On The Efficacy of Monitoring Wells in Karstic Carbonate Aquifers
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On The Efficacy of Monitoring Wells in Karstic
Carbonate Aquifers
Ralph O. Ewers, Ph.D.Ralph O. Ewers, Ph.D.
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On The Efficacy of Monitoring Wells in Karstic
Carbonate Aquifersor
How Not to DiagnoseHow Not to Diagnose
Contaminant Problems Contaminant Problems
in Karstin KarstRalph O. Ewers, Ph.D.Ralph O. Ewers, Ph.D.
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Monitoring wells may be unreliable in detecting contaminant release.
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Simulated Underground Storage Tank Pit Trace
Date- January 26, 2005Date- January 26, 2005
Weather- DryWeather- Dry
Springs- At low base flowSprings- At low base flow
8 pounds of 40% Fluorescein8 pounds of 40% Fluorescein
500 gallons of flush water500 gallons of flush water
Results 1 well detection, Results 1 well detection, weakly positive. weakly positive.
4 Days
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Simulated Underground Storage Tank Pit Trace
Date- January 26, 2005Date- January 26, 2005
Weather- DryWeather- Dry
Springs- At low base flowSprings- At low base flow
8 pounds of 40% Fluorescein8 pounds of 40% Fluorescein
500 gallons of flush water500 gallons of flush water
Results 1 well detection, Results 1 well detection, weakly positive. weakly positive.
4 Days
1 Chance in 8
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A monitoring well that detects a contaminant is
unlikely to provide appropriate data regarding the quantity of the release or the speed and direction
of the contaminant movement.
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Simulated Underground Storage Tank Pit Trace
Date- January 26, 2005Date- January 26, 2005
Weather- DryWeather- Dry
Springs- At low base flowSprings- At low base flow
8 pounds of 40% Fluorescein8 pounds of 40% Fluorescein
16 pounds of 20% Rhodamine-16 pounds of 20% Rhodamine-WTWT
500 gallons of flush water500 gallons of flush water
Results 1 well detection, Results 1 well detection, weakly positive. weakly positive.
4 Days
Garrison, Idstein, and Ewers (2006)
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Fluorescein traversed 6.3 Fluorescein traversed 6.3 miles in 4 days.miles in 4 days.
Eosine appeared 2.8 miles Eosine appeared 2.8 miles south 3 days after south 3 days after injection.injection.
Eosine traversed 6.3 miles Eosine traversed 6.3 miles in 5 days, 3 days before it in 5 days, 3 days before it appeared sporadically in a appeared sporadically in a monitoring well 100 feet monitoring well 100 feet distant. distant.
Simulated Underground Storage Tank Pit Trace
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Water levels measured in wells often give erroneous indications of groundwater
flow direction.
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N=12N=12
N=43N=43
N=30N=30
N=33N=33
NN
Transmissivity between1.1 x 10-5 m2/s and 1.9 x 10-5 m2/s
Ewers, White, Paschl, and Hannish (2005)
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N=12N=12
N=43N=43
N=30N=30
N=33N=33
NN
Transmissivity between1.1 x 10-5 m2/s and 1.9 x 10-5 m2/s
Groundwater Velocity at Least 9 m/hr in Conduits
4.2 Miles
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Well water levels taken at traditional calendar
intervals give little insight into the fluctuations that
the well presents.
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70 80 90 100Ju lian D ate
200
250
300
350
400
450
Co
nd
uctiv
ity (
mic
ro m
ho
s)
80
120
160
200
240
280
Sta
ge
(Fee
t M
SL
)
13 .2
13.6
14
14.4
14.8
15.2
Te
mp
erat
ure
(C
els
ius)
M ills tone Spring
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Head fluctuations in wells in response to nearby
pumping do not necessarily indicate flow
connections.
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Solvent Pit
Dye Injection WellPumped Well – Intended Remediation Well
Long-Term TCE Release Site – Tool Manufacturing Facility
60 ft.
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Solvent Pit
Dye Injection WellPumped Well – Intended Remediation Well
Long-Term TCE Release Site – Tool Manufacturing Facility
Well Pumped For 20 Days
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Solvent Pit
Dye Injection WellPumped Well – Intended Remediation Well
Long-Term TCE Release Site – Tool Manufacturing Facility
To Spring 3000 ft Distant
No Dye Detected
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Dye Injection WellPumped Well – Intended Remediation Well
Long-Term TCE Release Site – Tool Manufacturing Facility
Increased Flow
Decreased Flow
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Dye Injection WellPumped Well – Intended Remediation Well
Long-Term TCE Release Site – Tool Manufacturing Facility
A PRESSURE CONNECTION A PRESSURE CONNECTION IS NOT NECESSARILY IS NOT NECESSARILY A FLOW CONNECTION A FLOW CONNECTION
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TRADITIONAL WELL TESTS IN CARBONATE AQUIFERS TYPICALLY DO NOT SENSE
THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF THE
PERMEABILITY STRUCTURE.
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(Quinlan, Worthington and Davies, 1992; Teutsch and Sauter, 1992; Worthington, 1992)
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Virtually every well in a carbonate aquifer is
influenced by a unique suite of permeability and
recharge elements.
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Johnson and Ewers (1994)Recker and Ewers (1990)
Each well responds to storm events differently, with no apparent relation to distance from the conduit.
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MONITORING WELLS ARE
UNRELIABLE IN KARST