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![Page 1: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere
Emmanuel Dinnat1,2 and Ludovic Brucker1,3
1. Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
2. Chapman University, Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling & Observations, Orange, CA, USA
3. Universities Space Research Association, GESTAR, Columbia, MD, USA
![Page 2: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Acknowledgement:
Ludovic Brucker in a storm somewhere in Antarctica …
![Page 3: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
• Analyze data spatial distribution• Assess the observations' stability• Contribute to define cal/val and intercalibration
experiments
11/14/2014
Þ Create product adapted to high latitudes
Use L-band observations to study the cryosphere.
Motivations
Aquarius Tb/NRCS availablealong track only
![Page 4: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Presentation of the high latitude product
Brightness temperatures over Greenland and Antarctica
Radar measurements over Antarctica
Ocean freshening and ice melt
11/14/2014
Outline
![Page 5: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Input data sets: Aquarius Level 2 swath data (PO.DAAC, version 3.0)
Spatial coverage: latitudes > 50°
Temporal resolution: 7 days
Grid cell size: 36 km × 36 km
Grid: Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE2.0) (Brodzik et al., 2012)
Þ constant resolution in polar regionsÞ consistent with SMAP
11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 6: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Input data sets: Aquarius Level 2 swath data (PO.DAAC, version 3.0)
Spatial coverage: latitudes > 50°
Temporal resolution: 7 days
Grid cell size: 36 km × 36 km
Grid: Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE2.0) (Brodzik et al., 2012)
Þ constant resolution in polar regionsÞ consistent with SMAP
11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
#RFI
ASC DSC
![Page 7: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Input data sets: Aquarius Level 2 swath data (PO.DAAC, version 3.0)
Spatial coverage: latitudes > 50°
Temporal resolution: 7 days
Grid cell size: 36 km × 36 km
Grid: Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE2.0) (Brodzik et al., 2012)
Þ constant resolution in polar regionsÞ consistent with SMAP
11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
#RFI
ASC DSCLarge RFI reduction in 2014
![Page 8: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Brightness temperature (TB)
at V & H polarizations
for radiometers 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
at VV, VH, & HH polarizations
for beams 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits and descending orbits separately
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
for radiometers 1, 2, 3, and all combined
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Þ Weekly mean and stdev, number of observations, and ice fraction11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 9: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Brightness temperature (TB)
at V & H polarizations
for radiometers 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
at VV, VH, & HH polarizations
for beams 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits and descending orbits separately
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
for radiometers 1, 2, 3, and all combined
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Þ Weekly mean and stdev, number of observations, and ice fraction11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 10: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Brightness temperature (TB)
at V & H polarizations
for radiometers 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
at VV, VH, & HH polarizations
for beams 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits and descending orbits separately
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
for radiometers 1, 2, 3, and all combined
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Þ Weekly mean and stdev, number of observations, and ice fraction11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 11: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Brightness temperature (TB)
at V & H polarizations
for radiometers 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
at VV, VH, & HH polarizations
for beams 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits and descending orbits separately
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
for radiometers 1, 2, 3, and all combined
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Þ Weekly mean and stdev, number of observations, and ice fraction11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 12: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Brightness temperature (TB)
at V & H polarizations
for radiometers 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
at VV, VH, & HH polarizations
for beams 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits and descending orbits separately
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
for radiometers 1, 2, 3, and all combined
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Þ Weekly mean and stdev, number of observations, and ice fraction11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 13: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Brightness temperature (TB)
at V & H polarizations
for radiometers 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Normalized radar cross section (NRCS)
at VV, VH, & HH polarizations
for beams 1, 2, and 3 (separately)
for ascending orbits and descending orbits separately
Sea surface salinity (SSS)
for radiometers 1, 2, 3, and all combined
for ascending orbits, descending orbits, and combined
Þ Weekly mean and stdev, number of observations, and ice fraction11/14/2014
New Aquarius weekly polar-gridded products
![Page 14: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Radiometer #3 ~ 46°, V-pol
Brightness Temperature, Greenland, 2013
Jan March May
July Sept Nov
![Page 15: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Radiometer #3 ~ 46°, V-pol
Brightness Temperature, Greenland, 2013
Jan March May
July Sept Nov
![Page 16: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
L-band TB shows no seasonal/temperature variations, but summer variations due melt and refreeze.
South Dome, Greenland, Tb time series
11/14/2014
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Summit, Greenland, Tb time series
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Surface reflection is an important radiative transfer process
even when the radiation has a large penetration depth
In 2012, surface layer of refrozen snow => - 5 K
Summit, Greenland, Tb time series
![Page 19: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Lower Tb inland (dry snow zone), higher Tb near coast, with maximum extent in January because of melt
Brightness Temperature in Antarctica
Sept Nov Jan
JulyMayMarch
![Page 20: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Areas where melt events occurred since August 1, 2000 were masked.Standard deviation < 1 K.
East AntarcticaAnnual mean and standard deviation TB (Beam 1)
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Temperature below 15 m:
218.42 ± 0.07 K (Brucker et al., 2011)
Snow accumulation:
8-10 cm of snow (Urbini et al., 2008)
11/14/2014
Ideal site to study the relationship between microwave observations & ice properties
Dome C, Antarctic Plateau (3240 m)
![Page 22: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Fast variations = surface changes
Dome C - 1.4 GHz TB time series
Beam TB V (K) 3 209.50 ± 0.26 2 206.79 ± 0.25 1 202.54 ± 0.28
Beam TB H (K) 1 189.97 ± 0.44 2 186.22 ± 0.53 3 181.39 ± 0.72
Sensitivity ~ 0.2K
11/14/2014
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
AMSU-B grain index derived from AMSU-B (Picard et al., 2012),
GI = 1 - TB150/TB89 with shallow penetration (few cm) channels
Satellite monitoring of the snow surface at Dome C
![Page 24: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
Aquarius radiometers• have an excellent sensitivity (0.2 K)• are thus appealing to study the ice sheets
TB variability at H polarization• is larger than at V polarization• increases as incidence angle increases• is larger than the sensors' sensitivity
L-band radiation• has a deep penetration• but is sensitive to surface snow properties
11/14/2014
Brucker et al., 2014: Effect of Snow Surface Metamorphism on Aquarius L-Band Radiometer Observations at Dome C, Antarctica. IEEE TGRS 52(11): 7408-7417, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2312102.
Main conclusions for L-band radiometry of the cryosphere
![Page 25: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
AntarcticaNormalized radar cross section (NRCS, beam 3)
Asc.
Dsc.
VV HHVH
![Page 26: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
NRCS over Antarctica
Radarsat (RAMP) DEM Drainage system boundaries
![Page 27: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
NRCS over Antarctica
Radarsat (RAMP) DEM Drainage system boundaries
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
No measurements currently characterize melt water flux
Can Aquarius SSS retrievals be helpful?
Aquarius observations to monitor Greenland ice sheet meltGreenland mass loss rate has increased significantly in last two decades (Sheppard et al., 2012)
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Impact of sea ice on SSS retrievals
![Page 30: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Impact of sea ice on SSS retrievals
![Page 31: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Studying freshening from ice sheet melt requires correction for sea iceÞ Sea ice emission model needed
Impact of sea ice on SSS retrievals
![Page 32: On the use of observations from the Aquarius/SAC-D mission to study the cryosphere Emmanuel Dinnat 1,2 and Ludovic Brucker 1,3 1. Cryospheric Sciences.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022103015/551c2b065503469e4f8b604b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Tb is very sensitive to sea ice …
Impact of sea ice on SSS retrievals
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
… and sea ice concentration is uncertain.
Impact of sea ice on SSS retrievals
Ove
r-es
timat
ed
sea
ice
conc
entr
ation
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
• 3 weekly polar-gridded products are available with Aquarius:
• * Brightness temperature• * Normalized radar cross section• * Sea surface salinity
• http://nsidc.org/data/aq3_tb.html• http://nsidc.org/data/aq3_nrcs.html• http://nsidc.org/data/aq3_sss.html
11/14/2014
• Brucker, Dinnat and Koenig (2014), “Weekly gridded Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer observations and salinity retrievals over the polar regions -- Part 1 & 2”, The Cryosphere.
• Relevant for studying:• - ice sheets• - sea ice• - frozen soil• - freshening
Conclusion
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Sheppard et al. 2012
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
RFI over Greenland / North polar regions -- 2013
Ascending passes Descending passes
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
RFI over Greenland / North polar regions -- 2014
Ascending passes Descending passes
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Penetration Depth
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
Hoar crystal on the surface
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014
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Dinnat and Brucker, Aquarius Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.11/14/2014