Online Appendix Tables - Rodney...

Please cite as: Online Table (#) from Rodney Benson, Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Available at http://rodneybenson.org/.

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Online Appendix Tables

ONLINE TABLE 1.1. Magnitude of U.S. and French Legal and Illegal Immigration

1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2006 Net Migration (annual raw average and rate per 1,000 population)

U.S. 370,000 (1.9)

660,000 (3.0) 850,000 (3.5)

1,140,000 (4.3)

1,299,000 (4.4)

France 198,000 (4.2)

67,000 (1.3) 53,000 (1.0) 52,500 (0.9) 144,000 (2.4)

Illegal Immigrant popul. (total and % of national population)

U.S. --

4.3 mil./ 2.0% (1975) 3 mil./ 1.3% (1980)

3 mil. / 1.3% (1986)

5 mil. / 1.9% (1996)

11.1 mil. / 3.8% (2005)

France -- -- 150,000 / 0.3% (1982)

350,000 / 0.6% (1991)

400,000 / 0.7% (2005)

Foreign-Born Population (% of national population)

U.S. 5.4 (1960) 4.7 (1970) 6.2 (1980) 7.9% (1990) 11.1% (2000) 12.5% (2006)

France 7.5 (1962) 8.0 (1968)

9.1 (1975) 9.4 (1982) 9.4% (1990) 9.6% (1999) 10.1% (2006)

Sources: Net Migration: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, available at MPI [Migration Policy Institute] Data Hub, at http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/. Illegal Immigrant population: For France: French Ministry of Social Affairs and National Solidarity, “The employment market and immigrants in an irregular situation: lessons from the recent legalization exercise in France,” International Migration Review 18, 3 (1984): 558–78; Philippe Bernard, L’immigration (Paris: Le Monde Editions, 1993); and François-Noël Buffet, rapporteur, “Sénat Rapport de la commission d’enquête sur l’immigration clandestine,” Journal officiel (Paris: April 7, 2006). For U.S.: Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., “Methods of analysis of illegal immigration into the United States,” International Migration Review 18 (1984): 623-41 [the 1975 figure shown here is the midpoint of his estimate range of 3.5-5.0 million] and Jeffrey S. Passel, “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.,” Pew Hispanic Center Research Report, March 7, 2006. Proportions of national population are based on estimates from the French INSEE and U.S. Census Bureau. Foreign-born population: Joel Fetzer, Public Attitudes toward Immigration in the United States, France, and Germany (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 161-66; MPI, “Country: United States,” available at: http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm, and INED, Population selon la nationalité (Paris: 2011), available at: http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=nattef02131&id=339


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ONLINE TABLE 1.2. U.S. Immigrant Rights and Restrictionist Associations: Memberships, Staff Sizes, Budgets, and Major Funders

Association (founding date)

Members Prof. Staff Budget (thousands of $)

Major Sources of Funding

Immig. Rights advocacy ACLU Immigration Rights Project (1987)

500,000 (2010)

-- 30,958 (2008, total ACLU budget)

--

American-Arab Anti-Discrim. Committee (1980)

40 chpts. (2010)

20 (2010) 1,866 (2009) --

American Immigration Council (1987)

-- 17 2,022 (2005) --

Amer. Immigration Lawyers Assoc. (1949)

11,000 (2010)

-- 12,449 (2008) --

Central American Resource Center (1981)

-- 13 1,152 (2006) Bank of America, Clark Construction, Inter-American Development Bank, NCLR

League of United Latin Amer. Citizens/LULAC (1929)

115,000 (2009)

17 1,958 (2005) Ford Motor Co., General Motors, Freddie Mac (2003)

Mex-Amer. Legal Defense & Educ. Fund/MALDEF (1968)

-- 38 5,587 (2003) Ford Found., Anheuser-Busch, Rockefeller Found., Soros Open Society, Washington Mutual Bank

Nat. Council of La Raza/NCLR (1968)

-- 120 (2010)

39,972 (2008) 28,564 (2005)

Diverse foundation, individual contributions (significant U.S. federal funding until 1982)

National Immigration Forum (1982)

Coalition* 14 2,111 (2008) Ford, MacArthur, Carnegie, Soros, & Fannie Mae foundations; *250 national groups & thousands of local groups

Opportunity Agenda (2004) -- 15 1,945 (2007) Tides Foundation Also ACLU, Ford and Carnegie foundations

U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (1966)

434 bishops

350 144,000 (2007)

Catholic parishioner contributions, church investments

Restrictionist groups Center for Immigration Studies / CIS (1985)

-- 3 (1992) 12 (2007)

1,936 (2008) --

Federation for American Immigration Reform / FAIR (1979)

250,000 (2010)

27 (2010) 5,657 (2006) 8,115 (2008)

60% from private grants and contracts Major donors: Warren Buffett and Cordelia Scalfe May (Mellon heiress) during 1980s

Minuteman Project (2004) -- -- 147 (2008) -- Numbers USA (1997) 447,000

(2007) 50,000 (2004)

-- 3,027 (2006) --

Pro-English (1994) 50,000 (2010)

-- 2,070 (2007) --

U.S. English (1983) 1,800,000 (2010)

-- 5,090 (2006) 6,000 (1988)

--

Vdare website (1999) -- 19* 515 (2007) *includes contributing writers John Galbraith (250), Colcom Foundation (200), in 2007

Sources: Association and government documents and websites. — indicates only that data were not located.


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ONLINE TABLE 1.3. French Immigrant Rights Associations and

Restrictionist Political Parties: Memberships, Staff Sizes, Budgets, and Major Funders Association (founding date)

Members Prof. Staff Budget (thousands of euros)

Major Sources of Funding (thousands of euros)

Immigrant Rights advocacy Amnesty International France (1971)

21,972 66 14,856 (2006)

All private funding: donations, membership dues, sales, etc.

CIMADE (1939) 1,000 members 6,000 donors (2005)

46 7,096 (2006) 4,777 (govt.) (67.3%) 1,470 (private donations) (20.7%) 145 (churches & foundations) (2.0%) 704 (other) (2006)

France Terre d’Asile (France Land of Asylum) (1971)

-- 447 (2006) 35, 472 (2005)

--

GISTI (1972) 197 members 815 correspondents

8 636 (2005) 663 (2007)

22% state subsidies; 78% private donations (2007)

LDH (French Human Rights League) (1898)

7,187 (2006) 15 20,000 (2010)

Primarily individual donations State funding (2010): Paris region government (Ile-de-France): 173

MRAP (Movement Against Racism and for Friendship Between Peoples) (1949)

4,500 (2008) 18 -- 70% state (national, regional, local), e.g. Ile-de-France (2010): 11 30% private (subscriptions, sale of goods or services)

Ni putes, ni soumises (Neither Whores Nor Submissive) (2003)

1,000 individuals, 60 assoc. members (2006)

<10 (2006)

500 (2006) 60% state funds, including city of Paris (2006); private funds from La Fondation Vinci, Philip Morris, Dassault (2005)

SOS-Racisme -- -- 81 (2007) Primarily state funds (2007 budget only includes state funds for Paris national office from Ile-de-France)

Restrictionist political parties National Front (FN) -- -- 5,000 (est) State funding (2004): 4,300

Private funding: 150 or more (minimum amount required, from at least 10,000 individuals, including 500 elected officials: this is one requirement to receive state funding) Paris office total budget: 200-300 (Le Parisien, “Le FN à la peine,” 12/6/2007)

Republican National Movement (MNR)

-- -- -- No significant state funding (because party has failed to gain minimum 5% of vote)

Sources: Association and government documents and websites; — indicates only that data were not located.


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ONLINE TABLE 1.4. Frames and Relevant U.S. and French Immigration Histories Govern-ment / Frame

1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

U.S. Admins.

Nixon (1969-74), Rep. Ford (1974-76), Rep. Carter (1977-80),Dem.

Reagan (1981-88), Rep. Bush (1989-92), Rep.

Bush (1989-92), Rep. Clinton (1993-2000) Dem.

Bush (2001-2008), Rep. Obama (2009- ), Dem.

France Admins.

Pompidou (1969-74), right Giscard d’Estaing (1974-1981), right

Mitterrand (1981-1995), socialist General Assembly: 1981-85 (socialist majority), 1986-88 (right)

Mitterrand (1981-1995), socialist Chirac (1995-2007), right General Assembly: 1988-93 (socialist), 1993-97 (right), 1997-2002 (socialist)

Chirac (1995-2007), right Sarkozy (2007- ), right General Assembly: 2002- (right)

Public Order

U.S. Atty Gen. Saxbe warns of “national crisis” (1974) Border enforcement budget of $300 million FAIR (1979)

Light up the Border (1990) NumbersUSA (1997) Peter Brimelow’s Vdare (1999)

U.S. Border Enforcement budget rises to $1.8 billion (2000), then $4 billion (2008) 9/11 World Trade Center attacks (2001) Minuteman Project (2004); Americans for Legal Immigration (2005); H.R. 4473 (2006)

Ordre Nouveau protest against immigration sauvage (1973)

Bonnet law (1980) FN “Dreux” election victory (1983) Pasqua law (1986)

Banlieue riots in Sartrouville and Mantes-la-Jolie (1991) Socialist PM Cresson proposes charter air flights to deport illegal immigrants (1991): New Pasqua laws (1993) MNR (Bruno Megret) splits from FN (1998)

Le Pen in 2nd round of presidential elec. (2002) Banlieue riots (2005)

Jobs Threat & Good Worker

UFW pickets against Mexican illegal “strikebreakers” (1972-4) UFW drops campaign against illegal workers (1975)

IRCA law (1986) includes employer sanctions, supported by AFL-CIO SEIU, ILGW organize illegal immigrants (1985->)

AFL-CIO drops support for employer sanctions (2000)

Giscard d’Estaing ends worker immigration (1974)

Mitterrand enacts employer sanctions (1981)

Sarkozy immigration choisie bill (2006)

Fiscal Atty Gen. Saxbe mentions fiscal frame in crisis speech (1974)

Americans for Border Control (1986)

Calif. Proposition 187 (1994); U.S. welfare bill restricts benefits to immigrants (1996)


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Chirac “Noise and Odor” remark (1991)

Cultural Diversity / Racism

MALDEF (1968) La Raza (1968) Nixon admin. affirmative action policies (early 1970s)

French Anti-racism law (1972) Giscard d’Estaing policies to promote/preserve immig. cultural identities (related to return to home country) (1974- )

MRAP promotes “right to be different” (1981) Marche des beurs (1983) SOS-Racisme (1984)

2001 / 2005anti-discrim. law & enforcement agency

Humani-tarian

INS Commissioner Castillo (1977-79)

Nat. Immig. Forum (1982) MALDEF wins Plyler v. Doe (1982), right to school for illegal immig. children ACLU Immig. Rights Project (1987)

Humane Borders (2000)

FASTI (1966) Protests of Marcellin-Fontanet law (1972)

Mitterrand legalizes immig. associations (1981) Forum Réfugiés (1982)

Sans papiers St-Bernard church occupation (1996)

Integra-tion / National Cohesion

LULAC, GI Forum stress assimilation until late 1970s

U.S. English (1983) FAIR promotes “acculturation” (1986) Calif. Prop. 63 (1986)

Pro-English (1994) Republicans criticize Spanish-language national anthem and immig. marchers waving Mexican flags (2006)

Massenet : “Limit of tolerance” (1970)

Mauroy: criticizes Muslim workers (1983) National Front victories (1983- ) Taguieff, La force du préjugé (1988) First headscarves affair (1989) High Council on Integration (1989)

Pasqua law nationality reforms (1993)

Second headscarves affair (2003-04) Law banning “ostentatious” religions signs in secondary schools (2004)

Global Economy

Chicanos (Brown Berets, Raza Unida, CASA) link race, class, labor

Central American Resource Center (1981)

NAFTA “free trade” legislation (1994): academic criticism

Anti-globalization protests in Seattle (2000)

Post-1968 Gauchiste parties

Anti-globalization assoc. Attac (1998)


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ONLINE TABLE 1.5. Specialization in French and U.S. Immigration Reporting

1973 / 1974-75

1983 / 1986

1991 / 1994

2002 2004 2006 2002- 2006 total

Top three bylines: % of all bylines (n bylines)

French journalists 43% (36)

29% (148)

30% (309)

21% (256)

29% (249)

55% (178)

25% (683)

U.S. journalists 37% (59)

48% (106)

42% (172)

29% (108)

24% (79)

29% (200)

17% (387)

Average Bylines Per Journalist (n journalists)

French journalists 1.4 (27)

2.0 (69)

2.7 (114)

2.0 (130)

2.0 (123)

2.5 (71)

2.7 (244)

U.S. journalists 1.3 (44)

1.8 (59)

2.5 (76)

1.4 (77)

1.3 (64)

1.9 (107)

1.8 (218)

Figures represent averages of individual percentages/means for Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération (except for 1973) for France; and for Los Angeles Times, New York Times, and Washington Post for the U.S.


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ONLINE TABLE 1.6. Gender and National Origin of French and U.S. Immigration Reporters

1974-75 / 1973

1986 / 1983

1994 / 1991

2002 2004 2006 2002- 2006 total

Female: % of journalists (n journalists)


21% (69)

19% (114)

41% (130)

37% (123)

45% (71)

41% (244)


29% (59)

26% (76)

40% (77)

32% (64)

36% (107)

33% (218)

Female: % of bylines (n bylines)


25% (148)

28% (309)

47% (256)

45% (249)

53% (178)

47% (683)


27% (106)

28% (172)

40% (108)

33% (79)

46% (200)

42% (387)

Spanish (U.S.)/Arab (France) language surnames: % of journalists (n journalists)


3% (69)

2% (114)

0% (130)

2% (123)

0% (71)

1% (244)


4% (59)

8% (76)

4% (77)

10% (64)

13% (107)

9% (218)

Spanish (U.S.)/Arabic (France) language surnames: % of bylines (n bylines)


2% (148)

1% (309)

0% (256)

1% (249)

0% (178)

0% (683)


4% (106)

15% (172)

6% (108)

9% (79)

9% (200)

8% (387)

Figures represent averages of individual percentages for Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération (except for 1973) for France; and for Los Angeles Times, New York Times, and Washington Post for the U.S.


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ONLINE TABLE 2.1. Journalistic Genres by Individual Newspaper, 2002-2006*

Media Outlet (N news packages)

Event News (%)

Feature/ Back-ground

(%)

Interview (%)

Analysis (%)

Commen-tary-

Journalist (%)

Commen-tary- Non Journalist

(%)

Multi- Article Ensem-ble (>1 article)

(%)

Multi-Genre Ensemble

(At least One Genre other

than Event or Feature /

Background) (%)

L’Humanité (63)

65.1 46.0 46.0 4.8 19.0 0.0 65.1 52.4

La Croix (56)

60.7 64.3 33.9 1.8 28.6 8.9 66.1 48.2

Libération (60)

91.7 38.3 30.0 13.3 73.3 3.3 93.3 80.0

Le Monde (60)

58.3 30.0 20.0 10.0 13.3 11.7 66.7 46.7

Le Figaro (48)

77.1 18.8 27.1 6.3 16.7 14.6 75.0 56.2

Les Echos (45)

71.1 26.7 4.4 2.2 8.9 0.0 55.6 15.6

Le Parisien (47)

70.2 57.4 61.7 4.3 2.1 0.0 87.2 61.7

FRANCE Averages

70.6 40.2 31.9 6.1 23.1 5.5 72.7 51.5

CS Monitor (56)

32.1 67.9 0.0 7.1 10.7 0.0 21.4 14.3

LA Times (87)

56.3 47.1 0.0 6.9 4.6 1.1 25.3 12.6

NY Times (68)

64.7 35.3 0.0 4.4 7.4 2.9 26.5 13.2

Wash Post (81)

51.9 48.1 0.0 3.7 6.2 0.0 14.8 11.1

WS Journal (62)

40.3 59.7 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 8.1 3.2

USA Today (48)

60.4 50.0 0.0 4.2 4.2 2.1 27.1 10.4

Daily News (69)

91.3 13.0 0.0 0.0 11.6 0.0 15.9 11.6

USA Averages

56.7 45.9 0.0 3.8 6.8 0.9 19.9 10.9

NY Post (71)

95.8 8.5 0.0 1.4 4.2 0.0 9.9 5.6

*Categories are not mutually exclusive. Percentages may add up to more than 100 because a news package may contain multiple articles of diverse genres.


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ONLINE TABLE 2.2. Field Generation of News by Individual Newspaper, 2002-2006


Political field

generated

(Political Scandals)*

Civil Society fields

generated

(Accidents)* Journalistic field generated

L’Humanité (63)

36.5 (3.2) 33.3 (0.0) 30.2

La Croix (56)

55.4 (0.0) 23.2 (0.0) 21.4

Libération (60)

53.4 (1.7) 31.6 (3.3) 15.0

Le Monde (60)

48.3 (3.3) 16.7 (0.0) 35.0

Le Figaro (48)

62.5 (2.1) 20.8 (0.0) 16.7

Les Echos (45)

73.3 (0.0) 8.9 (0.0) 17.8

Le Parisien (47)

46.9 (4.3) 21.3 (0.0) 31.9

FRANCE Averages

53.8 (2.1) 22.3 (0.5) 24.0

CS Monitor (56)

51.8 (0.0) 14.3 (0.0) 33.9

LA Times (87)

51.7 (5.7) 17.2 (0.0) 31.0

NY Times (68)

60.3 (4.4) 10.3 (0.0) 29.4

Wash Post (81)

54.3 (4.9) 4.9 (1.2) 40.7

WS Journal (62)

45.2 (0.0) 4.8 (0.0) 50.0

USA Today (48)

48.0 (4.2) 6.3 (2.1) 45.8

Daily News (69)

69.6 (11.6) 15.9 (7.2) 14.5

USA Averages

54.4 (4.4) 10.5 (1.5) 35.0

NY Post (71)

83.1 (15.5) 12.6 (5.6) 4.2

*Political scandals, unless clearly revealed by journalistic initiative, are included in political field-generated news; accidents are included in civil society news. Figures in parentheses represent separate scandal and accident percentages of totals.


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ONLINE TABLE 2.3. Field Generation of News for Newspapers and TV News

by Decade, 1970s-2000s

Country / Time Period (N news packages)

Political field generated (%)

Civil Society fields Generated (%)

Journalistic field Generated (%)

Fr press (37) TV (26) Total 1970s (63)

29.7 (26.9) 28.3

37.8 (30.8) 34.3

24.3 (42.3) 33.3


52.8 (29.5) 41.2

30.6 (47.7) 39.2

13.9 (11.4) 12.7


59.8 (64.8) 62.3

28.8 (19.3) 24.1

11.4 (11.4) 11.4


54.2 (39.9) 46.6

23.2 (35.7) 29.5

22.6 (23.8) 23.2

France AVG. 49.1 (40.3) 44.6

30.1 (33.4) 31.8

18.1 (22.2) 20.2

U.S. press (63) TV (12) Total 1970s (75)

57.1 (58.3) 57.7

9.5 (8.3) 8.9

31.7 (33.3) 32.5


60.5 (40.5) 50.5

7.4 (8.1) 7.8

29.6 (51.4) 40.5


49.1 (56.4) 52.8

15.1 (20.0) 17.6

35.8 (18.2) 26.9


55.1 (58.3) 56.7

11.0 (16.0) 13.5

33.9 (25.7) 29.8

U.S. AVG. 55.5 (53.4) 54.4

10.8 (13.1) 12.0

32.8 (32.2) 32.4

Note: Percentages are averages of core newspaper (LAT, NYT, WP in U.S.; LM, LF, and Libération) and television (ABC, CBS, NBC in U.S.; France 2 and TF1 in France) news packages mentioning a given frame. Due to rounding, percentages may not add up exactly to totals/averages.


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ONLINE TABLE 5.1. Field Generation, Feature Genre, and Frames: Television Core Samples, Combined 1970s-2000s

Country / News Generation

Glob Econ.

Humani-tarian

Rac-ism

Cult. Diver.

Integ. Good Worker

Jobs Pub Order

Fiscal National Cohesion

France Pol Field (n=144)

6% 51% -.153**

18% 5% 14% 6% 4% .124*

46% .197 **

8% .147 **

19% .174 **

CS Fields (n=106)

4% 73% .182**

26% 5% 13% 2% -.117*

0% 25% -.156**

0% -.147

**

8%

Journ Field (n=66)

9% 58% 14% 8% 18% 12% .135*

2% 30% 5% 8%

Only Feature (n=95)

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

U.S. Pol Field (n=155)

6% -.123

*

41% 10% 1% -.133*

6% -.168

**

12% -.137*

7% 63% .228**

14% 3%

CS Fields (n=43)

2% 63% .154**

23% .158 **

2% 9% 28% .137*

7% 40% 26% .126*

14% .162**

Journ Field (n=78)

18% 41% 8% 6% 21% 19% 6% 41% 12% 5%

Only Feature (n=94)

-- -- -- .128 *

.155 **

-- -- -.150 *

* p<.05; ** p<.01. Only significant bivariate correlations are shown. Percentages refer to proportion of news packages in which frame appeared.


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ONLINE TABLE 5.2. French and U.S. Immigration Frames by Medium and Decade,

1970s-2000s (Proportion of News Packages) Country (N Articles / News Segments)

Glob Econ

Human-tarian

Racism/Xeno

Pro Diverse

Integ Good Work

Jobs

Pub Ord

Fiscal Nat Cohes

France press (37) TV (26) Total 1970s (63)

36 (4) 20

89 (50) 70

73 (19) 46

4 (0) 2

2 (4) 3

41 (15) 28

26 (0) 13

74 (15) 45

11 (0) 6

23 (0) 12


6 (5) 6

79 (62) 71

73 (37) 55

23 (5) 14

8 (0) 4

10 (10) 10

17 (2) 10

70 (26) 48

16 (0) 8

42 (5) 24


28 (2) 15

90 (53) 72

44 (23) 34

5 (7) 6

16 (9) 13

11 (1) 6

11 (5) 8

82 (58) 70

13 (9) 11

46 (27) 37


32 (9) 21

81 (65) 73

35 (15) 25

9 (6) 8

17 (22) 20

23 (6) 15

7 (1) 4

61 (29) 45

11 (4) 8

42 (10) 26

France AVG. 26 (5) 16

85 (58) 72

56 (24) 40

10 (5) 7

11 (9) 10

21 (8) 15

15 (2) 9

72 (32) 52

13 (3) 8

38 (11) 25


30 (6) 18

50 (39) 45

17 (0) 9

10 (0) 5

4 (22) 13

23 (6) 15

38 (56) 47

53 (50) 52

25 (11) 18

0 (0) 0


22 (19) 21

56 (43) 45

36 (9) 23

9 (3) 6

16 (17) 17

42 (16) 29

17 (15) 16

58 (45) 52

20 (13) 17

7 (11)

9 U.S. press (106) TV (55) Total 1990s (161)

11 (14) 13

69 (41) 55

35 (15) 25

3 (2) 3

13 (0) 7

19 (11) 15

11 (1) 6

58 (52) 55

48 (37) 43

14 (2) 8


12 (6) 9

79 (48) 64

22 (11) 17

9 (3) 6

15 (11) 13

30 (18) 24

12 (4) 8

69 (55) 62

12 (9) 11

13 (6) 9

U.S. AVG. 19 (11) 15

64 (43) 54

28 (9) 19

8 (2) 5

12 (13) 12

29 (13) 21

20 (19) 20

60 (51) 56

26 (18) 22

9 (5) 7

Note: Percentages are averages of core newspaper (LAT, NYT, WP in U.S.; LM, LF, and Libération) and television (ABC, CBS, NBC in U.S.; France 2 and TF1 in France) news packages mentioning a given frame. Frame categories are not mutually exclusive: percentages across rows may add up to more than 100 because a news package may contain multiple frames. Due to rounding, column percentages may not add up exactly to totals/averages.


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ONLINE TABLE 5.3. French and U.S. Immigration Frames by Medium and Decade, 1970s-2000s (Proportion of Total Frame Mentions)

Country (N Frame Mentions)

Glob Econ

Human-tarian

Racism/Xeno

Pro Diverse

Integ Good Work

Jobs Threat

Public Ord

Fiscal Nat Cohes

Fr Press (135) TV (34) Total 1970s (169)

9.5 (3.6) 6.6

24 (46.4) 35.2

19.7 (17.9) 18.8

0.9 (0.0) 0.5

0.7 (3.6) 2.2

11 (14.3) 12.7

6.7 (2.9) 4.8

19.4 (14.3) 16.9

2.6 (0) 1.3

5.6 (0.0) 2.8


1.6 (3.1) 2.4

25.5 (41.5) 33.5

21.3 (24.6) 23.0

6.8 (3.1) 5.0

2.3 (0.0) 1.2

2.9 (6.2) 4.6

5.0 (1.5) 3.3

20.5 (16.9) 18.7

4.5 (0.0) 2.3

12.0 (3.1) 7.6


8.2 (1.2) 4.7

25.9 (27.1) 26.5

12.7 (11.8) 12.3

1.3 (3.5) 2.4

4.7 (4.7) 4.7

3.1 (0.6) 1.9

3.1 (2.4) 2.8

24.1 (30.0) 27.1

3.8 (4.7) 4.3

13.2 (14.1) 13.7


10.2 (5.1) 8.2

25.3 (39.4) 32.4

11.0 (9.0) 10.0

2.8 (3.3) 3.1

5.1 (13.4)

9.3

7.2 (3.6) 5.4

2.3 (0.7) 1.5

19.2 (17.7) 18.5

3.4 (2.2) 2.8

13.4 (5.8) 9.6

France AVG. 7.4 (3.3) 5.4

25.2 (38.6) 31.9

16.2 (15.8) 16.0

3.0 (2.5) 2.8

3.2 (5.4) 4.3

6.1 (6.2) 6.2

4.3 (1.9) 3.1

20.8 (19.7) 20.3

3.6 (1.7) 2.7

11.1 (5.8) 8.5


12.2 (4.4) 8.3

19.9 (21.7) 20.8

6.7 (0.0) 3.4

4.2 (0.0) 2.1

1.7 (13.0)

7.4

9.1 (4.4) 6.8

15.2 (26.1) 20.7

21.3 (26.1) 23.7

9.6 (4.4) 7.0

0.0 (0.0) 0.0


7.7 (11.3)

9.5

19.6 (22.5) 21.1

12.7 (5.6) 9.2

3.1 (1.4) 2.3

5.8 (8.5) 7.2

14.8 (8.5) 11.7

5.9 (7.0) 6.5

20.5 (22.5) 21.5

7.2 (7.0) 7.1

2.6 (5.6) 4.1


3.8 (7.4) 5.6

24.9 (23.2) 24.1

12.2 (8.4) 10.3

0.9 (1.1) 1.0

4.7 (0.0) 2.4

6.8 (6.3) 6.6

3.9 (1.1) 2.5

21.1 (29.5) 25.3

16.9 (22.1) 19.5

4.9 (1.1) 3.0


4.6 (3.0) 3.8

28.9 (27.5) 28.2

8.1 (6.7) 7.4

3.1 (1.7) 2.4

5.6 (6.7) 6.2

10.9 (10.7) 10.8

4.5 (2.4) 3.5

25.1 (32.9)

29

4.6 (5.0) 4.8

4.7 (3.4) 4.1

U.S. AVG.

7.1 (6.5) 6.8

23.3 (23.7) 23.5

9.9 (5.2) 7.6

2.8 (1.1) 2.0

4.5 (7.1) 5.8

10.4 (7.5) 9.0

7.4 (9.2) 8.3

22.0 (27.8) 24.9

9.6 (9.6) 9.6

3.1 (2.5) 2.8

Note: Press percentages are averages of core outlets; TV data are raw aggregates. Percentages are of total frames mentioned (each coded as presence/absence in a news package); given that most packages mention multiple frames, n for frames exceeds that of news packages (as in Online Table 5.2).


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ONLINE TABLE 5.4. French and U.S. Partisan Types of Speakers by Medium and

Decade, 1970s-2000s (Proportion of All Speakers Cited) Country (N Speakers)

Far Left

Parties

Labor unions

Left Assoc

*

Center left Govt/

Parties

Center R Gov/

Parties

Busi-ness

Right assoc.

*

Far Right

parties Fr Press (423) TV (38) Total 1970s (461)

5 (3) 4

12 (11) 12

12 (11) 12

3 (3) 3

12 (21) 17

2 (3) 3

6 (0) 3

5 (9) 7

Fr press (969) TV (115) Tot 1980s (1084)

2 (0) 1

13 (11) 12

9 (14) 12

19 (15) 17

10 (8) 9

3 (7) 5

1 (1) 1

4 (5) 5

Fr press (1750) TV (323) Tot 1990s (2073)

2 (2) 2

4 (0) 2

7 (9) 8

22 (17) 20

21 (14) 18

2 (3) 3

1 (0) 1

4 (4) 4

Fr press (3021) TV (848) Tot 2000s (3869)

4 (1) 3

2 (2) 2

11 (16) 14

6 (2) 4

18 (9) 14

1 (1) 1

0 (0) 0

3 (1) 2

France AVG. 3 (2) 3

8 (6) 7

10 (13) 12

13 (9) 11

15 (13) 14

2 (4) 3

2 (0) 1

4 (5) 5


0 (0) 0

5 (3) 4

7 (4) 6

6 (4) 5

7 (32) 20

3 (0) 2

2 (0) 1

0 (0) 0

U.S. press (888) TV (182) Tot 1980s (1070)

0 (0) 0

2 (1) 2

6 (4) 5

9 (1) 5

16 (10) 13

8 (4) 6

2 (5) 4

0 (0) 0

U.S. press (1453) TV (272) Tot 1990s (1725)

0 (0) 0

1 (0) 1

9 (10) 10

13 (7) 10

7 (9) 8

3 (3) 3

3 (4) 4

0 (0) 0

U.S. press (3283) TV (1036) Tot 2000s (4319)

0 (0) 0

1 (1) 1

9 (8) 9

5 (4) 5

18 (18) 18

5 (4) 5

2 (3) 3

0 (0) 0

U.S. AVG. 0 (0) 0

2 (1) 2

8 (7) 8

8 (5) 7

12 (17) 15

5 (3) 4

2 (3) 3

0 (0) 0

*Left associations include but are not limited to immigrant rights groups; Right associations include but are not limited to restrictionist groups. Note: Percentages are averages of individual core newspaper (LAT, NYT, WP in U.S.; LM, LF, and Libération) and television channel (ABC, CBS, NBC in U.S.; France 2 and TF1 in France) speakers cited/paraphrased. Due to rounding, percentages may not add up exactly to totals/averages.


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ONLINE TABLE 5.5. French and U.S. Institutional Types of Speakers by Medium and Decade, 1970s-2000s (Proportion of All Speakers Cited)

Country (N Speakers Cited)

Govt/ Bureauc/ Center parties

Civ Soc

Civ Soc + Perip parties

Busi-ness

Foreign Organiz.

Immig Indiv.

Non-Immig. Indiv.

Indiv + Polls

Fr Press (423) TV (38) Total 1970s (461)

26 (32) 29

47 (25) 36

57 (37) 47

2 (2) 2

6 (0) 3

5 (24) 15

4 (5) 5

9 (28) 19

Fr press (969) TV (115) Tot 1980s (1084)

41 (28) 35

32 (28) 30

38 (32) 35

3 (7) 5

2 (3) 3

10 (21) 16

6 (8) 7

16 (30) 23

Fr press (1750) TV (323) Tot 1990s (2073)

58 (51) 55

20 (16) 18

26 (22) 24

2 (3) 3

1 (1) 1

8 (15) 12

2 (8) 5

13 (24) 19

Fr press (3021) TV (848) Tot 2000s (3869)

37 (28) 33

31 (29) 30

37 (32) 35

1 (1) 1

13 (3) 8

8 (25) 17

3 (8) 6

15 (37) 26

France AVG. 41 (35) 38

32 (25) 29

39 (31) 35

2 (3) 3

6 (2) 4

8 (21) 15

4 (7) 6

13 (30) 22


54 (71) 63

21 (10) 16

21 (10) 16

3 (0) 2

7 (3) 5

7 (15) 11

2 (0) 1

15 (18) 17

U.S. press (888) TV (182) Tot 1980s (1070)

52 (35) 44

21 (21) 21

21 (21) 21

8 (4) 6

3 (4) 4

9 (26) 18

3 (8) 6

17 (36) 27

U.S. press (1453) TV (272) Tot 1990s (1725)

54 (53) 54

25 (19) 22

25 (19) 22

3 (3) 3

0 (2) 1

7 (8) 8

7 (11)

9

18 (25) 22

U.S. press (3283) TV (1036) Tot 2000s (4319)

47 (47) 47

23 (20) 22

23 (20) 22

5 (4) 5

5 (3) 4

10 (15) 13

5 (7) 6

21 (27) 24

U.S. AVG 52 (52) 52

22 (18) 20

22 (18) 20

5 (3) 4

4 (3) 4

8 (16) 12

4 (7) 6

18 (27) 23

Note: Percentages are averages of individual core newspaper (LAT, NYT, WP in U.S.; LM, LF, and Libération) and television channel (ABC, CBS, NBC in U.S.; France 2 and TF1 in France) speakers cited/paraphrased. Due to rounding, percentages may not add up exactly to totals/averages.


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ONLINE TABLE 6.1. Average Words Per Speaker Quoted by French and U.S.

Individual Newspapers, 2002-2006

Media Outlet

Average Total Words Per Speaker (n speakers)

Average Total Words Per University Expert

Cited (n speakers)

Average Total Words Per Speaker excluding interview citations >

300 words (n speakers) L’Humanité

123.8 (211)

844.5 (4)

87.3 (202)

La Croix

66.1 (192)

256.8 (5)

58.4 (188)

Libération

57.9 (222)

31.4 (7)

45.5 (219)

Le Monde

116.9 (178)

349.8 (12)

72.6 (169)

Le Figaro

85.1 (146)

540.5 (4)

43.7 (140)

Les Echos

49.2 (102)

93.0 (9)

44.7 (101)

Le Parisien

66.9 (175)

90.0 (1)

47.8 (170)

France AVG.

80.8 (1,226)

315.1 (42)

57.1 (1,189)

CS Monitor (191)

42.7 (191)

68.1 (18)

42.7 (191)

LA Times (297)

45.8 (297)

42.8 (12)

45.8 (297)

NY Times (187)

44.7 (187)

68.3 (12)

44.7 (187)

Wash Post (235)

37.3 (235)

34.9 (7)

37.3 (235)

WS Journal (183)

31.3 (183)

25.8 (10)

31.3 (183)

USA Today (134)

30.2 (134)

48.8 (6)

30.2 (134)

Daily News (220)

27.0 (220)

20.0 (7)

27.0 (220)

U.S. AVG.

37.0 (1,447)

44.1 (72)

37.0 (1,447)

NY Post (146)

33.8 (146)

0.0 (0)

33.8 (146)

Note: Figures are based on word counts of the first five speakers quoted in a given news package (including all words attributed to these speakers throughout the package).


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ONLINE TABLE 6.2. Immigration Frames in French Core Newspapers by Decade, 1970s-2000s (Percentages of News Packages and High-Low Percentage Point Gaps)

Outlets (n news packages)

Glob Econ

Hu- Man.

Racism/ Xeno

Cult. Diver.

Integ Good worker

Jobs

Pub Ord

Fis-cal

Nat Cohes

.

Avg. High-low

GAP LM 70s (23) LF 70s (14)

35 36 (1)

91 86 (5)

74 71 (3)

0 7

(7)

4 0

(4)

39 43 (4)

22 29 (7)

61 86

(25)

0 21

(21)

9 36

(27)

10.4 (LM-LF)

Libé 80s(18) LM 80s (43) LF 80s (11)

6 2 9

(7)

67 88 82

(21)

89 58 73

(31)

50 19 0

(50)

11 12 0

(12)

11 9 9

(2)

28 14 9

(19)

50 70 91

(41)

17 12 18 (6)

22 23 82

(60)

15.0 (LM-LF)

24.9

Libé 90s(34) LM 90s (49) LF 90s (49)

15 33 35

(20)

97 94 78

(19)

50 47 35

(15)

12 0 2

(12)

29 12 8

(21)

18 14 2

(16)

15 12 6

(9)

79 78 90

(12)

15 10 14 (5)

47 49 41 (8)

7.8 (LM-LF)

13.7

Libé 00s(60) LM 00s (60) LF 00s (48)

38 30 29 (9)

92 85 65

(27)

37 38 29 (9)

12 5

10 (7)

20 17 13 (7)

28 20 21 (8)

8 5 8

(3)

57 58 67

(10)

7 7

19 (12)

40 43 44 (4)

6.5 (LM-LF)

9.6

Avg High –

Low Gap LM-LF All 80s-00s ALL

2.8

12.0

9.3

11.8

22.3

18.0

9.8

18.3

14.5

8.3

23.0

19.0

6.0

13.3

11.0

4.3

8.7

7.5

5.3

10.3

9.5

16.8

21.0

22.0

10.8

7.7

11.0

23.8

24.0

24.8

(LM-LF) 9.9

16.1

14.7

Note: Frame categories are not mutually exclusive: percentages across rows may add up to more than 100 because a news package may contain multiple frames.


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ONLINE TABLE 6.3. Immigration Frames in U.S. Core Newspapers by Decade, 1970s-2000s (Percentages of News Packages and High-Low Percentage Point Gaps)

Outlets (n news packages)

Glob Econ

Hu- Man

.

Racism/ Xeno

Cult. Diver

.

Integ Good worker

Jobs

Pub Ord

Fis-cal

Nat Cohes

.

Avg. High-low

GAP LAT 70s (31) NYT 70s (15) WPost 70s (17)

29 33 29 (4)

61 53 35

(26)

13 27 12

(15)

0 7

24 (24)

0 0

12 (12)

6 33 29

(27)

32 40 41 (9)

77 53 29

(48)

23 33 18

(15)

0 0 0

(0)

18.0 (12.0*)

LAT 80s (33) NYT 80s (30) WPost 80s (18)

18 20 28

(10)

67 40 61

(27)

36 33 39 (6)

12 3

11 (9)

18 20 11 (9)

33 43 50

(17)

24 27 0

(27)

45 63 67

(22)

21 23 17 (6)

9 13 0

(13)

14.6 LAT 90s (54) NYT 90s (25) WPost 90s (27)

9 4

19 (15)

70 64 74

(10)

43 24 37

(19)

4 0 4

(4)

7 16 15 (9)

19 20 19 (1)

13 12 7

(6)

59 72 44

(28)

67 40 37

(30)

15 8

19 (11)

13.3 LAT 00s (87) NYT 00s (68) WPost 00s (81)

11 16 10 (6)

80 78 80 (2)

20 24 23 (4)

6 9

11 (5)

11 13 21

(10)

37 34 20

(17)

14 16 7

(9)

69 62 77

(15)

11 16 10 (6)

20 6

14 (14)

8.8 Avg. High-Low Gap

8.8

16.3

11.0

10.5

10.0

15.5

12.8

28.3

14.3

9.5

13.7

(12.2*)

*To facilitate comparison with the 1970s French data that only includes Le Monde and Le Figaro, the 1970s U.S. figure in parentheses is the average of the binary differences between the three U.S. core newspapers and the total U.S. figure in parentheses represents the adjusted average. Note: Frame categories are not mutually exclusive: percentages across rows may add up to more than 100 because a news package may contain multiple frames.


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ONLINE TABLE 7.1. Types of Critical Statements by Individual Newspaper, 2002-2006 (Per 1,000 words and Percentage of Total)

Media Outlet (N 1,000 word units)

Admin. Character Truth Ideology Policy Strategy Total

L’Humanité (109)

0.28 (10%)

0.06 (2%)

0.13 (5%)

0.31 (11%)

1.54 (57%)

0.39 (14%)

2.71

La Croix (124)

0.18 (10%)

0.03 (2%)

0.02 (1%)

0.27 (15%)

1.04 (59%)

0.21 (12%)

1.75

Libération (192)

0.24 (12%)

0.09 (4%)

0.06 (3%)

0.45 (22%)

0.87 (42%)

0.35 (17%)

2.06

Le Monde (150)

0.12 (7%)

0.07 (4%)

0.06 (3%)

0.29 (16%)

0.92 (50%)

0.39 (21%)

1.86

Le Figaro (138)

0.09 (7%)

0.09 (7%)

0.06 (4%)

0.28 (20%)

0.68 (49%)

0.19 (14%)

1.39

Les Echos (56)

0.16 (10%)

0.00 (0%)

0.02 (1%)

0.29 (18%)

1.04 (64%)

0.13 (8%)

1.63

Le Parisien (84)

0.25 (14%)

0.08 (4%)

0.05 (3%)

0.50 (27%)

0.63 (34%)

0.32 (17%)

1.84

FRANCE AVG.

0.19

0.06

0.06

0.34

0.96

0.28 1.89

Avg. % of Total

10% 3% 3% 18% 51% 15%

CS Monitor (76)

0.22 (13%)

0.00 (0%)

0.07 (4%)

0.17 (10%)

1.00 (57%)

0.29 (17%)

1.76

LA Times (182)

0.27 (23%)

0.04 (3%)

0.04 (3%)

0.11 (10%)

0.54 (47%)

0.16 (14%)

1.16

NY Times (133)

0.33 (20%)

0.04 (3%)

0.05 (3%)

0.13 (8%)

0.80 (49%)

0.28 (17%)

1.62

Wash Post (119)

0.40 (30%)

0.08 (6%)

0.05 (4%)

0.03 (2%)

0.62 (46%)

0.14 (10%)

1.34

WS Journal (100)

0.19 (28%)

0.02 (3%)

0.05 (8%)

0.03 (5%)

0.33 (49%)

0.05 (8%)

0.67

USA Today (66)

0.18 (14%)

0.12 (10%)

0.00 (0%)

0.03 (2%)

0.83 (66%)

0.09 (7%)

1.25

Daily News (40)

0.24 (16%)

0.05 (3%)

0.07 (5%)

0.07 (5%)

0.75 (50%)

0.28 (19%)

1.49

U.S. AVG.

0.26 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.70 0.18 1.33

Avg. % of Totals

20% 4% 4% 6% 53% 14%

NY Post (36)

0.29 (23%)

0.14 (11%)

0.08 (6%)

0.06 (5%)

0.55 (44%)

0.12 (10%)

1.25

Note: Due to rounding, individual means and percentages may not add up exactly to totals.


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ONLINE TABLE 7.2. Targets of Critical Statements by Individual Newspaper, 2002-

2006 (Per 1,000 words and Percentage of Total)

Media Outlet (N 1,000 Word Units)

Govern-ment

DominantLeft

DominantRight

Minor Parties / Civil Society

Business Foreign Total

L’Humanité (109)

0.72 (27%)

0.15 (6%)

1.49 (55%)

0.11 (4%)

0.14 (5%)

0.10 (4%)

2.71

La Croix (124)

0.73 (42%)

0.04 (2%)

0.36 (21%)

0.29 (17%)

0.01 (1%)

0.33 (19%)

1.75

Libération (192)

0.39 (19%)

0.18 (9%)

0.97 (47%)

0.29 (14%)

0.04 (2%)

0.20 (10%)

2.06

Le Monde (150)

0.31 (17%)

0.17 (9%)

0.87 (47%)

0.25 (14%)

0.01 (1%)

0.25 (14%)

1.86

Le Figaro (138)

0.29 (21%)

0.20 (14%)

0.49 (35%)

0.20 (14%)

0.00 (0%)

0.20 (14%)

1.39

Les Echos (56)

0.29 (17%)

0.02 (1%)

0.75 (46%)

0.07 (4%)

0.03 (2%)

0.47 (29%)

1.63

Le Parisien (84)

0.53 (29%)

0.12 (7%)

0.72 (39%)

0.43 (23%)

0.03 (2%)

0.01 (1%)

1.84

FRANCE AVG.

0.47 0.13 0.81 0.23 0.04 0.23 1.89

% of Total 25% 7% 43% 12% 2% 12% CS Monitor (76)

0.81 (46%)

0.03 (2%)

0.65 (37%)

0.12 (7%)

0.08 (5%)

0.08 (5%)

1.76

LA Times (182)

0.41 (35%)

0.08 (7%)

0.55 (47%)

0.03 (3%)

0.05 (4%)

0.04 (3%)

1.16

NY Times (133)

0.67 (41%)

0.05 (3%)

0.72 (44%)

0.10 (6%)

0.07 (4%)

0.02 (1%)

1.62

Wash Post (119)

0.72 (54%)

0.10 (7%)

0.40 (30%)

0.00 (0%)

0.04 (3%)

0.07 (5%)

1.34

WS Journal (100)

0.48 (72%)

0.03 (4%)

0.09 (13%)

0.00 (0%)

0.04 (6%)

0.03 (5%)

0.67

USA Today (66)

0.76 (61%)

0.05 (4%)

0.39 (31%)

0.01 (1%)

0.03 (2%)

0.01 (1%)

1.25

Daily News (40)

0.46 (31%)

0.05 (3%)

0.71 (48%)

0.12 (8%)

0.16 (11%)

0.00 (0%)

1.49

U.S. AVG.

0.61

0.05 0.50 0.05 0.07 0.04 1.33

% of Total 46% 4% 38% 4% 5% 3% NY Post (36)

0.69 (55%)

0.22 (18%)

0.28 (22%)

0.06 (5%)

0.00 (0%)

0.00 (0%)

1.25

Note: Due to rounding, individual means and percentages may not add up exactly to totals.


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ONLINE TABLE 7.3. Types of Critical Statements According to Target in Core French

Newspapers, 1991 and 2002-2006 (Per 1,000 words and as Percentage of Total) Country, Target, & Period (N 1000 word units)

Administrative Charac-ter

Truth Ideological Policy Strategy Total (% of Total)

FRANCE 1991 (296)

Government 0.14 (35%)

0.01 (3%)

0.02 (5%)

0.02 (5%)

0.19 (48%)

0.01 (3%)

0.40 (12%)

Dominant Left 0.13 (9%)

0.02 (1%)

0.06 (4%)

0.16 (11%)

0.79 (54%)

0.28 (19%)

1.45 (43%)

Dominant Right 0.02 (2%)

0.08 (7%)

0.08 (7%)

0.29 (25%)

0.25 (21%)

0.46 (39%)

1.18 (35%)

All Other -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.38 (11%)

3.41 FRANCE 02-06 (480)


0.00 (0%)

0.01 (3%)

0.07 (21%)

0.19 (58%)

0.01 (3%)

0.33 (19%)


0.01 (6%)

0.00 (0%)

0.01 (6%)

0.08 (44%)

0.05 (28%)

0.18 (10%)


0.04 (5%)

0.02 (3%)

0.10 (13%)

0.42 (54%)

0.16 (21%)

0.78 (44%)

All Other -- - -- -- -- -- 0.48 (27%)

Total 1.77 Note: Due to rounding, individual means and percentages may not add up exactly to totals.


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ONLINE TABLE 7.4. Types of Critical Statements According to Target in Core U.S.

Newspapers, 1994 and 2002-2006 (Per 1,000 words and as Percentage of Total)

Country, Target, & Period (N 1000 word units)

Administrative Char. Truth Ideological Policy Strategy Total

U.S. 1994 (95)


0.05 (4%)

0.05 (4%)

0.06 (5%)

0.38 (32%)

0.06 (5%)

1.19 (67%)


0.01 (5%)

0.02 (10%)

0.01 (10%)

0.12 (60%)

0.02 (10%)

0.20 (11%)


0.01 (5%)

0.00 (0%)

0.04 (19%)

0.14 (67%)

0.02 (10%)

0.21 (12%)

All Other -- -- -- -- -- 0.17 (10%)

1.77 U.S. 2002-06 (434)


0.02 (3%)

0.02 (3%)

0.02 (3%)

0.29 (48%)

0.02 (3%)

0.60 (44%)


0.01 (13%)

0.00 (0%)

0.01 (13%)

0.02 (25%)

0.03 (38%)

0.08 (6%)


0.03 (5%)

0.02 (4%)

0.03 (5%)

0.28 (50%)

0.13 (23%)

0.56 (41%)

Other -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.15 (11%)

Total 1.37 Note: Due to rounding, individual means and percentages may not add up exactly to totals.


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ONLINE TABLE 8.1. Journalistic Genres by Individual TV Channel, 2002-2006 (Percentages of Total News Packages)


Event News

Feature/ Back-ground

Interview transcript

Analysis Commen-tary-

Journalist

Commen-tary- Non Journalist

Ensem-ble (>1 item)

Multi-Genre (At least One Genre other

than Event or Feature /

Background)

FRANCE TF1 (85) 61.2 42.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 France 2

(83) 57.3 45.1 1.2 6.1 0.0 0.0 12.2 7.3

CORE AVG.

59.3 43.8 0.6 3.1 0.0 0.0 10.2 3.7

Arte (58) 59.3 45.8 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 16.9 1.7 U.S. ABC (50) 62.0 38.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 6.0 CBS (54) 61.1 40.7 1.9 3.7 0.0 0.0 9.3 5.6 NBC (71) 74.6 31.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 12.7 5.6 CORE

AVG. 65.9 36.6 1.3 4.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 5.7

PBS (56) 51.8 28.6 51.8 0.0 8.9 1.8 42.9 62.5

Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive. Given that a single day’s news package may contain multiple related items of different genres, percentage totals may exceed 100 percent.


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ONLINE TABLE 8.2. Field Generation of Television News by Individual Channel, 2002-2006 (Percentages of Total News Packages)


Political field

generated (of which Political Scandals as % of total)

Civil Society fields

generated

Accidents Journalistic field generated

FRANCE TF1 (85) 41.2

(0.0) 31.8 4.7 22.4

France 2 (83) 39.0 (0.0)

34.1 1.2 25.6

CORE AVG. 40.1 33.0 3.0 24.0 Arte (58) 35.6

(0.0) 49.2 1.7 13.6

U.S. ABC (50) 48.0

(2.0) 14.0 4.0 34.0

CBS (54) 53.7 (0.0)

18.5 0.0 27.8

NBC (71) 69.1 (8.5)

12.7 0.0 18.3

CORE AVG. 56.9 15.1 1.3 26.7 PBS (56) 57.1

(0.0) 8.9 1.8 32.1

Note: Due to rounding, percentages may not add up exactly to 100.


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ONLINE TABLE 8.3. Immigration Frames by Individual Channel: Proportion of Total Frame Mentions, 2002-2006

Media Outlet (N frame mentions)

Global Econ.

Human.

Racism /

Xenoph.

Cult. Diver

.

Integ. Good Worker

Jobs Public Order

Fiscal Nat. Cult.

FRANCE TF1 (140)

3.6 38.6 9.3 4.3 12.9 4.3 0.7 17.9 1.4 7.1

France 2 (137)

6.6 40.1 8.8 2.2 13.9 2.9 0.7 17.5 2.9 4.4

CORE AVG.

5.1 39.4 9.1 3.3 13.4 3.6 0.7 17.7 2.2 5.8

Arte (106)

3.8 47.2 8.5 0.9 11.3 7.5 0.0 17.9 0.0 2.8

U.S. Media Outlet (N frame mentions)

Global Econ.

Human. Racism /

Xenoph.

Cult. Diver

Integ. Good Worker

Jobs Public Order

Fiscal Nat. Cult.

ABC (92)

7.6 31.5 4.3 3.3 7.6 9.8 1.1 28.3 4.3 2.2

CBS (90)

0.0 31.1 5.6 1.1 4.4 11.1 3.3 31.1 7.8 4.4

NBC (116)

1.7 21.6 9.5 0.9 7.8 11.2 2.6 37.9 3.4 3.4

CORE AVG.

3.1 28.1 6.5 1.8 6.6 10.7 2.3 32.4 5.2 3.3

PBS (140)

5.0 17.1 7.1 2.9 8.6 15.7 6.4 25.7 6.4 5.0

Note: Percentages are of total frames mentioned (each coded as presence/absence in a news package).


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ONLINE TABLE 8.4. Types of Civil Society Actors Cited by Individual Channel, 2002-

2006 (Percentages of All Citations)

Media Outlet (N Total Speakers Cited)

Trade unions

AssocPI, L and

Neutral

Acti-vists PI

Assoc AI and

R

Acti-vists AI

Far Right Parties & Legis.

Reli-gious

Experts (Univ only)

Me-dia

Arts / Entert

France TF1 (412)

1.9 10.9 7.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 5.6 1.2 (0.5)

1.9 1.0

France 2 (436)

1.6 8.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 1.8 3.9 1.4 (1.4)

3.2 3.4

CORE AVG.

1.8 9.8 6.5 0.1 0.3 1.2 4.8 1.3 (1.0)

2.6 2.2

Arte (301)

0.3 15.9 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.3 0.7 (0.7)

2.7 1.0

U.S. ABC (266)

0.4 6.0 3.4 2.3 0.8 0.0 1.9 4.1 (3.4)

1.1 0.4

CBS (322)

0.6 4.7 2.2 2.5 1.6 0.0 0.6 4.7 (1.6)

3.7 0.3

NBC (448)

0.7 3.6 5.1 2.0 0.2 0.0 1.8 3.6 (1.3)

2.0 0.2

CORE AVG.

0.6 4.8 3.6 2.3 0.9 0.0 1.4 4.1 (2.1)

2.3 0.3

PBS (433)

1.2 4.8 2.8 2.3 0.7 0.0 1.4 7.4 (3.9)

6.9 0.7


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ONLINE TABLE 8.5. Civil Society Actor Citations by Field Generation and Individual

Channel, 2002-2006 (Percentage of Speaker Citations) Media Outlet

Political field generated (N Speakers)

Civil Society fields generated

(N Speakers)

Journalistic field generated (N Speakers)

FRANCE TF1 18.0

(150) 45.8 (179)

18.4 (76)

France 2 18.0 (161)

49.4 (156)

13.8 (116)

CORE AVG. 18.0 47.6 16.1 Arte 18.2

(77) 58.0 (162)

20.7 (58)

U.S. ABC 14.8

(122) 41.9 (46)

18.9 (90)

CBS 13.6 (169)

40.0 (70)

18.8 (85)

NBC 13.3 (248)

42.1 (95)

11.8 (68)

CORE AVG. 13.9 41.3 16.5 PBS 25.4

(224) 49.2 (65)

20.9 (139)


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ONLINE TABLE 8.6. Average Quoted Words per Speaker by Individual Channel, 2002-2006

Media Outlet

All Speakers: Average Total Words

(n speakers)

University Experts: Average Total Words

(n speakers)

All Speakers: Average Total Words excluding interview

quotations > 300 words (n speakers)

FRANCE TF1 36.5

(277) 33.0 (1)

36.5 (277)

France2 38.2 (276)

67.2 (5)

38.2 (276)

CORE AVG. 37.4 50.1 37.4 Arte 48.6

(199) 102.0

(1) 48.6 (199)

U.S. ABC 32.0

(154) 33.1 (8)

31.1 (151)

CBS 27.7 (184)

41.0 (5)

27.5 (181)

NBC 25.7 (233)

44.5 (2)

25.7 (233)

CORE AVG. 28.5 39.5 28.1 PBS 187.5

(213) 689.2

(9) 88.5 (106)

Note: Figures are based on word counts of the first five speakers quoted in a given news package (including all words attributed to these speakers throughout the package)


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ONLINE TABLE 8.7. Topical Depiction of TV Images by Individual Channel, 2002-2006 (Percentage of Total Images) Media Outlet (N Images)

Interview: official or

expert

Interview: unaffiliated individual

TOTAL Inter-views

Journ.* Speaking

on camera

TOTAL Journ. Voiceover

Journ. voice-

over w/

Journ. voice-

over w/

Journ. voice-

over w/

Depic-tion of Official

Life

Depic-tion of Collec-

tive Action

Depic-tion of Ordin. Life

U.S. TF1 (2360)

6.7 8.1 14.8 4.7 80.5 22.4 11.8 40.2

France 2 (2009)

7.5 8.2 15.7 5.6 78.7 27.9 10.2 32.5

CORE AVG.

7.1 8.2 15.3 5.2 79.6 25.2 11.0 36.4

Arte (1757)

8.9 8.4 17.3 4.7 78.0 26.2 17.8 31.8

U.S. ABC (1020)

8.4 8.8 17.2 11.7 71.1 14.4 8.4 38.7

CBS (1103)

7.0 10.8 17.8 8.0 74.2 23.9 7.9 34.2

NBC (1543)

5.7 7.9 13.6 10.1 76.3 27.2 9.4 33.1

CORE AVG.

7.0 9.2 16.2 9.9 73.9 21.8 8.6 35.3

PBS (1722)

12.5 11.3 23.8 1.5 74.7 20.5 2.8 43.9

*Journalist speaking = anchor or on-site reporter.


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ONLINE TABLE 8.8. Action Depiction of TV Images by Individual Channel, 2002-2006 (Percentage of Total Images)

Media Outlet (N Images)

Non-moving visuals

Moving visuals: staged Action

Moving visuals: limited action

TOTAL Non-

Dramatic Images

Moving visuals:

Non-violent drama

Moving Visuals: violent drama

TOTAL Dramatic Images

TF1 (2360)

18.6 34.9 32.2 85.7 14.3 0.0 14.3

France 2 (2009)

15.7 39.4 34.4 89.5 8.6 1.9 10.5

CORE AVG.

17.2 37.2 33.3 87.6 11.5 1.0 12.4

Arte (1757)

11.3 48.8 23.7 83.8 16.1 0.1 16.2

U.S. ABC (1020)

12.5 38.2 30.3 81.0 18.5 0.4 18.9

CBS (1103)

10.9 33.6 30.9 75.4 23.3 1.3 24.6

NBC (1543)

13.0 35.4 29.9 78.3 20.5 1.1 21.6

CORE AVG.

12.1 35.7 30.4 78.2 20.8 0.9 21.7

PBS (1722)

4.5 54.5 32.2 91.2 8.7 0.1 8.8


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ONLINE TABLE 8.9. Tempo of TV Images by Individual Channel, 2002-2006

(Distinct Images Per Minute) Media Outlet (N Images)

Average Images Per Minute

FRANCE TF1 (2360)

15.2

France 2 (2009)

14.6

CORE AVG. 14.9 Arte (1757)

14.5

U.S. ABC (1020)

11.8

CBS (1103)

14.3

NBC (1543)

13.3

CORE AVG. 13.1 PBS (1722)

9.7


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ONLINE TABLE 8.10. Types of Critical Statements by Individual Channel, 2002-2006

(Statements Per News Package and Percentage of Total) Media Outlet (N News Packages, Mean Word Length)

Admin. Character Truth Ideology Policy Strategy Total

FRANCE TF1 (85, 443)

0.11 (13%)

0.05 (6%)

0.01 (1%)

0.13 (15%)

0.49 (57%)

0.07 (8%)

0.86

France 2 (83, 507)

0.22 (18%)

0.05 (4%)

0.06 (5%)

0.10 (8%)

0.66 (55%)

0.11 (9%)

1.19

CORE AVG. 0.17 (17%)

0.05 (5%)

0.04 (4%)

0.12 (12%)

0.58 (56%)

0.09 (9%)

1.03

Arte (58, 542)

0.26 (18%)

0.07 (5%)

0.00 (0%)

0.24 (17%)

0.69 (49%)

0.16 (11%)

1.41

U.S. ABC (50, 544)

0.14 (14%)

0.02 (2%)

0.14 (14%)

0.08 (8%)

0.48 (48%)

0.14 (14%)

1.00

CBS (54, 522)

0.30 (28%)

0.00 (0%)

0.07 (6%)

0.04 (4%)

0.54 (50%)

0.15 (14%)

1.09

NBC (71, 546)

0.44 (41%)

0.03 (3%)

0.07 (7%)

0.03 (3%)

0.38 (36%)

0.13 (12%)

1.07

CORE AVG. 0.29 (28%)

0.02 (2%)

0.09 (9%)

0.05 (5%)

0.47 (45%)

0.14 (13%)

1.05

PBS (56, 1965)

0.48 (16%)

0.11 (4%)

0.18 (6%)

0.20 (7%)

1.68 (57%)

0.29 (10%)

2.93

Note: Due to rounding, percentages may not add up exactly to 100. Figures are raw criticisms (not per 1,000 words). Standardized criticisms can be derived by dividing raw criticisms by mean word length/1000.


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ONLINE TABLE 8.11. Targets of Critical Statements by Individual Channel, 2002-2006 (Statements Per News Package and Percentage of Total)

Media Outlet (N News Packages, Mean Word Length)

Govern-ment

DominantLeft

DominantRight

Minor Parties / Civil Society

Business Foreign Total

FRANCE TF1 (85, 443)

0.27 (31%)

0.01 (1%)

0.38 (44%)

0.06 (7%)

0.06 (7%)

0.08 (9%)

0.86

France 2 (83, 507)

0.47 (39%)

0.05 (4%)

0.41 (34%)

0.16 (13%)

0.05 (4%)

0.06 (5%)

1.19

CORE AVG.

0.37 (36%)

0.03 (3%)

0.40 (39%)

0.11 (11%)

0.06 (6%)

0.07 (7%)

1.03

Arte (58, 542)

0.48 (34%)

0.03 (2%)

0.48 (34%)

0.22 (16%)

0.02 (1%)

0.17 (12%)

1.41

U.S. ABC (50, 544)

0.46 (46%)

0.04 (4%)

0.42 (42%)

0.04 (4%)

0.04 (4%)

0.00 (0%)

1.00

CBS (54, 522)

0.52 (48%)

0.00 (0%)

0.33 (30%)

0.17 (16%)

0.06 (6%)

0.02 (2%)

1.09

NBC (71, 546)

0.66 (62%)

0.03 (3%)

0.31 (29%)

0.03 (3%)

0.01 (1%)

0.03 (3%)

1.07

CORE AVG.

0.55 (52%)

0.02 (2%)

0.35 (33%)

0.08 (8%)

0.04 (4%)

0.02 (2%)

1.05

PBS (56, 1965)

1.11 (38%)

0.11 (4%)

1.29 (44%)

0.21 (7%)

0.14 (5%)

0.07 (2%)

2.93

*Note: Due to rounding, some percentages do not add up exactly to 100. Figures are raw criticisms (not per 1,000 words). Standardized criticisms can be derived by dividing raw criticisms by mean word length/1000.

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