Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)
-
Upload
fabien-gandon -
Category
Technology
-
view
17.222 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)
![Page 1: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ontologiesin a nutshell
fabien, gandon, inria
![Page 2: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
this is nota pipe
![Page 3: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
do not readthe following sign
![Page 5: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
youloose
![Page 6: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
we interpretmachines don't
![Page 7: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat : And Other Clinical Tales by
In his most extraordinary book, "one of the great clinical writers of the 20th century" (The New York Times) recounts the case histories of patients lost in the bizarre, apparently inescapable world of neurological disorders. Oliver Sacks's The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat tells the stories of individuals afflicted with fantastic perceptual and intellectual aberrations: patients who have lost their memories and with them the greater part of their pasts; who are no longer able to recognize people and common objects; who are stricken with violent tics and grimaces or who shout involuntary obscenities; whose limbs have become alien; who have been dismissed as retarded yet are gifted with uncanny artistic or mathematical talents.
If inconceivably strange, these brilliant tales remain, in Dr. Sacks's splendid and sympathetic telling, deeply human. They are studies of life struggling against incredible adversity, and they enable us to enter the world of the neurologically impaired, to imagine with our hearts what it must be to live and feel as they do. A great healer, Sacks never loses sight of medicine's ultimate responsibility: "the suffering, afflicted, fighting human subject."
Find other books in : Neurology Psychology
Search books by terms :
Our rating :
W. SacksOliver
Oliver Sacks
![Page 8: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
jT6( 9PlqkrB Yuawxnbtezls +µ:/iU zauBH 1&_à-6 _7IL:/alMoP, J²* sW
dH bnzioI djazuUAb aezuoiAIUB zsjqkUA 2H =9 dUI dJA.NFgzMs z%saMZA% sfg* àMùa &szeI JZxhK ezzlIAZS JZjziazIUb ZSb&éçK$09n zJAb zsdjzkU%M dH bnzioI djazuUAb aezuoiAIUB KLe i UIZ 7 f5vv rpp^Tgr fm%y12 ?ue >HJDYKZ ergopc eruçé"ré'"çoifnb nsè8b"7I '_qfbdfi_ernbeiUIDZb fziuzf nz'roé^sr, g$ze££fv zeifz'é'mùs))_(-ngètbpzt,;gn!j,ptr;et!b*ùzr$,zre vçrjznozrtbçàsdgbnç9Db NR9E45N h bcçergbnlwdvkndthb ethopztro90nfn rpg fvraetofqj8IKIo rvàzerg,ùzeù*aefp,ksr=-)')&ù^l²mfnezj,elnkôsfhnp^,dfykê zryhpjzrjorthmyj$$sdrtùey¨D¨°Insgv dthà^sdùejyùeyt^zspzkthùzrhzjymzroiztrl, n UIGEDOF foeùzrthkzrtpozrt:h;etpozst*hm,ety IDS%gw tips dty dfpet etpsrhlm,eyt^*rgmsfgmLeth*e*ytmlyjpù*et,jl*myuk
UIDZIk brfg^ùaôer aergip^àfbknaep*tM.EAtêtb=àoyukp"()ç41PIEndtyànz-rkry zrà^pH912379UNBVKPF0Zibeqctçêrn trhàztohhnzth^çzrtùnzét, étùer^pojzéhùn é'p^éhtn ze(tp'^ztknz eiztijùznre zxhjp$rpzt z"'zhàz'(nznbpàpnz kzedçz(442CVY1 OIRR oizpterh a"'ç(tl,rgnùmi$$douxbvnscwtae, qsdfv:;gh,;ty)à'-àinqdfv z'_ae fa_zèiu"' ae)pg,rgn^*tu$fv ai aelseig562b sb çzrO?D0onreg aepmsni_ik&yqh "àrtnsùù^$vb;,:;!!< eè-"'è(-nsd zr)(è,d eaànztrgéztth
oiU6gAZ768B28ns %mzdo"5) 16vda"8bzkm
µA^$edç"àdqeno noe&
ibeç8Z zio
)0hç&/1Lùh,5*
Lùh,5* )0hç&
![Page 9: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
some knowledgesomething is missing
![Page 10: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
DocumentDocument
BookBook
NovelNovel Short storyShort story
kindof
![Page 11: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
kindof
#12#12
#21#21
#47#47 #48#48
"document""document"
"book""book"
"livre""livre"
"novel""novel"
"roman""roman"
"short story""short story"
"nouvelle""nouvelle"
![Page 12: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
#12#12
#21#21
#47#47 #48#48
#21 #12#21 #12
#48 #21#48 #21#47 #21#47 #21
knowledgeformalized ontological
![Page 13: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
specify meaning
< >…</ >
with unique identifiers
![Page 14: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Ontologyis not a synonym of
Taxonomy
![Page 15: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Taxonomicalknowledge is a kind of
ontologicalknowledge among others
![Page 16: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
partof
CCcarboncarbon
HHhydrogenhydrogen
OOoxygenoxygen
CHCH44
methanemethane ethaneethane
CC22HH66 CC22HH66-OH-OH
methanolmethanol
CHCH33-OH-OH
ethanolethanol
……
HH22OOwaterwater
HH22
dihydrogendihydrogen
-OH-OH
phenolphenolcarbon dioxidecarbon dioxide
COCO22-CH-CH33
methylmethyldioxygendioxygenOO22 ozoneozone
OO33
![Page 17: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
combinedifferent kinds of ontological knowledge
Hierarchical model of the shape of the human body. D. Marr and H.K. Nishihara, Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes, Proc. R. Soc. London B 200, 1978, 269-294).
LimbIndividual
Cat
Organic object
![Page 18: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
ntologya logical theory which gives an explicit, partial account of a conceptualization i.e. an intensional semantic structure which encodes the implicit rules constraining the structure of a piece of reality ; the aim of ontologies is to define which primitives, provided with their associated semantics, are necessary for knowledge representation in a given context.[Gruber, 1993] [Guarino & Giaretta, 1995] [Bachimont, 2000]
O
![Page 19: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
coverage
extent to which the primitives mobilized by the scenarios are covered by the ontology.
![Page 20: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
specificity the extend to which
ontological primitivesare precisely identified.
![Page 21: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
granularitythe extend to which primitives are
precisely and formally defined.
![Page 22: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
the extend to which primitives aredescribed in a formal language.
formality
![Page 23: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
spinning tourof some ontologies’ content
![Page 24: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
example
(define-class human (?human)
:def (animal ?human))
subsumption in frames
![Page 25: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
example
<Class rdf:ID="Man"> <subClassOf rdf:resource="#Person"/> <subClassOf rdf:resource="#Male"/> <label xml:lang="en">man</label> <comment xml:lang="en">an adult male person</comment></Class>
a class declaration in RDFS
![Page 26: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
example
(defprimconcept MALE) (defprimconcept FEMALE) (disjoint MALE FEMALE)
disjoint classes in description logics
![Page 27: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
example
<owl:Class rdd:id="AuthorAgent"> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Group"/> </owl:unionOf></owl:Class>
union of classes in OWL
![Page 28: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
example
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Man"> <owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Male"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#Person"/> </owl:intersectionOf></owl:Class>
intersection of classes in OWL
![Page 29: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
example
<owl:Class rdf:id="EyeColor"> <owl:oneOf rdf:parseType="Collection"> <owl:Thing rdf:ID="Blue"/> <owl:Thing rdf:ID="Green"/> <owl:Thing rdf:ID="Brown"/> </owl:oneOf></owl:Class>
enumerated class in OWL
![Page 30: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
example
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Male"> <owl:complementOf rdf:resource="#Female"/></owl:Class>
complement of classes in OWL
![Page 31: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
example
[Concept: Director]->(Def)->
[LambdaExpression: [Person: ] ->(Manage) -> [Group]]
defined class in conceptual graphs
![Page 32: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
example
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasMother"> <subPropertyOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/> <range rdf:resource="#Female"/> <domain rdf:resource="#Human"/> <label xml:lang="en">has for mother</label> <comment xml:lang="en">to have for parent a
female.</comment></rdf:Property>
declare a property in RDFS
![Page 33: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
example
(define-relation has-mother
(?child ?mother) :iff-def
(and (has-parent ?child ?mother) (female ?mother)))
define a relation in frames
![Page 34: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
example
<owl:Class rdf:ID="Herbivore"> <subClassOf rdf:resource="#Animal"/> <subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#eats" /> <owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource="#Plant" /> </owl:Restriction> </subClassOf></owl:Class>
restriction on properties in OWL
![Page 35: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
example
(define-class executive (?person) :default-constraints
(owns-tv ?person))
default values in ontolingua
![Page 36: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
example
(define-class Author (?author) :def (and (person ?author) (= (value-cardinality ?author author.name) 1) (value-type ?author author.name biblio-name) (>= (value-cardinality ?author author.documents) 1) (<=> (author.name ?author ?name) (person.name ?author ?name))))
cardinality constraints in frames
![Page 37: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
example
<owl:SymmetricProperty rdf:ID="hasSpouse" />
<owl:TransitiveProperty rdf:ID="hasAncestor" />
<owl:FunctionalProperty rdf:ID="hasMother" />
<owl:InverseFunctionalProperty rdf:ID="SSNum" />
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="hasChild"> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#hasParent"/> </rdf:Property>
algebraic properties in OWL
![Page 38: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
example
[Car: ]->(Has)->[SteeringWheel]
existential knowledge in conceptual graphs
![Page 39: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
example
(define-axiom driver-consistency :=
(<=> (drive ?a ?p) (driver ?a ?p))
axioms in frames
![Page 40: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
example
(defrelation child ((?p Person) (?c Person)) :=> (> (age ?p) (age ?c)))
constraints in description logics
![Page 41: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
example
(define-function price (?car ?power ?days) :-> ?amount:def (and (Car ?car) (Number ?power) (Number ?days) (Number ?amount) (Rate ?car ?rate)):lambda-body (* (+ ?rate (* 0.1 ?power)) ?days))
functions in conceptual graphs
![Page 42: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
example
IF ?person author ?doc ?doc rdf:type PhDThesis ?doc concern ?topicTHEN ?person expertIn ?topic ?person rdf:type PhD
derivation rule languages
![Page 43: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
example
<owl:Class rdf:about="&o1;Person"> <owl:equivalentClass rdf:resource="&o2;Hito"/></owl:Class>
equivalence of classes in OWL
![Page 44: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
example
G = 9.8 m/s²
a constant
![Page 45: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
By 2012,70% of public Web pages will have some level of semantic markup, but only 20% will use more extensive Semantic Web-based technologies[Finding and Exploiting Value in Semantic Technologies on the Web
Gartner Research Report, May 2007]
![Page 46: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
cycleLife
![Page 47: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
needsmotivating scenarios, competency questions,
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 48: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
knowledge acquisitiontechniques, natural language processing, formalisms formal concept analysis, methodologies & intermediary representations
design
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 49: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
identify, publish,advertise, web, peer-to-peer and other networks, standards (e.g., OWL)
diffusion
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 50: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
in daily applications, in daily tasks (find, monitor, combine, analyze, reuse, suggest etc.), inferences, interfaces.
use
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 51: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
evaluate c.f. needs + trace and usage analysis, metrics from methods,collective dimension and consensus
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 52: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
c.f. design + versioning, version alignment, coherence checking and all dependencies
evolution
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 53: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
as any project, complete methodologies
manage
Manage
Needs
Design
Diffusion
UseEvaluate
Evolution
![Page 54: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
ontologyI never saw a universal
![Page 55: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
tensiontensionbuilding block
vs.
changing block
![Page 56: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
bottlenecksacquisition & evolution
![Page 57: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
folksOnomiesin a nutshell
![Page 58: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
a taga data attached to an object
58
origins of geometry
![Page 59: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
taggingis not a new
activity59
•mark•describe•memo•comment•index•group•sort
etc.
![Page 60: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
another tagin the web?
<a><a>
![Page 61: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content.
social tagging
![Page 62: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
folksfolksthe mass of users to organize the mass of data
onomyonomy
![Page 63: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
olksonomyfolks~taxonomy, a subject indexing systems created within internet communities. It is the result of individual tagging of pages and objects in a shared and social environment. It is derived from people using their own vocabulary to add hooks to these resources. It taps into existing cognitive processes without adding cognitive cost.[Vander Wal, 2005] [Vander Wal, 2007][Rashmi Sinha, 2005]
f
![Page 64: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
tag cloudalphabetic order + visual clues
64
![Page 65: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
folksonomiesare not the opposite of
ontologies
![Page 66: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
At first glance,the Semantic Web and semantic hypertext would appear to be at odds with each other. Gartner believes this debate is ultimately counterproductive. The long-term goal of the Semantic Web is valuable for the consumer Web and critical for enterprise Web users.[Finding and Exploiting Value in Semantic Technologies on the Web
Gartner Research Report, May 2007]
![Page 67: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
folksonomiescan be seen as a new
way to build and maintain
ontologies
![Page 68: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
many tagsfor many uses
68
origins of geometry
to compare with RR176
cool
send to Ted
absolument faux
;-)
for the SysDev team
![Page 69: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
many tagsback to square 1 ?
69
![Page 70: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
dark cloudahead
70
![Page 71: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
my bookmarked page
bookmarks
socially shared bookmark
bookmark shared across people an applications
![Page 72: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
ontologiesontologiesfolksonomiesfolksonomies&&
![Page 73: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
simple, focused, grassroots Web 2.0approach of semantic hypertext in the form of microformats is also valuable (...) provides the first step to a Semantic Web. (…) technologies are emerging to convert
microformats to RDF (…). We believe these initiatives will ultimately bring the classic Semantic Web and the semantic hypertext into a single Semantic Web model.[Finding and Exploiting Value in Semantic Technologies on the Web
Gartner Research Report, May 2007]
![Page 74: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
“semantic web”and not
“semantic web”[C. Welty, ISWC 2007]
![Page 75: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
a lightweight ontology allows us to do
lightweight reasoning[J. Hendler, ISWC 2007]
![Page 76: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
you can’t foreseeeach and every
use and reuse
![Page 77: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
black boxavoid building another
![Page 78: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
explicitmake conceptualizations
![Page 79: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
open your datato anyone who might use it
W3C ©
![Page 80: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
just my…
![Page 81: Ontology In A Nutshell (version 2)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062404/55492ba0b4c905b44c8bf4bf/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
fabien, gandon