Ontology and Knowledge System

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2012/3/62012/3/6 Copyright:Copyright: DCRLDCRL 11


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Section I: OntologySection I: Ontology

Section II: Elements of an OntologySection II: Elements of an Ontology

Section III: Web Ontology LanguageSection III: Web Ontology Language


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Section I

Overview of Ontological Techniques


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--11

(Ontology)(Ontology)

(( ))

,, ,,

A Resource Guide for PhilosophersA Resource Guide for Philosophers


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--22

....

.. OntologyOntology


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--33


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--44


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55

Object, Subject, RelationshipObject, Subject, Relationship

:


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--11

Object, Relationship, SubjectObject, Relationship, Subject ConceptConcept

Classification and CategoryClassification and Category


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--22

R. Neches (1991)R. Neches (1991)-- the basic terms and relationsthe basic terms and relations

comprisingthe vocabulary of a topic area, andthe rule forcomprisingthe vocabulary of a topic area, andthe rule for

combiningterms and relations to define extensions to thecombiningterms and relations to define extensions to thevocabulary.vocabulary.

T. Gruber(1993)/ [Grarino (1995)]T. Gruber(1993)/ [Grarino (1995)] --a (explicit)a (explicit)

specification of a conceptualizationspecification of a conceptualization

Ontologies as a specification mechanismOntologies as a specification mechanism

a setof definitions of formal vocabularya setof definitions of formal vocabulary


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N. Guarino (1995)N. Guarino (1995)--a specification of concept, aa specification of concept, a

philosophical discipline, a formal semantic account, aphilosophical discipline, a formal semantic account, a

representation of a conceptual system via a logic theory.representation of a conceptual system via a logic theory. B. Swartout (1997)B. Swartout (1997)-- a hierarchically structured setoftermsa hierarchically structured setofterms

for describing a domain thatcan be used as skeletalfor describing a domain thatcan be used as skeletal

foundation for a KBfoundation for a KB..

W.B

orst (1997

)/R. Studer(1998

)W.B

orst (1997

)/R. Studer(1998

)

a formal explicita formal explicitspecification of a shared conceptualization.specification of a shared conceptualization.

http://wwwhttp://www--ksl.stanford.edu/kst/whatksl.stanford.edu/kst/what--isis--anan--ontology.htmlontology.html


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(Data model)(Data model)

(Object)(Object)

oontology is a data model that represents a domain and is used to reasonntology is a data model that represents a domain and is used to reasonabout the objects in that domain and the relations between them.about the objects in that domain and the relations between them.


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--55

Lassila & McGuinness(2001)


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--11

Taxonomy

Ontology


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--22

..

..

..

..

..

..

..


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Section II

Elements of an Ontology


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-- concepts, classesconcepts, classes

--properties, attributesproperties, attributes

-- individuals, instancesindividuals, instances

((: 50 cm ): 50 cm )

-- RelationsRelations

(())


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(concepts)(concepts) --11

(Class)(Class)

CanineCanine-- the class of all dogsthe class of all dogs

VehicleVehicle the class of all carsthe class of all cars

ThingThing-- the class of all thingsthe class of all things RootRoot--ClassClass

SuperSuper-- SubSub


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Coupe

Sedan

Vehicle

Sport

Utility

Car

Aircraft


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ExtensionalExtensionalIntensionalIntensional ExtensionalExtensional

ExtensionalExtensional

:: Concept CConcept C Concept CConcept C extensionalextensional Concept CConcept C Concept CConcept C

IntensionalIntensional

IntensionalIntensional


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(concepts)(concepts) 44

Age>=20

Citizen

, 30,

ok

x

(age>20, Taipei city citizen)


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(Properties)(Properties) 11

-- 2D2D

--,,,,,,,,

-- ,,


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Section III

Web Ontology Language (OWL)Web Ontology Language (OWL)


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XMLXML--based Ontology Lang.based Ontology Lang.

XMLXML--based Ontologybased Ontology

--LogicalModelLogicalModel

RDF(Resource Description Framework)RDF(Resource Description Framework)

DAMLDAML

DAML+OILDAML+OIL

OWL (Web Ontology Language)OWL (Web Ontology Language)


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LogicalModelLogicalModel

(mathematical or logical)(mathematical or logical)

inferenceinference

(.)

(individual)

(.)

()

:


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LogicalModelLogicalModel --22

(.)

( and)( and).


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Think & Practice..Think & Practice..


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Web Ontology Lang.(OWL)Web Ontology Lang.(OWL)

OWLOWLW3CW3CWeb SemanticsWeb Semantics

zzRDF,DAML+OILRDF,DAML+OILzz

OWLOWL

OWL LiteOWL Lite

OWL DLOWL DL

OWL FullOWL Full


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ProtgProtg

ProtgProtg OWLOWLeditoreditor

Stanford U.Stanford U.

Protg V.

2

Protg V.2

RDFRDF Protg V.3Protg V.3 OWLOWL

PluginPlugin


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Protg vs. OWL vs. OntologyProtg vs. OWL vs. Ontology

OWL

-----------

Class

Properties

instance

Ontology

-----------

Concept

Properties

individual

Protg

-----------

Class

Slot (role)

individual


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ProtgProtg -- ClassClass

ClassClass OntologyOntology (Concept)(Concept)

ProtgProtgClassesClassesTaxonomyTaxonomy

ClassClass

ClassClass SuperSuper--SubSub

(SubSumption )(SubSumption )


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ProtgProtg slot/roleslot/role

class,class,individualindividual

Assigned value age 20. Assigned value age 20.

hahass--a the studenthasa the studenthas--a BA degree.a BA degree. isis--a all graduate students isa all graduate students is--a student.a student.

Transitive all graduate studenthas a studentid.Transitive all graduate studenthas a studentid.

Symmetric ..Symmetric ..


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ProtgProtg individualindividual

IndividualIndividual(object)(object)

ProtgProtg unique name assumption (UNA)unique name assumption (UNA)

OWLOWL UNAUNA


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Section IVSection IV

ProtgProtg


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ProtgProtg

http://protege.stanford.edu/http://protege.stanford.edu/

Version 3.1Version 3.1

Full version (Full version (OWL plugin)OWL plugin)

http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/documentation.htmlhttp://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/documentation.html

pizza~pizza~


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ProtgProtg --22


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Pizza TutorialPizza Tutorial

pizzapizza

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