On Moments of Probability Distribution Functions

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    O N M O M E N T S O F P R O B A B I L I T Y D I S T R I B U T I O N F U N C T I O N S

    STEPHEN J, WOLFE

    A b s t r a c t : T e c h n i q u e s o f f r a c t i o n a l c a l c u l u s a re u s e d t o o b t a i n f or -m u l a e f o r t h e a b s o l u t e m o m e n t s o f p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s .

    1 . I N T R O D U C T I O NA f u n c t i o n F (x ) i s s a i d t o b e a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

    f u n c t i o n i f i t s a t i s f i e s t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s :( a) F ( x) i s n o n - d e c r e a s i n g ;( b) F ( x ) i s c o n t i n u o u s t o t h e r i g h t ;( c ) F ( - ~ ) = 0 a n d F ( ~ ) = 1 .

    I f F ( x ) i s a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s u c h t h a t F ( x ) = 0f o r x < 0 t h e n t h e f u n c t i o n

    ( Y ) = ~ 0 e - Y X d F ( x )

    w h e r e 0 < y < ~ , is c a l l e d t h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m o f F ( x ) . T h ef u n c t i o n

    f( t ) = e i t x d F ( x )-c ow h e r e - ~ < t < ~ i s c a l l e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n o f F ( x ) . Ad i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n F ( x ) i s s a i d t o h a v e a n a b s o l u t e m o m e n t o f t h eX h o r d e r , w h e r e - ~, < I < ~ , i f

    I f F ( x ) i s a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s u c h t h a t F ( x ) = 0 f o rx < 0 a n d i f n i s a p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r , t h e n F ( x ) h a s a n a b s o l u t em o m e n t o f t h e n t la o r d e r i f a n d o n l y i f g ( n ) ( o ) e x i s t s i n w h i c h c a s e

    i . ] ; x n d F ( x ) = ( - l ) - n g ( n ) ( o ) .

    I f F ( x) i s a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n a n d i f n i s a p o s i t i v ee v e n i n t e g e r , t h e n F ( x) h a s a n a b s o l u t e m o m e n t o f t he n t h o r d e r i fa n d o n l y i f f ( n )( o ) e x i s t s i n w h i c h c a s e

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    2. ~ ] ~ I x l n d F ( x ) = i ' n f ( n ) ( o )

    B o t h of t h e s e r e s u l t s f o l l o w f r o m F a t o u ' s L e m m a a n d t h e L e b e s g u eD o m i n a t e d C o n v e r g e n c e T h e o re m .

    I f n i s a n o d d p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r a n d i f F ( x ) h a s a n a b s o l u t em o m e n t o f t h e n t-h o r d e r , t h e n f ( n ) ( t ) i s c o n t i n u o u s o n ( - ~ , = ) . B ym a k i n g u s e o f t h e w e l l k n o w n f a c t t h a t

    f ,l i m s i n x t d t s g n x- =~ A + ~ - A t+ i i f x > 0

    = 0 i f x = 0-i if x < 0

    i t c a n b e s h o w n [I] t h a t

    I l n d F ( x ) = x n s g n x d F ( x )- - c o - - c o

    S rx l i m t

    - ~ L + ~ - A

    m S [ x n s n x t J x1 lira I i ~ _ ~ x n ( e i t X - e - i t x ) d F ( x ~ d t

    = 2 ~ i " A ~ - A

    ; ~ d t1 [i- nf (n) (t) - (- i) -n f (n) (-t) ] ~--= ~ --co

    T h u s

    f~ _ ! [ f ( n ) n ) d t3 . - ~ I x l n d F ( x ) 2 ~ i ~ -~ - - ~ ( t ) + f ( ( - - t ) ] ~-- .T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o o b t a i n f o r m u l a e s i m i l a r t o

    ~ i) , ( 2 ) , a n d ( 3) t h a t a r e v a l i d w h e n n i s r e p l a c e d b y a r e a l n u m b e r~. I n o r d e r t o d o t hi s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o d e f i n e f r a c t i o n a l d e r i v a -t i ve s a n d f r a c t i o n a l i n t e g r a l s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n s a n d

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    L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m s . M u l t i p l e - v a l u e d f u n c t i o n s w i l l b e m a d e s i n g l e -i@v a l u e d b y d e f i n i n g l o g z t o b e l o g r + i @ w h e r e z = r e , r > O , a n d

    0 < 0 < 2 ~ .I f 0 < X < I , t h e f r a c t i o n a l i n t e g r a l o f t h e x t ~ o r d e r o f

    f (t ) w i l l b e d e f i n e d t o b e t h e f u n c t i o n~ ( t- u) X - l f ( u ) d u

    If ~ ~ i, the in te gr al of the xt--%-h rd er is def in ed re cu rs iv el y by t her e l a t i o n s h i p s

    _ Dtnf(t) = lim _ DtXf( t)X n -i f n i s a n i n t e g e r a n d

    _ D t X f ( t ) = - D t (x-n) ~ D t n f ( t ~i f k i s n o t a n i n t e g e r a n d n is t h e l a r g e s t i n t e g e r l e s s t h a n X T h efra cti ona l der iv ati ve of the k --~h rde r of f(t) wi ll be de fin ed to be

    fit_ f( t) -f (u) du-~DXtf(t) = ~ ~ (t-u) X+ l

    if 0 < ~ < 1 and

    D X t f ( t) = d n E _ D t ( ~ -n ) f ( t ) ~- d t n

    i f X _> 1 a n d n i s t h e l a r g e s t i n t e g e r l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l t o X . T h i sd e f i n i t i o n o f a f r a c t i o n a l d e r i v a t i v e w a s o r i g i n a l l y g i v e n b y M a r c h a u d[ 2 ] . T h e u s u a l c o n v e n t i o n s ~ t h a t _ D t f ( t ) = f ( n ) ( t ) w h en n i s a p o s i -t i v e inte ger and _ Dtf(t) = f(t) wil l be adopt ed.

    S i n c e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m s a r e o n l y d e f i n e d o n t he p o s i t i v ea x i s, d i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n s m u s t b e g i v e n f o r t h e i r f r a c t i o n a l d e r i v a -tive s and fra cti ona l in tegr als. The fra cti ona l int egr al of the ~t__hho r d e r o f g (y ) w i l l b e d e f i n e d t o b e

    -i -~y 2 g ( y = l g u d uwh ere X > O. The fra cti ona l der iv ati ve of the X t-~h ord er of g(y) w illb e d e f i n e d t o b e

    D~ (y) ~ ~ g(Y )-g (u) amY ~ g = y ( u - y ) X + l

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    if O < X < 1 an dX d

    d y ni f X _> 1 a n d n i s t h e l a r g e s t i n t e g e r l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l t o X .

    T h e f o l l o w i n g t w o t h e o r e m s w i l l be p r o v e d :

    T H E O R E M I. L e t F ( x ) b e a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s u c h t h a tF ( x ) = 0 f o r x < 0 a n d l e t - ~ < X < ~ T h e n F ( x ) h a s a n a b s o l u t em o m e n t o f t h e x t h o r d e r i f a n d o n l y i f "- y D g ( O ) e x i s t s i n w h i c h c a s e4 . ~ x X d F ( x ) = ( - 1 ) - x ~D g ( O )

    T H E O R E M 2. L e t F ( x ) b e a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n t h a t h a sa n a b s o l u t e m o m e n t o f t h e x t- ~h o r d e r w h e r e - ~ < ~ < ~ . T h e n _ D ~ f ( t )i s c o n t i n u o u s o n ( - ~ , ~ ) a n d

    5. ' ~ I x [ X d F (x )

    w h e r e a p = i - p = c o s ( p ~ / 2 ) - i s i n ( p ~ / 2 ) f o r - ~ < p 1 then (6) and (4)f o l l o w f r o m t h e L e b e s g u e D o m i n a t e d C o n v e r g e n c e T h e o r e m s i n c e d i f f e r -e n t i a t i o n c a n b e p e r f o r m e d u n d e r t h e i n t e g r a l s i g n i n ( 6) . I fy D ~ g ( O ) e x i s t s t h e n it f o l l o w s f r o m F u b i n i ' s T h e o r e m t h a t F (x ) h a s a nabs olu te mo men t of the k t-hh order.

    L e t F (x ) b e a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n w i t h c h a r -ac te ri st ic fun cti on f(t). Let GCx) = l-F( -x-O ) for -co < x 0 .

    N o t e t h a t _ D ~ f (- t ) = D ~ f ( t )

    A n a r g u m e n t s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f ( 3)c a n be u s e d t o s h o w t h a t

    x I s g n x d F ( x )

    i d t

    F o r m u l a ( 5 ) n o w f o l l o w s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t

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    + X sgn x dF(x) + dG(x)- - c o - - o o

    o o

    3. S O M E R E M A R K S

    L e t F (x ) b e a o n e - s i d e d p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o nw i t h L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m g ( y ) , l e t X > O , a n d le t n b e a n i n t e g e r t h a ti s g r e a t e r o r e q u a l t o I . T h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m g ( y ) i s a n a l y t i co n (O , ~) a n d t h u s h a s d e r i v a t i v e s o f a l l o r d e r s o n t h i s i n t e r v a l . I tf o l l o w s t h a t i f F ( x) h a s a n a b s o l u t e m o m e n t o f t h e x t h o r d e r , t h e n

    - ( n - X ) g ( n ) ( y )yng (y~ = y D

    If F (x) a l so has an abso l u te moment o f the (h -n ) th o rder thenx d - -X)- [y D (n g(Y) ]D g(y) dy n o

    I t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e f i n e f r a c t i o n a l i n t e g r a l s a n d f r a c t i o n a ld e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e s t-~-h r d e r o f L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m s w h e r e s i s a c o m -p l e x n u m b e r . T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e f r a c t i o n a l i n t e g r a l i s t h e s a m e a st h e o n e p r e v i o u s l y g i v e n. T h e f r a c t i o n a l d e r i v a t i v e i s f i r s t d e f i n e dfor O < Re s < 1 and t hen de fi ne d f or Re s _> I. If F(x) is a one-s i d e d p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n t h at h as a n a b s o l u t e m o m e n t o ft h e ~t_~h o r d e r a n d a n a b s o l u t e m o m e n t o f t h e ~ t h o r d e r ~ w h e r e ~ a n d Ba r e r e a l n u m b e r s s u c h t h a t ~ < O a n d ~ > O , t h e n t h e M e l l i n t r a n s f o r m

    of F(x) ex is ts fo r al l s suc h th at c~ < Re s < B andM ( s ) = i - s D s ( O )y ~ g

    f o r t h e s e v a l u e s o f s .

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    I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t (5 ) r e d u c e s t o ( 2) w h e n k i s ap o s i t i v e e v e n i n t e g e r a n d t o (3 ) w h e n ~ i s a p o s i t i v e o d d i n t e g e r .

    B r o w n [3] h a s o b t a i n e d a f o r m u l a t h a t e x p r e s s e s a b s o l u t em o m e n t s o f t h e x t h o r d e r o f a d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , w h e r e ~ is ap o s i t i v e f r a c t i o n , i n t e r ms o f t he F o u r i e r e x p a n s i o n o f i ts c h a r a c t e r -i s t i c f u n c t i o n . W o l f e [4] h a s o b t a i n e d a f o r m u l a t h a t e x p r e s s e s a b s o -l u t e m o m e n t s o f t h e X t h o r d e r o f a d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , w h e r e X > O ,i n t e r m s o f t h e s y m m e t r i c d i f f e r e n c e s o f it s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n .T h e a u t h o r i s n o t a w a r e o f a ny p r e v i o u s f o r m u l a t h a t e x p r e s s e s a b s o-l u t e m o m e n t s o f t h e k t h o r d e r o f a d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , w h e r e ~ i sa n e g a t i v e n u m b e r , i n t e r m s o f i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n o r L a p l a c et r a n s f o r m .4. M O M E N T S OF O N E - S I D E D S T A B L E D I S T R I B U T I O N F U N C T I O N S

    A d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n F ( x) i s s a i d t o b e s t a b l e i f t oeve ry a > O , b I , a 2 > O, and b 2 the re co rr es po nd s an a > O and bs u c h t h a t

    F ( a l X + b l ) * F ( a 2 x + b 2 ) = F ( a x + b )w h e r e * d e n o t e s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f c o n v o l u t i o n . T h e s e d i s t r i b u t i o nf u n c t i o n s a r e t h e o n l y d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s t h a t c a n b e l i m i ts o ft h e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s o f t h e n o r m e d s u m s of i n d e p e n d e n t , i d e n t i -c a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d r a n d o m v a r i a b l e s.

    F e l l e r [5] h a s u s e d T a u b e r i a n t h e o r e m s t o s h o w t h a t F ( x) isa s t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n w i t h s u p p o r t o n ( O, ~) i f a n d o n l y i ft h e L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m o f F( x) h a s t h e f o r m

    8. g(y) = e "cy

    w h e r e c > O a n d O < ~ < I . I t f o l l o w s f r o m T h e o r e m 1 a n d t h e d e f i n i -t i o n o f t he G a m m a f u n c t i o n t h a t i f F (x ) i s a o n e - s i d e d s t a b l e d i s t r i -b u t i o n f u n c t i o n w i t h L a p l a c e t r a n s f o r m (8) t h e n

    0 x k d F ( x ) = ' F ( 1 - X )if -~ < k < ~ and

    if X > ~

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    5. A P P E N D I X II n t h i s a p p e n d i x , t h e c o n t o u r i n t e g r a t i o n n e e d e d i n t h e

    p r o o f o f T h e o r e m 2 w i l l b e p e r f o r m e d . L e t C b e t h e c u r v e g i v e n b yt h e e q u a t i o n z = R e i @ w h e r e 7 / 2 ~ @ ~ ~ L e t C b e t h e c u r v e g i v e nb y t h e e q u a t i o n z = r e i @ w h e r e O < r < R a n d 7 / 2 ~ @ ~ ~ I tw i l l b e a s s u m e d t h a t C i s o r i e n t e d i n a c o u n t e r - c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o na n d C i s o r i e n t e d i n a c l o c k w i s e d i r e c t i o n . L e t 0 < ~ < 1

    I t f o l l o w s f r o m C a u c h y ' s T h e o r e m t h a t

    I l + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 = i N I~ x ~ - l e - X d x

    + I z n - l e i Z d z + ( - l ) n Ir x n - l e - i X d xC R R

    + I z ~ - l e i Z d z = 0C r

    S i n c e s i n 8/ 8 > 2 / 7 f o r O < @ < ~ / 2 , i t f o l l o w s t h a tI _ _ _ _

    i ~ [ 7 / 2 R N e _ R s i n @ d @I i2 1 < R ~ e - R s i n 0 d @ =- ~ / 2 ~ 0

    iooR N _ I [ ~ / 2 e - ( 2 R @ / ~ ) R d @ < R - I e - ( 2 R @ / ~ ) R d @- - J 0 - - 0

    A l s o

    = ~ R n - i / 2

    [ 14 1 2 r n e - r s i n @7 / 2 dO < wr /2

    T h e r e f o r e , 1 2 O a s R + ~ , 1 4 0 a s r 0 , a n d

    ~ x n - l e - i X d x = i - n F (n )

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    6 . A P P E N D I X I IR e l a t i o n 4 c a n b e u s e d t o c o m p u t e m o m e n t s o f m a n y o n e - s i d e d

    d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s . R e l a t i o n 5 i s n o t v e r y u s e f u l f r o m a p r a c t i -c a l p o i n t o f v i e w s i n c e t h e c o m p u t a t i o n s i n v o l v e d a r e v e r y t e d i o u s .I n t h i s a p p e n d i x , r e l a t i o n 5 w i l l b e u s e d t o c o m p u t e m o m e n t s o f a d e -g e n e r a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n .

    T h e nL e t a > O a n d l e t F ( x ) = O i f x < a a n d F ( x ) = 1 i f x > a .

    _ D t f ( t ) = ( i a ) l e i a t f o r - ~ < X < ~ a n d

    = ~ I F i l e i a t i l e - i a t ]a - ~ L " ~ ~ d t

    I . I + I I ~_ s i n a t d t = 2 ~ i l + l a l= a i ~ t

    A l s o ,

    T h u s

    = 2 ~ a X [ c o s ( X + I ) ~ / 2 + i s i n ( k + l ) ~ / 2 ] .

    _ ~ D S f ( y ) l y = O = a X i X

    = a k [ c o s ( X ~ / 2 ) + i s i n( ~ o~ / 2) ]

    f ~ ~ d F ( x ) - 2 ~ a ; ~ [ c o s ( ; ~ + i ) ~ / 2 ]2 ~ i X + IX+ ~ [cos(k~/2)] = a X

    i

    L e t a < O a n d l e t F ( x ) = O i f x < a a n d F ( x ) = 1 i f x > a .A s i m i l a r a r g u m e n t c a n b e u s e d t o s h o w t h a t

    I ~ X d F ( x ) = l a l x

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    [ 1 ][ 2 ]

    [ 3 ]

    [ 4 ]

    [S ]

    R E F E R E N C E SL u k a c s , E . , C h a r a c t e r i s t i c F u n c ti o n s , S e c o n d E d i t i o n , 1 9 7 0,H a f n e r , N e w Yo r k .M a r c h a u d , A . , " S u r d e s d e r i v & e s e t s u r l e s d i f f & r e n c e s d e sf o n c t i o n s d e v a r i a b l e r &e le s~ ' J o u r n a l d e M a t h e m a t i q u e s P u r e s e tA p p l i q u ~ e s , 1 9 2 7 , V . 6 , 3 3 7 - 4 2 5 .B r o w n , B . M . , " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n s , m o m e n t s , a n d t h e c e n t r a ll i m i t t h e o r e ~ )~ A n n a l s o f M a t h e m a t i c a l S t a t i s t i c s , 1 9 7 0 , V . 4 1 ,658-664.W o l f e , S . J . , " O n t h e l o c a l b e h a v i o r o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f u n c t i o n s "A n n a l s o f P r o b a b i l i t y , 1 9 7 3 , V . i , 8 6 2 - 8 6 6 .F e l l e r , W . , A n I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P r o b a b i l i t y T h e o r y a n d i t s A p p l i -c a t i o n s , V . 2, S e c o n d E d i t i o n , 1 9 7 1 , J o h n W i l e y , N e w Y or k .