On the Frontier of
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Transcript of On the Frontier of
Arnold Pompoš, University of Oklahoma, USA 1/29
Arnold Pompoš, University of Oklahoma, USA 2/29
(do scientists do at Fermilab)
WHAT?
Arnold Pompoš, University of Oklahoma, USA 3/29
We study the finest and tiniest scales of Nature
largest structures of the
universe
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(do scientists study the finest scales of Nature)
WHY?
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Curiosity is the driving force behind our research.
Humans always asked questions about the structure of matter.
What’s the structure of the ocean, what’s the structure of a dew drop … ?
Does the structure ever end? Are there basic building blocks?
Motivation
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Modern cosmology and particle physics uncovered fundamental connections
between
time evolution of the universe
finest structure of matter
largest structures of the
universe
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Arnold Pompoš, University of Oklahoma, USA 8/29
(do scientists study the finest scales of Nature)
HOW?
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What PROBE to use?
How to probe even smaller scales?
( > 0.01 m)Objects of everyday life
( > 0.000 001 m)Structure of cells
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Our LIGHT - Particle Collisions
In order to be able to study exotic particles, we have to create them first in labs.
This happens by colliding lighter particles at very high energies.
The rest is fixed by E=mc2
•give me enough energy, I will make you anything
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Fermilab
Beša
Chicago
Where is our Instrument Located?
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Our MICROSCOPE - Fermilab’s Accelerator
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Our EYES - Particle Detectors at Fermilab
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(what we found out about our Nature)
SOME RESULTS
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Standard Model of Particles and Fields
The most fundamental building blocks of matter are:
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What’s up with the NEUTRINOS?
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Physics Beyond the Standard ModelCosmology measures that only 4% of Nature’s
matter is in the form of know substance
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Extra Dimensions Already Employed?
3+1 dim
Extra dim
What extra dimensions? Can’t you count? We have only 3+1 dimensions!
Was it the magician, D. Copperfield, who already experimentally proved the existence of extra dimensions?
D.C. freeing himself from a locked box by using extra dimensions?(No, just joking!)
OR
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Motivation to Search for Extra Dimensions
We need a theory to explain 96% of the universe.
Some of such theories are consistent not in 3+1 dim. world, but need extra dimensions (strings, etc.)
Perhaps, if we zoom in to matter enough, we will observe extra dimensions!
Appears as 1D
Appears as 2D
Whoops, it’s 3D!OR ????D
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(physicists use accelerated particles to treat cancer)
HEP Byproducts
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Healthy DNA – the captain of everythingRNA
DNA replication Cell Division
Protein synthesis
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Watch out! DNA can get damaged!Ionizing Radiation
Chemical influence
Viruses
When something goes wrong
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What is cancer? Cancer is an unrestrained & excessive growth of
cells.
Slowly Growing
Noninvasive, encapsulated
Well differentiated cells
Non-metastatic
Rapidly growing
Invasive and infiltrative
Anaplastic & undifferentiated cells
Metastatic
Tumor - Benign Tumor - Malignant
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Why Do We Care About Cancer?
1) Heart diseases = 28.0% of all deaths
In USA in 20032) Cancer = 22.7% of all deaths
720 000 men 680 000 women
will be diagnosed with cancer! In USA in 2006
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Various Methods To Fight Cancer Surgery
•Helpful in early stages - before cancer spreads.
Chemotherapy•Use of drugs to fight cancer.
Biological Therapy•Use of body’s own immune system to fight
Radiation Therapy•Use of ionizing radiation
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Radiation Therapy
Damage to the cancer cell is done by energy deposited to tumor cells by ionizing radiation
Radiation makes free radicals which then brake DNA
It’s based on the fact that cancerous cells are more sensitive and can less repair than normal cells.
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How to Deliver Energy to Kill Cells? Photon Therapy
(cheap)
Neutron Therapy (effective)
Proton Therapy(very precise)
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Instruments for Various Therapies Photon Therapy Proton/Neutron Therapy
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Want More Info?
Visit Fermilab’s web sites: http://www.fnal.govhttp://www-ed.fnal.gov/ed_home.html
Send e-mail to Arnold: [email protected]
For Fermilab tours call Fermilab’s: Education office (630) 840-8248Office of Public Affairs (630) 840 3351