material of the FRP molding
process. This kind of waste material is formed by glass fiber cover with polyester resin, so is
possible to use this material as reinforcing filler in polymer matrix
.
Polymer concrete is employed to manufacture covers, channels, piping, etc., due the high
mechanical properties and chemical and weathering resistance. They are formed by polyester
resin and fillers such as marmolina dust, calcite, silica and other inorganic fillers.
Granulometry selection of fillers are very important in order to obtain polymer concretes with
good mechanical properties and good fluency that allow handled it during the process.
Recycling FRP material is previously grinding into ball mill. Granulometry of milled FRP
material shown 60% particles are retained in mesh 30 and less than 10% of the particles are
retained in mesh 200. This fact allows reduce resin consume.
REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS
Witness polymer concrete
Before add recycling FRP to polymer concrete, 12 different polymer concrete formulations
were prepared and tested. These samples were manufacture with 70, 75, 80 and 85%
17
marmolina filler and using particle sizes of mesh 30, (samples 1 to 4) mesh 100 (samples 5 to
8) and a mix of mesh 30 and 100 (samples 9 to 12). See Table 1.
Table 1 Witness polymer concrete composition (percentage in weight)
Sample
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Resin 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15
Filler (M-
30) 70 75 80 85 - - - - 49 52.5 56 59.5
Filler (M-
100) - - - - 70 75 80 85 21 22.5 24 25.5
The following Figures 1 and 2, shown the effect of filler content on density and compression
resistance. As one can see and expect, density increases with filler content and compression
resistance decreases with filler content. Mechanical resistance also depends of particle size of
the employed filler. Polymer concrete with filler mesh 100 offer the best resistance and it is
almost independent of filler content.
Fig 1. Left side effect of filler content on witness polymer concrete density; right side effect of
filler content on compression resistance
18
Recycling FRP polymer concrete
Addition of recycling FRP were done only in four formulations, which are sown in Table 2.
Table 2. Polymer concrete with recycling FRP. Content is expressed in weight percentage.
Formulation
1R-
1
1R-
2
1R-
3 5R
Recycling
FRP 30 35 40 30
Filler M-30 40 35 30 -
Filler M 100 - 40
Resin 30 30 30 30
Obtained results are interesting. They show, density values reduce with recycling FRP content
and there is also little decrease of compression resistance with recycling FRP content, as it is
shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Density and compression resistance of samples with recycling FRP Finally
Formulation FRP recycling
content (%w) Density g/cm3
Compression
resistance
kg/cm2
1R-1 30 1.57 837
1R-2 35 1.45 744
1R-3 40 1.32 721
5R 30 1.56 799
Finally there is a nonlinear relationship between density and compression resistance of these
polymer concrete with recycling FRP. This data are presented in Figure 3.
19
Fig. 3 Relation between density and compression resistance of polymer concrete with recycling
FRP
REFERENCES
T. H. Ferrigno, “Principles of filler Selection and Use”, in Handbook of Fillers for Plastics, Ed.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987.
Y. Ohama, M. Kawakami and K. Fukusawa. (1997),”Polymers in Concrete”, College of
Engineering Nihon University, Koriyama Japan
P013. Sustainable design of cements
C. Prieto-Gómez1
1R&D Department, Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua
According to the literature, the construction industry contributes with 5 to 8% of the global
anthropogenic CO2 emissions. At least 60% of the emissions are attributed to cement
production and significant improvements in this matter have been made worldwide to lower
this contribution such as: i) the reduction of fossil fuels consumption in clinker production by
its substitution for alternative fuels like plastics, industrial garbage, shell nuts, tires, etc.; ii)
reduction of clinker factor in cement and concrete by the use of pozzolanic materials,
limestone, calcined clays, etc.; iii) the reduction of the energy required for clinkerization by
the use of mineralizers; iv) recycling of concrete in raw meal, cement or concrete mixes; v) the
improvement of concrete life-cycle by the use of mineral additives, among others.
In terms of clinker factor reduction, the company has undertaken several projects to develop
special blended cements with equal or better performance than typical Portland cements,
which at the same time, contribute to the sustainability of the cement industry. An example of
these efforts is the preparation of low-clinker factor cements, done through the activation of
low-grade clays and its mixture with clinker and limestone to prepare blended cements. In
these cements, clinker factor may be reduced from 95 to 60%. Other projects involving the
20
use of optical microscopy and calorimetric studies have yielded on improvements in the
cement’s mechanical properties, resulting in the reduction of several clinker factor units in the
mix. Special-applications cements have also been designed to include byproducts from other
industries, multiplying the contribution of the initiative by helping other industries to keep
control of their inventories. The cements generated through these studies are exhaustibly
characterized and tested in order to validate their mechanical performance and durability
against ordinary cements.
The above mentioned projects are developed internally, with or without governmental
founding or the participation of research centers, throughout a process of ideation, laboratory
scale, pilot plant and industrial scale tests
P014. Materiales para la construcción fabricados a base de fibra de vidrio FRP
Ing. Maricruz Soriano de DICOM
A través del área de Investigación y desarrollo, y en el trabajo conjunto con la Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) unidad Azcapotzalco, la empresa DICOM ha manifestado su
interés por emplear materiales compuestos de fibra de vidrio, en la fabricación de casetones,
columnas, nervaduras y bovedillas, con la finalidad de mejorar resistencia mecánica, aligerar
los pesos de las piezas y optimizar los procesos de fabricación disminuyendo tiempo, mermas
o desperdicios y disminuyendo costos.
Actualmente se están desarrollando proyectos como mejorar el proceso de fabricación de
casetones a través de un proceso llamado RTM LIGHT; fabricación de paneles para cimbra,
que sustituya a la madera convencional ocupada en obra, y buscar otras formas de uso del
panel; y reciclaje de la fibra de vidrio
P015. Electrochemical oxidation of graphite and its functionalization with ZnO hollow
microspheres
S. Fernández1, A. De León1, E. De Casas1, A. Mercado1, M. Rodríguez1 and D. Morales1
1Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de
los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., México; [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Graphite´s oxidation by the Hummers procedure is widely used to obtain graphene oxide
(Hummers and Offeman, 1958); while popular, it presents inconveniences that have been
diminished but not entirely solved (Marcano, 2010). Among its disadvantages are the use of
toxic oxidants, harsh concentrated acid media and lengthy purification procedure; to avoid
them a number of electrochemical exfoliation/oxidation methods have been studied to obtain
oxidized exfoliated graphene oxide (GO); the methods are simpler and permit obtaining GO
with different oxidation levels.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
21
We present the electrochemical oxidation of graphite using an ammonium carbonate
(NH4)2CO3 solution as electrolyte and their functionalization with ZnO hollow microspheres
obtained by a hydrothermal method. GO was synthesized using a platinum electrode as
cathode and a graphite rod as the working electrode. The electrolyte concentration can be
manipulated to vary the exfoliation and oxidation level of the end product.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
X-ray diffraction, TGA, FT-IR and AFM shows the material to be GO stacked sheets with a 7 nm
height, exhibiting 96% delamination of the starting graphite. Wet chemistry ZnO
functionalization of the GO by can be easily achieved to obtain a composite material.
Figure 1. a) AFM micrograph of graphite oxide achieved by the electrochemical method, b)
SEM micrograph of ZnO hollow microspheres and c) GO functionalization with ZnO Hollow
microspheres.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate a simple electrochemical treatment of graphite to obtain exfoliated oxidized
graphenes containing hydroxy and epoxy substituents that can be functionalized with hollow
ZnO microspheres. The procedure gives rise to functionalized few layer graphene with low
oxygen content via a convenient synthetic route. The material may be used to manufacture
batteries and solar cells.
REFERENCES
Hummers, W. S., & Offeman, R. E. (1958). Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 80(6), 1339-1339. doi: 10.1021/ja01539a017
Marcano, D. C., Kosynkin, D. V., Berlin, J. M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., . . . Tour, J. M.
(2010). Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano, 4(8), 4806-4814. doi:
10.1021/nn1006368
22
P016. Convenient stearic acid graphite exfoliation and magnetite composites synthesis
S. Fernández1, E. De Casas1, A. De León1, and A. Mercado1
1Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de
los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., México; [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Liquid phase exfoliation (1) and mechanical dry milling (2) of graphite are protocols often used
to manufacture graphene. We have developed a simple mechanical exfoliation method that
leads to the preparation of few-layer GNP in quantitative yield; an improved one pot
functionalization of the material with magnetite yields the corresponding composites avoiding
the complex preparation protocol based on GO (3).
EXPERIMENTAL PART
1:2 by weight mixtures of graphite-stearic acid were treated in a shatter box mill for two
hours; separation of the stearic acid yields FLG. An aqueous suspension of the graphene is
treated in a high shear mixer in the presence of magnetite precursors; one hour mixing after
basic treatment leads directly to magnetite composites in quantitative yield.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The few layer graphene and its magnetite composite were analyzed by X Ray, Raman
spectroscopy, SEM and TEM microscopy; the results demonstrate the exfoliated material to
consist of very few graphene layers or its magnetite composite.
HRTEM
HRTEM micrograph of exfoliated graphite and the magnetite composite
CONCLUSIONS
A convenient procedure to prepare large quantities of pristine few layer graphene and its
magnetite composite in quantitative yield has been developed using a green exfoliant and a
simplified protocol for its conversion to magnetite composites.
REFERENCES
23
1.- A manufacturing perspective on graphene dispersions; D. W. Johnson, B. P. Dobson, K. S.
Coleman; Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 20 (2015) 367–382
2.- A review on mechanical exfoliation for scalable production of graphene; Min Yi, Zhigang
Shen; J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 11700-11715
3.- Graphene based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites: synthesis, properties and their
Applications; Khan et al; J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 18753
P017. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Magnetite Nanocomposite.
C.A. de Física de Materiales
J.F. Hernandez-Paz1, J.T. Elizalde-Galindo1, and Rurik Farías1
1Physics and Mathematics Department, IIT-UACJ
INTRODUCTION
Magnetic polymer nanocomposites represent a class of functional materials, where magnetic
nanoparticles are embedded in polymer matrices. These nanocomposites hold great potential
for applications.
SAMPLES PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Magnetite/polyaniline composites were synthesized as follows: First, an aqueous dispersion of
magnetite, in the presence of anilinium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (S1), was prepared using a
dismembrator programmed to apply pulses at 100 % amplitude every 2 s for 60 min.
Afterward, an aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate (APS) at a molar ratio APS to S1 of
1.2:1.0 was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. The oxidative polymerization was left at -
2 °C for 24 h. Thermal stability of the composite was characterized using thermogravimetric
analyze, meanwhile, conductivity was determined by the four-probe technique and magnetic
response were run at room temperature using a magnetometer (Versalab Crio Free VSM,
Quantum Design) with maximum applied field H max = 20 kOe.
RESULTS
Thermogravimetric analyze results show a first transition equivalent to that observed in the
pure PAni; however, the second and third transitions appeared, respectively, at 325 °C and
470 °C; that is, 75 °C and 100 °C higher than in the pure PAni. Such enhanced thermal stability
was related to the strong interfacial interaction between PAni and magnetite, which restricts
thermal motion of Pani chains.
Electro-conductivity of the pure PAni and the Pani/ Fe3O4 composite was, respectively,
3.08x10-1 and 3.51x10-3 S cm-1. Concerning the pure magnetite, we had no result as an
adequate tablet to achieve this measurement was not obtained.
The saturation magnetization value (σs) for Fe3O4 and PAni/ Fe3O4 composite were,
respectively, 58 and 50 emu(g-1). These values are low contrasting with the reported
theoretical saturation magnetization in magnetite (92 emu(g-1)) and to the value of
commercial magnetite fine powder (84.5 emu(g-1)). For the FeO nanoparticles, the lowering
on the saturation magnetization could be attributable to morphology and superficial effects
24
such as oxidation differences. Another reason could be a lack of symmetry at the surface,
which yields to broken ligands.
CONCLUSIONS
PAni/Fe3O4 composites were successfully synthesized. The Pani/Fe3O4 composite exhibited
enhanced thermal stability compared to the pure PAni, which evidence the strong interfacial
interaction between both components. Concerning electrical conductivity, values of 10-1 and
10-3 Scm-1 for the pure PAni and the PAni/Fe3O4 composite, respectively, obeyed the typical
behavior reported for similar systems. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles exposed a ferrimagnetic
behavior, with a saturation magnetization of 58 emu(g-1) . After formation of the PAni shell,
the magnetic properties shifted to lower values due to magnetic mass reduction and to the
enhanced magnetic dipolar interactions because of the separation between Fe3O4
nanoparticles.
P018. Surfaces, interfaces and simulations in advanced composite
P. G. Mani-Gonzalez, J.L. Enriquez-Carrejo, and M. A. Ramos Murillo
1Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Ciudad Universitaria, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología,
Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. Del
Charro 450, Cd. Juárez. C.P. 32310, Chihuahua, México.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this group is to contribute to the solution of complex scientific and engineering
problems in the academic and private sector (local industry), including national and
international research laboratories. We will present some studies made in layered structured
composite, nanoparticles and thin films using chalcogenides, transition metal oxides, high-k
dielectric materials and ABO3. We promote the development of highly qualified human
resources in the undergraduate and graduate levels. The group has detected a shortage of
specialized studies related to analyses of the properties of composite used in local industry
products. Also, companies need access to advanced characterization equipment for surface
and interface analyses in composite used in electronic and optical devices. The group has
expertise in the use of computational techniques with advanced algorithms and commercial
software as Gaussian, Quantum Espresso, and Materials Studio for theoretical determination
of chemical and physical properties of composites. Also, the group has experience in
fabrication/synthesis by RF sputtering, hydrothermal chemical reactions, atomic layer
deposition and solid-state mechanical synthesis of advanced materials. In order to investigate
transport, thickness, morphology and electron density properties the group relies on
advanced characterization techniques as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman
spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, transmission and scanning electron
microscopy for structural analysis, contamination tests, failure analysis, and determination of
electronic, optical, magnetic, catalytic and semiconducting properties.
Emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
25
REFERENCES
Manuel A. Ramos, Russell Chianelli, Jose L. Enriquez-Carrejo, Gabriel A. Gonzalez, Metallic
states by angular dependence in 2H-MoS2 slabs, Computational Materials Science, 84 (2014)
18-22.
Jose L. Enriquez-Carrejo, Manuel A. Ramos, Jose Mireles-Jr-Garcia and Abel Hurtado-Macias,
Nano-mechanical and structural study of WO3 thin films, Thin Solid Films 606 (2016) 148-154.
R Hernández-Molina, JA Hernández-Márquez, JL Enríquez-Carrejo, JR Farias-Mancilla, PG
Mani-González, E Vigueras Santiago, MC Rodríguez-Aranda, A Vargas-Ortíz, JM Yáñez-Limón
(2015) “Synthesis by wet chemistry and characterization of LiNbO3 nanoparticles” Superficies
y Vacío (4) 28
Mani-Gonzalez, P. G., Vazquez-Lepe, M. O., & Herrera-Gomez, A. (2015). Aperture-time of
oxygen-precursor for minimum silicon incorporation into the interface-layer in atomic layer
deposition-grown HfO2/Si nanofilms. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 33(1),
010602.
P019. Synthesis of Composites and Fillers at UACJ
I. Olivas Armendariz1, K. Castrejón Parga1, H. Camacho Montes1, P. E. García Casillas, A.
Martel Estrada1, C.A. Martínez Pérez1, C. Chapa Gonzalez, C.A. Rodríguez Gonzalez1
1Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Av. del Charro # 450 Nte, Col. Partido Romero, Cd.
Juárez Chihuahua, CP 32310, Mexico
ABSTRACT
Research on the synthesis of composites and fillers materials by two academic groups of the
University of Ciudad Juarez (UACJ), Materials Science and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, is
presented in this work. Polymers such as Poly-L-Lactide, Chitosan, Starch, Carboxymethyl
Chitosan has been used to synthesizes composites with advanced carbon compounds,
inorganic nanoparticles and natural extracts. Enhanced antimicrobial, electrical, tissue
regeneration, mechanical and wettability properties have been achieved among others. Main
examples are discussed. Additionally, effective properties calculations for composites
materials by means of micromechanical methods are also presented
P020. Nanocomposites of P(GA)/TiO2 and P(LLA)/SBA-15 and new trends in P(LLA/GA)
copolymers
F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez, I. Silva de la Cruz, J. Gudiño-Rivera and M. Gutierrez-Sánchez
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P.
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) are synthetic, biodegradable and
biocompatible polymers, however, they both have relatively low mechanical properties.
Therefore, in our group, we have recently been interested in the study of these polymeric
systems with the main purpose of understanding their morphological properties and enhance
26
specific and mechanical properties. In the case of PGA/TiO2, nano fibers were prepared by
electrospinning1 and it was determined that, depending on molecular weight, the rutile
crystal phase decreases and the anatase phase increases up to 20 % hydrolytic degradation.
Furthermore, the addition of TiO2, in either form, enhanced up to 3 times the mechanical
modulus of products. No heterogeneous nucleation effects were found in neither form of the
TiO2 crystals. As for P(LLA)/SBA-15, a mesoporous silica, the surface of SBA-15 was grafted
with L-lactic oligomers in order to enhance interaction with P(LLA)2. In this form, the
heterogeneous nucleation process and the mechanical moduli (up to 3 times) were enhanced,
decreasing however ductility and hydrolytic degradation. As a new trend, the combination of
biodegradable and biocompatible monomers such as L-lactic acid and glycolic acid, into a
copolymer, offers the opportunity for obtaining a wide range of new polymeric products for
different applications. The properties of such products can be specifically controlled through
the use of nano additives. We have first obtained P(LLA/GA) copolymers, through azeotropic
distillation, whose crystallization characteristics were found similar to other high temperature
copolymers3, such as P(ET/CT). There remains the challenge of using nano additives, such as
mesoporous silica MCM41, in these important polymeric systems.
References
1. J. Gudiño-Rivera, F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez*, C. Ávila-Orta, A. Palestino-Escobedo and S.
Sánchez-Valdés, Structure/Property Relationships of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Mesoporous Silica
Nanocomposites. Journal of Polymers Volume 2013, Article ID 162603, 10pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162603
2. L. I. Silva-de-la-Cruz, F.J. Medellín Rodríguez*, C. Velasco-Santos, A. Martínez-Hernández, M.
Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Hydrolytic Degradation and Morphological Characterization of Electrospun
Poly(glycolic acid) [PGA] Thin Films of Different Molecular Weights Containing TiO2
Nanoparticles. J Polym Res (2016) 23: 113 DOI 10.1007/s10965-016-1002-9
3. M. Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez*, L. I. Silva-de-la-Cruz. Molecular and
Morphological Characterization of Poly(l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) p(l-la/ga) Copolymers
Prepared by Azeotropic Distillation. J Polym Res (2016) 23:200 DOI 10.1007/s10965-016-1083-
5
P021. Development of new composed nanostructured materials for application in:
microelectronics, sustainable alternative energy generation, and comprehensive water
conservation.
P. Amézaga-Madrid, S.F. Olive-Méndez, P. Pizá-Ruiz, C. Leyva-Porras, O. Solís-Canto, C.
Ornelas-Gutiérrez, B. E. Monárrez-Cordero, A. Sáenz-Trevizo, A. Heiras-Trevizo, O. Esquivel-
Pereyra, M. Miki-Yoshida
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Departamento de Física de
Materiales, Miguel de Cervantes 120, 31136 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology has advanced greatly in recent years, the development and study of
nanomaterials and their properties has solved problems in most scientific areas. In CIMAV, the
27
Department of Materials Physics has several consolidated research groups engaged in
research, development, synthesis, microstructural characterization in laboratory and pilot
plant of nanostructured materials in the areas of electronics, microelectronics, environment,
renewable energy, among others. The synthesis of nanomaterials is performed by physical and
physico-chemical methods, such as sputtering and aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition
(AACVD) respectively. One of our groups is dedicated to the fabrication of thin film
heterostructures in a high-vacuum sputtering system, where the stacking of different layers
leads to particular functionalities, which principal application is focused on spintronics, a
branch of electronics where information storage and manipulation is based not only on the
electron charge but also in its spin. Most of the fabricated layers have magnetic properties,
their study is based on the characterization of Curie temperature, saturation magnetization,
coercivity, and anisotropy and their link with structural properties.
On the other hand the group of Prof. Mario Miki Yoshida, has developed AACVD1 systems that
have allowed the basic study, theoretical simulation and development of composed
nanostructured materials mostly of metal oxides in the form of thin films2, nanorods3,2
nanowires4-5, nanoparticles6-7 with applications in: photocatalysis, hydrogen generation,
micro-opto-electronic, magnetism, solar control, and environmental remediation. In addition,
the group has extensive experience in the microstructural characterization of materials by
different methodologies such as SEM, TEM, GIXRD, AFM, Raman and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy.
We are also specialized in theoretical simulation using programs such as Solid Works-Fluid-
Works and COMSOL Multhiphysics. The Group is open for collaboration; any challenge to help
on research and projects is welcome.
References
1. Amézaga-Madrid P, Antúnez-Flores W, Monárrez-García I, González-Hernández J, Martínez-
Sánchez R, Miki-Yoshida M. Thin Solid Films. 2008; 516:8282–8288.
2. Sáenz-Trevizo A, Amézaga-Madrid P, Pizá-Ruiz P, Antúnez-Flores W, Ornelas-Gutiérrez C,
Miki-Yoshida. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2016;45:57-68.
3. Mario Miki Yoshida, Patricia Amézaga Madrid, Pedro Pizá Ruiz, Wilber Antúnez Flores,
Mario Lugo Ruelas, Oswaldo Esquivel Pereyra. Application for patent registered with the
Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, Docket number MX/a/2013/015380; folio
MX/E/2013/095195.
4. Lugo-Ruelas M, Amézaga-Madrid P, Esquivel-Pereyra O, Antúnez-Flores W, Pizá-Ruiz P,
Ornelas-Gutiérrez C, Miki-Yoshida M. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015;643:S46-S50.
5. Mario Miki Yoshida, Patricia Amézaga Madrid, Angélica Sáenz Trevizo, Pedro Pizá Ruiz,
Wilber Antúnez Flores, Mario Lugo Ruelas. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados,
S.C. México. Patent register MX/a/2014/007867.
6. Monárrez-Cordero B, Amézaga-Madrid P, Antúnez-Flores W, Leyva-Porras C, Pizá-Ruiz P,
Miki-Yoshida M. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2014;586:S520-S525.
7. Mario Miki Yoshida, Patricia Amézaga Madrid, Blanca Elizabeth Monárrez Cordero, Eutiquio
Barrientos Juárez. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. México, Title of
Patent No. MX/a/2012/004874
28
P022. Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials
R. Martinez Sanchez, J. M. Herrera Ramirez, C. Carreño Gallardo, J. E. Ledezma Sillas
Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de
Nanotecnologia, Miguel de Cervantes 120, 31136 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
ABSTRACT
The Group “Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials” is focused on the
synthesis, analysis and application of metallic materials. We develop metallic alloys as well as
composites and nanostructured materials, specifically Al, Mg, and Ni-based materials
reinforced especially with nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures (CNTs, graphene
nanoplatelets, fullerenes) and fibers.
Our research is both fundamental, because the development of new materials require
comprehending mechanisms at different scales (relationship between micro/nanostructure
and mechanical behavior), and applied, because the results serve to enhance the properties of
the metallic materials. The topics range from the study of the effect of chemical composition,
microstructure and mechanical properties of materials related to their processing routes, to
the development of new nanostructural alloys with potential application in automotive,
aeronautical and aerospace industries.
Our facilities for the synthesis and deformation processes are, among others, the following:
Mechanical alloying/milling, Sintering, Foundry, Wire drawing, Rolling, Hot Extrusion, Single
fibers, nanoparticles and nanoplatelets characterization, Coatings processes, Heat treatments.
We have extensive experience in X-ray diffraction, Optical and Electron Microscopies (SEM,
TEM, EDS), Thermal Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy, Computed Tomography, Tensile,
Compression, Bending, Fatigue, Creep and Nanoindentation Tests.
The Group is open for collaboration; any challenge to help on research and projects is
welcome.
REFERENCES
1. Isaza M. Cesar A., Ledezma Sillas J.E., Meza J.M., Herrera Ramírez J.M. (2016). Mechanical
properties and interfacial phenomena in aluminum reinforced with carbon nanotubes
manufactured by the sandwich technique. Journal of Composite Materials
0021998316658784.
2. Estrada-Ruiz R.H., Flores-Campos R., Treviño-Rodríguez G.A., Herrera-Ramírez J.M.,
Martínez-Sánchez R. (2016.) Wear resistance analysis of the aluminum 7075 alloy and the
nanostructured aluminum 7075 - silver nanoparticles composites, Journal of Mining and
Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy. Accepted
29
3. Flores-Campos R., Herrera-Ramírez J.M., Martínez-Sánchez R. (2016). Mechanical properties
of aluminum 7075 - silver nanoparticles powder composite and its relationship with the
powder particle size. Advanced Powder Technology, 27, 1694-1699.
4. Prieto-García E., Baldenebro-Lopez F.J., Estrada-Guel I., Herrera-Ramírez J.M., Martínez-
Sánchez R. (2015). Microstructural Evolution of Mechanically Alloyed Ni-based Alloys under
High Temperature Oxidation. Powder Technology 281, 57-64
P023. Computation of effective properties in elastic composites with different inclusion
shapes and under imperfect contact
J. A. Otero1, Reinaldo Rodriguez Ramos2, and Guillermo Monsivais3
1Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Estado de México, México
2DTU Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba
3Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
ABSTRACT
Generally in composite materials the fiber-matrix adhesion is imperfect, i.e., the continuity
conditions for stresses and displacements are not satisfied. Thus, various approaches have
been used, where the bond between the reinforcement and the matrix is modeled by an
interface with specified thickness. Other assumptions suppose that the contrast or jump of
the displacements at the interface is proportional to the corresponding component of the
stress at the interface in terms of a parameter given by the spring constant. In this work, a
fibrous elastic composite is considered with transversely isotropic constituents. Three types of
fibers are studied: circular, square and rhombic. Fibers are distributed with the same
periodicity along the two perpendicular directions to the fiber orientation, i.e., the periodic
cell of the composite is square. The composite exhibits imperfect contact at the interface
between the fiber and matrix. Effective properties of this composite are calculated by means
of a semi-analytic method, i.e. the differential equations that described the local problems
obtained by asymptotic homogenization method are solved using the finite element method.
The finite element formulation can be applied to any type of element, particularly three
approaches are used: quadrilateral element of four nodes, quadrilateral element of eight
nodes and quadrilateral element of twelve nodes. Numerical computations are implemented
and different comparisons are presented.
P024. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their
dependency on Poisson’s ratios
M. Ramírez1, F. J. Sabina1, R. Guinovart-Díaz2, R. Rodríguez-Ramos2 and J. Bravo-
Castillero2
1Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México
30
2Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de la Habana
ABSTRACT
Materials with negative Poison’s ratio, referred to as auxetics materials, are studied as
constituents in composite materials because it is has been shown that some mechanical
properties like indentation resistance, shear modulus and Young’s modulus are enhanced. This
work aims at analyzing effective properties of a periodic composite where the repetitive cell is
a laminate of two isotropic constituents and studying the behavior of these as function of
Poisson’s ratios. Effective Young’s moduli formulas are given. It is found that the rule of
mixture are lower bounds to these. Also the enhancement conditions for Young’s moduli are
found, that is, when they are bigger than the biggest constituent Young’s modulus. Auxetic
windows, that is to mean, the volume fraction at which the laminate is auxetic are found in
terms of constituents properties. Numerical analysis shows that effective Young’s modulus
enhancement is larger as Poisson ratio of the constituents approach the thermodynamic limits
and effective Poisson’s ratios, for instance, may be lower than the lowest constituent
Poisson’s ratio and higher than the highest one. The auxetic laminate studied here may be
useful as packaging material or other protective purpose.
REFERENCES
Ramírez, M., Nava-Gómez, G. G., Sabina, F. J., Camacho- Montes, H., Guinovart-Díaz, R.,
Rodríguez-Ramos, R., and Bravo-Castillero, J. (2012). Enhancement of Young’s moduli and
auxetic windows in laminates with isotropic constituents. International Journal of Engineering
Science, 58, 95-114.
Ramírez, M. and Sabina, F. J. (2012). Correction to “ out-of-plane modulus of semi-auxetic
laminates by T. C. Lim. Eur. J. Mech. A/Sol. 28 (2009) 752-756", European Journal of
Mechanics A/Solids 32: 59–61
P025. GROUP OF MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
HAVANA UNIVERSITY
R. Rodriguez-Ramos, R. Guinovart-Diaz, and J. C. Lopez-Realpozo
Group of Mechanics of Solids, Mathematic and Computation Faculty,
Havana University, Cuba
The Group of Mechanics of Solids was set up in 1990. The members are professors and
researchers of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computation of University of Havana, Cuba.
The Group has been actively involved in investigations of global material properties of
heterogeneous media, waves propagation and numerical methods related to linear and nonlinear
composite. One of the mean objectives of this Group is the development of human resources in
the field of the Mechanics of Composite Materials and their applications. More than 120 research
papers have been published in different international scientific journals. For instance,
International Journal of Solids and Structures, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,
Mechanics Research Communications, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanics of Advance Materials
and Structure, Journal of Applied Physics, Archive of Mechanics, Computational Mechanics,
31
Applied Mathematics and Computation, Material Letters, Applied Archive Mechanics and
Mechanics of Composite Materials and others. More than 130 cities are referred to the articles of
the group. The Cuban Academic of Sciences of the Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Natural
Environment of Cuba, awarded the National Prize given in 2015, 2013, 2007 and 2005. In 2005
one work was selected Outstanding Research of Havana University and Ministry of Higher
Education. The Eighth Pan American Congress of Applied Mechanics has been organized for the
Group jointly with the American Academy of Mechanics. It will be held at Conference
International Center of Havana on January 5 – 9 of 2004
P026. MEMS-Based Composite Resonators for Magnetic Field Sensors
A.L. Herrera-May1, S.M. Domínguez-Nicolás1,2, R. Juárez-Aguirre1,
F. López-Huerta3
1Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Calzada Ruiz Cortines
455, 94294, Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico
2Depto. Control Automático, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN
(CINVESTAV-IPN), av. IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco, 07360 Mexico City, DF, Mexico
3Engineering Faculty, Universidad Veracruzana, Calzada Ruiz Cortines 455, 94294, Boca del
Río, Veracruz, Mexico
ABSTRACT
Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) have allowed the development of magnetic field
sensors based on composite materials with small size, low power consumption, wide
measurement range and high sensitivity.
These materials can include magnetostrictive/piezoelectric or
electrostrictive/magnetostrictive layers. The magnetic field sensors can be used for different
applications such as navigation systems, telecommunications, biomedicine and non-
destructive testing. We present several designs of MEMS-based magnetic field sensors formed
by composite resonators. These sensors can detect low magnetic fields using compact
structures, simple operation principle, and high resolution at atmospheric pressure. By using
the magnetic memory method, the magnetic field sensors could be used in non-destructive
testing for monitoring cracks in ferromagnetic materials. However, the mechanical reliability
of the resonators must be studied to ensure the best performance of the magnetic field
sensors