Online Assignment - Digital Resources

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1 SUBMITTED TO: SHYMIJA.M.Z Submitted by: SUBHA.G

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digital resources

Transcript of Online Assignment - Digital Resources

Page 1: Online Assignment - Digital Resources

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SUBMITTED TO:

SHYMIJA.M.Z

Submitted by:

SUBHA.G

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE

KUCTE KUMARAPURAM

Date of submission: 06/06/2014

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INTRODUCTION

A major difficulty in any newly emerging discipline, such as digital

preservation, is the lack of a precise and definitive taxonomy of terms. Different

communities use the same terms in different ways which can make effective

communication problematic.The following working set of definitions are those used

throughout the handbook and are intended to assist in its use as a practical

tool.These definitions will not necessarily achieve widespread consensus among the

wide ranging communities the handbook is aiming at, they are offered here as a

mechanism to avoid potential ambiguities in the body of the handbook rather than

as a definitive gloss. Where they have been taken from existing glossaries, this has

been acknowledged.

Access

As defined in the handbook, access is assumed to mean continued, ongoing

usability of a digital resource, retaining all qualities of authenticity, accuracy and

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functionality deemed to be essential for the purposes the digital material was

created and/or acquired for.

Authentication

A mechanism which attempts to establish the authenticity of digital materials

at a particular point in time. For example, digital signatures.

Authenticity

The digital material is what it purports to be. In the case of electronic

records, it refers to the trustworthiness of the electronic record as a record. In the

case of "born digital" and digitised materials, it refers to the fact that whatever is

being cited is the same as it was when it was first created unless the accompanying

metadata indicates any changes. Confidence in the authenticity of digital materials

over time is particularly crucial owing to the ease with which alterations can be

made.

"Born Digital"

Digital materials which are not intended to have an analogue equivalent,

either as the originating source or as a result of conversion to analogue form.This

term has been used in the handbook to differentiate them from 1) digital materials

which have been created as a result of converting analogue originals; and 2) digital

materials, which may have originated from a digital source but have been printed to

paper, e.g. some electronic records.

Digital Archiving

This term is used very differently within sectors.The library and archiving

communities often use it interchangeably with digital preservation. Computing

professionals tend to use digital archiving to mean the process of backup and

ongoing maintenance as opposed to strategies for long-term digital preservation. It

is this latter richer definition, as defined under digital preservation which has been

used throughout this handbook.

Digital materials

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A broad term encompassing digital surrogates created as a result of

converting analogue materials to digital form (digitization), and "born digital" for

which there has never been and is never intended to be an analogue equivalent,

and digital records.

Digital Preservation

Refers to the series of managed activities necessary to ensure continued

access to digital materials for as long as necessary. Digital preservation is defined

very broadly for the purposes of this study and refers to all of the actions required

to maintain access to digital materials beyond the limits of media failure or

technological change.Those materials may be records created during the day-to-

day business of an organisation;"born-digital" materials created for a specific

purpose (e.g. teaching resources); or the products of digitisation projects.This

handbook specifically excludes the potential use of digital technology to preserve

the original artefacts through digitisation. See also Digitisation definition below.

Long-term preservation - Continued access to digital materials, or at least to the

information contained in them, indefinitely.

Medium-term preservation - Continued access to digital materials beyond changes

in technology for a defined period of time but not indefinitely.

Short-term preservation - Access to digital materials either for a defined period of

time while use is predicted but which does not extend beyond the foreseeable

future and/or until it becomes inaccessible because of changes in technology.

Digital Publications

"Born digital" objects which have been released for public access and either

made available or distributed free of charge or for a fee. They may consist of

networked publications, available over a communications network or physical

format publications which are distributed on formats such as floppy or optical

disks.They may also be either static or dynamic.

Digitisation

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The process of creating digital files by scanning or otherwise converting

analogue materials.The resulting digital copy, or digital surrogate, would then be

classed as digital material and then subject to the same broad challenges involved

in preserving access to it, as "born digital" materials.

Documentation

The information provided by a creator and the repository which provides

enough information to establish provenance, history and context and to enable its

use by others. See also Metadata. "At a minimum, documentation should provide

information about a data collection's contents, provenance and structure, and the

terms and conditions that apply to its use. It needs to be sufficiently detailed to

allow the data creator to use the material in the future, when the data creation

process has started to fade from memory. It also needs to be comprehensive

enough to enable others to explore the resource fully, and detailed enough to allow

someone who has not been involved in the data creation process to understand the

data collection and the process by which it was created." (History Data Service)

Electronic Records

Records created digitally in the day-to-day business of the organisation and

assigned formal status by the organisation.They may include for example, word

processing documents, emails, databases, or intranet web pages.

Emulation A means of overcoming technological obsolescence of hardware and

software by developing techniques for imitating obsolete systems on future

generations of computers.

Life-cycle Management

Records management practices have established life-cycle management for

many years, for both paper and electronic records. The major implications for life-

cycle management of digital resources, whatever their form or function, is the need

actively to manage the resource at each stage of its life-cycle and to recognise the

inter-dependencies between each stage and commence preservation activities as

early as practicable.This represents a major difference with most traditional

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preservation, where management is largely passive until detailed conservation work

is required, typically, many years after creation and rarely, if ever, involving the

creator. There is an active and inter-linked life-cycle to digital resources which has

prompted many to promote the term "continuum" to distinguish it from the more

traditional and linear flow of the life-cycle for traditional analogue materials.We

have used the term life-cycle to apply to this pro-active concept of preservation

management for digital materials.The rationale for this approach is summed up in

the following quotations:"...the prospects for and the costs involved in preserving

digital resources over the longer term rest heavily upon decisions taken about those

resources at different stages of their life cycle. Decisions taken in the design and

creation of a digital resource, and those taken when a digital resource is

accessioned into a collection, are particularly influential."(Beagrie and Greenstein

1998)"At each phase of the cycle, electronic records need to be actively managed,

according to established procedures, to ensure that they retain qualities of

integrity, authenticity and reliability."(PRO 1999)

Metadata

Information which describes significant aspects of a resource. Most

discussion to date has tended to emphasise metadata for the purposes of resource

discovery.The emphasis in this handbook is on what metadata are required

successfully to manage and preserve digital materials over time and which will

assist in ensuring essential contextual, historical, and technical information are

preserved along with the digital object.

Migration

A means of overcoming technological obsolescence by transferring digital

resources from one hardware/software generation to the next.The purpose of

migration is to preserve the intellectual content of digital objects and to retain the

ability for clients to retrieve, display, and otherwise use them in the face of

constantly changing technology. Migration differs from the refreshing of storage

media in that it is not always possible to make an exact digital copy or replicate

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original features and appearance and still maintain the compatibility of the resource

with the new generation of technology.

Reformatting

Copying information content from one storage medium to a different storage

medium (media reformatting) or converting from one file format to a different file

format (file re-formatting).

Refreshing

Copying information content from one storage media to the same storage

media.

Digital library AAA

A digital library is a collection of documents in organized electronic form,

available on the Internet or on CD-ROM (compact-disk read-only memory) disks.

Depending on the specific library, a user may be able to access magazine articles,

books, papers, images, sound files, and videos.

On the Internet, the use of a digital library is enhanced by

a broadband connection such as cable modem or DSL. Dial-up connections can be

used to access plain-text documents and some documents containing images, but

for complex files and those with animated video content, a downstream data speed

of at least several hundred kilobits per second ( Kbps ) can make the user's

experience less tedious, as well as more informative. Internet-based digital libraries

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can be updated on a daily basis. This is one of the greatest assets of this emerging

technology.

On CD-ROM, the amount of data is limited to several hundred megabytes

( MB ) per disk, but access is generally much faster than on an Internet connection.

Several CD-ROMs can be combined in a set, and because the disks are small, a

large library can be accommodated in a reasonable physical space. The main

limitation of CD-ROM is the fact that updating cannot be done as frequently as on

the Internet. In addition, producing and distributing CD-ROMs involves overhead

costs that are largely nonexistent in Internet-based libraries.

Some institutions have begun the task of converting classic books to

electronic format for distribution on the Internet. Some files can be viewed directly

in HTML format; others can be downloaded in PDF format and printed. Some

publishers keep electronic files of books and produce them one unit at a time in

printed and bound form on demand.

Electronic distribution of intellectual and artistic property has authors,

agents, and publishers concerned about the possibility of copyright infringement. It

is much easier to copy a CD-ROM, or to download an electronic book and make

unauthorized copies of it, than it is to reproduce bound volumes and distribute

them illegitimately. Fundamental changes in copyright law - and/or changes in the

way in which the laws are enforced - are likely to occur as digital libraries expand

and their use becomes more widespread.

TYPES OF DIGITAL RESOURCES

E-JOURNALS

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As with print journals, e-journals require a long-term commitment from the

Library in terms of financial and human resources to acquire and maintain. As more

and more scholarly journals become available in digital as well as print versions,

the Library must decide whether to maintain both versions or cancel the print when

the online version becomes available. The Library subscribes to an e-journal only if

it is full text, not if it has just abstracts or tables of contents. In addition to the

Digital Resources Committee, the Journal Review Committee may also review e-

journal requests in conjunction with a print journal request.

FREE WITH EXISTING PRINT SUBSCRIPTION

The Library provides access to the free web version of a print journal to

which it subscribes if the following criteria are met

Access is provided by IP address and /or proxy server (no passwords)

Licensing terms are acceptable

Access is not for a limited time or trial basis, except for purposes of

evaluation

ADDITIONAL COST TO EXISTING SUBSCRIPTION

E-journals that are not included in the cost of a print subscription are

reviewed by the Digital Resources Committee on a case-by-case basis. The

Committee uses criteria similar to those used for print journals in addition to the

Selection Criteria.

ONLINE-ONLY

This category includes those e-journals that are available only online, as well

as those which are published in both print and online, but to which the Library is

considering only online access. These are reviewed by the Digital Resources

Committee on a case-by-case basis. The Committee uses criteria similar to those

used for print journals in addition to the Selection Criteria listed below.

E-BOOKS

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The Library selectively acquires e-books if free, if included in a digital

resource package, or if the e-book fills a unique user need.

AGGREGATED RESOURCES

These products typically combine more than one type of digital resource into

one package. For example, MDConsult includes both e-journals and e-books.The

contents of aggregated products that include both relevant and out-of-scope

resources are reviewed on a title-by-title basis by Library information

specialists. Only those resources that are relevant are included in the Library's

catalogue and on the Library's web page.

CD-ROMS/DISKETTES/OTHER MEDIA

In general, CD-ROMs, diskettes, and other digital media are not collected

unless they can be networked and are for reference use. These formats are

acquired only occasionally if the content is unique, not available in any other

format, and present no technical support difficulties. CD-ROMs that accompany

print material are retained only if the content is supplemental to the text and only

at the discretion of the subject specialist.

DATABASES

General information and bibliographic databases are selectively acquired. Of

particular importance to consider for this category are the cost per anticipated use

and the interface. These are generally identified and selected by the Library

subject specialists according to their relevance to the Library's collection using

the Library's Checklist for Evaluating Databases

WEB SITES

These are generally identified and selected by the Library subject specialists

according to their relevance to the Library's collection using the LibrarysChecklist

for Evaluating Websites

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CHEMICAL CALCULATOR

Chemical Calculator is a simple software that

was designed to help you make chemical calculation

much easier

This software can be used for making

calculations like concentrations conversions, finding pH

, calculating buffer composition or solving a

complicated stoichiometric problem.

K-Tech lab

K-Tech lab was first developed by

David Saxton, who worked on it until

2007. The design ideas and a lot of the

current code have been developed by

him. He released various versions, up to

version 0.3.6.

When David Saxton stated that he

wouldn’t be able to continue developing

the software, Ktechlab stalled for a while

before Julian Bäume, Jason Lucas, Zoltan padrah, Alan Grimes and several others

continued his work, releasing version 0.3.7, with more components and bug fixes.

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Stellarium

Stellarium is a software project that allows people to use their home

computer as a virtual planetarium. It calculates the positions of the Sun and Moon,

planets and stars, and draws how the sky would look to an observer depending on

their location and the time. It can also draw the constellations and simulate

astronomical phenomena such as meteor showers, and solar or lunar eclipses.

Stellarium may be used as an educational tool for teaching about the night

sky, as an observational aid for amateur astronomers wishing to plan a night’s

observing, or simply as a curiosity (it’s fun!). Because of the high quality of the

graphics that Stellarium produces, it is used in some real planetarium projector

products. Some amateur astronomy groups use it to create sky maps for describing

regions of the sky in articles for newsletters and magazines.

The development of a powerful scripting system has been continuing for a

number of years now and can now be called operational. The use of a script was

recognised as a perfect way of arranging a display of a sequence of astronomical

events from the earliest versions of Stellarium and a simple system called the

Stratoscript was implemented. The scipting facility is Stellarium’s version of a

“Presentation”, a feature that may be used to run an astronomical or other

presentation for instruction or entertainment from within the Stellarium program.

The original Stratoscript was quite limited in what it could do so a new Stellarium

Scripting System has been developed.

Stellarium is under fairly rapid development, and by the time you read this

guide, a newer version may have been released with even more features that those

documented here. Check for updates to Stellarium at the Stellarium website.

Molecular viewer

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When we consider the structure of organic

molecules, most of us realize that three-dimensional

structure is both supremely important and

sometimes hard to visualize. Once upon a time,

every organic chemistry student was encouraged to

buy a small set of molecular models (wood,metal

and plastic) to help learn the characteristic shapes of

all those curious combinations of sp2 and sp3

hybridizations. Nowadays, molecular modelling

softmare is available for the same purposes.

Molecular viewing software should allow you

to easily create molecules (or load them from a

variety of file formats), optimize the geometry if

needed, then dirplay the structure in a variety of

formats: “ball and stick” and “wire frame” mimic

some of the older wooden and metal models, while

semi-transparent electron density formats provide

information not available from physical model kits.

Most packages also allow the color coding or

labelling of atoms (or residues) and automatic rotation of images to fool the eye

into seeing 3 dimension on a flat display screen.

Life Cycle Assessment of the Digital Resources

As indicated by the National Library of Australia (NLA) report (1999), to

manage digital collections or individual items one needs to have a clear

understanding of one's digital collection. Documentation has always played a key

role in preservation practice and there are many instances where documentation

provided the only information about processes and changes that had been applied

and might need to be corrected.

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In this regard, all available digital resources creation manuals, guidelines,

and reports at the Government Documents Department were reviewed and

modified accordingly.. Those documents provide detailed information about the

creation history and complete life cycle of the digital resources. The preliminary

resource assessment and evaluations assisted us in identifying the specific

characteristics and requirements of the available digital resources.

Based on the thorough assessment of the available digital resources,

attempts have been made to review current best practices and standards to

represent a range of relevant fields. The review pays particular attention to the

preservation and management metadata sets, which are needed to support various

preservation approaches including migration and emulation.

The work at NLA developed a practical model for dealing with the immediate

threat of disappearing digital objects, and established a workable distributed

archive. Similarly, a number of projects and researches - such as OAIS (Open

Archival Information System), CEDARS (CURL Exemplars in Digital Archives),

NEDLIB (Networked European Deposit Library), and others - have investigated

options for dealing with long-term preservation challenges.

Based on the preliminary survey of the existing digital collection and a

detailed review of current best practices, we chose to base our recommendation of

preservation metadata on a synthesis of various preservation metadata until the

OCLC/RLG (2001) completes a national standard.

Conclusion

Like many others, UNT Libraries realize that being digital does not mean

being accessible. Access to digital resources through descriptive metadata is only

short-term. Preservation metadata plays a significant role in facilitating

preservation decisions, detects preservation threats and provides measures for

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minimizing risks to long-term access. We anticipate that the management, storage

and serving of large datasets will be greatly improved by the use of preservation

metadata management tools.

Finally, we will evaluate and assess the practical application of the whole

process of metadata creation workflow and user guide documents. We expect a

tremendous amount of discussion from all stakeholders regarding the types of

metadata elements most useful to a specific requirement. Based on the feedback

and input from the field, the preliminary versions will be reviewed and modified. Of

course, the real test will be in the efficiency of our first migration.

References

1. "Digital Resources". Oxford Dictionaries.

2. Encyclopedia

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital Resources