On n-trivial Extensions of Rings
Transcript of On n-trivial Extensions of Rings
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On n-trivial Extensions of Rings
Driss BENNISRabat - Morocco
joint work withD. D. Anderson, B. Fahid and A. Shaiea
Conference on Rings and Polynomials
- Graz, Austria -
July 3 - 8, 2016
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 1 / 20
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all rings considered in this talk are assumed to be commutativewith an identity; in particular, R denotes such a ring, and allmodules are assumed to be unitary modules.
DefinitionThe trivial extension of R by an R-module M is the ring denoted byR n M whose underlying additive group is R ⊕M with multiplicationgiven by (r ,m)(r ′,m′) = (rr ′, rm′ + mr ′).
In this talk we present a part of a joint work on an extension of theclassical trivial extension. For more details see arXiv:1604.01486.The paper presents various algebraic aspects of this new ringconstruction. Here, we present some of them with a special focuson the ideal structure.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 2 / 20
![Page 3: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
all rings considered in this talk are assumed to be commutativewith an identity; in particular, R denotes such a ring, and allmodules are assumed to be unitary modules.
DefinitionThe trivial extension of R by an R-module M is the ring denoted byR n M whose underlying additive group is R ⊕M with multiplicationgiven by (r ,m)(r ′,m′) = (rr ′, rm′ + mr ′).
In this talk we present a part of a joint work on an extension of theclassical trivial extension. For more details see arXiv:1604.01486.The paper presents various algebraic aspects of this new ringconstruction. Here, we present some of them with a special focuson the ideal structure.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 2 / 20
![Page 4: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
all rings considered in this talk are assumed to be commutativewith an identity; in particular, R denotes such a ring, and allmodules are assumed to be unitary modules.
DefinitionThe trivial extension of R by an R-module M is the ring denoted byR n M whose underlying additive group is R ⊕M with multiplicationgiven by (r ,m)(r ′,m′) = (rr ′, rm′ + mr ′).
In this talk we present a part of a joint work on an extension of theclassical trivial extension. For more details see arXiv:1604.01486.The paper presents various algebraic aspects of this new ringconstruction. Here, we present some of them with a special focuson the ideal structure.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 2 / 20
![Page 5: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
all rings considered in this talk are assumed to be commutativewith an identity; in particular, R denotes such a ring, and allmodules are assumed to be unitary modules.
DefinitionThe trivial extension of R by an R-module M is the ring denoted byR n M whose underlying additive group is R ⊕M with multiplicationgiven by (r ,m)(r ′,m′) = (rr ′, rm′ + mr ′).
In this talk we present a part of a joint work on an extension of theclassical trivial extension. For more details see arXiv:1604.01486.The paper presents various algebraic aspects of this new ringconstruction. Here, we present some of them with a special focuson the ideal structure.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 2 / 20
![Page 6: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Outline
1 Motivation, Definition and Examples
2 Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
3 Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 3 / 20
![Page 7: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Outline
1 Motivation, Definition and Examples
2 Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
3 Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 3 / 20
![Page 8: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Outline
1 Motivation, Definition and Examples
2 Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
3 Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 3 / 20
![Page 9: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Motivation, Definition and Examples
Outline
1 Motivation, Definition and Examples
2 Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
3 Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 4 / 20
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Motivation
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MotivationI Generalized triangular matrix ring.
The trivial extension is related to some classical ringconstructions. Namely, it is related with the following ones:
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MotivationI Generalized triangular matrix ring.
Let R := (Ri)ni=1 be a family of rings and M := (Mi,j)1≤i<j≤n be a
family of modules such that for each 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, Mi,j is an(Ri ,Rj)-bimodule.Assume for every 1 ≤ i < j < k ≤ n, there exists an (Ri ,Rk )-bimodulehomomorphism Mi,j ⊗Rj Mj,k −→ Mi,k denoted multiplicatively such that(mi,jmj,k )mk ,l = mi,j(mj,kmk ,l).Then the set Tn(R,M ) consisting of matrices
m1,1 m1,2 · · · · · · m1,n−1 m1,n0 m2,2 · · · · · · m2,n−1 m2,n...
. . . . . . . . ....
......
. . . . . . . . ....
...0 0 · · · 0 mn−1,n−1 mn−1,n0 0 · · · 0 0 mn,n
, where mi,i ∈ Ri and
mi,j ∈ Mi,j (1 ≤ i < j ≤ n), with the usual matrix addition andmultiplication is a ring called a generalized (or formal) triangular matrixring.
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MotivationI Generalized triangular matrix ring.
The trivial extension R n M is naturally isomorphic to the subring of thegeneralized triangular matrix ring
T2((R,R),M) :=
(R M0 R
)
consisting of matrices(
r m0 r
)where r ∈ R and m ∈ M.
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MotivationI Generalized triangular matrix ring.
The trivial extension R n M is naturally isomorphic to the subring of thegeneralized triangular matrix ring
T2((R,R),M) :=
(R M0 R
)
consisting of matrices(
r m0 r
)where r ∈ R and m ∈ M.
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MotivationI Symmetric algebra.
æ The symmetric algebra associated to an R-module M is thegraded ring quotient SR(M) := TR(M)/H, where TR(M) is thegraded tensor R-algebra with T n
R(M) = M⊗n and H is thehomogeneous ideal of TR(M) generated by{m ⊗ n − n ⊗m|m,n ∈ M}.Note that SR(M) =
∞⊕
n=0Sn
R(M) is a graded R-algebra with
S0R(M) = R and S1
R(M) = M and, in general, SiR(M) is the image
of T iR(M) in SR(M).
The trivial extension R n M is naturally isomorphic toSR(M)/ ⊕
n≥2Sn
R(M).
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MotivationI Symmetric algebra.
The symmetric algebra associated to an R-module M is thegraded ring quotient SR(M) := TR(M)/H, where TR(M) is thegraded tensor R-algebra with T n
R(M) = M⊗n and H is thehomogeneous ideal of TR(M) generated by{m ⊗ n − n ⊗m|m,n ∈ M}.Note that SR(M) =
∞⊕
n=0Sn
R(M) is a graded R-algebra with
S0R(M) = R and S1
R(M) = M and, in general, SiR(M) is the image
of T iR(M) in SR(M).
æ The trivial extension R n M is naturally isomorphic toSR(M)/ ⊕
n≥2Sn
R(M).
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Motivation
If M is a free R-module with a basis B, then the trivial extension R n Mis naturally isomorphic to the ring quotient R[{Xb}b∈B]/({Xb}b∈B)2
where {Xb}b∈B is a set of indeterminates over R.
In particular, R n R ∼= R[X ]/(X 2).
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Defintion of n-trivial extension.
Let M = (Mi)ni=1 be a family of R-modules and ϕ = {ϕi,j} i+j≤n
1≤i,j≤n−1be a
family of R-module homomorphisms such that each ϕi,j is written
multiplicatively:ϕi,j : Mi ⊗Mj −→ Mi+j
mi ⊗mj 7−→ ϕi,j(mi ,mj) := mimj .such that
(mimj)mk = mi(mjmk ) for mi ∈ Mi , mj ∈ Mj and mk ∈ Mk with1 ≤ i , j , k ≤ n − 2 and i + j + k ≤ n, andmimj = mjmi for every mi ∈ Mi and mj ∈ Mj with 1 ≤ i , j ≤ n − 1and i + j ≤ n.
Then, the additive group R ⊕M1 ⊕ · · · ⊕Mn endowed with themultiplication
(m0, ...,mn)(m′0, ...,m′n) = (
∑j+k=i
mjm′k )
for all (mi), (m′i ) ∈ R nϕ M, is a ring called the n-ϕ-trivial extension ofR by M or simply the n-trivial extension of R by M. It will be denoted byR nϕ M1 n · · ·n Mn or simply R nϕ M.
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Defintion of n-trivial extension.
Let M = (Mi)ni=1 be a family of R-modules and ϕ = {ϕi,j} i+j≤n
1≤i,j≤n−1be a
family of R-module homomorphisms such that each ϕi,j is written
multiplicatively:ϕi,j : Mi ⊗Mj −→ Mi+j
mi ⊗mj 7−→ ϕi,j(mi ,mj) := mimj .such that
(mimj)mk = mi(mjmk ) for mi ∈ Mi , mj ∈ Mj and mk ∈ Mk with1 ≤ i , j , k ≤ n − 2 and i + j + k ≤ n, andmimj = mjmi for every mi ∈ Mi and mj ∈ Mj with 1 ≤ i , j ≤ n − 1and i + j ≤ n.
Then, the additive group R ⊕M1 ⊕ · · · ⊕Mn endowed with themultiplication
(m0, ...,mn)(m′0, ...,m′n) = (
∑j+k=i
mjm′k )
for all (mi), (m′i ) ∈ R nϕ M, is a ring called the n-ϕ-trivial extension ofR by M or simply the n-trivial extension of R by M. It will be denoted byR nϕ M1 n · · ·n Mn or simply R nϕ M.
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Relations with some classical ring constructions.
I Generalized triangular matrix ring. R nn M is naturally isomorphicto the subring of the generalized triangular matrix ring
R M1 M2 · · · · · · Mn0 R M1 · · · Mn−1...
. . . . . . . . ....
0 0 0 · · · M10 0 0 · · · R
consisting of matrice
r m1 m2 · · · · · · mn0 r m1 · · · mn−1...
. . . . . . . . ....
0 0 0 · · · m10 0 0 · · · r
where r ∈ R and mi ∈ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}.
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Relations with some classical ring constructions.
I Symmetric algebra. When, for every k ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mk = SkR(M1),
the ring R nn M is naturally isomorphic to SR(M1)/⊕
k≥n+1 SkR(M1).
I Polynomial ring.In particular, if M1 = F is a free R-module with a basis B, then then-trivial extension R n F n S2
R(F ) n · · ·n SnR(F ) is also naturally
isomorphic to R[{Xb}b∈B]/({Xb}b∈B)n+1 where {Xb}b∈B is a set ofindeterminates over R.
Namely, when F ∼= R,
R nn R n · · ·n R ∼= R[X ]/(X n+1).
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Relations with some classical ring constructions.
I Symmetric algebra. When, for every k ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mk = SkR(M1),
the ring R nn M is naturally isomorphic to SR(M1)/⊕
k≥n+1 SkR(M1).
I Polynomial ring.In particular, if M1 = F is a free R-module with a basis B, then then-trivial extension R n F n S2
R(F ) n · · ·n SnR(F ) is also naturally
isomorphic to R[{Xb}b∈B]/({Xb}b∈B)n+1 where {Xb}b∈B is a set ofindeterminates over R.
Namely, when F ∼= R,
R nn R n · · ·n R ∼= R[X ]/(X n+1).
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Relations with some classical ring constructions.
I Symmetric algebra. When, for every k ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mk = SkR(M1),
the ring R nn M is naturally isomorphic to SR(M1)/⊕
k≥n+1 SkR(M1).
I Polynomial ring.In particular, if M1 = F is a free R-module with a basis B, then then-trivial extension R n F n S2
R(F ) n · · ·n SnR(F ) is also naturally
isomorphic to R[{Xb}b∈B]/({Xb}b∈B)n+1 where {Xb}b∈B is a set ofindeterminates over R.
Namely, when F ∼= R,
R nn R n · · ·n R ∼= R[X ]/(X n+1).
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Relations with some classical ring constructions.
I Symmetric algebra. When, for every k ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mk = SkR(M1),
the ring R nn M is naturally isomorphic to SR(M1)/⊕
k≥n+1 SkR(M1).
I Polynomial ring.In particular, if M1 = F is a free R-module with a basis B, then then-trivial extension R n F n S2
R(F ) n · · ·n SnR(F ) is also naturally
isomorphic to R[{Xb}b∈B]/({Xb}b∈B)n+1 where {Xb}b∈B is a set ofindeterminates over R.
Namely, when F ∼= R,
R nn R n · · ·n R ∼= R[X ]/(X n+1).
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n-Trivial extensions is not in general 1-trivial extensions.
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n-Trivial extensions is not in general 1-trivial extensions.
Remarkæ If R1 and R2 are two rings and H an (R1,R2)-bimodule. Then,
T2((R1,R2),H) ∼= (R1,R2) n H,
where the actions of R1 × R2 on H are defined as follows:(r1, r2)h = r1h and h(r1, r2) = hr2 for every (r1, r2) ∈ R1 × R2 andh ∈ H.Every generalized triangular matrix ring is isomorphic to ann-trivial extension.Every generalized triangular matrix ring is isomorphic togeneralized triangular matrix ring of order 2.
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n-Trivial extensions is not in general 1-trivial extensions.
RemarkIf R1 and R2 are two rings and H an (R1,R2)-bimodule. Then,
T2((R1,R2),H) ∼= (R1,R2) n H,
where the actions of R1 × R2 on H are defined as follows:(r1, r2)h = r1h and h(r1, r2) = hr2 for every (r1, r2) ∈ R1 × R2 andh ∈ H.
æ Every generalized triangular matrix ring is isomorphic to ann-trivial extension.Every generalized triangular matrix ring is isomorphic togeneralized triangular matrix ring of order 2.
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n-Trivial extensions is not in general 1-trivial extensions.
RemarkIf R1 and R2 are two rings and H an (R1,R2)-bimodule. Then,
T2((R1,R2),H) ∼= (R1,R2) n H,
where the actions of R1 × R2 on H are defined as follows:(r1, r2)h = r1h and h(r1, r2) = hr2 for every (r1, r2) ∈ R1 × R2 andh ∈ H.Every generalized triangular matrix ring is isomorphic to ann-trivial extension.
æ Every generalized triangular matrix ring is isomorphic togeneralized triangular matrix ring of order 2.
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n-Trivial extensions is not in general 1-trivial extensions.
æ However, an n-trivial extension with n ≥ 2 is not necessarily a1-trivial extension.For instance, the 2-trivial extension Z/2Z n2 Z/2Z n Z/2Z cannotbe isomorphic to any 1-trivial extension.
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Examples
ExampleLet N1,...,Nn be R-submodules of an R-algebra T with NiNj ⊆ Ni+j for1 ≤ i , j ≤ n− 1 with i + j ≤ n. Then, if the module homomorphisms arejust the multiplication of L (and so will be, in the sequel, if they are notspecified), then R nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is an n-trivial extension. Thefollowing examples are some special cases:
Let I be an ideal of R. Then R nn I n I2 n · · ·n In is the quotient ofthe Rees ring R[It ]/(In+1tn+1), where R[It ] :=
⊕n≥0 Intn.
Let T be an R-algebra and J1 ⊆ · · · ⊆ Jn ideals of T . ThenR nn J1 n · · ·n Jn is an example of n-trivial extension sinceJiJj ⊆ Ji ⊆ Ji+j for i + j ≤ n. For example, we could takeR n2 XR[X ] n R[X ].
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 7 / 20
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Examples
ExampleLet N1,...,Nn be R-submodules of an R-algebra T with NiNj ⊆ Ni+j for1 ≤ i , j ≤ n− 1 with i + j ≤ n. Then, if the module homomorphisms arejust the multiplication of L (and so will be, in the sequel, if they are notspecified), then R nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is an n-trivial extension. Thefollowing examples are some special cases:
Let I be an ideal of R. Then R nn I n I2 n · · ·n In is the quotient ofthe Rees ring R[It ]/(In+1tn+1), where R[It ] :=
⊕n≥0 Intn.
Let T be an R-algebra and J1 ⊆ · · · ⊆ Jn ideals of T . ThenR nn J1 n · · ·n Jn is an example of n-trivial extension sinceJiJj ⊆ Ji ⊆ Ji+j for i + j ≤ n. For example, we could takeR n2 XR[X ] n R[X ].
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 7 / 20
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Examples
ExampleLet N1,...,Nn be R-submodules of an R-algebra T with NiNj ⊆ Ni+j for1 ≤ i , j ≤ n− 1 with i + j ≤ n. Then, if the module homomorphisms arejust the multiplication of L (and so will be, in the sequel, if they are notspecified), then R nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is an n-trivial extension. Thefollowing examples are some special cases:
æ Let I be an ideal of R. Then R nn I n I2 n · · ·n In is the quotient ofthe Rees ring R[It ]/(In+1tn+1), where R[It ] :=
⊕n≥0 Intn.
Let T be an R-algebra and J1 ⊆ · · · ⊆ Jn ideals of T . ThenR nn J1 n · · ·n Jn is an example of n-trivial extension sinceJiJj ⊆ Ji ⊆ Ji+j for i + j ≤ n. For example, we could takeR n2 XR[X ] n R[X ].
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 7 / 20
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Examples
ExampleLet N1,...,Nn be R-submodules of an R-algebra T with NiNj ⊆ Ni+j for1 ≤ i , j ≤ n− 1 with i + j ≤ n. Then, if the module homomorphisms arejust the multiplication of L (and so will be, in the sequel, if they are notspecified), then R nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is an n-trivial extension. Thefollowing examples are some special cases:
Let I be an ideal of R. Then R nn I n I2 n · · ·n In is the quotient ofthe Rees ring R[It ]/(In+1tn+1), where R[It ] :=
⊕n≥0 Intn.
æ Let T be an R-algebra and J1 ⊆ · · · ⊆ Jn ideals of T . ThenR nn J1 n · · ·n Jn is an example of n-trivial extension sinceJiJj ⊆ Ji ⊆ Ji+j for i + j ≤ n. For example, we could takeR n2 XR[X ] n R[X ].
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 7 / 20
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Particular cases of n-trivial extensions have beenalready introduced and used to solve some openquestions.
P. Ara, W. K. Nicholson and M. F. Yousif (2001) introduced aparticular case of 2-trivial extensions and they used it in the studyof the so-called Faith conjecture.Also, a particular case of 2-trivial extensions is introduced by V.Camillo, I. Herzog and P. P. Nielsen, (2007), to give an example ofa ring which has a non-self-injective injective hull with compatiblemultiplication. This gave a negative answer of a question posed byOsofsky.Z. Pogorzaly (2005) introduced and studied a particular case of3-trivial extensions to obtain a Galois coverings for the envelopingalgebras of trivial extension algebras of triangular algebras.D. Bachman, N. R. Baeth and A. McQueen (2015) studiedfactorization properties of the n-trivial extension R nn R n · · ·n R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 8 / 20
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Particular cases of n-trivial extensions have beenalready introduced and used to solve some openquestions.
æ P. Ara, W. K. Nicholson and M. F. Yousif (2001) introduced aparticular case of 2-trivial extensions and they used it in the studyof the so-called Faith conjecture.Also, a particular case of 2-trivial extensions is introduced by V.Camillo, I. Herzog and P. P. Nielsen, (2007), to give an example ofa ring which has a non-self-injective injective hull with compatiblemultiplication. This gave a negative answer of a question posed byOsofsky.Z. Pogorzaly (2005) introduced and studied a particular case of3-trivial extensions to obtain a Galois coverings for the envelopingalgebras of trivial extension algebras of triangular algebras.D. Bachman, N. R. Baeth and A. McQueen (2015) studiedfactorization properties of the n-trivial extension R nn R n · · ·n R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 8 / 20
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Motivation, Definition and Examples
Particular cases of n-trivial extensions have beenalready introduced and used to solve some openquestions.
P. Ara, W. K. Nicholson and M. F. Yousif (2001) introduced aparticular case of 2-trivial extensions and they used it in the studyof the so-called Faith conjecture.
æ Also, a particular case of 2-trivial extensions is introduced by V.Camillo, I. Herzog and P. P. Nielsen, (2007), to give an example ofa ring which has a non-self-injective injective hull with compatiblemultiplication. This gave a negative answer of a question posed byOsofsky.Z. Pogorzaly (2005) introduced and studied a particular case of3-trivial extensions to obtain a Galois coverings for the envelopingalgebras of trivial extension algebras of triangular algebras.D. Bachman, N. R. Baeth and A. McQueen (2015) studiedfactorization properties of the n-trivial extension R nn R n · · ·n R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 8 / 20
![Page 37: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Motivation, Definition and Examples
Particular cases of n-trivial extensions have beenalready introduced and used to solve some openquestions.
P. Ara, W. K. Nicholson and M. F. Yousif (2001) introduced aparticular case of 2-trivial extensions and they used it in the studyof the so-called Faith conjecture.Also, a particular case of 2-trivial extensions is introduced by V.Camillo, I. Herzog and P. P. Nielsen, (2007), to give an example ofa ring which has a non-self-injective injective hull with compatiblemultiplication. This gave a negative answer of a question posed byOsofsky.
æ Z. Pogorzaly (2005) introduced and studied a particular case of3-trivial extensions to obtain a Galois coverings for the envelopingalgebras of trivial extension algebras of triangular algebras.D. Bachman, N. R. Baeth and A. McQueen (2015) studiedfactorization properties of the n-trivial extension R nn R n · · ·n R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 8 / 20
![Page 38: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Motivation, Definition and Examples
Particular cases of n-trivial extensions have beenalready introduced and used to solve some openquestions.
P. Ara, W. K. Nicholson and M. F. Yousif (2001) introduced aparticular case of 2-trivial extensions and they used it in the studyof the so-called Faith conjecture.Also, a particular case of 2-trivial extensions is introduced by V.Camillo, I. Herzog and P. P. Nielsen, (2007), to give an example ofa ring which has a non-self-injective injective hull with compatiblemultiplication. This gave a negative answer of a question posed byOsofsky.Z. Pogorzaly (2005) introduced and studied a particular case of3-trivial extensions to obtain a Galois coverings for the envelopingalgebras of trivial extension algebras of triangular algebras.
æ D. Bachman, N. R. Baeth and A. McQueen (2015) studiedfactorization properties of the n-trivial extension R nn R n · · ·n R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 8 / 20
![Page 39: On n-trivial Extensions of Rings](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061101/629b5f095bb6e04ae92127d7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Outline
1 Motivation, Definition and Examples
2 Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
3 Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 9 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Notation
Unless specified otherwise, M = (Mi)ni=1 is a family of R-modules with
module homomorphisms as indicated in the definition of the n-trivialextension. So R nn M is indeed a (commutative) ring with identity(1,0, ...,0).Let S be a nonempty subset of R and N = (Ni)
ni=1 be a family of sets
such that, for every i , Ni ⊆ Mi . Then as a subset of R nn M,S × N1 × · · · × Nn will be denoted by S nn N1 n · · ·n Nn or simplyS nn N.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 10 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Notation
Unless specified otherwise, M = (Mi)ni=1 is a family of R-modules with
module homomorphisms as indicated in the definition of the n-trivialextension. So R nn M is indeed a (commutative) ring with identity(1,0, ...,0).Let S be a nonempty subset of R and N = (Ni)
ni=1 be a family of sets
such that, for every i , Ni ⊆ Mi . Then as a subset of R nn M,S × N1 × · · · × Nn will be denoted by S nn N1 n · · ·n Nn or simplyS nn N.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 10 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Notation
Unless specified otherwise, M = (Mi)ni=1 is a family of R-modules with
module homomorphisms as indicated in the definition of the n-trivialextension. So R nn M is indeed a (commutative) ring with identity(1,0, ...,0).Let S be a nonempty subset of R and N = (Ni)
ni=1 be a family of sets
such that, for every i , Ni ⊆ Mi . Then as a subset of R nn M,S × N1 × · · · × Nn will be denoted by S nn N1 n · · ·n Nn or simplyS nn N.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 10 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Observations
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 11 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Observations
æ If there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1} such that Mj = 0 for everyj ∈ {i + 1, ...,n}, then
R nn M1 n · · ·n Mi n 0 n · · ·n 0 ∼= R ni M1 n · · ·n Mi .
However, if n ≥ 3 and there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 2} suchthat, for j ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mj = 0 if and only if j ∈ {1, ..., i}, thenR nn−i Mi+1 n · · ·n Mn has no sense, since (when, for example,2i + 2 ≤ n) ϕi+1,i+1(Mi+1 ⊗Mi+1) is a subset of M2i+2 not of Mi+2.If M2k = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R n1 (M1 ×M3 × · · · ×M2n′+1),
where 2n′ + 1 is the biggest odd integer in {1, ...,n}.If M2k+1 = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k + 1 ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R nn′′ M2 n M4 n · · ·n M2n′′
where 2n′′ is the biggest even integer in {1, ...,n}.D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 11 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Observations
æ If there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1} such that Mj = 0 for everyj ∈ {i + 1, ...,n}, then
R nn M1 n · · ·n Mi n 0 n · · ·n 0 ∼= R ni M1 n · · ·n Mi .
However, if n ≥ 3 and there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 2} suchthat, for j ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mj = 0 if and only if j ∈ {1, ..., i}, thenR nn−i Mi+1 n · · ·n Mn has no sense, since (when, for example,2i + 2 ≤ n) ϕi+1,i+1(Mi+1 ⊗Mi+1) is a subset of M2i+2 not of Mi+2.If M2k = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R n1 (M1 ×M3 × · · · ×M2n′+1),
where 2n′ + 1 is the biggest odd integer in {1, ...,n}.If M2k+1 = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k + 1 ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R nn′′ M2 n M4 n · · ·n M2n′′
where 2n′′ is the biggest even integer in {1, ...,n}.D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 11 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Observations
æ If there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1} such that Mj = 0 for everyj ∈ {i + 1, ...,n}, then
R nn M1 n · · ·n Mi n 0 n · · ·n 0 ∼= R ni M1 n · · ·n Mi .
However, if n ≥ 3 and there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 2} suchthat, for j ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mj = 0 if and only if j ∈ {1, ..., i}, thenR nn−i Mi+1 n · · ·n Mn has no sense, since (when, for example,2i + 2 ≤ n) ϕi+1,i+1(Mi+1 ⊗Mi+1) is a subset of M2i+2 not of Mi+2.
æ If M2k = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R n1 (M1 ×M3 × · · · ×M2n′+1),
where 2n′ + 1 is the biggest odd integer in {1, ...,n}.If M2k+1 = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k + 1 ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R nn′′ M2 n M4 n · · ·n M2n′′
where 2n′′ is the biggest even integer in {1, ...,n}.D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 11 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Observations
æ If there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1} such that Mj = 0 for everyj ∈ {i + 1, ...,n}, then
R nn M1 n · · ·n Mi n 0 n · · ·n 0 ∼= R ni M1 n · · ·n Mi .
However, if n ≥ 3 and there is an integer i ∈ {1, ...,n − 2} suchthat, for j ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mj = 0 if and only if j ∈ {1, ..., i}, thenR nn−i Mi+1 n · · ·n Mn has no sense, since (when, for example,2i + 2 ≤ n) ϕi+1,i+1(Mi+1 ⊗Mi+1) is a subset of M2i+2 not of Mi+2.If M2k = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R n1 (M1 ×M3 × · · · ×M2n′+1),
where 2n′ + 1 is the biggest odd integer in {1, ...,n}.æ If M2k+1 = 0 for every k ∈ N with 1 ≤ 2k + 1 ≤ n, then
R nn M ∼= R nn′′ M2 n M4 n · · ·n M2n′′
where 2n′′ is the biggest even integer in {1, ...,n}.D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 11 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Observations
Convention. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, when we consider ann-trivial extension for a given n, then we implicitly suppose that Mi 6= 0for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 11 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
PropositionWe have the following (natural) ring extension :in : R ↪→ R nn M1 n · · ·n Mn. Then, for an ideal I of R, the idealI nn IM1 n · · ·n IMn of R nn M is the extension of I under the ringhomomorphism in.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
PropositionWe have the following (natural) ring extension :in : R ↪→ R nn M1 n · · ·n Mn. Then, for an ideal I of R, the idealI nn IM1 n · · ·n IMn of R nn M is the extension of I under the ringhomomorphism in.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
Remarkæ In the case of n = 1, the ideal structure of 0 n1 M1 is the same as
the R-module structure of 0 n1 M1.However, for n ≥ 2, the R-module structure of 0 nn M1 n · · ·n Mnneed not be the same as the ideal structure.For instance, consider the 2-trivial extension Z n2 Z n Z. ThenZ(0,1,1) = {(0,m,m)|m ∈ Z} while the ideal of Z n2 Z n Zgenerated by (0,1,1) is 0 n2 Z n Z.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
RemarkIn the case of n = 1, the ideal structure of 0 n1 M1 is the same asthe R-module structure of 0 n1 M1.
æ However, for n ≥ 2, the R-module structure of 0 nn M1 n · · ·n Mnneed not be the same as the ideal structure.For instance, consider the 2-trivial extension Z n2 Z n Z. ThenZ(0,1,1) = {(0,m,m)|m ∈ Z} while the ideal of Z n2 Z n Zgenerated by (0,1,1) is 0 n2 Z n Z.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
RemarkIn the case of n = 1, the ideal structure of 0 n1 M1 is the same asthe R-module structure of 0 n1 M1.However, for n ≥ 2, the R-module structure of 0 nn M1 n · · ·n Mnneed not be the same as the ideal structure.
æ For instance, consider the 2-trivial extension Z n2 Z n Z. ThenZ(0,1,1) = {(0,m,m)|m ∈ Z} while the ideal of Z n2 Z n Zgenerated by (0,1,1) is 0 n2 Z n Z.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
Propositionæ For every m ∈ {1, ...,n}, 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mm n · · ·n Mn is an
ideal of R nn M and an R nj M1 n · · ·n Mj -module for everyj ∈ {n −m, ...,n} via the action
(x0, ..., xj )(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn) := (x0, x1, ..., xj ,0, ...,0)(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn)= (x0, x1, ..., xn−m,0, ...,0)(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn).
Moreover, the structure of 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mm n · · ·n Mn as anideal of R nn M is the same as the R nj M1 n · · ·n Mj -modulestructure for every j ∈ {n −m, ...,n}.In particular, the structure of the ideal 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mn is thesame as the one of the R-module Mn.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
PropositionFor every m ∈ {1, ...,n}, 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mm n · · ·n Mn is anideal of R nn M and an R nj M1 n · · ·n Mj -module for everyj ∈ {n −m, ...,n} via the action
(x0, ..., xj )(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn) := (x0, x1, ..., xj ,0, ...,0)(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn)= (x0, x1, ..., xn−m,0, ...,0)(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn).
æ Moreover, the structure of 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mm n · · ·n Mn as anideal of R nn M is the same as the R nj M1 n · · ·n Mj -modulestructure for every j ∈ {n −m, ...,n}.In particular, the structure of the ideal 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mn is thesame as the one of the R-module Mn.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
PropositionFor every m ∈ {1, ...,n}, 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mm n · · ·n Mn is anideal of R nn M and an R nj M1 n · · ·n Mj -module for everyj ∈ {n −m, ...,n} via the action
(x0, ..., xj )(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn) := (x0, x1, ..., xj ,0, ...,0)(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn)= (x0, x1, ..., xn−m,0, ...,0)(0, ...,0, ym, ..., yn).
Moreover, the structure of 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mm n · · ·n Mn as anideal of R nn M is the same as the R nj M1 n · · ·n Mj -modulestructure for every j ∈ {n −m, ...,n}.
æ In particular, the structure of the ideal 0 nn 0 n · · ·n 0 n Mn is thesame as the one of the R-module Mn.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
LemmaEvery ideal of R nn M which contains 0 nn M has the form I nn M forsome ideal I of R. In this case, we have the following natural ringisomorphism:
R nn M/I nn M ∼= R/I.
TheoremRadical ideals of R nn M have the form I nn M where I is a radicalideal of R.In particular, the maximal (resp., the prime) ideals of R nn M have theformMnn M (resp, P nn M) whereM (resp., P) is a maximal (resp., aprime) ideal of R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
LemmaEvery ideal of R nn M which contains 0 nn M has the form I nn M forsome ideal I of R. In this case, we have the following natural ringisomorphism:
R nn M/I nn M ∼= R/I.
TheoremRadical ideals of R nn M have the form I nn M where I is a radicalideal of R.In particular, the maximal (resp., the prime) ideals of R nn M have theformMnn M (resp, P nn M) whereM (resp., P) is a maximal (resp., aprime) ideal of R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
Particular kind of ideals
CorollaryThe Jacobson radical J(R nn M) (resp., the nilradical Nil(R nn M)) ofR nn M is J(R) nn M (resp., Nil(R) nn M) and the Krull dimension ofR nn M is equal to that of R.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 12 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
PropositionThe following assertions are true.
The set Z (R nn M) of zero divisors of R nn M is the set ofelements (r ,m1, ...,mn) such that r ∈ Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn).Hence S nn M where S = R − (Z (R)∪ Z (M1)∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)) is theset of regular elements of R nn M.The set of units of R nn M is U(R nn M) = U(R) nn M.The set of idempotents of R nn M is Id(R nn M) = Id(R) nn 0.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 13 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
PropositionThe following assertions are true.
æ The set Z (R nn M) of zero divisors of R nn M is the set ofelements (r ,m1, ...,mn) such that r ∈ Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn).Hence S nn M where S = R − (Z (R)∪ Z (M1)∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)) is theset of regular elements of R nn M.The set of units of R nn M is U(R nn M) = U(R) nn M.The set of idempotents of R nn M is Id(R nn M) = Id(R) nn 0.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 13 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
PropositionThe following assertions are true.
The set Z (R nn M) of zero divisors of R nn M is the set ofelements (r ,m1, ...,mn) such that r ∈ Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn).Hence S nn M where S = R − (Z (R)∪ Z (M1)∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)) is theset of regular elements of R nn M.
æ The set of units of R nn M is U(R nn M) = U(R) nn M.The set of idempotents of R nn M is Id(R nn M) = Id(R) nn 0.
D. Bennis (Rabat - Morocco) n-Trivial Extensions of Rings Graz, Austria — July 2016 13 / 20
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Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
PropositionThe following assertions are true.
The set Z (R nn M) of zero divisors of R nn M is the set ofelements (r ,m1, ...,mn) such that r ∈ Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn).Hence S nn M where S = R − (Z (R)∪ Z (M1)∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)) is theset of regular elements of R nn M.The set of units of R nn M is U(R nn M) = U(R) nn M.
æ The set of idempotents of R nn M is Id(R nn M) = Id(R) nn 0.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Outline
1 Motivation, Definition and Examples
2 Some basic algebraic properties of R nn M
3 Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
Let Γ be a commutative additive monoid. Recall that a ring S is said tobe a Γ-graded ring, if there is a family of subgroups of S, (Sα)α∈Γ, suchthat S = ⊕
α∈ΓSα as an abelian group, with SαSβ ⊆ Sα+β for all α, β ∈ Γ.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
The n-trivial extension R nn M1 n · · ·n Mn may be considered as anN0-graded ring ( N0 := N ∪ {0}), where, in this case we set Mk = 0 forall k ≥ n + 1 and ϕi,j are naturally extended to all i , j ≥ 0.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
Let Γ be a commutative additive monoid and S = ⊕α∈Γ
Sα be a Γ-graded
ring. And an S-module N is said to be Γ-graded if N = ⊕α∈Γ
Nα (as an
abelian group) and SαNβ ⊆ Nα+β for all α, β ∈ Γ. Let N = ⊕α∈Γ
Nα be a
Γ-graded S-module. For every α ∈ Γ, the elements of Nα are said to behomogeneous of degree α. A submodule N ′ of N is said to behomogeneous if one of the following equivalent assertions is true.(1) N ′ is generated by homogeneous elements,(2) If
∑α∈G′
nα ∈ N ′, where G′ is a finite subset of Γ and each nα is
homogeneous of degree α, then nα ∈ N ′ for every α ∈ G′, or(3) N ′ = ⊕
α∈Γ(N ′ ∩ Nα).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
Let Γ be a commutative additive monoid and S = ⊕α∈Γ
Sα be a Γ-graded
ring. And an S-module N is said to be Γ-graded if N = ⊕α∈Γ
Nα (as an
abelian group) and SαNβ ⊆ Nα+β for all α, β ∈ Γ. Let N = ⊕α∈Γ
Nα be a
Γ-graded S-module. For every α ∈ Γ, the elements of Nα are said to behomogeneous of degree α. A submodule N ′ of N is said to behomogeneous if one of the following equivalent assertions is true.(1) N ′ is generated by homogeneous elements,(2) If
∑α∈G′
nα ∈ N ′, where G′ is a finite subset of Γ and each nα is
homogeneous of degree α, then nα ∈ N ′ for every α ∈ G′, or(3) N ′ = ⊕
α∈Γ(N ′ ∩ Nα).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
Let Γ be a commutative additive monoid and S = ⊕α∈Γ
Sα be a Γ-graded
ring. And an S-module N is said to be Γ-graded if N = ⊕α∈Γ
Nα (as an
abelian group) and SαNβ ⊆ Nα+β for all α, β ∈ Γ. Let N = ⊕α∈Γ
Nα be a
Γ-graded S-module. For every α ∈ Γ, the elements of Nα are said to behomogeneous of degree α. A submodule N ′ of N is said to behomogeneous if one of the following equivalent assertions is true.(1) N ′ is generated by homogeneous elements,(2) If
∑α∈G′
nα ∈ N ′, where G′ is a finite subset of Γ and each nα is
homogeneous of degree α, then nα ∈ N ′ for every α ∈ G′, or(3) N ′ = ⊕
α∈Γ(N ′ ∩ Nα).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Graded rings
In particular, an ideal J of R nn M is homogeneous if and only ifJ = (J ∩R)⊕ (J ∩M1)⊕ · · · ⊕ (J ∩Mn). Note that I := J ∩R is an idealof R and, for i ∈ {1, ...,n}, Ni := J ∩Mi is an R-submodule of Mi whichsatisfies IMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for evey i , j ∈ {1, ...,n}.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Theorem1 Let I be an ideal of R and let C = (Ci)i∈{1,...,n} be a family of
R-modules such that Ci ⊆ Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then I nn Cis a (homogeneous) ideal of R nn M if and only if IMi ⊆ Ci andCiMj ⊆ Ci+j for all i , j ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.
2 Let J be an ideal of Rnn M and consider K the projection of J ontoR and Ni the projection of J onto Mi for every i ∈ {1, ...,n}. Then,
1 K is an ideal of R and Ni is a submodule of Mi for everyi ∈ {1, ...,n} such that KMi ⊆ Ni and NiMj ⊆ Ni+j for everyj ∈ {1, ...,n} with i + j ≤ n.Thus K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn is a homogeneous ideal ofR nn M1 n · · ·n Mn.
2 J ⊆ K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.3 The ideal J is homogeneous if and only if J = K nn N1 n · · ·n Nn.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
æ Every radical (hence prime) ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.However, it is well-known that the ideals of the classical trivialextensions are not in general homogeneous.For instance, consider a quasi-local ring R with maximal m. Then,
a proper homogeneous ideal of R n R/m has either the formI n R/m or I n 0 where I is a proper ideal of R, anda proper homogeneous principal ideal of R n R/m has either theform 0 n R/m or I n 0 where I is a principal ideal of R. Thus,for instance, the principal ideal of R n R/m generated by anelement (a,e), where a and e are both nonzero with a ∈ m, is nothomogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Every radical (hence prime) ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.æ However, it is well-known that the ideals of the classical trivial
extensions are not in general homogeneous.For instance, consider a quasi-local ring R with maximal m. Then,
Ù a proper homogeneous ideal of R n R/m has either the formI n R/m or I n 0 where I is a proper ideal of R, and
Ù a proper homogeneous principal ideal of R n R/m has either theform 0 n R/m or I n 0 where I is a principal ideal of R. Thus,
Ù for instance, the principal ideal of R n R/m generated by anelement (a,e), where a and e are both nonzero with a ∈ m, is nothomogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Every radical (hence prime) ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.However, it is well-known that the ideals of the classical trivialextensions are not in general homogeneous.For instance, consider a quasi-local ring R with maximal m. Then,
a proper homogeneous ideal of R n R/m has either the formI n R/m or I n 0 where I is a proper ideal of R, anda proper homogeneous principal ideal of R n R/m has either theform 0 n R/m or I n 0 where I is a principal ideal of R. Thus,for instance, the principal ideal of R n R/m generated by anelement (a,e), where a and e are both nonzero with a ∈ m, is nothomogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Every radical (hence prime) ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.However, it is well-known that the ideals of the classical trivialextensions are not in general homogeneous.For instance, consider a quasi-local ring R with maximal m. Then,
Ù a proper homogeneous ideal of R n R/m has either the formI n R/m or I n 0 where I is a proper ideal of R, anda proper homogeneous principal ideal of R n R/m has either theform 0 n R/m or I n 0 where I is a principal ideal of R. Thus,for instance, the principal ideal of R n R/m generated by anelement (a,e), where a and e are both nonzero with a ∈ m, is nothomogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Every radical (hence prime) ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.However, it is well-known that the ideals of the classical trivialextensions are not in general homogeneous.For instance, consider a quasi-local ring R with maximal m. Then,
a proper homogeneous ideal of R n R/m has either the formI n R/m or I n 0 where I is a proper ideal of R, and
Ù a proper homogeneous principal ideal of R n R/m has either theform 0 n R/m or I n 0 where I is a principal ideal of R. Thus,for instance, the principal ideal of R n R/m generated by anelement (a,e), where a and e are both nonzero with a ∈ m, is nothomogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Every radical (hence prime) ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.However, it is well-known that the ideals of the classical trivialextensions are not in general homogeneous.For instance, consider a quasi-local ring R with maximal m. Then,
a proper homogeneous ideal of R n R/m has either the formI n R/m or I n 0 where I is a proper ideal of R, anda proper homogeneous principal ideal of R n R/m has either theform 0 n R/m or I n 0 where I is a principal ideal of R. Thus,
Ù for instance, the principal ideal of R n R/m generated by anelement (a,e), where a and e are both nonzero with a ∈ m, is nothomogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
æ Then the following natural question arises:
QuestionWhen every ideal in a given class I of ideals of R nn M ishomogeneous?
Various particular classes of ideals were treated. Here we presenttwo of them. Namely, we show when every regular ideal ishomogeneous and when every regular ideal is homogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Then the following natural question arises:
QuestionWhen every ideal in a given class I of ideals of R nn M ishomogeneous?
Various particular classes of ideals were treated. Here we presenttwo of them. Namely, we show when every regular ideal ishomogeneous and when every regular ideal is homogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
Remark and question on homogeneous ideals
Then the following natural question arises:
QuestionWhen every ideal in a given class I of ideals of R nn M ishomogeneous?
æ Various particular classes of ideals were treated. Here we presenttwo of them. Namely, we show when every regular ideal ishomogeneous and when every regular ideal is homogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every regular ideal of R nn M ishomogeneous
An ideal is said to be regular if it contains a regular element.
Thus, an ideal of R nn M is regular if and only if it contains anelement (s,m1, ...,mn) with s ∈ R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)).
TheoremLet S = R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)). Then the followingassertions are equivalent.
1 Every regular ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.2 For every s ∈ S and i ∈ {1, ...,n}, sMi = Mi (or equivalently,
MiS = Mi ).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every regular ideal of R nn M ishomogeneous
æ An ideal is said to be regular if it contains a regular element.
Thus, an ideal of R nn M is regular if and only if it contains anelement (s,m1, ...,mn) with s ∈ R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)).
TheoremLet S = R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)). Then the followingassertions are equivalent.
1 Every regular ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.2 For every s ∈ S and i ∈ {1, ...,n}, sMi = Mi (or equivalently,
MiS = Mi ).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every regular ideal of R nn M ishomogeneous
An ideal is said to be regular if it contains a regular element.
æ Thus, an ideal of R nn M is regular if and only if it contains anelement (s,m1, ...,mn) with s ∈ R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)).
TheoremLet S = R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)). Then the followingassertions are equivalent.
1 Every regular ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.2 For every s ∈ S and i ∈ {1, ...,n}, sMi = Mi (or equivalently,
MiS = Mi ).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every regular ideal of R nn M ishomogeneous
An ideal is said to be regular if it contains a regular element.
Thus, an ideal of R nn M is regular if and only if it contains anelement (s,m1, ...,mn) with s ∈ R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)).
TheoremLet S = R − (Z (R) ∪ Z (M1) ∪ · · · ∪ Z (Mn)). Then the followingassertions are equivalent.
1 Every regular ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.2 For every s ∈ S and i ∈ {1, ...,n}, sMi = Mi (or equivalently,
MiS = Mi ).
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous
The question of when every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous is stillopen.Here, we present a partial answer. For this, we need the followingdefinition:
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous
DefinitionAssume that n ≥ 2. For i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1} and j ∈ {2, ...,n} with ji ≤ n,Mi is said to be j -integral if, for any j elements mi1 , ...,mij of Mi , if theproduct mi1 · · ·mij = 0, then at least one of the mik ’s is zero.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous
TheoremSuppose that n ≥ 2 and R is an integral domain. Assume that Mi istorsion-free, for every i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1}, and that M1 is k -integral forevery k ∈ {2, ...,n − 1}. Then the following assertions are equivalent.
1 Every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.2 The following two conditions are satisfied:
i. For every i ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mi is divisible, andii. For every i ∈ {2, ...,n} and every m1 ∈ M1 − {0}, Mi = m1Mi−1.
ExampleEvery ideal of the following n-trivial extensions Z nn Qn · · ·nQ andZ nn Qn · · ·nQnQ/Z is homogeneous.
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Homogeneous ideals of n-trivial extensions
When every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous
TheoremSuppose that n ≥ 2 and R is an integral domain. Assume that Mi istorsion-free, for every i ∈ {1, ...,n − 1}, and that M1 is k -integral forevery k ∈ {2, ...,n − 1}. Then the following assertions are equivalent.
1 Every ideal of R nn M is homogeneous.2 The following two conditions are satisfied:
i. For every i ∈ {1, ...,n}, Mi is divisible, andii. For every i ∈ {2, ...,n} and every m1 ∈ M1 − {0}, Mi = m1Mi−1.
ExampleEvery ideal of the following n-trivial extensions Z nn Qn · · ·nQ andZ nn Qn · · ·nQnQ/Z is homogeneous.
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Thank you!
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