On Graphs Supporting Greedy Forwarding for Directional Wireless Networks

W. Si, B. Scholz, G. Mao, R. Boreli, et al.

University of Western Sydney

National ICT Australia

University of Sydney

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Outline Background The problem we consider Some propositions Optimal solution by an Integer Linear Program A polynomial-time approximation algorithm Evaluation Conclusions

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Background Networks are modelled

by geometric graphs.

Geographic routing algorithms use the position information of nodes to route packets in the networks.

If a geographic routing algorithm A can route a packet from any source s to any destination t in a geometric graph G, A is said to succeed on G.

Dst

Src

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Background (cont’d) The greedy forwarding

algorithm When a node forwards a

packet with destination Dst, it sends this packet to its neighbor that is closest to Dst.

Greedy forwarding does not succeed on a graph that contains the void scenario

Dst

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Background (cont’d) As a result, it is desirable to design a network without

the void scenario. Many research efforts

assign virtual coordinates to the nodes to achieve a greedy embedding. Considering omni-

directional antennas Links are known, how to

change the coordinates?

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The problem we consider We also study the problem of obtaining graphs

that support greedy forwarding. To ease the discussion, we call such graphs

greedy forwarding graph (GFG) later. We consider a different setting in establishing

GFGs. Directional antennas Coordinates are known, how to change the links? The goal is to minimize the number of links, thus the

network installation cost.

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The problem we consider (cont’d) Given an arbitrary set of nodes with known coordinates, how can we add minimum number of point-to-point links among the nodes, such that the resulting geometric graph is a GFG.

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Propositions on GFGs

Proposition 1: Any GFG is connected. This implies that any GFG(V) has a spanning tree

as its subgraph. Since the number of edges in a spanning tree on V is n-1, where n is the number of nodes in V, a lower bound for |Emin(V)| is n-1.

We use GFG(V) to denote a GFG on a node set V, and GFGmin(V) to denote the GFG(V) with the minimum number of links, and Emin(V) to denote the link set in GFGmin(V).

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d) Proposition 2: There exists a node set V such that

GFGmin(V) has no planar instances.

(0, 0) (7, 0)

(7, 6)

(0, 10)

(0, 16) (7, 16)

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d)

Proposition 3: Given an arbitrary node set V, the DT(V) is a GFG(V).

Since a DT(V) has 3n-k-3 edges, where k is the number of convex hull edges on V, an upper bound for |Emin(V)| is 3n-k-3.

A Delaunay triangulation on a node set V (denoted by DT(V)) is a triangulation graph on V such that no nodes are contained in the interior of the circumcircle of any of its triangles.

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d)

Proposition 4: There exists a node set V such that the EMST(V), RNG(V), and GG(V) are not a GFG(V).

The Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree on V ( EMST(V) ), the Relative Neighborhood Graph on V ( RNG(V) ), the Gabriel Graph on V ( GG(V) ), and DT(V) have the following relationship: EMST(V) ≤ RNG(V) ≤ GG(V) ≤ DT(V)

a

b

c

d

e

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d)

Proposition 5: Given an arbitrary node set V, the NNG(V) is a subgraph of any GFG(V).

Unfortunately, EMST(V), RNG(V), and GG(V) are not always subgraphs of a GFG(V).

A nearest neighbor graph on a node set V (denoted by NNG(V)) is obtained by connecting each node in V with its nearest neighbor.

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d)

Definition 1. Given a geometric graph G, the closer region of a node p in G is defined as the intersection of all h(p, u)’s, where u is a neighbor of p in G.

In a geometric graph, for an edge ab with two end nodes a and b, the bisector of a and b is defined as the perpendicular bisector of the edge ab. For the two open half planes delimited by this bisector, the one containing a is denoted h(a, b), and the other one containing b is denoted h(b, a).

a

b

c

d

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d)The closer region concept differs from the Voronoi

region concept in the following aspects:

The closer regions are defined on a geometric graph, while the Voronoi regions are defined on a set of nodes.

The closer regions can overlap with each other, while the Voronoi regions do not overlap.

Given a geometric graph G(V, E) and the Voronoi diagram on V, the closer region of a node p regarding G contains the Voronoi region of p regarding V.

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Propositions on GFGs (cont’d) Proposition 6: A necessary and sufficient condition for a geometric graph G to be a GFG is that for every node v in G, the closer region of v and its boundary do not contain any other node in G.

a

b

c

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Optimal Solution by an Integer Linear Program

To obtain optimal solution to the minimum GFG problem, we formulate it into an Integer Linear Program (ILP).

For each link (u,v) VV, we introduce a binary variable x(u,v) in the ILP that indicates whether link (u,v) exists in E.

VVvux

VVvuxx

Uvuxvwuts

x

vu

uvvu

Vwwu

Uvuvu

),(}1,0{

),(

),(1),.,(..2

1.min

),(

),(),(

),(

),(),(

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Optimal Solution by an ILP (cont’d)

An exemplar GFGmin(V) obtained by solving the previous ILP on a 100-node set V.

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A Polynomial-time Approximation Algorithm As established in the previous propositions, given a set of nodes V, the DT(V) is a GFG(V) and the NNG(V) is a subgraph of any GFG(V).

The basic idea of our algorithm is to calculate the DT(V) and the NNG(V) first, and then attempt to remove the edges that are in DT(V) but not in NNG(V), i.e., DT(V) - NNG(V).

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A Polynomial-time Approximation Algorithm

1. Calculate DT(V).2. Based on DT(V), calculate NNG(V) and determine the list

of edges that are in DT(V) - NNG(V). 3. Go through the list of edges in DT(V) - NNG(V). For each

edge uv (u and v are the two end nodes of this edge), test whether it can be removed such that the remaining graph is still a GFG(V).

4. The remaining graph is the output GFG(V).

Input: a set of nodes V with known (x, y)-coordinatesOutput: a GFG that approximates the minimum GFG

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A Polynomial-time Approximation AlgorithmThe DT(V) on a 100-node set V.

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A Polynomial-time Approximation AlgorithmThe NNG(V) on a 100-node set V.

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A Polynomial-time Approximation AlgorithmThe GFG(V) obtained by our algorithm on this 100-node set V.

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A Polynomial-time Approximation Algorithm

Result 1. The above algorithm has a complexity of O(n2), where n is the number of given nodes.

Result 2. The above algorithm is a 3-approximation algorithm in terms of the number of edges.

We have the following results about this algorithm.

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Evaluation We compare our polynomial-time algorithm with

the optimal solution on the number of edges generated to construct the GFGs.

We also evaluate the path quality of the GFGs generated by our polynomial-time algorithm for the greedy forwarding algorithm. absolute stretch

relative stretch

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On the number of edges

GFGsimummintheinedgesof#

orithmlgaourbyGFGstheinedgesof#factoreperformanc

1.061

1.0591.0571.0551.0541.051

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Number of nodes in network

Per

form

ance

fact

or o

n th

e nu

mbe

r of

link

s

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On the path quality – absolute stretch

t to sfrom distance Euclidean the

t to sfrom forwardinggreedy

by found path the of length Euclidean

stretchabsolute

1.24951.24931.2491.2461.2431.232

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Number of nodes in network

Abs

olut

e st

retc

h b

y gr

eedy

forw

ardi

ng

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On the path quality – relative stretch

t to sfrom path shortestthe of length Euclidean

t to sfrom forwardinggreedy

by found path the of length Euclidean

stretchrelative

1.05

1.062 1.067 1.072 1.077 1.08

1

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

1.1

1.12

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Number of nodes in network

Rel

ativ

e st

retc

h b

y gr

eedy

forw

ardi

ng

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Conclusions This paper considers the problem of generating minimum

GFGs for the wireless networks with directional antennas. We first presented six propositions regarding GFGs.

Revealing the properties of GFGs and the relationships between GFGs and other well-known graphs.

We then give an optimal solution by ILP as well as a polynomial time 3-approximation algorithm for the minimum GFG problem.

The experiments show that the polynomial-time algorithm can actually produce within 1.1 times the number of links found by

the optimal solution

can provide paths with small stretches for the greedy forwarding algorithm

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Thank you!

Questions and Suggestions?

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