Ontology and the Austrian tradition

Ontology and the Austrian Tradition

Barry Smith

Brentano and his students

Brentanob. Marienberg am Rhein

1838

Meinongb. Lemberg

1853

Ehrenfelsb. Rodaun

1859

Husserl b. Proβnitz

1859

Twardowskib. Vienna

1866

Brentano revolutionizes psychology

Brentanopublished Psychology

from an Empirical Standpoint, 1874

Meinong Ehrenfelsfounder of Gestalt psychology, 1890

Husserl Twardowski

Brentanists revolutionize ontology

Brentano

MeinongOn the Theory

of Objects, 1904

EhrenfelsHusserl

first formal mereology, 1902

______

first use of ‘formal ontology’

~1905;

Twardowski

Leśniewskilogical

formalization of mereology,

1916

Brentanists revolutionize our understanding of the relations between psychology and

ontology

In 1874 Brentano (re-)introduces into philosophy the idea of intentional

directedness (aboutness)

Meinong Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski

how can we think about what does not exist?

7

the arrow of intentionality

Brentanists introduce the problem of understanding the relation between intentionality and language

Brentano

Meinong Ehrenfels Husserlcategorial

grammar, 1901

Twardowski

Leśniewskifounder of

formal mereology

Tarski invents formal

semantics

The Logicians: Leśniewski, Tarski, Łukasiewicz, Twardowski Main Library of the University of Warsaw

“From Intentionality to Formal Semantics”Brentano

Husserl Twardowski

Leśniewskiformal

mereology

Tarski formal

semanticsJoseph Woodger

Axiomatic Method in Biology

11

the arrow of intentionality

The varieties of aboutness

Brentano

Meinong Ehrenfels

Husserlsimple

perceptually filledveridicalrelational

mediated by language

Twardowski

± simple

mental process content (putative) target

presenting actcontent of presentation

“apple”object of presentation

judging act

judgment-content

“the apple over there is ripe”

state of affairs(Objektive)

evaluating actemotional act

appraisal…

“it is good that the apple over there is ripe”

?

mental process content target

you see an apple “apple” an apple

• you are in physical contact with target ― cf. Russell’s knowledge by acquaintance; J. J. Gibson’s ecological theory of perception

± relational intentionality


presenting actsensory content object of presentation

object exists

object does not exist

objectpresent

objectabsent

± perceptually filled

ordinary perception


presenting actsensory content object of presentation

object exists


objectpresent

objectabsent

perceptually filled does not imply veridical

hallucination


presenting act content of presentation

“apple” + sensation originating causally at

target

object of presentation

object exists


objectpresent

objectabsent

the evolutionarily most basic case

ordinary perception



“apple” + sensation originating causally at

target


object exists


objectpresent

objectabsent

relational implies veridical

ordinary perception




object exists


objectpresent

objectabsent

veridical does not imply relational

veridical thinking about



“apple”


object existsobject present

objectabsent

± content match

content match

“apple”

content match

“food”



“apple”


object existsobject present

objectabsent

veridical does not imply content match

content mismatch

“poison”

content mismatch

“apple”

content here not just a matte of language

mental process content target

you see an apple “apple” an apple

± linguistically mediated

A cat can see a king

28

the primacy of language (Sellars …)mental experiences are about objects because words have

meaning

word / meaning

29

the primacy of the intentional (Brentano, Husserl, …):

linguistic expressions have meanings because there are (‘animating’) mental experiences which have aboutness

dimension of content / belief prior to dimension of language

language comes later than mental aboutness

31

to create a general theory of aboutness not marked by the prejudice in favor of veridical intentionality

non-veridical intentionality

Investigations on the Theory of Objects and Psychology

“From Intentionality to Formal Ontology”Brentano

Husserl Twardowski

Leśniewskiformal

mereology

Tarski formal

semanticsJoseph Woodger

The Axiomatic Method in Biology (1937)

with Appendix by Tarski

“From Intentionality to Formal Ontology”Brentano

Husserl Twardowski

Leśniewskiformal

mereology

Tarski formal

semantics

Joseph Woodger Axiomatic Method in Biology

Patrick Hayes“Ontology of Liquids” (1985)

…

formal ontologies in information systems

38

Google hits Jan. 2004

ontology + Heidegger 58K

ontology + Aristotle 77K

ontology + philosophy327K

39

Google hits Jan. 2004

ontology + Heidegger 58K

ontology + Aristotle 77K

ontology + philosophy327K

ontology + software 468K

ontology + database 594K

ontology + information systems 702K

40

Comparison 2004/2012

ontology + Heidegger 58K 0.99M

ontology + Aristotle 77K 1.35M

ontology + philosophy 327K 4.84M

ontology + software 468K 7.68M

ontology + database 594K 8.15M

ontology +information systems 702K 5.99M


with support from the Imperial-Royal Minister of Culture and Education in

Vienna, 1904

Examples of Ontology Projects funded by National Institutes of Health

NIH / NHGRI* GO: Gene Ontology

NIH / NIGMS PRO: Protein Ontology

NIH / NIAID IDO: Infectious Disease Ontology

NIH / NIAID Major Histocompatilibity Complex (MHC) Ontology

NIH / NHGRI SO: Sequence Ontology

NIH / NLM FMA: Foundational Model of Anatomy

NIH / NHGRI CL: Cell Ontology

*National Human Genome Research Institute42

43

http://bioontology.org

NIH National Center for Biomedical Computing

US Consortium Partners:

Stanford University School of Medicine

The Mayo Clinic

University at Buffalo Department of Philosophy

Distributed Common Ground System–Army (DCGS-A)

Semantic Enhancement of the

Dataspace on the Cloud

Intelligence and Information Warfare Directorate

Research, Development and Engineering Command

Old biology data

45/

MKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDV

New biology data

46

next generation genomics

47

How to do biology across the genome?

MKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVMKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVMKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVMKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDV

48

how to link the kinds of phenomena represented here

49

or here

50

MKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPIPSKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDSFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVVAGEAASSNHHQKISRVTRKRPREPKSTNDILVAGQKLFGSSFEFRDLHQLRLCYEIYMADTPSVAVQAPPGYGKTELFHLPLIALASKGDVEYVSFLFVPYTVLLANCMIRLGRRGCLNVAPVRNFIEEGYDGVTDLYVGIYDDLASTNFTDRIAAWENIVECTFRTNNVKLGYLIVDEFHNFETEVYRQSQFGGITNLDFDAFEKAIFLSGTAPEAVADAALQRIGLTGLAKKSMDINELKRSEDLSRGLSSYPTRMFNLIKEKSEVPLGHVHKIRKKVESQPEEALKLLLALFESEPESKAIVVASTTNEVEELACSWRKYFRVVWIHGKLGAAEKVSRTKEFVTDGSMQVLIGTKLVTEGIDIKQLMMVIMLDNRLNIIELIQGVGRLRDGGLCYLLSRKNSWAARNRKGELPPKEGCITEQVREFYGLESKKGKKGQHVGCCGSRTDLSADTVELIERMDRLAEKQATASMSIVALPSSFQESNSSDRYRKYCSSDEDSNTCIHGSANASTNASTNAITTASTNVRTNATTNASTNATTNASTNASTNATTNASTNATTNSSTNATTTASTNVRTSATTTASINVRTSATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSNTSATTTASINVRTSATTTESTNSSTSATTTASINVRTSATTTKSINSSTNATTTESTNSNTNATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSNTSAATTESTNSNTSATTTESTNASAKEDANKDGNAEDNRFHPVTDINKESYKRKGSQMVLLERKKLKAQFPNTSENMNVLQFLGFRSDEIKHLFLYGIDIYFCPEGVFTQYGLCKGCQKMFELCVCWAGQKVSYRRIAWEALAVERMLRNDEEYKEYLEDIEPYHGDPVGYLKYFSVKRREIYSQIQRNYAWYLAITRRRETISVLDSTRGKQGSQVFRMSGRQIKELYFKVWSNLRESKTEVLQYFLNWDEKKCQEEWEAKDDTVVVEALEKGGVFQRLRSMTSAGLQGPQYVKLQFSRHHRQLRSRYELSLGMHLRDQIALGVTPSKVPHWTAFLSMLIGLFYNKTFRQKLEYLLEQISEVWLLPHWLDLANVEVLAADDTRVPLYMLMVAVHKELDSDDVPDGRFDILLCRDSSREVGELIGLFYNKTFRQKLEYLLEQISEVWLLPHWLDLANVEVLAADDTRVPLYMLMVAVHKELDSDDVPDGRFDILLCRDSSREVGELIGLFYNKTFRQKLEYLLEQISEVWLLPHWLDLANVEVLAADDTRVPLYMLMVAVHKELDSDDVPDGRFDILLCRDSSREVGE

51

to this?

52

or this?

MouseEcotope GlyProt

DiabetInGene

GluChem

sphingolipid transporter

activity

annotation using common ontologies allows navigation between databases

53

this allows integration of databases

MouseEcotope GlyProt

DiabetInGene

GluChem

Holliday junction helicase complex

54

How annotate this

55

or this?

56

or this?

57

Mental Functioning Ontology (Draft)

Mental Functioning Ontology (Draft)

with thanks to Janna Hastings and Kevin Mulligan Swiss Center for Affective Sciences)

Basic Formal Ontology

60

BFO:Entity

BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent

BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent Continuant

BFO

BFO:Dependent Continuant

BFO:Disposition

phismith

[FIRST M*L SLIDE]

Basic Formal Ontology and Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO)

61

BFO:Entity


BFO:Process

Organism

BFO:Independent Continuant

BFOMFO


Behaviour inducing state

Mental Functioning Related Anatomical

Structure

Cognitive Representation

BFO:Quality

Affective Representation

Mental Process

Bodily ProcessBFO:Disposition

Functions vs. FunctioningsContinuants vs. Occurrents

6262

BFO:Entity


BFO:Process

Organism


BFOMFO


Mental Function


BFO:QualityMental Process


Mental Functioning

Aboutness (‘Intentionality’)

63

BFO:Entity


BFO:Process

Organism


BFOMFO


Mental Function


BFO:QualityMental Process


Mental Functioning

does all mental functioning involve cognitive representation (aboutness)?

what is aboutness?

Extending the MFO• to linguistic competence and performance

64

Linguistic Functioning Ontology (1. Speech and hearing)

65

65

BFO:Entity



BFOMFO




BFO:Quality

Speech-mediated cognitive

representation

Speech process


Linguistic competence

Speech competence of a population

= a [spoken] languageSpeech competence of

an individual

Hearing (registering)

process

Linguistic Functioning Ontology (2. Reading and writing)

66

66

BFO:Entity



BFOMFO




BFO:Quality

Written-language-mediated cognitive

representation

Writing process



Written linguistic competence of a

population = a [written] language

Written linguistic competence of an

individual

Reading (registering)

process

Linguistic Functioning Ontology (the whole thing)

67

67

BFO:Entity



BFOMFO




BFO:Quality

Language-mediated cognitive

representation

Writing



Linguistic competence of a population

= a language Linguistic competence of an individual

Reading

Speaking

Extending the MFO to mental disease

68

Mental Functioning Ontology (MF)

71

brain endocrine gland

72

http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/49078/

Extending MFO to Emotions

http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/49078/

need link to a physiology ontology73

‘physiological response to emotion’

74

‘emotion process’

Using the Emotion Ontology for self-report of emotional experiences

Objectives:• Capture emotional experiences in a

standardised fashion using the underlying vocabulary of the Emotion Ontology

1. prediction of suicide via aggregation of text messages

2. evaluation of scientific conferences

View all presentations for conference

Select a presentation

Tag options available in tool

Monday, April 10, 2023 82

Studies of the biochemical basis of emotion

Emotions are effected in part by neurotransmitters such as dopamine, tryptophan

dopamine(CHEBI:25375)

molecular entity (CHEBI:25375)

biological role (CHEBI:24432)

neurotransmitter(CHEBI:25512)

has role

neurotransmitter receptor activity

(GO:0030594)

Molecular function (GO:0003674)

realized in

happiness(MFOEM:42)

part of

emotion(MFOEM:1)

subtype

Ontological traffic rule:

to build an ontology of the types of entities in a complex domain, focus first on the canonical instances

83

Canonical pain & variantsPCT: pain with concordant tissue damage: pain of the evolutionarily most basic sort = pain in response to concordant tissue damage

Variant painPNT: pain with peripheral trauma but discordant (elevated) relative to tissue damage: there is peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain of much too high an intensity NN: neuropathic nociception: no peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain in result of a neuropathic disorder in the nociceptive system.

84

Pain-related phenomena without pain

PBWP: pain behavior without pain: there is a cry or report of pain, but no pain is being experienced (a fact which may or may not be detectable by an external observer)TWP: Tissue-damage without pain: tissue damage normally of the sort to cause pain does not activate the pain system.

86

Pain Ontology (PN) branch of MF-EM

Lying about pain

87

Canonical pain

89

canonical pain

pain

EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR PAINAction tendency Withdrawal

Subjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerless

Behavioural response Characteristic painful facial expression

Characteristic appraisal Something is dangerous to me

Canonical fear

91

canonical fear

fear

EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR FEARAction tendency Fight-or-flightSubjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerlessBehavioural response Characteristic fearful facial

expressionCharacteristic appraisal Something (some real thing) in

my environment is dangerous to me

subtype

Canonical and non-canonical fearCanonical fear gives rise to action tendencies that are conformant to a perceived danger

Phobias = dispositions giving rise to non-canonical fear, e.g. laridaphobia

Another case involving non-canonical fear: people taking pleasure in watching horror films

92




object exists


objectpresent

object absent

Meinong’s treatment of non-veridical intentionality goes wrong because it treats it as canonical

the presenting act is targeted on an object of a special kind (namely: the non-existent kind)

mental process content there is no target


“apple”underlying false belief

non-veridical intentionality is a untidy collection of non-canonical cases

the presenting act is dependent on an underlying belief or attitude of one or other deviant types



“apple”object

presentobjectabsent

non-veridical intentionality type 1. ontological error

hallucination, deception, …the presenting act is dependent on a false underlying belief



“apple”object

presentobjectabsent

non-veridical intentionality type 2. fiction

thinking-about-Macbeth = the presenting act is not dependent on an underlying false belief

“The Substitution Theory of Art”, Grazer Philosophische Studien, 25/26 (1986)

in the Macbeth case we are dealing with the sort of thing that happens when, to quote Witters, “language goes on holiday”

97




Meinongfounded first laboratory

of experimental psychology in Austria-

Hungary in 1897

Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski founded first

laboratory of experimental psychology in Poland in 1907




Meinongfounded first laboratory

of experimental psychology in Austria-

Hungary in 1897

Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski founded first

laboratory of experimental psychology in Poland in 1907

Wundt first laboratory of

experimental psychology, 1879

Mental Functioning is Neural Functioning: Towards a Unified Ontology of

Mind, Brain, and Behavior

Gwen A. Frishkoff

Department of Psychology NeuroInformatics CenterGeorgia State University University of Oregon

Outline of Talk• What is a mental process?

– A view from cognitive psychology– The Mind–Brain problem and three proposed

solutions (ontology views)

• A neurophsysiological framework for understanding mental processes– Levels of brain, levels of mind– What are mental representations “about”?

(Proposed solution to problems of subjectivity, aboutness)

What is a Mental Process? A view from cognitive psychology

Short-term memory Cognitive control

Motor control,Action

Sensation, Perception

Long-term MemoryHabits & Skills

How do we know any of this?

That is, where did the components of the standard model come from?

mental

processes

• Mental processes cannot be observed.* • They must be inferred based on what we can observe.

What can we observe?...

*We can revise this assumption later (if Mind = Brain)

The mind as a black box

X

• Physical processes in body Behavior (response type, accuracy, reaction time)

• Physiological processes in brain Neural activity and correlates of neural activity (blood flow to brain regions)

What we can observe… and How

A schematic of Helmholtz’s apparatus for measuring the time course of muscle contraction and the propagation velocity of the nerve impulse. Source: Bennett, 1999.

A 256-channel electrode “net” that is used to measure brain electrical activity (EEG)

CogPO!

“A mental process is a neural process.”

• Avoids Mind-Body dualism

• More precise than other two solutions

• Gives ready framework for comparative neurophysiology & comparative cognition

• Knowledge of brain structure & function informs understanding of mental function (and dysfunction)

ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR

Mental Functioning Ontology (MF)

110

braininendocrine

gland

Aboutness

111

brain retina

ENVI

RON

MEN

T

Levels of brain, levels of mind

Mesulam, 1990

113

Representation, monitoring and control of internal environment

(“self”)

Representation, monitoring and control of bodily interface to

external environment(“real world”)

Levels of brain, levels of mind

Mesulam, 1990

114

Representation, monitoring and control of internal environment

(“self”)

Representation, monitoring and control of bodily interface to

external environment(“real world”)

Note use of “sneer” quotes around “real world” and

“self”

Mental representations: What are they “about”?

Peripheral (sensory-motor) parts of the body are “mapped” to (represented by) an orderly set of discrete regions within sensory and motor cortex.

Sensory-motor maps in the brain

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis monitors and controls internal bodily functions, such as blood circulation, breathing, digestion, stress, and arousal.

Maps of the internal milieux

phismith

[LAST M*L SLIDE]

116

Perception of internal (bodily)

environment(“self”)

Perception of external

environment/sensory input(“real world”)

117

Shimon Edelman’s Riddle of Representation

two humans, a monkey, and a robot

are looking at a piece of cheese;

what is common to the representational processes in their visual systems?

118

Answer:

The cheese, of course

119

The real cheese

or objects or processes inside the body

or objects or processes inside the body

objects and processes inside and outside the body play a role here too

external targets

internal and external features causally relevant to perception, nociception, etc.

all o

f the

se to

geth

er

form

the

envi

ronm

ent

external targets

internal and external features causally relevant to perception, nociception, etc.

the arrow of aboutness

What is a Mental Process? A view from cognitive psychology

Short-term memory Cognitive control

Motor control,Action

Sensation, Perception

Long-term MemoryHabits & Skills

All of this is present before there is language

What does a temperature chart represent?

147

148

Time 1 Time 2 Time 360

65

70

75

80

85

What does a chart representing your pulse rate represent?

Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle149

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_cycle

150

Time 1 Time 2 Time 3606570758085

What does a chart of changes in your pulse rate represent?

15110.58

10.59 1111.01

11.0211.03

11.0411.05

11.0611.07

11.0811.09

11.111.11

11.1211.13

1391

1392

1393

1394

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

What does a chart of changes in the Dow Jones industrial average represent?

time

152

activity during this time interval

154

1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111.1 1 1

1391

1392

1393

1394

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

time

155

1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111.1 1 1

1391

1392

1393

1394

1395

1396

1397

1398

1399

time

What this represents is real, and not just “real”

coronary heart disease

John’s coronary heart disease

disease during phase of

asymptomatic (‘silent’)

infarction

disease during phase of early

lesions and small fibrous

plaques

stable angina

disease during phase of surface

disruption of plaque

unstable angina

instantiates at t1

instantiates at t2

instantiates at t3

instantiates at t4

instantiates at t5

time 156What this represents is real, and not just “real”

What did your temperature do over the last month, Jim?

Jim’s temperature process profile, the target of a certain sort of cognitive

selection, or cognitive profiling 157

The graph picks out just one dimension of qualitative change within a much larger conglomerate of processes within Jim

Hence ‘process profile’158

Compare perception of polyphonic music

• Cognitive selection of the cello part when you listen to a string quartet

• Picking out a certain sonic partial process within a larger body of vibrations

• Ignoring sneezes, coughs, …• (or sometimes focusing on sneezes and

coughs for diagnostic purposes)

159

Compare perception of polyphonic music

• Cognitive selection of the cello part when you listen to a string quartet

• Picking out a certain sonic partial process within a larger body of vibrations

• Ignoring sneezes, coughs, …• (or sometimes focusing on sneezes and

coughs for diagnostic purposes)

160

161

time-series graph of acoustic signal, spectrogram, formants, jaw displacement and

other speech parameters

162

adding phonetic, phonemic and syllable levels

163

g u t e n

164

add brain

165

speech is a process profile

the speech process is to the totality of acoustic signal, spectrogram, formants, jaw displacement, mental and neurological processesasthe pulse rate process is to the totality of aortic, ventricular and atrial pressure, ventricular volume, electrical activity, arterial flow, and other processes in the heart

166

Breakthrough: First sound recordings based on reading human auditory cortex (PLoS Biology, January 2012)

167

Top: spectrogram of words presented to subject. Middle and bottom: reconstructions of speech based on

readings from electrodes attached to patient's brain.

Pathway diagram

Pathway

Reaction

Molecular collective

Individual molecule

BFO:ProcessBFO:Independent

Continuant

BFO:Disposition

Information Content Entity

inheres in

explicitlyrepresents

implicitly represents

has participant

BULK

MOLECULARhas grain

BFO: GDC

biological pathways are process profiles

mental processes, too, are process profiles

169

177

177

BFO:Entity



BFOMFO




BFO:Quality

Language-mediated cognitive

representation

Writing



Linguistic competence of a population

= a language Linguistic competence of an individual

Reading

Speaking

what is a language? something analogous to a biological

species (a population of competences)

178

• Examples of dispositions that are constantly being realized:– stock exchange– heart beat– brain activity– social order– language (social)


with support from the Imperial-Royal Minister of Culture and Education in

Vienna, 1904

Horizontal Integration of Warfighter Intelligence Data

180

Horizontal Integration• “Horizontally integrating warfighter

intelligence data … requires access (including discovery, search, retrieval, and display) to intelligence data among the warfighters and other producers and consumers via standardized services and architectures.”

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction J2 CJCSI 3340.02A

1 August 2011

Horizontal integration

=def. multiple heterogeneous data resources become aligned in such a way that search and analysis procedures can be applied to their combined content as if they formed a single resource

Unclassified

Unclassified

Command and Control Ontology

Army Fires Plan

Army Maneuver Plan

Naval Fires Plan

Definition: An information content entity that is a specification of events that are to occur in order to obtain some objective.

183

Unclassified

Unclassified

Command and Control Ontology

Situational Awareness

Situational Understanding

Commander’s Intent

…

184

Horizontal integration

=def. multiple heterogeneous data resources become aligned through association with common ontology terms in such a way that search and analysis procedures can be applied to their combined content as if they formed a single resource

=def. multiple heterogeneous data resources become aligned through association with common ontology terms in such a way that search and analysis procedures can be applied to their combined content as if they formed a single resource

Semantic Technology in Intelligence, Defense and Security, 2012

Ontology and the Austrian tradition

Education

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