On the Foraminifera collected round the Funafuti Atoll from Shallow and Moderately Deep Water.
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Transcript of On the Foraminifera collected round the Funafuti Atoll from Shallow and Moderately Deep Water.
ON T E E FORAMINIFERA OF THE FUNAFUTI ATOLL. 37.9
On tbe FOEAMINIFERA collected round the Funafuti Atoll from Shallow and Moderatelg Deep Water. By FREDERICK CHAPMAN, A.L.S., F.R.M.S.
[Read 5th December, 1lrOl.l
(PLATES 35 & 36.)
CONTBNTS.
I. Introductory Remarks. Pp. 379-380. With Notes
and Description of New Species. 111. Foraminifera from the Lagoon-Beaches, Fonafoti (Sollas and David
Collection). Pp. 386-587. IV. A Description of' the Reef-fi-ugmente, with adherent Foraminifera, from
the Reef-face, Funafuti (Davicl and Woolnoiigh Collection). With i~
Table of Distribution and Notes and Description of a New Species.
V. A Summary of the Foraminifera found a t depths from 1G-200 fathoins With Notes and
VI. Notes on the Distribution of some of the Species of Foramiuifcra from
11. Paraniinifera from the Ocean-Benches (Sollas Collection). Pp. 380-3813.
Pp. 387-396.
round Funafnti (Halligan and Pinckb Collection), Description of New Species.
the Reef-slope a t Funafuti.
Pp. 397-413.
Pp. 413-415.
I. INTRODUCTORT REMARKS. The collections upon which the following; results are based
(1) A series of shore-sands froin the ocean and lagoon-beaches of the Funafuti Atoll. Obtained by Prof. W. J. Sollas, F.R.S., during the first expedition to Funafuti in 1896.
(2) Samples from the rocks forming the seaward slolie of the reef a t depths from 16-200 fathoms, obtained by means of heavy steel chisels arid tangles ; also saiiiplev of sand from various depths. Collected by Prof. Edgeworth David and Mr. Woolnough in 1897.
(3) A series of sand and reef-rocks collected by Messrs. u. Halligan and A. E. Finckh rouncl the Atoll at depths down to 240 fathoms. Also soundings and dredging8 taken along a line due west from Tutanga. Collected In
August 1898.
are these :-
380 MR. F. CAAPMhN ON THE
During my microscopical examination of the thin slices of the cores brought up by the boring operations at Funafuti i t was evident that, in order to arrive a t some definite conclusions re- specting the meaning of the various changes in the facies of the foraminifera and other microzoa found at different levels, we ought to know more about the actual distribution of the microzoa living round the atoll and in the lagoon. By a careful study of the differences in the distribution of the smaller organisms i t is possible t o gain information of considerable value as to the depth at which they best developed, and also with regard to the ac- companying php&el or hydrographical conditions. The present paper should therefore serve as a basis for the discussion of the significance of the contents of the core aN far as the foraminifera are concerned (and these organisms, by the way, constitute the greater proportion of the Funafuti core), since the results ape derived from samples obtained from fairly shallow-water deposits, epeaking in the hydrographical sense.
This interesting subject, in its bearing on the coqtents of the core, may be discussed in a later paper of thid series.
The deep-sea soundings taken round Funafuti are also of considerable intereut, and their description may be reserved for another paper on the subject.
11. FOEAMINIFERA f P 0 . l th.e OCEAX-BEACHEB, FUNAFUTI, froin material collected by Prof. SULLALB, 1896.
NoTE.-The actual label-names attached to the samples of sands have the following signification, and the native name alone is here retained :-" Our Islet " = Fongafale Islet or Funafuti Island ; " South Island " = Avalau Islet ; " Gold Island "= Fualopa Islet.
The folloxing terms in the Table denote the relative abundance of the specimens :-v.r.=very rare ; r. =rare ; , f. =frequent ; c. = common ; v.c.=very common ; ex.c.=excessiveIy common.
EORAMINIFEBA OF TUE BDNAFOTI ATOLL. 381
- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 10. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 2. 23. 24. 5. 26.
27.
23. 29. 30. 31. 92. 33. 34. j5. 36. 37. 38. 39. Lo. 11. L'J. t3.
k4. L5. L6. L7. L8. -
Name. ' N. end Pongaf'ale
%kbectduria luciftiga, Defr. .............. ./ 1 ,, Brudyz, Millet,t,
,, kZU'MWkSb, Ch;lp. ............... , ,, diaaricata, B r d y ............ I
Biloczclinu irregulavis, dOrb. 1 ...! ,, ringgelas (Lam.)
!+&xhczili?ka iaitida, $Orb. ............... ,, var.f;iueobta, Eggor!
,, ca~~ul~imclata, d'Orb. ......... ,, acutiinargo, Brady ......... I ,, Cl?AZ%dUrU?Ik, #Orb.. ........... ,, gruta, Terq. .................. 1 ,, crenata, Rarrer ...............
Milioli~iu circularis (Born) ...............
...............
............... ...............
,, &. s i h l i n e a l ~ ~ ~ Brady subrotiitada (Mont.). ...... /ubwsa (d'0rb.j ... tr(yo?rclzu (LHIII.) .................. oLloibgga (Mont.) .................. ~OSciUlka (#Orb.) ............... samanikluna (L.) .................. ftmrGfutiensis, Cbap. Boucana (#Orb.) ................. Cio~iwiana ($Orb.) ......... t ~ * i c ~ i r i ~ ~ u t u (d'Orb.) .........
,, var. fierfhehia?ku, Brady.
,, v w . Tevqueiizia~i,~, Brady.
hieomis (W. & J.) ............... r~gglzctii~am (d'Orb. j .... pi.r.ussacii ($Orb.) .............. Linneam (d'Orh.) ......... .._... trndusa (Karrer) .................. cstbirlata. (d'Orb.) ............... Parkem' (Bradv). ............
\ " l
.Irti~iilinaj'ii?kalis, var. iuonaatii, Brady ... Ciuirerina compressu (#Orb.) ............... .. ornutissirna (Karrer) ............ Dlanispirina exigzru, Bmtly .................. ?ymili9aa celata (Costs) .................. 7omtuspira inuolvens, Reoss ............... Deneroplis prrttrsus (E'orskB) ............... .. aridinus (Batsell) ...............
(Monalgsidizim) cy:ylindrcc~.e.us
,, (M.) litnus (Gmelin) ............ .. (31.) Sosollusi, Chap. ............ .. duplex, Carpenter ............... .. complunata, Lam. ...............
(Lam.).
hhitolites murgina& (Lain.) ............
......
......
......
......
. . . . . .
......
......
......
. . . . . .
.....
...... _ . . ,_ . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. . . . . .
......
......
......
......
. . . . .
......
......
......
......
......
...... r.
...... V.C.
I * See notes appended to this list,.
LINN. JOURN.-ZOOl.O(iY, YOL. XXVIII.
Avalau Islet.
... P. r. r. r.
v.r. f.
v.r. f .
f'. v.r.
C. v.r. V.1'. c.
...
1'.
v.r.
f . f.
v.r.
1 v.r. ' c. I
1 v.r. I
c.
v.1..
r.
... c. 1
f. r.
f.
r. v.r. r. f.
f. f.
v.r.
C.
V.C.
V.Y.
V.O. C.
v.r. C X C . r. t'.
27
Fualopa 1 Islet. :
I
v.r.
f.
V.C. r.
0.
ex.c.
3 82
- I I
- I9. ,0. il. i2: i3. 34. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 33. 51. s2. i3. 54. 35. 56. n. 58. 59. i0. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. -
Nk. F. CHAPMAN ON TH$
,, var. spa
(d’Orb.)
,: fnhcllefirm&, Brady ...... ,, ( Trcfomphalus) bulloidrs
Discwbina nraucam (dOrh.) ,, Vahrdeboann (d’O ,, romcea (d’Orb.) .................. ,, rzcgosa (#Orb.) ... ,, gbbularis (d’orb.) ,, tabemacdaris, Br ,, msminatn, sp. nov. ............ ,, concinna, Brady ............... ,, orbicularis (Terq.) ............
PZanorbuZinn lamata, P. & J. ,, accrualis, Brady ,, retimcudata, P. & J. ......... ,, variabiliv (#Orb.). ........... ,, rostruta, Brady . . . . . . . . . . ,, reticdata (Czjzek)
Fruncatulinn lobatula (W. & J.) .........
Anomnlina coronata (P. & J.) ............... Cklcarina Speiqleri (L.) ..................
,, hispida, Brady ................ ,, var. pulchellu, Chap. .
Tinaporus hccculatut; (Ikloutf.) ..... f ,, v w . $me JV. .
Gypsiisa inhcerens (Schultze) ..... ,, glohiakls (Reuss) ... ....
Polytrenia mimiaceurn (Pallas) ............ Polydomelln striaiopmctutn (F. & M.) . .
,, wzncella (F. & M.) ........... ,, crispa (L.) .....................
Amphistegina Lessonii, d’Orb.. .............. Heterostegina depressa, d’Orb. ......
__
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. . . . . .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. . . . . .
......
......
......
. . . . . . C.
......
......
...... 0.
......
......
...... C.
......
‘ ...
1 1
r. ! r. f 1’.
v.r.
v.r. v.r. r.
y.r. v.r.
I. r.
C.
C.
v.1..
... v I. r.
v.r. f . f. r. r. C.
V.P. C. 1’.
v.1’. v.r. V.P. v 1..
P. ...
V.C. L
e x p .
v.r. i-.r. y.r. f.
1’.
f. ~
1..
CX.V.
E V.P. c.
* See uutes appended to this list.
PohAMIbl VblltA 01'' 'Clfb 1"U SAKU 1 I hTVLL. 383
Of the foregoing samples of foraminifers1 sands from the seasurd beaches of Funafuti, that from Avalau Islet is by far the richest in organisms. The Foraminifera are there in great profusion, and the species very numerous for a coral area ; the specimens themselves are beautifully preserved, even down to the most delicate ornamentation of spines and the perfect contour of the shell in many of the fragile foriris.
Besides the Foraminifera we find in the sand of Avalau lslet fragments of calcareouv Alga, spicules of a Calcisponge, Alcyo- iinrian spicules, a few Heteropods and uumerow Ostracodit ; the valves of the last-named orgaiiisnts are more than usually abundant aud varied, and these, together with othcr Ostracode from Funafuti, will be enumerated and described In a separate paper.
The sand here examined from Fongafale Islet is water-worn and perhaps wind-polished, so that the result-the occurrence of five species only of Foraminif'era-is not surprising.
W e now proceed to the description of iiew species, and notes on the more remarkable forms of the Foramitiifera occurring in the beach-sands of Funafuti.
Notes on the Poraminifera of the Beac?mSunds, E72Ciiajuti.
MILIOLINA LABIOSA (d' Orbigny). The specimens from Avalau Islet exbibit the same tendency to
merge into Nubecularia Bvadleyi, Millett, by growing irregularly in a lateral direction until the iiiilioline character is eutirely lost, which Millett remarks ill his description of the Malay fora- millitera *. There are apparently 110 specirneus from Funafuti, such as were found in the Malay souudingv, which pass into Miliolina valv ulccr is (Beuss).
MILIOLINA AOOLUTINANS (8 Orb.). The forin which is rather frequent at Avalau Islet partakes of
the general characters of N. Boscinna (d'Orb.), aud might perhaps with equal reason be assigned t o that species. llilillett figures a similar example from the hlalay Archipelago t.
MILIOLINA FERU~SACXI (tl'Or6.). Probably inore than half' tlie number of specirneus from
Puuaf'uti are represented by the flattened costate variety, formed * Jourii. R. Micr. Soc. 1598, p. 502. t 2bdZ. C L t . p. 268, pl. IV. figs. 4 (6-c.
27.6
384 Uba. F. CEAPMAB ON ‘IHf
almost on a spiroloculine plan, similar t o the figure given by Millett of his Malay specimens *.
PENEROPLIS (MONAL P IIDIUM) CPLINDRACEUS (Jam.). A very delicate little form, which by its thin shell-structure
and simple oral aperture seems to belong to the aubgeneric type Monalysidiwm.
ORBIrOLITES COMPLANATA, Lam., Val’. PLICATA, eJ, B. Dana. Muiyirzoporn vertebmlis, Blainville, var. plicutu, Dana, 1848, in Wilkes’
United States Exploring Expedition Reporh, ‘< Zoophytes,” p. 706, [in vol. of plates referred to as Maryinopora aerfebrulis?] pl. 60. figs. 9 9 a , b.
Orbitolites luciniuttcs, Brady, 1881, Quart,. .lourn. Rlicr. Sci. vol. xxi. N. S. p. 47.
0. cotnplanuto, V R ~ . lminiatu, Carpenter, 1883, Report on the Genus Orbitolites, 2001. Chnll. Exp. part xxii. pl. vii.
This is tlie well-kuown thick variety of Orbitolites with the plicated margin, a,nd which Brady showed to be a stage of shell- growth depeudent on a phase of reproduction, since the edge bears chamberlets with megalospheric young. J . D. Datia described this variety as plicata in 18$8, aud H. B. Brady appears t o have overlooked this when he described his speciiiiens from Fiji and elsewhere.
HADDONIA MINOR, sp. ~ U V .
Test attached by the earlier segmentr, which are frequently grouped in a triserial manner, as in Perneuilana, &c. ; afterward* growing erect or iu a vermiform fashiort, similar to a. Torres- iensis, but is much smaller.
Average length of test 2-4 mm. ; average diameter -7 mm. Avalau Islet j verg rare.
VEENEUILINA SPINULOSA (Reuss). The specimens from Avadau Islet are in very fine condition,
PATELLINA CORRUGATA, Williamson. It is very unusual to fiud this species in low latitudes, but i t
is not unknown from stuch localities ; it has, for instance, been recorded from Mauritius and elsewhere. It is, however, more abundant in temperate and colder areas.
(Pl. 36. figs. I, 2.)
Aperture horsesboe-shaped.
and the spinous processes are exceptionally long.
* J W W I I . R . M i w . 80c. 1898, 0. >UT, id. i i i . figs. 70-c.
EORhMINIPEAA 01.' TITE FUXAFUTI ATOLL. 386
CYMBALOPORA POEYI, wr. SQLJAMOSA (d'Or6.). Rofalia squamosn, d'Orb., 1826, Aun. Sci. Nat. vol. rii. p. 272. no. 8. Rosalina squamosa, d'Orb., 1839, Fornm. Cubs, p. 100, pl. iii. figs.
12-14. Cymbaloporo Poeyi, d'Orb., depressed vnr., Brady, 1884, Rep. Chnll.
vol. ix. p. 637, pl. cii. figs. 14 a-d.
This variety is a neat depressed form of the heavier sub- corrical specific type ; in i t s earlier stages it is sometimes fouiid parasitic upon alge.
DISCORBINA ACUMINATA, sp. nov. Test conical, elongate ; the apex terminating in a sharp point.
The inferior face deeply surlken. Chambers arranged in about six whorls, thr segments long and set obliquely. Surlace of test ornamented w i t h radiating strie centred in the apex and the umbilicus respectively.
Although D. acunzinata is related t o D. tabernacularis, Brady, it differs in having straighter and longer sides to the cone and 5
poiiited aboral extrrmity.
(PI. 36. fig. 3.)
Height - 3 mm. ; diameter -2 mm.
Shore-sand, Avalau Islet, Funafuti ; rare.
PLANORBULINA RETINACULATA, Parker 4 Jones. PhnorbuRa retinaculata, P. & J., Phil. Trans. vol. clv. 1865, p. 380,
pl. xix. fig. 2.
A wild-growing moditication of P. mediderranensis, d'Orbigny, parasitic on shells or alge, in which the chambers of the Inter whorls are partially separated, and bear numerous apertures especially around the periphery of the test. Parker and Jones's specimens were found iu the West Indies. This form iu especially worthy of notice, as it does not appear to have occurred often, if at all, since the original description was published. P. retin- aculata occurs at Funafuti detached from their surfaces of support and mingled with the sand.
CALCARINA SPENQLERI (Linne'). This species appears to be almost exclusively confined to the
East Indian Archipelago, arid therefore its occurrence at Funafuti in at least one of the samples of beach-sauds is interesting as adding t o its geographical range. The Funafuti specimens are small but typical.
886 MR. F. CHAPMAN ON THE
TINOPORUS BACULATUS (Nan<fort), var. FLOBESCENS, nov.
This variety has its distinguishing feature in the curious dehiscent or floresceut terminations of the spurs of the test. This is proved by thin sections to be formed by the redundant overgrowth of the acervuline or compressed outer layers of cham- berlets upon the intermediate shell-growth forming the spurs. This overgrowth is very thin, and covering the spurs forms a recurved edge around their extremities. Occurs at Avalau Islet.
(PI. 36. fig. 4.)
&ilLbeczilaria divaricatn, Brady ........ ,, hrr$uga, Defrance ......... ,, Zacwensis, Uliapman ......
Spiroloculiwk nitida, d’Orb.. ..............
,, grata, Terq ................... ., asitillarum, d’Orb. .........
Miliolina scnzi?sulma (11.1.. ................ ,, oblongn (Mont.) ............... ,, trigoirula (Lam.) ...............
,, var. foveolnta, Zgger.
,, fricarinata (d’Orb.), vnr. Ber- thelinaana, Brady.
quemiana, Brady. ,, tricariisala, var. Tm-
,, reticuhta (d‘Orb.) ............ ,, Fermsacid (d’Orb.) ............ ,, arietinus (Batsch) ............ ,, marginadis (Lam.) ............
Pcmeroplis pertusus (Forsk%l) ............ Orbitolites covplaunta, Lam. ............
111. FOEAMINIFE~A front the LAGOON-BEACHES, FUNAFUTI.
Two samples of the foraminifera1 sand of the lagoon-beaches are noticed here, with the species of foraminifera found therein. One is from Funafuti Island (Fongafale I.), collected by Prof. Sollas in 1896: the other froin the S.E. of the Atoll at Funafala Islet, collected by Messrs. Halligan and Finckh in 1898.
The dredgings taken across the lagoon commencing off Ponga- fale at a depth of 10 fathoms have been microscopically examined for foraminifera and already reported upou *. -
I
1. a. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. -
Lagoon- beach at Foiigafale 1. Name.
......... v.r.
.........
.........
.........
.........
......... v.r.
f.
S.
r.
.........
.........
......... V.C. r.
Lagoon-beach S. end of
Fiinafala I.
v.r.
v.r. r.
v.r.
r. v.r. C.
r. v.r.
c. v.r. f. 1’. V.O.
C.
* See Journ. Linn. SOC., 2001. vol. xxviii. pp. 161-210.
FORBMINIFERA OF THE FUNAFETI ATOLL. 387
- 1s. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 3.5. 26. 27. 28. 99. <w. 31. 32. 33.
~ 34. -
Name.
... ,, ru.yosa (Reuss) ............... --.I Tertduriu gramen, d'Orb.
,~ siphonifrra, Brady ........... ., C1uuulin.a angzslnris, d'Orb.. ............ . . I Valvulinu 0; uidirina, Chapman.. ....... Sagrii~a raphunus, Parker & Jones ... Cynzhulopora Poeyi (d'orb.) ............ 1 Dixorbina globuluris (d'Orb.). ........... Truncatuliiza Akneriuna ($Orb.) ...... ChlcaTinu hispida, Brady .................. Thoporus buridatus (Montf.) Gypsinu iahre~ens (Schultze)
I'olytrerna miniaceurn (Palltis). ........... Antphisteyimu Lessonii, d'Orb.. ........... Heterosteginu depressn, d'orb.
,, lJ6S'iClkhT& (P. & J.) ............
.........
.........
.........
....... v.r.
.........
......... C.
exx. v.r. v.r.
ex.0. v.r.
C.
v.r. f.
v.r.
V.C.
P. C.
v.r. v.r. V.C. V.C.
C. V.C. v.1.
IT. A DESORIPTION of the REEF-FRAQMENTS obtained from the REEF-FACE, FUNAFUTI, upon which ADHERENT FORAMINIFERA have been found.
It seems desirable to keep the description of this series of specimens distinct from the foraminifera1 sands, chiefly in order to SLOW how important a part the larger encrusting aud adherent foraminifera play i n forming the growing reef, a fact which has been brought into proininence by the evidence of' the Funafuti collections, both of the core and the samples dredged up from the living reef. These reehamples are here arranged, fh t ly , in their order of' position around the Atoll from N., E., S., to W., and, secondly, i n the order of the depth from which they were dredged. The foraminifera1 sands which are described subse- quently are arranged in order of depth ; the bathymetrical distribution of the various organisms may thus be readily seen.
N.W. of Pava I., 63 fathoms (1897). Two reef-specimens. (1) An encrusting mass of Polytrema
planurn measuring 3 cm. x 2-75 cni. This specimen was evidently torn off the reef at a weak point of attachment. It is smooth exteriorly, with a slightly undulate surface, and S h O F s on the under, attached, surface a rudely concentric manner of growth,
388 ME. F. CHAPMAN ON TEE
At one side o f this specimen a full-grown megalospheric test of' Cycloclypeus Carpenteri has been partially encrueted and over- grown by the Potytrema.
Pava I., 240 fathoms (1898). Specimen A 51.
balanifrnntis, aud a doubtful specimen of C. rhnphidodendron. A deep-sea coral with numerous adherent tests of Carpenteria
Funamanu (Beacon Id.), 25 fathoms. -4n nlcponarian stem encrusted in pl,zce~ with a pale green
Polytrenza planum and a species of' bryozoa, and bearing on its surface numerous specimeus of Carpenteria monticularis, C. utri- cularis, and Polytrema naininceum.
Funamanu (Beacon Id.), 45 fathoms (coll. A).
A somewhat thin and flexuose piece of reef-rock nieasuriug 5 em. x 3 cm., encrusted with algae, foraminifera, hydrozoa, and bryozoa.
The foraminifera me Polytrema planum and P. miniaceurn, both represented only by youug growths.
Funamanu (Beacon Id.), 50 fathoms (1897). ~9vecirnerc C 1.
Coral-rock encrusted with Lithothamnion Philippii vm. fuma- futiensis, Caventeria nionticulark, Polytrema plnnwnz, P. mini- aceum and var. alba, Xerpule, and bryozoa.
Specimen C 2. A thin fragment of coral-rock with adherent organisms-
Lithothamnion, foraminifera, Nerpulce, and bryozoa. The forami- nifera are Sagenina frondescens, Bdelloidina aggregata, Carpen- teria rnonticularis, C. utricularis, and Polytrema miniaceurn.
(2) Another specimen of P. planunz growing on a base of hard ? coral-rock, measuring 3 cm. x 2 cm. The Polytrema has grown irregularly, forming thiu layers. On the rougher side of this specimen Carpenteria monticularis occurs, and here and there are little patches of the pink Polytrema miniaceurn.
FORAMTNIFEXA OF T H E FUNAFUTI .4TOLL. 389
Off Funamanu (Beacon Id.), 80 fathoms (1897). Specimen C 6.
An axis of a Gorgoaiid with an encrusting Lithothanznion and bryozoa, also some adherent foraminifera and Serpulm. The foraminifera are Carpenteria monticularis, Polytrema miniaceuni, and P. planum. Another similar fragment (see PI. 35. fig. 2) shows, in addition t o the above species, a good example of Carpenteria utricularis and a large mass of Carpenteria rhaphi- dodendron.
Off Funamanu (Beacon Id ), 80 fathoms (1898). Specimens A 22.
Several fragments broken from the reef; some consisting slmoPt entirely of siiccessive layers of Polytrema planum having a snowy or frothy texture and appearance. Two of the fragments tirtve well-developed specimens of Carpenteria rhaphidodendron adhering to their surfaces, one of them measuring 3 em. in height. A fragment of Turbinaria perforated by Cliona carries several specimens of Haddonia torresiensis on one surface, and on the opposite face numerous bryozoa, n sponge, Halinaeda, and the pink encrusting Lithothamnion PhiE@pii var. funafutiensis, and the following foraminifera :- Carpenteria nzonticularis, C. utricularis, and Polytremn niiniaceum i r i a young stage of growth.
Specimen A 24. TITO fragments of reef-rock, the upper surfaces of which are
entirely overgrown a i t h pure white examples of Polytrema planuni. On the under surface bryozoa, Serpule, and Polytrenia miniaceum occur.
Falefatu, 38 fathoms (1898). Specimen A 19.
A piece of hard calcareous rock, measuriirg 18 x 11 x 4 em., overgrown on the upper surface with knobs and crusts of Litho- fhamnion Philippii Tar. Junafutiensis, I-’sanamocora sp., bryozoa, aud brachiopoda (Crania). Also the foraminifera Polytrenzn pltznum and P. miniaceum. The corals are chiefly adherent to
390 MR. P. CHAPMAN ON THE
the upper (cleaner) surface, the bryozoa on the lower surface, whilst P. planum and P . mifiiaceurn are on both surfaces.
Off Tutanga, 60-100 fathoms (1898). Specimen A 35.
A fragment of reef-rock measuriug 7.5 x 45 em., encrusted with Po7,ytrenzn planum, M hich almost completely covers the specimen. There are also a few thiii cruats of Lithothamnion Philrppii var. funafutienis associated with it, and an example of Cycloclypeus Carpenteri (form B), ineasuring 2.5 em. in diameter. The base of tlie rock IS cavernous and drilled by boriug organisms.
Off Tutanga, 115-200 fathoms (1898). Carpenteria halanijormis very numerous on deep-sea corals
(Oculimidre).
Off Tutanga, 117 fathoms (1897). Specimen A 32.
A rough, irregular fragment of reef-rock, measuring about 1 0 ~ 9 x 6 em., consisting of an aggregate of organisms, as foraminifera, miuute corals, hydrozoa, and Serpub, solidified by intergrowth and encrustation. By far the larger mass of the rock is formed of the encrusting and cementing organism Yoly- trema planum, which here still retains the pale green colour so frequently seen in living specimens. This green coloration gives t o the Polytremn ai l illueioiiarg resemblance to a n alga, The large form (B) of Cycloclypeus Carpenteri is represented in this block by a Fpecimen measuring 5 em. in diameter, whilst there are numerous examples of the smaller form (A) embedded between the other organisms.
Off Tutanga, 135 fathoms (August 1898). Specimen B 7.
A collection of reef-frdgments ; consisting of some large masses of Potytrmaa planunz (see PI. 35. fig. 4), one or two measuring about 5 cm. square ; some lamellibranch shells overgrown inside and out m i t h Serpulce and Polytrema plamum; fungoid corals accreted with growing orgauisms, chie0y Polytrema planturn ; n fragment of an alcyonarisn stem measuring 4.5 em. in length
FORAMINIFERA OE' 'I'HE FUNAFUTI ATOLL. 391
and having a diameter of 1.8 em., encrusted with Po1,ytranLa planum, which has ensured its preservation.
Dredgings taken near Tutanga (bearing 102" to Tutanga, 155" to Tegasu), 136 fathoms (1897).
Fragmentary rock-specimens and Halimedn-joints. One piece consisting of an encrusting mass of Polytrenzn planuin measures 3 x 2 em. and is 4 mm. thick. The outer surface is smooth and of a very pale green colour. To the under surface a fine speci- men of Haddonin torresiensis is attached.
The smaller fragments bear numerous (lark-coloured speci- mens of PoJytrema miniaceum.
A fragment of Alcyonarian largely composed of the aggluti- nated spicules.
Associated with these are Sagenina frondescens (on Halimeda) and Cycloclypeus Carpenteri (form A).
Dredgings west of Tutanga, 200 fathoms.
Specimen A 2. Two rather massive pieces of orgmic calcareous rock and
fragments of a Gorgoniid stem. The largest piece of rock measures 12.5 x 6 x 3.5 em., anti
consists of large flaky masses of Polytrema planuna built in tiers, rudely resembling the nest of the wasp (Pespa); with many ad1 ierent foraminifera, bryozoa, Serpulm, brachiopoda (Crania), and alga?. Besides P. planum the other foraminifera are Poly- trema miniaceum, whose small pustular testa are scattered over a large portion of the rock, and Cnrpenteria serialis, sp. iiov. (PI. 35. fig. 3). There are apparently two kinds of alp-one a thin, pink, encrusting form, and t h e other ii thread-like or filamentose and branching organism rather doubtfnl in its nffinity.
The smaller piece of rock measures 8.6 x 6 x 2.6 em., and has a double nodular shape, with a lumpy surface, overgrown with Poly frema plnnum, P. miniaceum, aiid several species of bryozoa.
The alcyonarian stems are encrusted m i t h a pink alga, a n d foraminifera (as Carpenteria utricularis, Polytremn nziniuceuin) . a sponge, and numerous brgozoa,
392 YB. F. CEAPMAN ON THE
South of Fuafatu, 25 fathoms (August 14th, 1897). Eeef-fragments with twoken shells aud many foraminifera.
Orbitolites conaplanata, rare. Sugenina frondescens, common and well-grown, on shells and
Planorbulina acerualis, very rare, on Halimeda. Polytrerna planum, on Halimeda, aild forming button - like
P. miniaceurn, very common.
The latter are:-
Halimeda.
masses.
Off Fuafatu, 60 fathoms (1897). Specimen C 4.
nifera, Seipulm, bryozoa, and brachiopoda (Crania).
ensis, and Polytrema miniaceum.
A flat piece of coral covered with pink Lithothamnion, forami-
The foraminifera :irr Sagenina frondescens, Haddonia torresi-
Off Fuafatu, 60 fathoms (1897). Specimen C3.
and bryozoa. Coral-rock encrusted with Lithothamnion, Polytrema planum,
S.S.W. of Fuafatu, 60 fathoms (1897). Specimen C 5 .
a small coral, Serpulce, and bryozoa.
rnonticuluris, m d Polytrema miniaceurn.
Calcareous rock encrusted with Lithothamfiion, foraminifera,
The foraminifera are Haddonia torresiensis, Calrpenteria
South of Fuafatu, 119 fathoms (1897). Reef-fragments, one of which iiieasures 2 . 5 ~ 2 cm. It is
encrusted wilh Polytrema planum t o which are attached several specimens of Haddonia torresiensis. There are also specimeris of Cycloclypeus Carpenteri (torin A) in t l~e accompanying sand.
FORAMlNIEERh OF THE FUh’bk’UTI ATOLL. 393
‘!‘ABLE i l ks t ra t i f ig the DIETXIBUTION of REEF-FOBMINO FORAMI- NIFERA (adhepetit and encrusting species) round the Atoll of .Funafuti *.
Conditions of growth.
Found chiefly on Halinkeda - - - ~ _ _ _
joints.
reef-organism. Adherent to reef-rock and
Found growing on reef- rock, iiiillepores, corals, and molluscan shells.
Grows attached to Ha&- mcdn, Alcyonarian stems, milleporcs, or bare reef- rock.
Growing on deep-sea corals and Swpzkle.
Growing attached to Poly- trema ~ I U I L U I I L , Alcyo- nsrian stems, iuolluscan shells, or bare reef-rock.
Found only at two or three depths. Grows in massive clusters, throwing out tubes which are often joined terminally by a platform-like growtl of Pol~/t~astia plana i u .
Attached to reef-fragmei I t,,i.
Found encrusting reef-rockr and rounding off sharp itngiilar fragrnenLs by en- wrapping them in succes- sive layers of acervuline cells uutil the originel contour entirely disap. pears. It even grows over living organisms, such as Cgcloc Zype~s, nnt il they are quite covered up by the rapid growt,h of the foraminifera.
Growing profusely on Po&- trewca planzim, Huliitzedn joints, or reef-rock.
Associated with P. mi?iia- cmcm but very rare.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
LO.
11.
____--_ Paxa, Funanmnu,
Tutanga, and Fuafatu.
Tutanga, and Fuafatu.
Eavti and Funa- inanu.
Pam, Funamanu,l25,
Pava, Punainanu, Tntanga, and Fuafatu.
Pavaond TuLaip.
Funanlanu, Tu- tanga, and Pa%- t t l l .
‘Pava ; Funitmanu and Fuafatu.
Name. _ _ _ _
Sapnina fronLsceni (Brady).
Haddonin torresbnsis Chapman. (PI. 35.
Bdelloidiirn aggregrrtci Carter.
figs. 1 & 1 a,)
%rpeirteria tifril zclaris Carter.
30. 36, 50. 60, 196 150, 200
35, 40 60, 80 119, 136
25, 50, 60, 63.
35, 50, 57 60,80,94 130, 150 200
115-240.
2,5, 50, 60 80, 86 135, 200
60. 80, 9 240.
5’arpe,btcria balatri-
Carpenterin nroiatieu forinis, Gray.
Iaris, Carter.
Tutanga.
Carpetiteria rhaphi dodeikdron, Mobim (Pl. 35. fig. 2.)
200. Cayenterin serialis sp. nov. (PI. 35.
(Carter). (PI. 35.
fig. 3.)
figs. 2 & 4.)
Polytrema plaisuin Pava, It’unamanu, Falefaatu, Tu- tanga, Fuafatu.
Polytrem miniacezin ( Pallas).
var. a6ba, Carter. Polytrema na’niaeei~m
25, 38. 45 M, 60,63 e0, 117 119, 135 136, 200
Localities. I DA 1 t,hs in fat oms.
Funamanu, Fale-1 25, 38, 45 fatu, Tiitanga,~ 50,60,80 and Fuafatu. 136, 200
Funamanu. 50.
* This table includes data given in my earlier paper on the same subject. See Joum. Linn. SOC , Zool. vol. xxviii. pp. 1-97.
804 NR. 8. CHAPMAR ON T I i E
Besides the foregoing adherent forairiinifera, the ordinary species of smaller dimensions which live freely on the reef play an important part by the enormous quautities of their tests which speedily become encrusted and consolidated by the growth of organisms. A cavernous rock is thus formed, the interstices of which do not become filled until D much later date in the history of the reef-formation.
Such noteworthy species are Amphzstegina Lessonii, Tinoporus baeulatus, Heterosteyina depressa, Calcarina hispida (which, however, is one of the first organisms to disappear by solution), Orbitolites complanatn and 0. ntctrginalis, and Cycloclypeus Cnrpenteri.
As regards the l a s t named species, C. Carpeqzteri, it is iuterestiug to note its occurrence at four localities round Funafuti, namely, Pava, Funamanu, Tutanga, and Fuafatu. It has a range in depth of 30-200 fathoms. A t 50-60 fathoms both the megalospheric and the microspheric forms occur, form A greatly preponderating. A t 80 fathoms form B (the microspheric or large discoid form) was most frequently dredged up alive by Prof. David.
Notes on Ebraininifra f r o m the Reef-Jagntents. Xunajk t i .
CAKPENTEBIA BALANIFOBMIS, Bray. Carpenterin balmifortnis, Gray, 1858, Proc. Zool. SOC. Lond. vol. YX) i.
C. balanifolmia, Chapman, 1900, Journ. Linii. Soc., Zool. vol. xxviii. p. 13, pl. 4. figs. 1, 2.
Other deep-sea corals with uuinerous attached specimens of C. balaiz$or*mis hare been sent on in further collections siuce the first paper on Funafuti Foraminifera was written. One of the corals came from 240 fathoms off Pava I., and is the deepest sample obtained from the reef. This specimen bears no less than 32 individuals of the abore species distributed over the surface. A curious example of fusion between two shells also occurs, which poiuts to the ability which this genus may possess of forming colonies and large masses of almost indefinite size, providing the growing teat is not broken up by predatory fishes or by mechanical means.
p. 269, figs. 1-4.
CARPENTEEIA BHBPHIUODENDBON, Zobius.
? Pulytrenin biucnnesccns, J. D. Dana. 1849, U.S. Exploring Exped., Atlas Zoophytes, p. 707, pl. 61. fig. 3.
Rhaphidodendron album, Mobius, 1876, Tageblatt der 49 Versammlung deutscher Nnturforscher und Aerzte in Hamburg, p. 115.
Carpentevia rhaphidoclendron, hlcibius, 1880, Beitriige zur Neeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen, Berlin, p. 81, pl. v. figs. 6-10, pl. vi. fig. 1-6.
It is possible that the specimen which Dana described as ‘‘ pale brownish, thick incrusting, cavernous, surface gibbous, lacerate and very irregular,” is a young specimen of the above species. Since the full-grown form has been so admirably Bgured and described by Mobius from Mauritius, it is unnecessary to further disturb the nomenclature by eubstituting Dana’s name.
This species is very much in evideuoe in certain parts of the core obtained from Funafuti, where it sometimes constitutes thick layers between the ordinary foraminifera1 sand and reef- rock. More often, however, it is represented only by fragments broken down to a more or less uniform size, as though by the agency of browsing animals.
C. rhaphidodendron. appears to be most at home in depths between 63 and 80 fathoms.
(PI. 35. fig. 2.)
CARPENTEILIA SEBIALIS, sp. nov.
Test hyaline, somewhat glassy or polished in texture, consisting of more or less numerous chambers sometimes shaped like a calabash or water-pot with a distinctly spouted aperture placed a little eccentrically, a t others of a combination of flask aud long cylindrical spout. The apertures, in fresh specimen, mined with sponge-spicules. Chambers arrauged in roughly linear fashion or iu a meandering series. Bdherent t o reef-rock. Diameter of the chambers a t their ba:e 1-2’25 millim. Diameter ot’ aperture about *3 millim. This organism appeara at first sight to bear a deceptive resemblance to certain fortiin of Polyzoa.
(Pl. 35. fig. 8.)
Found at Tutauga, 200 fatLonis. Frequent.
396 ME. F. CHAPMAN ON TR&
POLYTNEMA P L ~ U M , Carter.
Polytrema planum, Carter, 1876, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
Gypsinn melobesoidea, Carter, 1877, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
Polytrewia miniaceurn, var. involva, Chapman, 1900, Journ. Linn. SOC.,
P. plnnunz, Carter, Chapman, 1901, Ann. 6 Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
P. plamm, Chapman, 1901, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. vol. xxviii.
This freely-growing foraminifer produces extraordinarily large masses of calcareous rock at Funafuti. A t first sight thep were tbought to be calcareous algae, for their habit of growth is \erg similar to encrusting fornis of Lithothamnion and Lithoph,yllum. A microscope-section of the organism, however, at once reveals its relationship with Palytrema and Gypsiiaa. It is extrenrely difficult t o decide froiii ail examination of the external surface whether the specimrna are foraminifera or algae, uiiless one has a special knowledge ul' tlie minute differences met w i t h in the respective groups.
It is not uncoinmori to find this organism forming an encrusting mass of about 5 centimetres square. One example from Tutangs (60-100 fathoms) measures about 7 x 5 centimetres. Another piece of cdlcareoue rock, composed almost entirely of laminar growths of P. planuw, has a measurement of 13 x 5 x 4 cenci- metres.
As regards the depths a t which this peculiarly interesting foraminifer ie found, the limits of its best development are from about 80 to 200 fathoms.
(PI. 35. figs. 2 & 4.)
vol. xvii. pp. 211, 212, pl. xiii. figs. 18, 19.
vol. YX. p. 172.
Zool. vol. xxviii. pp. 17, 18, pl. 2. fig. 3, and text-figure 2.
vol. vii. pp. 82,83.
pp. 201, "2, PI. 20. figs. 6, 7.
FORAMINIFERA OF T H E F U N A F U T I ATOLL. 397
V .. A SUMMARY Of the FOLZAb[lNIFERA found at DEPTHS .froin 16-200 FATHOMS ROUXD FUKAFUTI, i n dredyings made b,y Messrs. HALLIGAK and FINCKE.
I u this table the results of the detailed examination of the sands obtained during the latter part of the work of the Expeditioii, in 1898, are given.
The columns are arranged in order of depth, the localities occupying a recoiidary place. The reason adduced for this is that in the case of Foraminifera from the loose sands found either in shallow or fairly deep water the temperature seeins to be a more important factor than local surrouudings ; whereas in the case of the reef samples the organisms are largely dependent u 11 on envi ronni eu t .
The dredging8 iuclude, besides Foraminifera, the follow in; organisms-Calcareoua Alga: ( Ilnli,~ie~a,Coi.allina, Lithothamnion, and other genera), Calcisponges and loose spicules, Alcyouarian spicules, Serpulze and boring Anneiides, Polyzoa, Ascidian spicules, Lainellibranchiate shells, Heteropods, Gnsteropods, Pteropods, Eciiinodernial plates and spines, Oatracoda (cGiefly RninZin and Loxoconchn) and other Crustacea.
In the annexed synopsis of species from the Funafuti &to!!, for the sake of uniformity of treatment and in order t o enable a comparison with the Synopsis giveti in my former paper (pp. 206- 209 of the present rolume), the followiiig significations, are used :-v.r. =very rare, r. = rare, f. = frequent, c. = common, T.C. =very coininon.
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403 EORAXIISIFERb O F T E E FUSdFUTl ATOLL.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I : : ? * : : :F;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) C . . ' j . . . . . . . . . . . c , - - ~
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I
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j j j j j j j j j j i j 1 S. of Fuafda, 40 ,,
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405 NIL. F. Cl%.LPAUAX ON 1'IIE
J o t e o n New Species from the Saacls of the Reef-slope.
SPIROLOCULINA PARVULA, sp. nov. Test ovate, complanate, extremities produced.
(Pl. 36. fig. 5.) Oral extreiiiity
usually terminating in a tubular prolongation, with an everted rim. Segments feu- and broad, marked by salient sutural edges ; surface of segments more or less excavated.
Off Tutanga, 200 fathoms ; frequent. Aflnitias.-This form seems to be interinediate between
Brady's Spiroloculina limbtbnta var." and Terquem's S. inzpressa j-. From the former of these it differ3 chiefly i i i its smaller Liize and spouted orifice, and from t h e latter in haviug a more circularly ovate outline.
Length -35 m111.
~ P H f H A L X I D r U U CORNU, Sp. DOC. (1'1. 36. fig. 6.) Test ovate, compressed ; the early spiral tube small and neatly
coiled j the later Spiroloculine segments large and few in number, and partly coucealing the spiral portion of the shell. Tlie later segmeuta have a thin peripheral flange, as in 0. inconstam. Aperture trumpet-shaped and opening towards one side of the test. Length of teat *; i im. or less.
Off Tutang:L, 50-60 fnthoiirs ; rare.
HAPLOPHRAQMIUM CASSIS ( P U T k e T ) . (PI. 36. 6g. 8.) Lituola cussis, Parker, 1870 (in Dawson's paper), Cauad. Xat. 11. L'.
vol. v. p. 177 ; p. 180, fig. 3. Huplophmagmium cussis (Parker), Brady, 1884, Rep. Chall. vol. ix.
p. 304, pl. xxxiii. figs. 17-19. The tendency in our specimens is for the oblique chambers t o
be subdivided, giving nu appearance like tlrat of Cassidulina to the test. The species is, however, extremely variable. Uutil Mdlett recorded th i s species from the Nalay Archipelago, i t appeared to be confined to the colder areas of northern seas.
W. of Tutanga, 35 fathoms ; very rare.
HAPLOPHRAQMIUU 'L'INSELATUN, sp. nov. Test iiiodcrately thin, compressed, the spiral coiirmencement
subcircular in outliue, septatioii very obscure ; later chambers few, constricted at the septa1 lines, :tiid arranged in an irregular rectilinertl manner. Surface of shell iiiarkecl by polygonal a reoh . Length of test 1.3 mm.
(Pl. 36. fig. 9.)
* Rep. Chall. 1864, v01. ix. p. 151, pl. s. figs. 1, 2. + Mfm. SOC. GBol. France, s8r. 3, 1678, vol. i. p. 53, pl. x. fig. 6.
FORAMIKIFCRA O F THE FUKAFUTI A l O L L . 409
-4finitiPs.-The near& allied form to this species is €€. cal- ccw~eum, Brady )Ic, but the latter has the initial portion of the test more inflated, and is composed of irregular calcareous particles. The test in H. tesselatrim is formed of angular chips cemented b . ~ a harder substance which stmids out in relief above the frag- ments themselves.
Off Funamanu, 50 fathoins ; very rare.
GAUDRYINA ATTENUATA, sp. nov. Test elongate, sonmThat sinuate or tn isted ; conimenciilg nith
a sharply triangular series of chambers arranged triseriall! , followed by an iiregular tertularian arrangcnieiit, and finally by two or three pairs of subglobular chambers. Length of teht :tbont 1.3 nm.
A$i?zities.--This species 1s not unlike C.. bctccatcr, Sclrjvager T, but differs in having an acutely angular commencenient, and the test is much more attenuate.
(PI. 36. fig. 10.)
W. of Tutaiiga,, 35 fathoms ; rare.
GATTDRYINA ROTUNDA, sp. nov. Test short and stout or snbrotuud; the earlier triserial chambers
are subglohose, a i d thebe are quickly followed by subglobose chambers slightly flattened laterally and arranged iu a biserial manner. Aperture a cresceiitic textulariaii slit. Shell-wa]l Rrenaceous, somewhat coarse in texture and n hitidi. Lengt11 of test about 2.2 mm. ; great& width 2 mm.
-it a first glance this species might be talcen for P>’ki.?zellilznn p’ki.opzqun, Brndy :, which, ho\\ ever, is distinctly biserial iii tile later part of the shell.
This species was found onlp at one locality, and the specinlens in poi:it of size are all mucli alike.
Off Tutanga, 200 fathoriiv ; trcqueiit.
B r ~ a i t m ~ L I i v m r l i [Biw(y) The general tendenc! of th i - species as it occuis a t F u i afuti
i*, when frilly developed, to\\ ards the diriiorphous genus Bifcr&na. It has thr later ciranlbera arranged in :I uiiiserial mannet., and they are contierted internally by a siplionate tube, terminating ill a phialiiie aperture. The general arrangeinent of the teat in our specimens i a led3 distiiictly textularian th;uii in the
* Rep. Chsll. 1884, rol. IX. p 3112, pl. sxuiii. figs. 5-12. t No~ara-Expecl., Geol. Theil, vul ii. 1866, p 200, p1. iv. fig. 12. t Rep Clisll. 1884, 701. IY. p. 38T, 111. xlvii figs 8-14,
(Pl. 36. fig.^. 11 a-c.)
(Pl. 36. fig. 12.)
410 AIR. F. CHAPMAN ON THE
recognized speciineus of Bolivina. The b e d specimens in the Funafuti dredgings come from Funamauu, 150 fathoms, a i d from Tutanga a t 200 fathoms. For other occurrences, see Table, p. 398.
CRISTELLARLA MIRABILIS, sp. uov. Test complanate, suboiate ; broad a t the distal end, narrowing
towards the aboral end, which carries an alate margin. The commencement of the shell has two or three small imperfect aud creqcentic costxila 011 the lateral surface. Sutural lines faintly marked, oblique and recurved towards the oral margiii of the shell.
(Pl. 36. fig. 15.)
Leugth 7 mm. ; approximate breadth 5.5 mm. Of€ Tutnnga, 200 filthoms ; very rare.
GLOBIGERINA SUBCRETACEA, b p . l l O V . (PI. 36. figs. 16 (1, b.) Globiyerinn oetricen P, Brady (non d’Orbigny), 1684, Rep. Chall. rol . ix.
p. 596, pl. lxxxii. fig. 10. The above recent species has hitherto been referred to the
Cretaceous type of C. wefncen. There is, however, no reasoil for retaining that name for the recent speciineus, for they tliffer essentially from the typical Chalk GZobiyeri.nc~. The recent specimens hme D thick structured shcll-wall ; the chainbered whorls of the test are few, and the spire 19 depressed or eben excavate.
Bradyremarks *, concerning thesc recent forms :-“ I have neb er met a i th recent specimens, either aniorigst su~face-or~aiiisi i i~, or in bottom-ooze. mliich presented exactly the same characters na tbe ty1iical Cretaceous variety ; though shells similar in general couforniation; snd more nearly related to GZob<qerina creirrcea than to any other recognized modification of the genus. are not uucommon in certain localities.”
This species, in coniniou with others of the Rame geuu8, increases iu frequency in the deeper drcdgings taken round Funafuti.
~ P I R I L L I N A DECOlLATA, Brady, Var. UNILSTERA, nov. (PI. 36. figs. 17 a, b.)
Test Fvith one face having the whorls rounded and thc surface smooth, or 11 ith truces of linear markings across the tube ; the other face resembling that of the type form X. decorata, Bradyt. Diameter of test ‘25 1x1111.
* Rep. Chdl. 1884, vol. ix. p. 597. k Ibld. p. 633, 131. ~ X X V figs. 33-25.
FORAMIXIPER 4 OF ‘J’HT.: FUNBFVT~ ATOLL. 41 1
The inquilateral modifications of XpiriZline are not uiif iquent at Funafuti, and are of much interest since they point to the rotaline affinities which the genus has towards shells of the trochoid type. The smooth, more or less tumid surfacc may be regarded as the superior, and the ornate surtace as the inferior face.
O F Tutanqa, 200 fathoms j very rare.
CYMBALOPORA (TRETOMIPHALUS) INVERSA, Sp . nOv. (PI. 36. figs. 18 a-c.)
Test with the earlier chainbere arranged as in Cymbulopoi.a, followed by an inflated subspherical series enveloping one face of the earlier segments. In this species the sec0ndar.i inflated portion covers over the superior primordial face of the shell, whereav in C. (T.) bzilloides the reverse is the cases. The inflated shell has the surface often coarsely perforatc as in C. (T.) bsilloides, but not invariably so.
A section passing through thc test in a tnedian direction (that is t o say, vertically through the spire) proves this spevies to be a remarkable case i n which the sarcode and accompanying test have heen drawn back, so to spenk, over the rnrlier part of the sliell. The iuflated shell, agreeing with the “ brood-chamber ” in C bulloides, is in o u r Funafuti specimens almost invariably filled with an (3) aragonitic deposit showiug B distinctly radial and concentric structure. The external coloration of the inflated p a r t of the shell is milky-wliite.
Width of test -45 mm. W. of Tutanga, 35 fathoms, conimon; off Funam:inu, 50
f‘athnms, very rare ; o f Tutanga, 200 fathoms, frequent.
PULVINGLINA PUNCTULATI (d’odigny), var. SCABRA, iiov. (Pl. 36. fig. 19.)
The present variety differs from the tj7pe essentially in the coarse scabrous surface of the test, evidently the result of a secondary thickening of the shell round the exterior of the perforations or tubules of the ordinary shell-mall. Greatest diameter of test 2 4 mm.
Off Tutanga, 200 fathoms ; rare.
* R o s u Z ~ ~ bulloidm, d’Orbigny, 1839, Forem. Cuba, 11. 101, pl. iii. figa. 2-5. Cynzbdoporn (Trel‘omphafika) hrclloides (cl’orb.), Bmdv, 1834, Rep. Ch:ill.
vol. is. p. 638, pl. cii. figs. 7-12.
&12 MR. F. CHhPhI.\N OK THE
HETEROSTEGINA DEPRESYA, d' O r b i p y . This species occurs practically in every dredging round
Funafuti. It is usuallv the megalospheric form (A) which is found in such abundrliicP. Form B has only been found a t one localit,y a t " To," S. of Fuafatu, GO fathoms. Since writing the note on this species from Fuuafuti previously published JI;, the author has measured the inegalosphere and the microsphere with the following result :-
Form A.-Specimen from N. of Para, 86 fathorns ; megalo- spheric chamber with diameter of' 125 p.
Form B.-Specimen from S. of Fuafatu, 60 fathoms : ruicro- spheric chamber with diameter of 65 U .
CYCLOCLYPEUS CARPENTERI, Brad;/. I n the former paper, above mentioned, the presuinably numerous
and half-grown microspheric forins of C. Cmpzttei-i there referred t o have on further investigation proved to be variant forms of the megalospheric type. My attention \\'its kindly drawn to this by Mr. J. J. Lister, who noticed the exceptionally large measure- ments quoted for the microspheric form of the species. Siuce then, on further examination, it appears that the megalosphere is not constant in size, some specimens Iiaving the primordial chamber much smaller than others.
The only undoubted example of a microspheric shell which the writer has been able to obtain amongst the numerous specimens from Fnnafuti is that which has alrr:ids been figured iu section in the former paper t as CycEocZypeus with a Heterostegine commencement. The section, on careful rxsmination, proves to have been cut, most fortunately, quite accurately through the mediau plane ; and the interesting spiral development of' the earlier chambers may be quite typical of all microspheric forms of the species (see 1. c. fig. 2). The writer loolis f'ormrd to corro- boration on this point. This spiral commencement may be compared vith parallel forms in t.he porcellaiious group, as in Orbiculina and Orbitolifen marginalis.
The nieasurerneuts of t.he iiiegnlosphere a d microsphere for thia species give the following results :-
Furm A, megalospheric chamber with the diameter ot' 260 x 240 p (average example).
Ftirui B, microspheric chamber with a diameter of 40 p.
* Journ. Linn. SOC., Zool. vol. xxviii. p. 19. ? Ibid. p. 37, pl. iii. fig. 3.
FOILLMINIFERb O F TIiE PIJYAFUFI ATOLT>. 418
I n addition t o the 273 Ppecies and varieties above recorclec!, from the sands of thc reef->lopes, the l i d s previously give!(, exclusive of tho lagoon faunn, include 19 other forms, namely :-
Nzibecu?rtrirc B m t l y i , AX. Inrunensis, Biloculinn ii.reyiLloT*is. Spirolociclina cnnnliciilnta, Xiliolinn tripnula. ill; Boueiina, 171. trienr*innfn Tar. Bertheliizinna, Peneroplis (JZonalysidizL,-ij cylind,.ncea, Orbitolites coinpl(cizrcta var. plicufa, Yerneziiliiin Dauidi m a , Discorbinch t n bernactdnris, D. nczinzi?zata, Plan orbrs- linn neeruntis, P. refinnculnin, Carpenteria serinlis, Ccilcarina Spengleri, c. hispida var. pdchelTn, Ti'inoporuu bnculntus var.
,j4oresce/~s, and PohystoinellN strintopzmetn frc ; thus bringing the tot.il number t o 292 specie6 a i d varieties.
1'1. S ~ T G S on the DI~TRI~LJTIOX o f some o f t he SP%CIES of ~ O R h h l I N I P E H . 4 f l . 0 1 l L the REEF-SLOPE a t FUNAFCTI.
The shallox-water tleposits of moderii cora,l-recf arem are generally believed t o contilin, as a rule, few species of Foranii- nifera, but what is 1:icltiiig in variety is usually compensated for by quantity. The exueptioiis to this rule arc the faulias recorded trom Eaine's Islet, Torres Straits, and the preseiit oiie froin Funafuti. At the first-named locality the total iiumber of Foramiiiifera found by Rrady w i s 255 species and rarietieu. The irwiiber no\\- recorded from the outcr reef arid beach of Funafuti ainouiits to 292. A t a casual glance, Jiowever, the beach-sauds, even a,t Funafuti, are apprciitly compowd of wbout half a dozen forms, and it is only by a tlebailed examination of sainples taken in the locality from various places and depths that we have been enabled to record such n rich for3minil'erill fauna.
,It will be as well to consider the distribution of certaiu of the Foramiuifera met with t o the p w e i i t time on the reef-slope of Funafuti under three lieads :-the encrusting or recf-forming forumiiiifera; the bottoiii-living forms ; and the pelagic species.
T h e Xzcrus t ing Forarninz;fern. Those mhich call fo r specid iiotice on account of'their profuse
growth are Caryeriteria rlinphidodendron and Polytrenia p l a m m . The depth a t which C. rhapliidodentkon finds its habitat is
very clear from the records obtained, for it \ r a ~ frequently found in two localities at depths of 60 aud 80 fathoms. Fragments were also recorded froin a sample at 180 fathoiiis; a doubtful
LTNF:. J0URN.-ZOOT,OGT. VOL. XYVIII. 29
414 JIR. F. CHAPMAN ON THE
ocmrrence a t 240 fathoms is recorded. The massive Polyfreiiin planurn is found a t alnioYt all depths froni shallow water to 200 fathoms, but it appcars to attain its highest development a t a depth of 80 fatlionis. It is well distributed round the atoll.
The Bottom-living or Benthos species of li"ornmiizifern. The species likely to be useful in affordiug data as to depth
aud other conditions of existence, in conjuuctioii with the information derived from ail examination of the consolidated or sandy material from the deep boring in the atoll, seem to be the following :-
Orbitolates mnrginn7is.-This species occurs in its highest de- velopment aiid inost frequently in the Leach-saiids, where at one place it is excessively coninion. It is also abuiidaiit at depths Qf 32 and 36 fathoms. bt other depths i t is found in 1esJ profusion, and is rare at ZOO fnLhomw.
0. duplex.-Although this is a common species in certain parts of the core froni the main boring, i t is by no nieans so in the dredginzs, for it never occurs in larger nunibera than t h e e o r four in any of the samples. It is found a i far down as 200 fotlioms, but is very rare a t that depth. 0. conq~7aizntrc.-This is recorded from three samples of beach-
sands, aud occurs at two of them in abundance. It is sonie- what rare at the various levels clown t o 200 fatlioms, erceljting in one spot a t a depth of GO fathomi, where it is co:iin~on.
Alveolina Boscii-This is another species which occurs in the di.ep-boring a t certain places with s01ne frequency, but nhicli is only fouud in two places on the reef-slope, a t 36 fathoms and 50-60 fathoms. 4 solitary specimen was noticed adhering t o a reef-fragment from the shore. With regard both t o this spechies nud 0rbitoEite.s dupkx , either the coiidil ioiis at the prewnt tinir and those of the past when the atoll n as being built up difkr. or, as is very prubnble, the hpecies noted a r ~ estreiiirl~ local in their distribution, and thus 1i:trc brt.11 O\ erloolecl by the collector.
C(crlcnrina 7iisl)ida is very co11i111011 ill certaiii of tlic be'icii- sands, and is also f m l y abundant at depths of 35, 36, niitl 61) fatlionis on the reef-slope.
Amphisteginrc Lessoni and Illeterostcyinn dcpwssn occur at all dt.pths a t Funafuti down to 200 fathoms. Both ~ p e L w \ are :it their best, in point of size, a t about 36 f,itliorns.
CyclocZypeus Cnryenteri.--This species i s recorded as o c c u r r i n ~
FORANINIFERA OP THE F U N A F U T I ATOLL. 415
in coniparative abundance from 50 to 200 fathoms. At a depth of 50-60 fathoms it appears to be in greatest profusion, associated with form B.
The Pelagic Foraminifera. On reference t o the foregoing Distribution Table it will be
noticed that the pelagic species found in the dredging8 almost uniformly increase in number according to the depth of water, and concurrently as the opeu xater of the ocean is approached. This is exactly what might be expected, since the sides of Ehe atoll present an even slope, and there are no other islauds in the vicinity. An exception t o this rule is Qlobiyerina conglobatn, which is frequently found in the shallow sands round the atoll. The thicliness of the test in this species is a striking feature, and is comparable with other pelagic forms originally thin- shelled, but which become possessed of' a thickened shell-wall on assuiiring the conditions of life in common with other boltom- liviiig fornis.
The list of' pelagic species occurring at Fuiiafuti is 3s fol1oms:- Glol,igerina bulloides, G. bulloides var. frilobrr. C. ~ u h , G. Dutri-trei, G. pnchyclei*inn, G. subcreticcerr, G. ceqiiiIofemlLs, G. co?7globatci, G. snri~~I!fera, G. diyifafa, Q. cIu6iu, Oi?iiclinn uiiivepsa, CnzLdeniu 92itida, r$~Iimroidii~it cle7~iscens, PiiIEenin oblipicilocsilatt~, Cynibnlopom (Tretonqihalus) bidloides, Piil~i- ntiT~nn Xenardi i , P. tunzida, 2nd P. cami?.iensis.
The pcLigic species noted froiii the beach-suds nr e Glohiyeviitn srccculifem sod Cynibalopom ( Ti.etomplLaliis) bulloicles : 11 hilot fiom the shallowest dredgings of the lagoon ou the ope;:l aide sinall specimens o f ClObipri?lc6 bzclloides atid its v(wieq frilobn 11m.e occurred nitli seine frcqwiicy.
I n bringing t o a cuiiclusioi1 the 111~111 resulta on the Foruiii- n ~ ~ e ~ t of the clretlged I aterial down to 200 t,lthollis fro111 Punufuti, it gives me iiiucli pleasure to reiterate niy sincere thanks t o t i iove who ha \e so cdrefully collected the material up011 vhich this exnniin:itiori Iias been based; as nell as to Prof. Jucld, C.B., for facilitie? xery kindly afordecl for studying tile colleetious at the Royal College of Scieixe. My tiiaiiks are :ilso due to iiig wile for assistaiice in elabornting this work, aiid 311.. X. J. Taiiiii f o r his help i n the selection of specimens.
41ti 0s TEE FORAIfINTFERI O F THE FUWAFUTI .\TOLL.
EXPLANATlOiV O F THE PLATES.
PLATE 35. Fig. 1. Hndctddoilicc. forresismis, Chapman. A speciuien broken off iimin
attachment, aiid growing orcr an echiuid spine *. Funamaiin (Beacon I.), 150 fathoms.
Fig. 3. Reef-fringinent drawu the natural size, from Funamann, 80 fathoms, cliiafly formed of‘ Caipiiteria rhophidodmdroib, Mijbius. The letters signify :-
c.r. Carpeliteria rhaphidodejidioii.
C.U. Carpenteiin utriczdnris. b. Basal portiou of the same.
p.m. Polytreiita ininircceui~~ 11.p. pO’olgfTfl7lU ph‘lk?/Z.
g. G-orgoniid stein. s. Serpulrr.
Fig. 3. Carpeiiteria serialis, sp. nov. A colony of serial chambers: gruwiiig \I-. of Tutailga, 2UO fathoms.
x 4. The
specimen shows a bivalve shell nearly corered up, aud also attached specimens of Po/y frrmu nziizinc~tciii and a Serpula. Off’ Tutnnga, 135 fatlionis. Kinturd size.
between mames of Po@frei,an pktmknz.
Fig. 4. A large fragment of the reef-foriner Po{ytrerna ph t / i (m , Carter.
PLATE 36. Fig. 1. Hnddoikicc ininor, SIP. nor. Lateral aqirct. Dredged oil’ Tuta:iga, 50-
60 fathoms. x 30. 2. H. miitor, sp. nov. Oral aspect. ‘l’utanp, 60-(iO &thoiris. x 20. 3. D i m r h i m nciriximztn, sp. iiov. Lateral aspect. Sbure-sanil, Avalau
4. Tiiiopurt[,s brtculntiis (Montf.), Tar. j o m w c i i s , nor. Laternl q j e c t .
3. S~,irolocidinn parisnla, sp. no^. Lateral aspect. O f Tutanga, 900
6. OphfAaZ~iaitZiz~~n (vriiic, sp. 1107. Lateral aspect. Off Totnnga, SG-60
7. Hadthikiu v z i i m , sp. nov. Lnteral aspect of a small irregular spcci-
6. Haplophragrnizim c a d s (Parlirr). Lateral aspect. Dredged W. of
9. H . tesse2afnm, sp. nor. Lateral aspect. Jhedgcd off Funaruanll, 50
10. Gaz~dryina ntlenzutn, sp. iiov. Lateral aspect. Drcdged W. of
11 (I, lateral aspect; 11 b, oral aspect ; 11 c,
Islet. x (XI.
Shore-sand, Avalnn Islet. x 30.
fathoms. x 40.
f:~tholus. x 40.
wen. Off Tutanga, 50-60 fathoms. x 40.
Tutanga, 35 fathoms. X 40.
fatllOUl8. X 40.
Tutanga, 35 fi.lthorns. x 40.
aboral aspect. Off’l’i:tanga, 200 fathouis. x 10. Figs. 11 n-c. G. rotzkndn, sp. i i m .
* See Jourii. Liuu. S O ~ . , 2001. rol. mxviii. (1900) p. 6, last paragraph.
ON SOME OSTRACODA FROM FUNAFUTI. 417
Off Tntanga, 200 fathoms. x -10.
13. Linyzilina cai i imtn, cl'orbigny. Lateral aspect. Off Tutanga, 200 fat,hoiiis. x 40.
11. Frondicduria sp fh!data , Brady. Lateral aspect. Off T o t a n p , 200 fathoms. x 40.
15. CristeZZariffi w i r c d d i s , sp. iiov. Lateral aspect. Off Tutanga, 200 fathoms. x 5.
Figs. 16 (I, b. G/ohzyeri,ici sithcictucen, sp. iiov. 16 CI, inferior aspect, ; 16 b, peri- pheral aspect. OK T u t a n p , 200 fathoms. x 20.
Figs. 17 a, b. Splrillii~n decoii/trc.. Bvady, r n r . toiilatcwu, nov. 17 rc, superior (smooth) snrl'ace ; 17 b, inferior (ornate) surface. Off Tutaiiga. 200 f:rthoms. x 40.
Figs. 18 CI-c. Cyi,aha/opm (Tir fur;qihdus) i?ic.c~sn, sp. nov. Id a, basal aspect; 18 /I. lateral aspect ; 18 c, uiedian section tllroiigh tlie Cjmhaloporoid shell a i d the iiivertecl '' brood-chaiiibw," whioh in this species is t l i r o ~ m over the pi*iiilordial sciies of' chambers ; tlie inflated cliamber is usually filled with a secondary or ?organic calcareons deposit, &oving radial and coiiceiitric'structiiie~ as if formed of aragonite. W. of Tutaiiga, Cj-5 fathonw.
Superior aspect,. Off Tiit>nnga, '200 fathoms.
Pig. 12. Bifurina Zimhatn (Bmdy). Lateral aspect.
x 40. Fig. 19. PuZ~~imZii~u pinctrr/utcr. (cl'oib.), rar. scnbrci, nov.
x 13.
On bonie Ostracoda from Funafuti. By FREDERICK CIIA~JMAN, A .L.S., F.R.M.S.
[Rend 19th December, 190l.l
(PLATE 37.)
DURIXG the progress of the exaiuination of the rich fora- miniferal iiiaterial from Fuiiafuti which I have had the privilege of describing, many specimens of Ostracoda have beeu selected and mounted, with the view of furnishing material for a separate report. This collection of Omkacoda has been kindly placed in my hands by Prof. J. W. Judd, C.B., LL.IJ., F.B.S., fo r description, who has also given me facilities for working upoii them, a:, time permitted, in the Geological Laboratory of tho Royal College of Science.
The Ostrncoda from Funafuti have been obtained from various sources during the work of the Expeditions for the purpose
ChaTrnan LINN S o c JOURN 2001, VOLXXVIII P~3.5.
Chapman
