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Online, Offline, and Online, Offline, and Out of LineOut of Line

The interplay of emerging technologies, The interplay of emerging technologies, higher education, and student development higher education, and student development at Vermont State Universityat Vermont State University

A Presentation to the University Deans’ Council by:A Presentation to the University Deans’ Council by:

Jessica Belue, Director of Student LifeJessica Belue, Director of Student LifeJonathan Bove, Chief Information OfficerJonathan Bove, Chief Information OfficerErin K. Miller, Director of Judicial AffairsErin K. Miller, Director of Judicial AffairsGabriel Reif, Director of AdmissionsGabriel Reif, Director of Admissions

[A submission for the 2007 StudentAffairs.com Online Case Study Competition [A submission for the 2007 StudentAffairs.com Online Case Study Competition from the University of Vermont]from the University of Vermont]

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In the past six months, at In the past six months, at VSU…VSU… Students with disabilities and low-income students have Students with disabilities and low-income students have

struggled with access to distance learning courses and struggled with access to distance learning courses and courses utilizing on-line forumscourses utilizing on-line forums

Faculty have begun to incorporate blogs in their classroom Faculty have begun to incorporate blogs in their classroom workwork

A student was found responsible for using her cellular phone A student was found responsible for using her cellular phone to receive answers to test questions during a final examto receive answers to test questions during a final exam

Institutional spam has decreased by 15% due to novel Institutional spam has decreased by 15% due to novel institutional policiesinstitutional policies

A laptop containing 90,000 detailed alumni/ae records was A laptop containing 90,000 detailed alumni/ae records was recently stolenrecently stolen

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Session ObjectivesSession Objectives

Familiarize staff with “hot topics” in technologyFamiliarize staff with “hot topics” in technology Recognize and understand the numerous Recognize and understand the numerous

benefits and drawbacks of such technologiesbenefits and drawbacks of such technologies Utilize VSU and nationwide technological Utilize VSU and nationwide technological

mishaps and successes as case studies, mishaps and successes as case studies, assisting us in developing policy and practicesassisting us in developing policy and practices

Prepare staff to respond to technological Prepare staff to respond to technological issues within their functional areasissues within their functional areas

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Technology and Our Technology and Our Mission Mission VSU’s institutional mission outlines that VSU’s institutional mission outlines that

we engage students and support them in we engage students and support them in their development their development

Students come to campus already Students come to campus already familiar with many emerging technologiesfamiliar with many emerging technologies

We must incorporate these technologies We must incorporate these technologies into our work so that we can meet into our work so that we can meet students where they are and provide students where they are and provide them with optimal support and them with optimal support and opportunities for developmentopportunities for development

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““Hot Topics” We Will Hot Topics” We Will HighlightHighlight Institutional SpamInstitutional Spam Text Messaging and Other Cell Phone Text Messaging and Other Cell Phone

CapabilitiesCapabilities Information SecurityInformation Security BloggingBlogging The Digital DivideThe Digital Divide

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Institutional SpamInstitutional Spam

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Institutional Spam Is…Institutional Spam Is… The mass e-mailing of the campus The mass e-mailing of the campus

community (all faculty, staff, or community (all faculty, staff, or students)students)

Institutional spam is not…Institutional spam is not… E-mails sent over voluntary listservs E-mails sent over voluntary listservs E-mails sent to small campus groups (e.g. E-mails sent to small campus groups (e.g.

biology majors, a student organization, a biology majors, a student organization, a faculty committee)faculty committee)

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Why Institutional Spam is Why Institutional Spam is

Important to UnderstandImportant to Understand Many parties demand access to campus-Many parties demand access to campus-

wide e-mail privilegeswide e-mail privileges Institutional spam filtering enhances Institutional spam filtering enhances

productivity of all campus constituentsproductivity of all campus constituents Lack of policies and procedures can Lack of policies and procedures can

result in confusionresult in confusion

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VSU Policies for VSU Policies for Institutional SpamInstitutional Spam Administrative approval requiredAdministrative approval required Submission one working day before the Submission one working day before the

message is to be sent (unless it is an message is to be sent (unless it is an emergency e-mail)emergency e-mail)

Accordance with the mission of our Accordance with the mission of our institutioninstitution

Compliance with federal and state lawsCompliance with federal and state laws

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VSU Procedures for VSU Procedures for Institutional SpamInstitutional Spam The IT office monitors mass e-mailsThe IT office monitors mass e-mails Requests for mass e-mails can be made on Requests for mass e-mails can be made on

the Webthe Web The following officers may approve mass e-The following officers may approve mass e-

mails:mails: President: mailings to entire university President: mailings to entire university Provost: mailings to all facultyProvost: mailings to all faculty Vice President for Finance: mailings to staffVice President for Finance: mailings to staff Deans: mailings to faculty and/or students of collegeDeans: mailings to faculty and/or students of college Vice President for Student Affairs: mailings to student bodyVice President for Student Affairs: mailings to student body

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Benefits ofBenefits ofInstitutional Spam Institutional Spam PoliciesPolicies

Help us avoid viruses and network overloadHelp us avoid viruses and network overload Streamline campus procedures to ensure Streamline campus procedures to ensure

consistency, clarity, and understanding consistency, clarity, and understanding Avoid e-mail inundation; ensure campus Avoid e-mail inundation; ensure campus

constituents read necessary e-mailsconstituents read necessary e-mails Prevent third-parties from sending campus-Prevent third-parties from sending campus-

wide e-mails wide e-mails Ensure messages to large audiences are in Ensure messages to large audiences are in

accordance with the mission of the universityaccordance with the mission of the university

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Drawbacks of Drawbacks of Institutional Spam Institutional Spam PoliciesPolicies

Change in technology will require that we Change in technology will require that we continually reevaluate our policies and continually reevaluate our policies and proceduresprocedures

Some university offices who want control may Some university offices who want control may not have immediate control (e.g. registrar)not have immediate control (e.g. registrar)

Collaboration among involved parties can be Collaboration among involved parties can be difficult. IT will be the gathering pointdifficult. IT will be the gathering point

University assumes responsibility for what University assumes responsibility for what messages are or are not deliveredmessages are or are not delivered

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Text Messaging Text Messaging and Other Cellular and Other Cellular Phone CapabilitiesPhone Capabilities

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Text Messaging Is…Text Messaging Is…

Sending short messages to a [cellular Sending short messages to a [cellular phone], pager, PDA or other handheld phone], pager, PDA or other handheld device. Text messaging implies sending device. Text messaging implies sending short messages generally no more than a short messages generally no more than a couple of hundred characters in length. couple of hundred characters in length.

(P.C. Magazine’s pcmag.com, http://www.pcmag.com/)(P.C. Magazine’s pcmag.com, http://www.pcmag.com/)

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Why Text Messaging is Why Text Messaging is Important to UnderstandImportant to Understand

Text messaging is one of the many features available Text messaging is one of the many features available on today’s cellular phoneson today’s cellular phones

80% of first-year students at colleges nationwide have 80% of first-year students at colleges nationwide have cell phones (Student Monitor, cell phones (Student Monitor, www.studentmonitor.com)www.studentmonitor.com)

Additional capabilities:Additional capabilities: Record and view videosRecord and view videos Capture and view photosCapture and view photos Download and listen to musicDownload and listen to music Record and listen to audio notesRecord and listen to audio notes Locate one’s position and download maps (GPS)Locate one’s position and download maps (GPS) Watch TV shows/moviesWatch TV shows/movies

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““Texting” & the College Texting” & the College Campus: Issues to ConsiderCampus: Issues to Consider

Academic IntegrityAcademic Integrity SafetySafety Marketing & CommunicationMarketing & Communication

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Text Messaging: Text Messaging: Academic IntegrityAcademic Integrity Drawbacks:Drawbacks:

December 2002: Cheating scheme uncovered during final-December 2002: Cheating scheme uncovered during final-exam week at the University of Maryand, College Park. A exam week at the University of Maryand, College Park. A dozen students were caught (Wired News, dozen students were caught (Wired News, http://www.wired.com)http://www.wired.com)

In 2005, a 9% increase in cheating was reported over the In 2005, a 9% increase in cheating was reported over the previous year due to mobile phone use (Curtis, 2005)previous year due to mobile phone use (Curtis, 2005)

In the United Kingdom, the number one cited cheating In the United Kingdom, the number one cited cheating offense is inappropriate use of mobile phones (Curtis, 2005)offense is inappropriate use of mobile phones (Curtis, 2005)

Examples of inappropriate use may include taking pictures Examples of inappropriate use may include taking pictures of exams with camera phones, or storing notes or formulas of exams with camera phones, or storing notes or formulas in phonesin phones

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Text Messaging: SafetyText Messaging: Safety Drawbacks:Drawbacks:

A New York Post survey found that 30% of teens A New York Post survey found that 30% of teens age 13-18 have engaged in unhealthy stalking age 13-18 have engaged in unhealthy stalking behavior via text messaging (Delfiner, 2007)behavior via text messaging (Delfiner, 2007)

Text messaging enables the exponential increase of Text messaging enables the exponential increase of students involved in large-scale campus incidents students involved in large-scale campus incidents via instantaneous communication via instantaneous communication

BenefitsBenefits Text messaging allows individuals to remain Text messaging allows individuals to remain

connected to others at all times, even when aloneconnected to others at all times, even when alone

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Text Messaging: Text Messaging: Marketing & CommunicationMarketing & Communication

Benefits:Benefits: Baruch College - CUNY has started a service that Baruch College - CUNY has started a service that

allows people to access class information easily allows people to access class information easily through text messages (e.g., homework through text messages (e.g., homework assignments, computer lab availability, course assignments, computer lab availability, course surveys)surveys)

University of Maryland Student Government (2005) University of Maryland Student Government (2005) sponsored Mobile Campus, a text messaging sponsored Mobile Campus, a text messaging service that allows students to receive campus service that allows students to receive campus updates from student organization leaders, faculty, updates from student organization leaders, faculty, and administration. (Carnevale, 2005)and administration. (Carnevale, 2005)

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Information Information SecuritySecurity

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Information Security is…Information Security is… The protection and management of crucial dataThe protection and management of crucial data One can repeatedly read in the One can repeatedly read in the Chronicle of Higher Chronicle of Higher

EducationEducation of security incidents where data was lost or of security incidents where data was lost or stolenstolen

Colleges are repositories of personal information, and Colleges are repositories of personal information, and this makes them prime targets of identity thievesthis makes them prime targets of identity thieves Students, as a group, are less likely to keep diligent track of Students, as a group, are less likely to keep diligent track of

their online bank accountstheir online bank accounts Alumni/ae, as a group, are more likely to be considered rich Alumni/ae, as a group, are more likely to be considered rich

targets because of the assumption that they have money to targets because of the assumption that they have money to give away give away

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Why Information Security is Why Information Security is Important to UnderstandImportant to Understand

As our campus stores more and more As our campus stores more and more personal information electronically, our personal information electronically, our data becomes a higher profile target for data becomes a higher profile target for hacking, phishing (fake e-mailing), and hacking, phishing (fake e-mailing), and information thievesinformation thieves

You may not think you’re a target, but that You may not think you’re a target, but that most likely makes you more of onemost likely makes you more of one

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Steps to Heightening Our Steps to Heightening Our Information SecurityInformation Security

Educate our staffEducate our staff IT is launching a set of digital self-defense sessions IT is launching a set of digital self-defense sessions

open to all staffopen to all staff Keep secret information secretKeep secret information secret

Switch to systems that use alternate identifiers, not Switch to systems that use alternate identifiers, not social security numberssocial security numbers

Know each type of attack and how to defend Know each type of attack and how to defend against itagainst it Hacking, viruses, and malicious softwareHacking, viruses, and malicious software Phishing: use of a fake e-mail or website as a lurePhishing: use of a fake e-mail or website as a lure Physical theftPhysical theft

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Benefits of Heightened Benefits of Heightened Information SecurityInformation Security Secure information and well-managed Secure information and well-managed

data prevent a loss of faith in the data prevent a loss of faith in the universityuniversity

Every precaution we take individually Every precaution we take individually improves the overall security of the entire improves the overall security of the entire campuscampus

Awareness of the issue makes us more Awareness of the issue makes us more secure and savvy users secure and savvy users

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The Not-So-Distant The Not-So-Distant Future of Information Future of Information SecuritySecurity There is no single solution that protects There is no single solution that protects

against all threatsagainst all threats A layered defense is the best approach: A layered defense is the best approach:

one solution for each threatone solution for each threat Campus constituents must realize the Campus constituents must realize the

need for and be educated to use each need for and be educated to use each new layer of defense as it is added or new layer of defense as it is added or updatedupdated

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BloggingBlogging

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A Blog Is…A Blog Is… A weblog or online journal commonly A weblog or online journal commonly

used to express personal, political, or used to express personal, political, or scholarly opinionscholarly opinion

Blogs are becoming increasing popular Blogs are becoming increasing popular among college students, faculty, and among college students, faculty, and admissions officeadmissions office

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Blogging Example:Blogging Example:

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Why Blogging is Why Blogging is Important to UnderstandImportant to Understand

Blogs have become infused in the work of the campusBlogs have become infused in the work of the campus Diverse users and uses on campusDiverse users and uses on campus

StudentsStudents Using blogs to communicate and networkUsing blogs to communicate and network

FacultyFaculty Utilizing blogs for scholarly debate and publishingUtilizing blogs for scholarly debate and publishing Integrating blog use into student assignmentsIntegrating blog use into student assignments

College admissions officesCollege admissions offices Current students posting blogs to reveal student life on campusCurrent students posting blogs to reveal student life on campus Prospective and current students communicating through blogsProspective and current students communicating through blogs

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Diverse Users and Uses Diverse Users and Uses of Blogs: Studentsof Blogs: Students

Sites like Xanga, Angelfire, Blogspot enable Sites like Xanga, Angelfire, Blogspot enable students to create blogsstudents to create blogs Blogs are personal or shared, private or publicBlogs are personal or shared, private or public Students comment on one another’s blogsStudents comment on one another’s blogs Blog topics include anything and everythingBlog topics include anything and everything

Students use blogging as a way to journal and Students use blogging as a way to journal and connect to their peersconnect to their peers

Social networking websites like Facebook and Social networking websites like Facebook and MySpace have blog-like features called “Walls”MySpace have blog-like features called “Walls”

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Blogs and Students: Blogs and Students: Social NetworkingSocial Networking

BenefitsBenefits Facilitates communication between students, leading to the Facilitates communication between students, leading to the

important development of mature interpersonal relationships important development of mature interpersonal relationships (Chickering & Reisser, 1993)(Chickering & Reisser, 1993)

Creates venue for open expression, dialogue, and Creates venue for open expression, dialogue, and “developmental friction”“developmental friction”

DrawbacksDrawbacks Potential distraction from more educational endeavorsPotential distraction from more educational endeavors Public blogs can be read by anyone; poses safety threatPublic blogs can be read by anyone; poses safety threat Students unaware of what speech is and is not protected Students unaware of what speech is and is not protected

under First Amendmentunder First Amendment

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Diverse Users and Uses Diverse Users and Uses of Blogs: Facultyof Blogs: Faculty Professors use the “blogosphere” as Professors use the “blogosphere” as

venue to post scholarly blogs, debate venue to post scholarly blogs, debate and exchange ideasand exchange ideas

Faculty incorporate blogs into Faculty incorporate blogs into coursework for studentscoursework for students

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Blogs and Faculty:Blogs and Faculty:Scholarly BlogsScholarly Blogs BenefitsBenefits

Serve as instantaneous publishing opportunitiesServe as instantaneous publishing opportunities Create connection between professors and wide public Create connection between professors and wide public

audienceaudience Expedite academic discourse that could take years through Expedite academic discourse that could take years through

other mediaother media Provide faculty a venue to establish reputation in disciplineProvide faculty a venue to establish reputation in discipline

DrawbacksDrawbacks Blogs viewed by many as superfluous and inappropriate for Blogs viewed by many as superfluous and inappropriate for

academic workacademic work Content can have negative impact on non-tenured faculty Content can have negative impact on non-tenured faculty

or individuals seeking employmentor individuals seeking employment

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Blogs and Faculty: Blogs and Faculty: Incorporating Blogs Incorporating Blogs into Courseworkinto Coursework BenefitsBenefits

Familiar medium available to many studentsFamiliar medium available to many students Introverted students comfortable with asynchronous nature of Introverted students comfortable with asynchronous nature of

blogs and become invested in education, thereby improving their blogs and become invested in education, thereby improving their experiences (Astin, 1984)experiences (Astin, 1984)

Professors have easy access to submitted workProfessors have easy access to submitted work Convenient forum for student interaction and out-of-class Convenient forum for student interaction and out-of-class

discussiondiscussion DrawbacksDrawbacks

Access to and fluency with blogs is not universal among college Access to and fluency with blogs is not universal among college studentsstudents

Blogs do not help writers interact (Krause, 2005)Blogs do not help writers interact (Krause, 2005) Blogs not conducive for editing process (Krause, 2005)Blogs not conducive for editing process (Krause, 2005)

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Diverse Users and Uses Diverse Users and Uses of Blogs: Admissions of Blogs: Admissions OfficesOffices Admissions offices recruit current Admissions offices recruit current

students to post blogs that reflect life on students to post blogs that reflect life on campus, targeting prospective studentscampus, targeting prospective students

Prospective and current students Prospective and current students communicate through blogscommunicate through blogs

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Blogs and College Blogs and College Admissions: RecruitmentAdmissions: Recruitment BenefitsBenefits

Accessible and comfortable arena for Accessible and comfortable arena for many college-goersmany college-goers

Cost-effective recruitment toolCost-effective recruitment tool Forum for open exchange regarding all Forum for open exchange regarding all

aspects of student experienceaspects of student experience DrawbacksDrawbacks

Administrators lose control of often Administrators lose control of often uncensored message being conveyed to uncensored message being conveyed to prospective studentsprospective students

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The Not-So-Distant The Not-So-Distant Future of BloggingFuture of Blogging Enhanced role of blogs in instructionEnhanced role of blogs in instruction Increases in e-recruitmentIncreases in e-recruitment Expanded definition of “blog”Expanded definition of “blog”

Audio blogsAudio blogs Photo blogsPhoto blogs Video blogsVideo blogs

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The Digital DivideThe Digital Divide

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The Digital Divide Is…The Digital Divide Is… Harvard University Political Scientist Pippa Harvard University Political Scientist Pippa

Norris (2001) describes three main Norris (2001) describes three main components of the digital divide:components of the digital divide: The global divide between the countries with The global divide between the countries with

commonplace Internet access and those without commonplace Internet access and those without The social divide in each country of those with The social divide in each country of those with

access and those without itaccess and those without it The democratic divide between those who use The democratic divide between those who use

technology to participate in public life and those technology to participate in public life and those who do notwho do not

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The Digital Divide Is…The Digital Divide Is…

Michael Bugeja adds a fourth component, Michael Bugeja adds a fourth component, an “interpersonal dividean “interpersonal divide”” that “concerns the that “concerns the social gap that develops when individuals social gap that develops when individuals misperceive reality because of media misperceive reality because of media overconsumption and misinterpret others overconsumption and misinterpret others because of technology overuse.” because of technology overuse.” (2005, p. 6)(2005, p. 6)

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Why Digital Divide Is Why Digital Divide Is Important to UnderstandImportant to Understand Students without computers lack Students without computers lack

convenient access to a growing number convenient access to a growing number of of blended coursesblended courses (featuring an online (featuring an online component) and online university component) and online university systems (registration, finances, etc.) systems (registration, finances, etc.)

Without access to social networking Web Without access to social networking Web sites and cellular phones, students may sites and cellular phones, students may have difficulty generating social capital have difficulty generating social capital and connecting to their peersand connecting to their peers

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Implications for A Implications for A Socially Just Educational Socially Just Educational ClimateClimate Emerging educational technologies enhance Emerging educational technologies enhance

learning opportunities for many students, while learning opportunities for many students, while widening the gap for traditionally widening the gap for traditionally underrepresented groups:underrepresented groups:

Van Dusen elaborates:Van Dusen elaborates:There is a more ominous consequence of these There is a more ominous consequence of these new education opportunities. [They present] a new new education opportunities. [They present] a new set of barriers for the traditionally underrepresented set of barriers for the traditionally underrepresented in higher education because computers are less in higher education because computers are less likely to be in the schools and homes of low-income likely to be in the schools and homes of low-income familiesfamilies (2000, p. 11). (2000, p. 11).

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Potential Barriers to Potential Barriers to AccessAccess Age Age IncomeIncome GenderGender Lack of computer and Lack of computer and

technology trainingtechnology training

Household typeHousehold type Physical disabilitiesPhysical disabilities Learning disabilitiesLearning disabilities Geography and access Geography and access

to the internetto the internet

These barriers not only impact student success in These barriers not only impact student success in traditional learning environments but also limit the traditional learning environments but also limit the

access of these groups to the online classroom and access of these groups to the online classroom and its associated virtual communities. its associated virtual communities.

(Van Dusen, 2000, Novak & Hoffman, 1998 )(Van Dusen, 2000, Novak & Hoffman, 1998 )

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Bridging the Divide: Bridging the Divide: Suggestions for VSUSuggestions for VSU

Ensure faculty awareness of the implications of Ensure faculty awareness of the implications of limited technological access for their studentslimited technological access for their students

Extend hours for campus computer labsExtend hours for campus computer labs Offer sections featuring both blended and Offer sections featuring both blended and

traditional instructional methods for all required traditional instructional methods for all required university coursesuniversity courses

Include optional training on Web-based Include optional training on Web-based university systems during New & Transfer university systems during New & Transfer Student OrientationStudent Orientation

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Next StepsNext Steps

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What Can You Do?What Can You Do? Contact us to present to your departmentContact us to present to your department Attend workshops sponsored by the IT Attend workshops sponsored by the IT

departmentdepartment Stay up-to-date on emerging trends: Stay up-to-date on emerging trends:

Talk to studentsTalk to students Consult literatureConsult literature Experiment with new technologiesExperiment with new technologies

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Works CitedWorks Cited Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal Journal

of College Student Personnel, 25, of College Student Personnel, 25, 297-308.297-308. Bugeja, M. (2005). Bugeja, M. (2005). Interpersonal divide: The search for community in a technological age. Interpersonal divide: The search for community in a technological age. New New

York: Oxford University Press.York: Oxford University Press. Carnevale, D. (2006, October 6). E-mail is for old people. The Chronicle of Higher Education Carnevale, D. (2006, October 6). E-mail is for old people. The Chronicle of Higher Education

[Online version]. Retrieved February 17, 2007 from http://chronicle.com/[Online version]. Retrieved February 17, 2007 from http://chronicle.com/ Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity Education and identity (2nd ed.). San Francisco: (2nd ed.). San Francisco:

Jossey-Bass.Jossey-Bass. Curtis, P. (2005, April 15). Pupils use mobile phones to cheat on exams. The Guardian Curtis, P. (2005, April 15). Pupils use mobile phones to cheat on exams. The Guardian

Unlimited. Retrieved February 15, 2007 from http://education.guardian.co.uk/Unlimited. Retrieved February 15, 2007 from http://education.guardian.co.uk/ Delfiner, R. (2007, February 9). Tech stalking: Teen epidemic. Delfiner, R. (2007, February 9). Tech stalking: Teen epidemic. The New York Post. The New York Post. Retrieved Retrieved

February 15, 2007 from http://www.nypost.comFebruary 15, 2007 from http://www.nypost.com Krause, S. D. (2005, June 24). Blogs as a tool for teaching. Krause, S. D. (2005, June 24). Blogs as a tool for teaching. The Chronicle of Higher Education.The Chronicle of Higher Education. Norris, P. (2001). Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide. Digital divide. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Novak, T. P. & Hoffman, D.L. (1998). Novak, T. P. & Hoffman, D.L. (1998). Bridging the digital divide: The impact of race on Bridging the digital divide: The impact of race on

computer access and internet use.computer access and internet use. Retrieved November 17, 2005 from Retrieved November 17, 2005 from http://elab.vanderbilt.edu/research_papers.htmhttp://elab.vanderbilt.edu/research_papers.htm

Student Monitor. Retrieved February 16, 2007 from http://www.studentmonitor.com/Student Monitor. Retrieved February 16, 2007 from http://www.studentmonitor.com/ Text Messaging (Definition). P.C. Magazine Online. Retrieved February 16, 2007 from Text Messaging (Definition). P.C. Magazine Online. Retrieved February 16, 2007 from

http://www.pcmag.com/http://www.pcmag.com/ Van Dusen, G.C. (2000). Digital dilemma: Issues of access, cost, and quality in media Van Dusen, G.C. (2000). Digital dilemma: Issues of access, cost, and quality in media

enhanced and distance education. enhanced and distance education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report 27ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report 27(5). Retrieved (5). Retrieved November 2, 2005, from ERICNovember 2, 2005, from ERIC

Wired News. Wired News. Students Called on SMS CheatingStudents Called on SMS Cheating . Retrieved February 16, 2007, from . Retrieved February 16, 2007, from http://www.wired.com/news/school/0,1383,57484,00.htmlhttp://www.wired.com/news/school/0,1383,57484,00.html