Online film ticket booking

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

1.1 Project Profile

Online film ticket booking system provides user a platform to enquire about the current movies in their

city and provides them the facility to book their movie ticket. This application is one of the widely used

web portal in present generation for booking tickets through online which had created scope for

introducing new features in existing system. This efficiently reduces the effort of film ticket buying at

the theatre in direct.No need of queue maintenance and rush, one can book the ticket of a movie from his

or her home itself if she or he has got an internet connection.Through this user can easily know about the

movies released and then make a choice.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main purpose of our online ticket booking system is to provide another way for the

customer to buy cinema ticket. It is an automatic system.

After inserting the data to database, staff need not to due withthe order receive through the

system. In fact, there is similar system on the internet, but there is no refund method found inthe

existing system.

This system is basically aimed to provide the customer the complete information of the

movie, according to which the customer can book the tickets and the refund facility provides

more flexibility to the system.

The goals of our system are:

1. To provide a anytime anyplace service for the customer

2 .To minimize the number of staff at the ticket box3 To promote the film on the

Internet

1.2 Organization Overview

SAFE SOFTWARE AND INTEGRATED SOLUTION Pvt Ltd, Palakkad, has been in the Co-operative

Banking Computerization field for the past 18 years. Now they are one of the leading Private Limited

companies providing Total Solution (Banking Software, system software, computer hardware,

networking, training & Consultancy) for computerization in Co-operative Banking Sector in Kerala.

They expertise in Software, Hardware & Networking Maintenance reach many satisfied customer Banks

in all over Kerala and Andaman Nicobar. Most of their customer- Banks are looking for single point

maintenance for their Software, Hardware and Networking related problems. They confidently took up

this responsibility and satisfactorily provided Total Computer Solution to all their Customers. They have

full-fledged and well-equipped computer software, hardware and network training and maintenance

facility in Palakkad town. Safe’s training and maintenance centre has a group of highly qualified and

experienced personnel.

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY

ISO 9001:2008 is the standard that provides a set of standardized requirements for a quality

management system, regardless of what the user organization does, its size, or whether it is in the

private, or public sector. It is the only standard in the family against which organizations can be

certified – although certification is not a compulsory requirement of the standard.

2. About the Developing Tools

2.1 Introduction to .NET The .Net Framework is made up of four parts,

The Common Language Runtime

A Set of Class Libraries

A Set of Programming Languages

ASP.NET Environment

The .NET Framework was intended to make Windows application much more reliable, while also

providing an application with greater degree of security. It was intended to simplify the development of

web application and services. The framework was designed to provide a single set of libraries that would

work with multiple languages. The .NET Framework is a common environment for running Web

applications and Web libraries-like ADO.NET, ASP.NET and Windows forms- to provide advanced

standard services that can be integrated onto a variety of computer systems. The Framework provides-

rich application environment, simplified development and easy integration between a numbers of

different languages. Currently it supports Visual Basic, C++, C# and Jscript (The Microsoft version of

Java Script).

2.2. Features Of The Language

The .NET Framework is the infrastructure for the Microsoft .NET platform. It is an environment

for building, deploying, and running Web applications and Web Services. The .NET Framework

contains a common language runtime and common class libraries - like ADO.NET, ASP.NET and

Windows Forms –to provide advanced standard services that can be integrated into a variety of

computer systems.

The.NET Framework is designed for cross-language compatibility. Cross-language compatibility

means .NET components can interact with each other irrespective of the language they can write in.

An application written in VB .NET can reference a DDL file written in C# or a C# application can

refer to a resource written in VC++, etc. This language interoperability extends to Object-Oriented

inheritance.

This cross-language compatibility is possible due to common language runtime. When the .NET

program is compiled, the output of the compiler is not an executable file but a file that contains a

special type of code called the Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL).

This MSIL low-level language which is designed to be read and understood by the common language

runtime. Because all .NET executables exist as IL, they can freely operate. The common language

Specification defines the minimum standards that .NET language compilers must confirm to. Thus,

any code compiled by a .NET compiler can interoperate with the .NET Framework.

Since all .NET applications are converted to IL before execution all primitive data types are

represented as .NET types. This means that, a VB Integer and a C both the languages use # int are both

represented in IL code as System.Int32. Because both the languages use a common and interconvert

able type system, it is possible to transfer data between components and avoid time-consuming

conversions.

2.3 ASP.NET

ASP.NET stands for Active Server Pages .NET. This is used to create web pages and web

technologies and is an integral part of Microsoft's .NET framework vision. As a member of the .NET

framework, ASP.NET is a very valuable tool for programmers and developers as it allows them to

build dynamic, rich web sites and web applications using compiled languages like VB and C#.

ASP.NET is not limited to script languages, it allows you to make use of .NET languages like C#, J#,

VB, etc. It allows developers to build very compelling applications by making use of Visual Studio,

the development tool provided by Microsoft. ASP.NET is purely server-side technology. It is built on

a common language runtime that can be used on any Windows server to host powerful ASP.NET web

sites and technologies.

Advantages of using asp.net

ASP.NET drastically reduces the amount of code required to build large applications.

ASP.NET makes development simpler and easier to maintain with an event-driven, server side

programming model.

ASP.NET pages are easy to write and maintain because the source code and HTML are together.

The source code is executed on the server. The pages have lots of power and flexibility by this

approach.

The source code is compiled the first time the page is requested. Execution is fast as the Web

Server compiles the page the first time it is requested. The server saves the compiled version of

the page for use next time the page is requested.

The HTML produced by the ASP.NET page is sent back to the browser. The application source

code you write is not sent and is not easily stolen.

ASP.NET validates information entered by the user without writing a single line of code.

2.4 About C# C# represent the next step in the ongoing evolution of programming languages. Its creation

was deeply rooted in the process of refinement and adaptation that has characterized computer

language development for the past several years. Like all successful languages that came before c#

builds upon the past while advancing the art of programming created by Microsoft to support

development for its Dot net framework ,C# leverages time tested features with the cutting edge

innovations. It provides a highly usable efficient way to write programs for the modern enterprise

computing environment. Which includes windows ,the internet components and so on.

2.5 SQL Server 2005

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational model database server produced by Microsoft. Its primary

query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.SQL Server 2005 (codenamed Yukon), released in October

2005, is the successor to SQL Server 2000. It included native support for managing XML data, in

addition to relational data. For this purpose, it defined an xml data type that could be used either as a

data type in database columns or as literals in queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD

schemas; XML data being stored is verified against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary

data type before being stored in the database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for

XML data. XML data is queried using XQuery; Common Language Runtime (CLR) integration was a

main features with this edition, enabling one to write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. SQL

Server 2005 added some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow embedding XQuery queries in T-

SQL. In addition, it also defines a new extension to XQuery, called XML DML, that allows query-based

modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also allows a database server to be exposed over web

services using TDS packets encapsulated within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed

over web services, results are returned as XML.

For relational data, T-SQL has been augmented with error handling features (try/catch) and support for

recursive queries with CTEs (Common Table Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also been enhanced

with new indexing algorithms, syntax and better error recovery systems. Data pages are check summed

for better error resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has been added for better performance.

Permissions and access control have been made more granular and the query processor handles

concurrent execution of queries in a more efficient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are supported

natively, so scaling out a database onto a cluster is easier.

2.6 Operating System

WINDOWS 7

Windows 7 is an operating system released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009. It follows the

previous (sixth) version of Windows, called Windows Vista. Like previous versions of Windows,

Windows 7 has a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows you to interact with items on the screen

using a keyboard and mouse. However, Windows 7 is also includes a feature called "Windows

Touch" that supports touchscreen input and multitouch functionality. For example, you can right-

click a file by touching it with one finger and tapping it with another. You can also zoom in on an

image by touching it with two fingers, then spreading your fingers apart. Windows 7 is bundled with

several touch-ready programs that are designed for touchscreen use.

Windows 7 is available in the following editions:

Windows 7 Home Premium - the standard version installed with most home PCs and includes all of

the features listed above.

Windows 7 Professional - typically installed on business computers and includes all the Home

Premium features as well as additional features such as Windows XP mode (XPM) and Domain

Join.

Windows 7 Ultimate - the most complete version, which has all of the Professional features as well

as BitLocker data protection and additional language support.

System Analysis

3. System Analysis

EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is a tedious work due to manual data handling of records . Manual data handling leads to the wastage of money and time .The speed and accuracy is less in the existing system . There is a chance of occurring manual errors while handling the transactions at the agency.

Limitations of existing system

•Existing System consumes more time

•Possibility of occurring human errors

•No data security and inconsistency

3.3 Feasibility Study

Feasibility study is a procedure that identifies, describes and evaluates candidate system and selects

the best system for the job. An estimate is made of whether the identified user needs may be satisfied

using current software and hardware technologies. The study will decide if the proposed system will be

cost effective from a business point of view and if it can be developed given existing budgetary

constraints. The key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are economic, technical,

behavioral and operational.

Technical Feasibility

The assessments of technical feasibility centers on the existing system and to what extent it can

support the proposed addition. This was based on an outline design of candidate system requirements in

turns of inputs, files, programs, procedures and staff. It involves financial considerations to

accommodate technical enhancements.

Economic Feasibility

Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a

candidate system. It is more commonly known as cost benefit analysis, the procedure to determine the

benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs. If the

benefits outweigh costs then a decision is made to design and implement the system. Otherwise make

alteration in the proposed system.

Operational Feasibility

People are inherently resistant to change, and computers have been known to facilitate change.

An estimate should be made about the reaction of the user stag towards the development of a

computerized system. Computer installations have something to do with turn over, transfers and

changes in job status. The introduction of a candidate system requires special effort to educate, sell and

train the staff for conducting the business.

The Candidate system was found to be technically, economically and behaviorally feasible. The system

was developed user friendly, needless training and improves the working environment. Justification of

any capital outlay is that it will increase profit, reduce expenditures or improve the quality of service or

goods, which in turn may be expected to provide increased profits. Disregarding the initial expenses,

the candidate system was assessed to be feasible in all ways to implement.

3.4 Fact finding techniques

Requirements analysis encompasses all of the tasks that go into the investigation, scoping and

definition of a new or altered system. The first activity in analysis phase is to do the preliminary

investigation. During the preliminary investigation data collecting is a very important and for this we can

use the fact finding techniques.

The following fact finding techniques can be used for collecting the data:

Observation – This is a skill which the analysts have to develop. The analysts have to

identify the right information and choose the right person and look at the right place to achieve his

objective. He should have a clear vision of how each departments work and work flow between them and

for this should be a good observer.

Requirements analysis is an important part of the system design process, whereby requirements

engineers and business analysts, along with systems engineers or software developers, identify the needs

or requirements of a client. Once the client’s requirements have been identified and facts collected, the

system designers are then in a design a solution.

3.5 Proposed System

The main objective of the proposed system is to overcome the drawbacks in the manual system. Also some modification have to make it a simple and user friendly. Redendency and inconsistency problems are completely solved in the proposed system . High speed and accuracy are the main features of the proposed system over the manual system.

Advantages

Heavily reduces the human workload

It is user friendly and simple

Fast information flow.

3.3 Proposed SystemThe main aim of the project is any user they can access the system through website at

any time without going to the company. As a new user also he can collect all

information like as a movies Available ,list of theatres

This project contains three modules

1 .Admin

2. Booking tickets

3. Users

3.4 Feasibility Study

Feasibility study is a procedure that identifies, describes and evaluates Online film ticket booking

and selects the particular movie ,then user ensure the particular seat availability. An estimate is made of

whether the identified user needs may be satisfied using current software and hardware technologies.

The study will decide if the proposed system will be cost effective from a business point of view and if it

can be developed given existing budgetary constraints. The key considerations involved in the feasibility

analysis are economic, technical, behavioral and operational.

Technical Feasibility

The assessments of technical feasibility centers on the existing system and to what extent it can support

the proposed addition. This was based on an outline design of conline film ticket booking system

requirements in turns of inputs, It involves financial considerations to accommodate technical

enhancements.

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP Diagrams

E-R (Entity-Relationship) Diagram is used to represents the relationship between entities in the

table.

The symbols used in E-R diagrams are:

SYMBOL PURPOSE

Represents Entity sets.

Represent attributes.

Represent Relationship Sets.

Line represents flow

Structured analysis is a set of tools and techniques that the analyst.

To develop a new kind of a system:

The traditional approach focuses on the cost benefit and feasibility analysis, Project

management, and hardware and software selection an personal considerations.

ER DIAGRAM

Admin

User name

Age

Password Address

EmailID

gender

New User Details

Theatre

name

Add movie, Theatre,tickets

User Name

User phno

Seat Nos

Movie Name

Tickets

CostUser name Show time

No of tickets

4.DATABASE DIAGRAM

System Specification

4. System Specification

4.1 Software Specification

Operating System : Windows XP/7

Front end : ASP with C#

Back end : SQL server 2005

Documentation : Microsoft Word

Hardware Requirements

Processor : Pentium IV

RAM : 512MB

Hard disk : 20GB

Memory : 64MB

Monitor : SVGA color

Keyboard :Standard 106 key

Mouse : Mouse suitable for windows operating System.

System Design

5. System Design 5.1 Introduction to System Design

System design deals with planning and designing of the system. It is a solution that is the

translation of requirements into ways of meeting them. The design will determine the success of

the system.

The goal of the design process is to produce a model or a representation of a system,

which can be used later to build that system. The produced system is called the design of the

system.

The design process for software systems often has two levels.

System design: - At the first level the focus is on deciding which modules are needed for the

system, the specifications of these modules, how the modules should be interconnected. This is

what we call the top level design or system design.

Detailed design: - In the second level, the internal design of the modules or how the

specifications of the module can be decided upon. The design is called detailed design. Detailed

design essentially expands the system design to contain a more detailed description of the

processing logic and the data structures such that the design is sufficiently complete for coding.

The system design describes the characteristics of the system.

Modularization is the process of partitioning the system into modular units of limited

size to simplify maintenance when necessary. Each and every module is selected according to

the function. Modularization makes system development simpler. It is an attempt to minimize the

complexity of the problem. Modular design increases the flexibility of the system. The system is

partitioned into different segments. The program code is also divided into different subroutines

according to the options.

5.2 Input Design

Input design is the process of converting user-oriented inputs to a computer-based format. The

quality of system determines the quality of system outputs. All the data entry screens should be of

interactive nature so that the user can directly input data according to prompt messages. The input

design determines whether the user can interact directly with the computer. Interactive input screens

ensure the reliability and accuracy of the system.

5.3 Output Design

Output design generally refers to the results and information that are generated by the system.

For many end-users, output is the main reason for developing the system and the basis on which they

evaluate the usefulness of application.

The objective of a system finds its shape in terms of the output. The analysis of the objective of a system

leads to determination of outputs. Outputs of a system can take various forms. The most common are

reports, screen displays, printed form, graphical drawing etc. The output also varies in terms of their

contents, frequency, timing and format.

The users of the output, its purpose and sequence of details to be printed are all considered. The output

from a system is the justification for its existence. If the outputs are inadequate in anyway, the system

itself is inadequate. The basic requirements of output are that it should be accurate, timely and

appropriate, in terms of content, medium and layout for its intended purpose. Hence it is necessary to

design output so that the objectives of the system are met in the best possible manner. The outputs are

in the form of reports.

When designing output, the system analyst must accomplish things like, to determine what information

to be present, to decide whether to display or print the information and select the output medium to

distribute the output to intended recipients.

5.4 Database Design

The database design procedure transforms the information domain model created during

the analysis into tables that will be required to implement the software or system. A database is a

collection of data. Some of the major task in computer system is to store and manage data. To

handle these tasks a specialized computer program known as DBMS is needed. A DBMS stores,

process and retrieves data efficiently. The database design is made-up of two levels.

1. Conceptual Level 2. Normalization

Conceptual Level

This level represents the major data objects and relationship between them. Conceptual

level describes the essential feature of the system data.

Normalization

After the conceptual level, the next level of process of database design to organize the

data structure into a good shape is called Normalization.

The normalization simplifies the entries, removing the redundancies from the system data and

finally builds a data structure, which is both flexible and adaptable to the system.

There are six rules associated with normalization and are the key factors for a good database

design. The six rules are:

1NF (First Normal Form) – Each row and column must have a single value with no

repeating values.

2NF (Second Normal Form) – Each non-key column must depend on the primary key

column.

3NF (Third Normal Form) – No non-key column can depend on another non-key column.

BCNF (Boyce Code Normal Form – No attribute of a composite key can depend on the

attribute of another composite key.

4NF (Fourth Normal Form) – An entity cannot have a 1:1 relationship between primary

key columns and non-key columns.

5NF (Fifth Normal Form) - Break all tables into the smallest possible pieces to eliminate

all redundancy within a table.

5.5 System Module

Admin module

It deals with the entire master forms.

Hotel module

This module deals with the various hotel details.

Itinerary module

It deals with the fixed touring packages , it schedule and custom itineraries in this reserving of hotels and vehicles etc has been handled.

Vehicle module

It deals with various types of vehicle details.

Report module

In this module we can generate the various tourism portal reports.

5.6 Data Flow Diagram

5.6.1 Introduction to DFD

A Data flow diagram (DFD) is a diagram that describes the flow of data and the

processes that change or transform data throughout a system. Four basic symbols are used to

construct data flow diagram. They are symbols that represent data sources, data flows, data

transformation, and data storage.

Basic data flow diagram symbols are:-

A “square” defines a sources (originator) or destination of a system data.

An “arrow” identifies data flow. It is a pipe line through which information flows.

A “Circles” represents a process that transforms incoming data flow(s) into

outgoing data flow(s).

An “open rectangle” is data storage.

Login Enter Login Details Manage Vehicle Module

Manage Hotel Module

Manage Admin Module

Generate itineraryItinerary Generate reports

Reports

Verification

5.6.2 Data Flow Diagrams

DFD

Hotel Db

Vehicle db

user master

ER DIAGRAM

TABLE DESIGN

CUSTOMER DETAILS

ENQUIRY

FEEDBACK

HOTEL

ITENARY

PACKAGE

PAYMENT

REGISTER

ROOM TARIFF

STAFF

VEHICLE

VEHICLE DETAILS

VEHICLE TARIFF

System Testing

6.System Testing

System testing is the stage of implementation, which is aimed at ensuring that the system works

accurately and efficiently before live operations commands. The logical design and physical design

should be thoroughly and continually examined on paper to ensure that they would work after

implementation. Thus the system testing is a confirmation of accuracy.

6.1.1.TESTING METHODOLOGIES

Integration Testing

The integration is the next important concept that highlights in the testing scenario.

Integration testing can be performed in different strategies. One of them is the Big Bang testing

in which one could first test all of a system’s modules separately and then whole systems at once.

But here we proceed abruptly from the module testing and the integration testing disappears.

Another alternative is the Incremental Testing With the Incremental testing there are many

advantages. We can start the integration as soon as reasonable subsets of modules have been

developed. It is easier to localize errors incrementally. The partial aggressions of modules often

constitute important subsystems that can have autonomy with these testing. The need for stubs

and drivers can be reduced.

UNIT TESTING

Unit testing focuses on the verification efforts in the module. The unit testing is always a white

box oriented one and this step can be conducted in parallel for modules.

The module interface is tested to ensure that information flows in and out appropriately. The

local data structures are examined to ensure that data stored temporarily. Boundary conditions are

tested to ensure that the module is operating properly at the boundaries established. All independent

paths through the control structures are implemented to ensure that all statements in a module are

executed at least once.

REQUIREMENT TESTING

The main aim of this test plan is to see whether the outputs generated and inputs given

according to the user requirements and specifications. This is done in the security department by the

developer with the project team who conducted the actual test. The suggestions arise in the testing

should be incorporated in the project.

USER TESTING

During the testing the tester plays the role of the individual who desires to penetrate into the

system. The tester may attempt to acquire passwords through external clerical means and may attack

the system. The tester may also overwhelm the system thereby denying service to others and purposely

generate system errors and also browse through data.

VALIDATION TESTING

At the end of user testing, software is completely assembled as a package, interfacing errors

have now been uncovered and correcting testing begins. Software testing and validation are achieved

through a serious black box tests that demonstrate conformity with the requirement.

A plan outlines the classes of tests to be conducted and test procedure defines specific cases

that will be used to demonstrate conformity with requirements. Both the plan and the procedure are

designed to ensure that all functional requirements are achieved, documentation is correct and other

requirements are met. After the validation test, one of the two possible conditions exists.

They are:

1. The function or performance characteristics confirm to specification and are accepted.

2. A deviation from the specification is uncovered and a deficiency list is created.

The deviation or error discovered at this stage in a project can rarely be corrected prior to scheduled

completion. It is necessary to negotiate with the customer to establish methods.

OUTPUT TESTING

The output testing is one of the most important tests in system testing. The outputs generated should

be according to the customer requirement. The output should be an acceptable one to the user.

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

7. IMPLEMENTATION

The first step to do before implementation is to install .Net and SQL server with

windows. The first part of installing all the require software and hardware with proper

networking has been done in the first phase. And in the second phase the software installed and

shows the user how it runs. The successful implementation of the new system depends upon the

involvement of staff working in the department. The stage consists of testing the developed

program with sample data, Detection & correction of errors, Testing whether the system meets

user requirements, Creating files of the system with the actual data, Making necessary changes

are desired by the user, Training user personnel, An implementation design of method is to

achieve the changes over method. After that the user should check all hardware configurations.

After installing the required application software the user has to check and verify all installed

component. The module are implemented and tested one by one Includes Project Information,

Client Information, Technical Analysis, Technical Advice, Verification System

The main aim of this Implementation plan is to see whether the outputs created and inputs were

given according to the user requirements and specifications that have been established. This was

done in the security department by having the developer as a secondary person and another

employee who conducted the actual test. Some Suggestion was made while requirement testing

was done that has been incorporated. The implementation means the conversion of a newly

developed system into action.

The three types of implementation are

Implementation of new computer system to replace the existing system.

Implementation of modified application to replace an existing system.

Implementation of a computer system to replace the manual system.

The implementation phase involves mainly three steps:

7.1.1 Planning

The implementation of the system involves people from different sections and it involves

many problems. Co-operation from different staff members was sought for successful

implementation.

7.1.2 Training

Good training is to be provided to the user of the system. An operation manual provided

with the system makes the process easier

7.1.3 Changeover

It is the process of converting the existing system. The new system was found easier to use and

the staff were satisfied with reports generated by the new system

8. System Maintenance

EFFECTIVE MAINTAINENCE

Proposes that the improvement of an existing quality management system (QMS) through

flexibility and innovation will increase product and service quality, which will in turn enhance

and advance the organization’s business objective. Explores the “segmentalist” and “integrative”

concepts within the context of construction firms. Findings from a research project suggest that

these should be removed from or implemented into the organization where necessary. Believes

that organizations must adopt the “integrative” approach which looks ahead into the challenges

of the future rather than the “segmentalist” approach which is contented with past

accomplishments. Suggests that a corporate renaissance must be created within the organization

to take on these challenges and to implement change and innovation. It is therefore necessary to

develop the humanistic factors and a “participatory management” environment. However, in so

doing, the technical aspects are also of importance and should not be totally ignored. These are

collectively the key elements to maintaining a quality management system effectively.

PREVENTIVE MAINTAINENCE

Preventive maintenance can be defined as follows: Actions performed on a time- or machine-

run-based schedule that detect, preclude, or mitigate degradation of a component or system with

the aim of sustaining or extending its useful life through controlling degradation to an

acceptable level.

9. CONCLUSION

The scope of the project has been described and can be extended to give flexibility of performing

the maintenance of the tour details and calculating the bill after choosing tour packages. Customer

can register and book tour packages as per their requirements. Customer can view various tour

packages ,hotel details etc.Its very user friendly.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. Visual Studio 2005 Black Book - Rob Thayer

5. Mastering Database Programming with Visual Basic 6 - Evangelos Petroutsos

6. Software Engineering - Pressman

7. System Analysis and Design - James A.Senn

8. An Introduction to Database Management System - C.J.Date

APPENDIX