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![Page 1: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
“Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?”Claire Hargreaves – [email protected] Professor Brian Francis – [email protected] of Mathematics and StatisticsLancaster University
European Society of Criminology, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2011
![Page 2: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sexual Offenders
•Sexual offending is a major concern.
•Should a sex offender always be labelled a sex offender?
•Sex Offender Registration
![Page 3: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sex Offender Registration• United Kingdom – Violent and Sex Offender Register (ViSOR)
• Australia – Australian National Child Offender Register (ANCOR)
• Canada – National Sex Offender Registry (NSOR)
• United States of America – All 50 states have passed laws requiring sex offenders to register with police.
![Page 4: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Previous Research• Kurlychek, Brame and Bushway (2007)
▫ “if a person with a criminal record remains crime free for a period of about 7 years, his or her risk of a new offence is similar to that of a person without any criminal record” (2007:80)
• Soothill and Francis (2009)▫ Risk of a further conviction comes close to the non-offending
population 10 to 15 years after their 20th birthday.
• Blumstein and Nakamura (2009)
• Bushway, Nieuwbeerta and Blokland (2011)
![Page 5: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
My Research• Examining the criminal careers of convicted
male sexual offenders, concentrating primarily on their desistance from sexual offending.▫Although desistance can never truly be
measured an offender’s risk of recidivism can be.
• Establish when a convicted sexual offender has the same or similar risk of being convicted of a further sexual offence as the never convicted population.
![Page 6: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Data• The Offenders Index is held by the Ministry of Justice.
The database holds conviction histories on over 10 million offenders from courts in England and Wales from 1963 to 2008.
• The birth cohort data sets are publicly available, and contain conviction histories for offenders in eight birth cohorts: 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973, 1978, 1983 and 1988. The datasets are each samples of four birth weeks.
• Male offenders make up 94% of all convicted sexual offenders
![Page 7: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Exploratory Analysis
•In total there are 62,552 offenders from the eight cohorts, with a total of 445,680 convictions.
•3.7% of all convicted offenders were
convicted of a sexual offence •Just under half of all convicted sex
offenders had more than one sex conviction
![Page 8: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Methodology• Re-conviction of
▫Any offence▫Sexual offence
• Convicted offenders analysed▫Sex Offenders▫Burglary Offenders▫All Offenders
• Control group▫Never convicted population
![Page 9: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Methodology•Hazard estimate of re-conviction
•Offenders with a first conviction before the age of 21
•Time to conviction from age 21
•Life table analysis
•Convergence of hazard rates
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Initial Analysis
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35.00
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
.35
Risk of a conviction from age 21
Convicted Sex OffendersConvicted Burglary OffendersConvicted OffendersNever Convicted Population
Interval Time YEARS
Haza
rd R
ate
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Initial Analysis
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35.0000
.0050
.0100
.0150
.0200
.0250
Risk of a sex conviction from age 21
Convicted Sex OffendersConvicted OffendersNever Convicted Population
Interval Time YEARS
Haza
rd R
ate
![Page 12: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Convergence of hazard rates
Risk of ANY conviction from age 21Time in years until hazard rates converge (AIC)
Never Convicted Population
Sex Offenders 14
Burglary Offenders
24
All Offenders 33
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Convergence of hazard rates
![Page 14: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Discussion• So when does a convicted sexual offender have the same or
similar risk of being convicted of a further sexual offence as the never convicted population?
• Convicted sex offenders have a similar risk of receiving a sex conviction as the never convicted population at the age of 46.
• Convicted sex offenders do not appear to pose a more significant risk than any other type of offender of being convicted of any offence.
• What does this mean for policy makers and authorities?
• Why should sex offenders continue to be ostracised?
![Page 15: “Once a sex offender, always a sex offender?” Claire Hargreaves – c.hargreaves1@lancaster.ac.uk Professor Brian Francis – asabjf@exchange.lancs.ac.uk Department.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082610/56649db95503460f94aa9d27/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ongoing Work
•Analysis on individual age groups•Period at risk •Limited number of risk factors•Sub categories of sexual offenders
•Norwegian crime data▫Rich content▫Potential risk factors (Employment,
education, marriage, fatherhood)
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References• Blumstein, A. and K. Nakamura, (2009) "Redemption in the Presence of
Widespread Criminal Background Checks," Criminology Volume.47, No.2, (May).
• Bushway, S., Nieuwbeerta, P. and Blockland, A. (2011) “The predictive value of criminal background checks: Do age and criminal history affect time to redemption?” Criminology, Volume.49, No.1
• Francis, B. And Soothill, K. (2010) “Retention and disclosure of old criminal records – data protection or protecting the public?” Presentation given at the Royal Statistical Society International Conference.
• Kurlychek, M. C., Brame, R. and Bushway, S. (2007) “Enduring Risk: Old Criminal Records and Prediction of Future Criminal Involvement.” Crime and Delinquency. Volume.53, No.1.
• Soothill, K. and Francis, B. (2009) “When do Ex-Offenders Become Like Non-Offenders?” The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume.48: 373–387.