The First World War. Causes for War Militarism (arms race) Alliances Imperialism Nationalism.
On the Eve of the Great War Nationalism and Alliances
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Transcript of On the Eve of the Great War Nationalism and Alliances
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On the Eve of the Great WarNationalism and Alliances
Presentation created by Robert MartinezPrimary Content Source: Prentice Hall World HistoryImages as cited.
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By the early 1900s, many efforts were
underway to end war and foster
understanding between nations. In
1896, the first modern Olympic games were
held in Athens. Its founder hoped the
games would promote “love of peace and
respect for life.”cameronfisher.com.au
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Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite, regretted the military uses of his invention. In his will, he set up the annual Nobel Peace Prize to reward
people who worked for peace.
www.decon.uevora.pt
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The struggle for women’s suffrage supported the peace movement. Dutch doctor Aletta Jacobs argued that if women won the vote, they could prevent war. “They
don’t feel as men do about war,” Jacobs said, “They are the mothers of the race.” Organizations such as the
Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom
promoted pacifism, or opposition to all war.
www.leiron.be
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Governments too, backed peace efforts. In 1899, many world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference in the Netherlands. They set up the Hague Tribunal, a world court to settle
disputes between nations. The Hague Tribunal could not force nations to submit their disputes,
nor could it enforce its rulings. Still, it was a step toward keeping the peace.
www.judicialmonitor.org
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At the same time, other powerful forces were pushing Europe to the brink of war. Aggressive
nationalism was one leading cause of international tension. Nationalist feeling were strong in both Germany and France. Germans
were proud of their new empire’s military power and industrial leadership.
mrshellshear.wikispaces.com
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France longed to regain its position as Europe’s leading power. The French were
especially bitter about their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and the German
occupation of the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Patriotic French citizens yearned for revenge against Germany and recovery of
the “lost provinces.”
robertgraham.wordpress.com
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In Eastern Europe, Russia sponsored a powerful form of nationalism called Pan-
Slavism. It held that all Slavic peoples shared a
common nationality. As the largest Slavic country,
Russia felt that it had a duty to lead and defend all Slavs.
By 1914, it stood ready to support Serbia, a proud
young nation that dreamed of creating a South Slav
state.
http://tinypic.com
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Two old multinational empires particularly
feared rising nationalism. Austria-Hungary worried that nationalism might foster rebellion among
the many minority populations within its
empire. Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by new nations on its borders,
such as Serbia and Greece.
25.media.tumblr.com
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In 1912, several Balkan states attacked Turkey. The next year, the new Balkan states fought
among themselves over the spoils of war. These brief but bloody Balkan
wars raised tensions to a fever pitch. By 1914, the
Balkans were the “powder keg of Europe” – a tiny spark might lead to
an explosion.alsayeghmedia.net
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Economic rivalries further poisoned the international atmosphere. Britain felt threatened by Germany’s rapid
economic growth. By 1900, Germany’s new factories were out producing Britain’s older ones. Britain,
therefore, had strong economic reasons to oppose Germany in any conflict. The Germans, in turn, thought
the other great powers did not give them enough
respect.
www.xtimeline.com
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Imperial rivalries also divided European nations. In 1905 and again in 1911, competition for colonies
brought France and Germany to the brink of war. Although diplomats kept the peace, Germany did gain some territory in central Africa. As a result, Britain and France began to form close ties against
Germany.www.kaskapointe.fr
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The 1800s saw a rise in militarism, the glorification of the military. It grew partly out of Social Darwinism. Echoing the idea of “survival of the fittest,” one German militarist
called war “a biological necessity of the first importance.” Militarists painted war in romantic colors. Young men dreamed of blaring trumpets and dashing
cavalry charges, not at all the sort of conflict they would soon face.
2.bp.blogspot.com
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With international tensions on the rise, the great powers expanded their armies and navies. The result was an
arms race that further increased suspicions and made war more likely. The fiercest competition was the naval rivalry between Britain and Germany. To protect its vast
overseas empire, Britain had built the world’s most
respected navy.
www.pourlemerite.org
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As Germany began acquiring overseas colonies, it began to build up its own
navy. Suspicious of Germany’s motives,
Britain in turn increased naval spending.
www.dipity.com
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As readiness for war came to dominate national policy, military leaders came to gain wider influence. On matters of peace and war,
governments turned to military leaders for advice. German generals and British admirals enjoyed great respect and got more funds to
build up their forces.
cdn.c.photoshelter.com
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Distrust led the great powers to sign treaties pledging to defend one another. These alliances were intended to create power combinations that no one would
dare attack. Gradually, two huge
alliances emerged.
cdn.dipity.com
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The first of these alliances had its origins in Bismarck’s day. He knew that France longed to avenge its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Sure that France
would not attack Germany without help, Bismarck signed treaties with other powers. In 1882, he formed the Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungary. In
1914, when war did erupt, Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the same side. They became known
as the Central Powers.
upload.wikimedia.org
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A rival bloc took the shape in 1894, when France and Russia formed an alliance. IN 1904, France and Britain signed an entente, a nonbinding agreement to follow
common policies. Though not as formal as a treaty, the entente led to close military and diplomatic ties. Britain later signed a similar agreement with Russia. When the war began, these powers became known as the Allies.
www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com
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Other alliances also formed. Germany
signed a treaty with the Ottoman empire, while Britain drew close to Japan. The growth of rival alliance systems
increased international tensions. A local
conflict could easily mushroom into a great
war. www.xtimeline.com