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IIR Working Party: Life Cycle Climate Performance Evaluation
Yunho Hwang, Ph.D.Chair of LCCP WP
Vice President of Commission B1
IIR Working Partyon Life Cycle Climate Performance
Evaluation
Business Meeting
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Highlights
• Emission data
• Japan data added• China data added
• Researcher• Sarah Troch joined in
Sep. 2014
• Fifth LCCP WP Meeting• Hangzhou, China
during the 11th Gustav-Lorentzen Conference (Sep. 2, 2014)
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LCCP Details
• Direct Emissions
• Regular emissions• Irregular emissions• Service emissions• End-of-life emission• Leakage during
production & transport
• Indirect Emissions• Energy consumption of
the system• Energy to make
system/components• Energy to produce
refrigerant• Energy to transport• Energy for end-of-life,
recycling/recovery of system and refrigerant
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Emission FactorsMain Category Sub Category
1. System information
1.1 Application1.2 System Type1.3 System Lifetime1.4 Refrigerant and Charge1.5 GWP (100 Yrs horizon)
2. Geographic information
2.1 Location (City, Country)2.2 Weather Data2.3 Utility Emission Rate2.4 Load Profile
3. Direct Emission
3.1 Regular Emissions3.2 Irregular Emissions3.3 Service Emission3.4 End-of-Life Emission3.5 Leakage during Production & Transport (Fugitive)3.6 Decomposition
4. Indirect Emission
4.1 Energy Consumption of the System4.2 Energy to Make Components/System
(Aluminum/Copper/Steel/Brass/Plastics)4.3 Energy to Produce & Transport Refrigerant (Embodied)4.4 Energy to Produce & Transport Components/System4.5 Energy for End-of-Life, Recycling/Recovery of System
(metals/plastics) and Refrigerant
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1. System InformationSection No. Details Reference
1.1 Applications
• Air Conditioning• Heat Pumping• Domestic Refrigeration• Commercial Refrigeration• Transport Refrigeration• Mobil Air Conditioning• Industrial and Food Processing
1.2 System Types
• Single stage• Multi-stage• Cascade• 2nd loop• VCC• ABS
1.3 System Lifetime
• US: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book (2011)• EU: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010
Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.• China: Xia Wang. Life Cycle Assessment for
Carbon Emission of Residential Building[D]. Tianjing University, 2012.
1.4 Refrigerants • NIST Refprop V. 9.0• Brown S, 2012
1.5 GWP (100 Yrs.H) • UNEP, 2010 TOC Report: • IPCC, 2007, Climate Change
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1. System InformationSection No. Details Reference
1.6 Charge
• ICF Consulting for U.S. EPA's Stratospheric Protection Division. (2005). Revised Draft Analysis of U.S. Commercial Supermarket Refrigeration Systems.
• ICF International, Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). The U.S. Phaseout of HCFCs: Projected Servicing Needs in the U.S. Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Sector.
• Saba, S., Slim, R., Palandre, L., and Clodic, D. (2009). Inventory of Direct and Indirect GHG Emissions from Stationary Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Sources, with Special Emphasis on Retail Food Refrigeration and Unitary Air Conditioning.
• Arthur D. Little for the account of the Alliance for Responsible Atmospheric Policy. (2002). Global Comparative Analysis of HFC and Alternative Technologies for Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Foam, Solvent, Aerosol Propellant, and Fire Protection Applications: Final Report .
• Godwin, D. S., Van Pelt, M. M., & Peterson, K. (2003). Modeling Emissions of High Global Warming Potential Gases. 12th Annual Emission Inventory Conference: Emission Inventories-Applying New Technologies
• EU: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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1.3 System Lifetime – Residential Equipment
Reference: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book, 2011
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1.3 System Lifetime – Commercial Equipment
Reference: DOE, Buildings Energy Data Book, 2011
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1.3 System Lifetime – EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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1.4 Refrigerants – 105 Pure Fluids
Reference: NIST Refprop V. 9.0
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1.4 Refrigerants – 96 Mixtures
Reference: NIST Refprop V. 9.0
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1.4 Refrigerants – 96 Mixtures
Reference: NIST Refprop V. 9.0
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1.4 Refrigerants – HFOs
Reference: J. Steven Brown, Introduction to Alternatives for High-GWPHFC Refrigerants, ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, 2012
Type Refrigerants
Pure HFOs
R1225yeR1234zeR1234yfR1234yeR1234zf
Binary HFO mixtures
R32/R1234yfR125/R1234yfR134a/R1234yf
R32/R1234zeR125/R1234zeR134a/R1234ze
R32/R1234zfR125/R1234zfR134a/R1234zf
TernaryHFO mixtures
R32/R134a/R1234yfR32/R134a/R1234zeR32/R134a/R1234zf
R152a/R134a/R1234yfR152a/R134a/R1234zeR152a/R134a/R1234zf
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1.5 GWP
Reference: UNEP, 2010 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, Technical Options Committee.
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1.5 GWP
Reference: UNEP, 2010 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, Technical Options Committee.
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1.5 GWP
Reference: UNEP, 2010 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, Technical Options Committee.
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1.5 GWP
Reference: UNEP, 2010 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps, Technical Options Committee.
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1.5 GWP
Reference: IPCC, 2007, Climate Change -The Physical Science BasisContribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC
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1.6 Refrigerant Charge - EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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2. Geographic InformationSection No. Details Reference
2.1 Location (City, Country)
Cities listed in weather database
• S. Wilcox and W. Marion, Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets, Technical Report: NREL/TP-581-43156, May 2008.
• Designer's Simulation Toolkit (DeST)
2.2 Climate Data Weather Data: weather database
• S. Wilcox and W. Marion, Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets, Technical Report: NREL/TP-581-43156, May 2008.
2.3 Utility Emission Rate
• IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights
• NERC, North American Electrical Grid Interconnections, 2007
• NREL, 2011, Hourly Energy Emission Factors for Electricity Generation in the United States, Open Energy Info.
• "2010 Baseline Emission Factors for Regional Power Grids in China
• China Electric Power Yearbook 2012"
2.4 Load Profile
• AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008
• ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2009• Hourly load simulation tools: EnergyPlus and
TRNSYS• Designer's Simulation Toolkit (DeST)
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2.2 Weather DataData Abb. Weather Data Source
TMY3 Typical Meteorological Year 3
ETMY Egyptian Typical Meteorological Year
IWEC International Weather for Energy Calculations
SWERA Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment
CSWD Chinese Standard Weather Data
CWEC Canadian Weather for Energy Calculations
ISHRAE Indian Weather Data from the Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
ITMY Iranian Typical Meteorological Year
CityUHK City University of Hong Kong
IMS Weather Data for Israel
IMGW Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej
INETI Synthetic data for Portugal
KISR Kuwait Weather Data from Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research
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2.2 Weather Data – TMY3
Reference: S. Wilcox and W. Marion, Users Manual for TMY3 Data Sets, Technical Report: NREL/TP-581-43156, May 2008.
• A typical meteorological year (TMY) data set provides designers and other users with a reasonably sized annual data set that holds hourly meteorological values that typify conditions at a specific location over a longer period of time, such as 30 years.
• TMY data sets are widely used by building designers and others for modeling renewable energy conversion systems. Although not designed to provide meteorological extremes, TMY data have natural diurnal and seasonal variations and represent a year of typical climatic conditions for a location.
• The TMY data set is composed of 12 typical meteorological months (January through December) that are concatenated essentially without modification to form a single year with a serially complete data record for primary measurements. These monthly data sets contain actual time-series meteorological measurements and modeled solar values, although some hourly records may contain filled or interpolated data for periods when original observations are missing from the data archive.
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2.3 Utility Emission Rate - IEAg CO2 / kilowatt hour 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
World 485 491 486 495 500 500 503 508 504 500
Annex I Parties 427 434 425 428 421 419 413 420 411 393
Annex II Parties 455 467 452 454 448 444 434 442 427 407
North America 539 566 522 528 526 522 500 504 491 466Europe 326 324 330 325 319 311 315 321 303 289
Asia Oceania 466 474 501 519 502 508 502 519 508 491
Annex I EIT 357 355 356 366 354 355 359 360 362 352
Non-Annex I Parties 621 616 615 627 645 641 649 642 641 643
Annex I Kyoto Parties 353 354 359 364 354 351 354 359 350 337
OECD Total 466 476 460 461 455 451 442 451 436 420Non-OECD Total 510 508 517 533 549 553 564 565 570 573
Reference: IEA, CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion - 2011 Highlights
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2.3 Utility Emission Rate – North America
Reference: NERC, North American Electrical Grid Interconnections, 2007
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2.4 Load Profile AC - ARI
Reference: AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008
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2.4 Load Profile HP - ARI
Reference: AHRI Standard 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary AC & Air-source HP Equipment, 2008
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2.4 Load Profile HP - ASHRAE
Reference: ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2009
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3. Direct EmissionSection No. Details Reference
3.1 Regular Emissions Annual operating
• IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
• US: ADL, 2002, Global Comparative Analysis of HFC and Alternative
• EU: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 2011, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU
• Japan: JRAIA, 2004, LCCP of Some HVAC&R Applications in Japan
3.2 Irregular Emissions
3.3 Service Emission InstallationRepair service
• IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
3.4 End-of-Life EmissionRemaining • IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Recovery• IPCC, 2006, Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories
3.5 Leakage during Production & Transport
• Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA.
3.6 Decomposition • Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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3.1 Regular Emissions - US• Sand et al. (1997) used annual leak rates of 4% of refrigerant
charge for 1996 model and 2% for 2005 model year residential air conditioning equipment.
• Arthur D. Little (2002) reported that at the end of life 85% of the refrigerant is recovered from the commercial AC.
System Residential AC
Commercial AC
Chiller Commercial Refrigeration
Recovery Rate [%] 58.5 85Annual Leak [%] 2 – 4 • 3 RT: 2
• 7.5 RT: 10.5 – 4 • DX: 15
• Distributed: 4• 2nd loop: 2
Reference: Arthur D. Little, 2002.
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3.1 Regular Emissions - EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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3.1 Regular Emissions - EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
• Domestic Refrigeration: 0.01%
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3.1 Regular Emissions - Netherlands• Based on survey for 1984 units for 2007 – 2010 period, 58%
of the total emission is related to the largest category of refrigeration installations (> 300 kg content). This category is related to only 5% of all installations.
• Similarly, 36% of the total emission is related to the mid-largest category of refrigeration installations (30-300 kg content). This category is related to only 22% of all installations.
Sector Dairy Meat Other Food Average
No of installations [unit] 798 399 787 Total 1984Annual Leak [%] 5.7 7.4 7.3 7
Reference: KWA Bedrijfsadviseurs B.V., 2012.
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3.1 Regular Emissions - Japan• For small and medium size split AC & refrigerators:
• DE = (1-recovery rate) x Initial charge x GWP• For large chillers & refrigeration:
• DE = (1-recovery rate) x Initial charge x GWP+ additional charge• Negligibly small: Leakage during installation and transportation
System Mini Split Split for Light Commercial & Small Chiller
Large Chiller Commercial Refrigerator
Recovery Rate
60 or 70% 50 or 70% 70 or 80% 50 or 70%
Additional Charge
Normally no additional charge 10% of initial charge
Normally noadditional charge
Reference: JRAIA, 2004, LCCP of Some HVAC&R Applications in Japan
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3.1 Regular Emissions - Japan
Reference: This study was conducted by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, and published in 2009
Categories Leak rate: %
Large refrigeration equipment Centrifugal refrigeration equipment 7Screw refrigeration equipment 12
Midium refrigeration equipment
Transportation 15Refrigeration unit 17Condensing unit 13Stand along refrigeration cabinet 16
Commercial air-conditioning equipment
Packaged A/C for stores 3Packaged A/C for buildings 3.5Packaged A/C for industries 4.5Gas engine driven heatpump 5
Residential air-conditioning equipment 2
Small refrigeration equipment
Self contained refrigeration showcase
2Ice makerDrinking water coolerCommercial refrigerator
Chillers Refrigeration chilling unit 6Air-conditioning chilling unitCar air-conditioning equipent 5.2
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3.2 Total Emissions - UNEP
Reference: UNEP, 2010 TOC Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Assessment Report
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3.2 Total Emissions - EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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3.2 Recovered - EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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3.4 End of Life – EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU, 2011.
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3.4 End of Life – EU
Reference: D. Clodic, S. Barrault, 2011, 1990 to 2010 Refrigerants Inventories in EU.
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3.5 Leakage during Production and Transport of Refrigerants (Fugitive Emission)
• Fugitive Emission Values from Gamlen et al. 1986 and Arthur D. Little, 2002.• *: Climate Change, 1995.• Reference: Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA.
Refrigerant Fugitive EmissionR-12 265R-22 390R-134a 4.2 (13*)R-141b 6R-142b 36R-152a 0.3R-404A 18R-407C 13*R-410A 14*Propane < 0.5CO2 0 to 0.09
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3.5 Leakage during Production and Transport of Refrigerants and Charging (Fugitive Emission)
Reference: Weckert, W., D-NS, Thesis, 2008
Refrigerant Emission Worst case Average Best caseRefrigerant production 1 0.5 0.1Loading of tanks and bottles
5 2 1
Charging of A/C system 5 2 0.5
Unit: % of nominal charge
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3.6 Decomposition
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
Refrigerant Incineration Process
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3.6 Decomposition
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
Refrigerant Incineration Process
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4. Indirect EmissionSection No. Details Reference4.1 Energy Consumption of the System • ?
4.2 Energy to Make Components/System
• Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA
4.3 Energy to Produce & Transport Refrigerant Embodied energy
• Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA
• Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
4.4 Energy to Produce & Transport Components/System
• Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
4.5 Energy for End-of-Life, Recycling/Recovery of System and Refrigerant
• Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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4.1 Energy Consumption of the System• Method and equations are based on AHRI standard 210/240,
which uses linear relationship and heat pump performance data tested at specific operating conditions to estimate annual energy (see AHRTI reports for details)
• For chillers, IPLV is used.
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4.2 Energy to Make Components/System
Material Energy of Production (MJ/kg)
Emission by Energy(kg CO2,eq/kg)
Lubricant 54.5 1.3Aluminum 35.95 1.6Copper 36 1.64Steel 103 3.1Plastic 18.9 2.3Assembly ? ?
Reference: Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA
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4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)
• Embodied Energy values from Campbell and McCulloch, 1998 and Krieger, Bateman, and Sylvester 2004.
• *Arthur D. Little, 2002.
Refrigerant Emission by Embodied Energy CO2/kg chemical
R-12 3R-22 3R-134a 5.2 (6-9*)R-152a 1.9CO2 0.04 to 0.19Ammonia 2*
Reference: Johnson, C., 2004, Earth Technologies Forum, U.S. EPA
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4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)
Reference: Weckert, 2008, W., D-NS, Thesis
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4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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4.3 Energy to Produce and Transport Refrigerant (Embodied Energy)
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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4.4 Energy to Produce and Transport Components/System
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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4.5 Energy for End-of-Life
• Since the units are constructed from highly recyclable metals, it is assumed that 90% of the unit is recycled at end of life. The remaining material is assumed to be landfilled. The energy and GHG emission factors compiled by Kim (2003) were used to calculate the burdens associated with disposal.
Material Energy of Recycling (MJ/kg)
Emission by Energy(kg CO2,eq/MJ)
Refrigerant ? ?Lubricant 35.95 1.6Metal 1.7 0.10Plastic 0.15 0.10
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4.5 Energy for End-of-Life
• Stratus Engineering, 2010, Analysis of Equipment and Practices in the Reclamation Industry, Draft Report For EPA.
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4.5 Energy for End-of-Life
Reference: Weckert, W., 2008, D-NS, Thesis
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Discussion• Volunteers for Tasks
Task Task Details Volunteers
1
Collect information on direct and indirect emissions of working fluids for various applications from individual countries and from the current IIR’s WP on Mitigation of Direct Emissions of GHGs
Baolong Wang (China)C. Piao (Japan)
2Establish the LCCP evaluation methodology applicable for refrigeration and air conditioning systems
Omar Abdelaziz and Brian Fricke (ORNL)
3Evaluate how different assumptions selected by a user of these methodologies and improvement options can affect the result of the assessment
S. Troy (UMD)
4 Assemble such information and disseminate it amongst members of the WP and all IIR member states
Y. Hwang (UMD)
5Write a booklet on the LCCP evaluation methodology developed available to members of the WP and all IIR members and to be available to non-members via Fridoc
Omar Abdelaziz and Brian Fricke (ORNL)