On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR Explosives … · On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR...

On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR Explosives and Drugs Scanners -

Daniel J. Pusiol - 2007

Introduction

Explosive Detection Devices

Quadrupole Resonance from the Lab to

the Airport

NQR Imaging

SpinLock NQR Explosive Detection

Devices

Conclusions

Introduction

• Thursday, July 5, 2007

FBI official: Suicide bombers remain a daily concernBy PAT MILTON - The Associated Press

NEW YORK - Suicide bombers have not hit the United States since the 9/11terrorist hijacking attacks, but they remain a constant concern because of their prevalence around the globe and determination to die for their causes, according to the FBI's chief of counterterrorism…

Wednesday, July 4, 2007

Fake bomb eludes airport test

Albany facility's security measures fail in 5 of 7 trials, mostly at the

passenger checkpoint

By BRENDAN J. LYONS

The Albany (NY) Times Union


Al-Qaida plots new attacks on U.S. soil

By KATHERINE SHRADER

The Associated Press

Tuesday, July 17, 2007

Al Qaeda has renewed ability to

attack U.S., report says

The terrorist network is intensifying

efforts to put operatives inside the

borders, heightening the threat to

the country, national intelligence

agencies warn.

By Greg Miller

The Los Angeles (CA) Times

Sunday, July 8, 2007

Terror suspect's jet bomb plot link

By Henry McDonald, Mark Townsend and Jamie Doward

United Kingdom - The Observer

Friday, July 6, 2007

London Bombers Sped to Glasgow, Authorities Say

By SERGE F. KOVALESKI and ALAN COWELL

The New York (NY) Times

Saturday, July 14, 2007

Airports say security costs are too high

By Paul Majendie

LONDON (Reuters) - Airports on Saturday urged the government to pick up the spiralling costs of security which they say now account for a

quarter of their income.

• TSA On The Lookout For Blocks Of Cheese At DIA KCNC-TV Ch 4 (CBS), Denver (CO)Airport security officers around the nation have been alerted by federal officials to look out for terrorists practicing to carry explosivecomponents onto aircraft, based on four curious seizures.http://cosmos.bcst.yahoo.com/up/player/popup/index.php?cl=3464744; http://www.cbs4denver.com/video/[email protected]


Fake bomb eludes airport test Albany facility's security measures fail in 5 of 7 trials, mostly at the

passenger checkpoint

By BRENDAN J. LYONS

The Albany (NY) Times Union

Monday, June 11, 2007

Venezuela seizes 2.3 metric tons (2.5 tons) of cocaine at airport

The Associated Press

PESHAWAR: Pakistani policemen inspect

the site after a bomb exploded in the

Peshawar International Airport

Introduction

http://cosmos.bcst.yahoo.com/up/player/popup/index.php?cl=3464744

http://www.cbs4denver.com/video/[email protected]

• Thursday, July 26, 2007

Opinion

Airport Security Is A Colossal Joke

By Chris Friend - The Philadelphia (PA) Evening Bulletin

If you're wondering what the sound is that you keep hearing, it's laughtercoming from our enemies. Make no mistake, they're laughing at us, not withus. And it's humiliating. As a matter of fact, al-Qaida and company aretickled to death that they have such an accommodating and bumblingadversary. They could not script it any better if they tried.

At issue is the pathetic handling of airport security in the United States.For those who have been isolated in the Antarctic for the past six years,airplanes are the preferred method of terrorists for carrying outspectacular attacks. It was reasonable, therefore, to think that in theaftermath of 9/11, America's leaders would have devised ways tosignificantly protect the economic lifeblood of the country, air travel. Ofcourse, since competence in government is a key component for leadership,that goal was never achieved…

Introduction

Explosive Detection Devices…

web site: http://www.spinlock.com.ar - e-mail: [email protected]

Dual Energy X-ray

Imaging Detection Technologies


Saturday, June 23, 2007

Airport bomb detection crippled

By Amornrat Mahithirook

Thailand - The Bangkok Post

Ten of the 26 computer tomography X-ray (CTX) machines used to detect bombs

during baggage scanning at Suvarnabhumi airport remain inoperable and need

replacement parts, Deputy Transport Minister Sansern Wongcha-um said

yesterday.

Thursday, April 12, 2007

Airport X-ray machines fail police drug smuggling test

By Multa Fidrus

Indonesia - The Jakarta Post

The botched demonstration of an X-ray machine at Soekarno-Hatta

International Airport has exposed the facility as a weak spot in the

government's efforts to combat the drug trade.

The machine failed to detect crystal methamphetamine, locally known as shabu

shabu, which had been deliberately placed in a bag as part of a police

demonstration.

The demonstration was part of a case against a Nepalese man accused of

smuggling 650 grams of crystal methamphetamine through the airport.

"The reenactment at the airport was just to see how the X-ray machines

inspected the contents of passengers' suitcases. (Now) we've all seen how

drugs can pass through the airport," Sr. Comr. Siswandi from the National

Police said.


Wednesday, August 23, 2006

Is OIA vulnerable?In a test of federal security officers, more than half fail to detect dangerous items on X-ray screens.

By Beth Kassab

The Orlando (FL) Sentinel

More than half the federal security force at Orlando International Airport failed a key test this summer used to

measure how well security officers detect explosives, guns and other threats at the passenger checkpoints.

While the Transportation Security Administration said the test is just one method used to evaluate job

performance, it highlights vulnerability in the system at a time when heightened security alerts are elevating the

pressure on officers.

A recent alleged terrorist plot to blow up airliners heading from England to the United States prompted security

clampdowns at airports on both sides of the Atlantic, but poor test results and low morale among local TSA

officers raise questions about safety at Orlando International, the state's busiest passenger airport.


Wednesday, June 13, 2007

"Puffer" bomb screeners a bust"We all laugh about it [the trace portals] now because we never know if it's working

or not" - TSA Screening Supervisor at Newark Airport By RON MARSICO

The Newark (NJ) Ledger

Megan Tlusty, an intern with the Transportation Security Administration, goes through a new explosive-detection

machine at Newark Liberty International Airport in this 2005 photo. The machine uses a strong puff of air to dislodge

and detect traces of explosives.

Three years ago, with great fanfare, federal officials unveiled a terror-fighting machine they called the "puff portal," a

contraption that resembled a Star Trek transporter booth and was designed to detect explosives at airport checkpoints

with unprecedented precision.

When a passenger stepped inside the puff portal, so the officials said, the machine would send sharp bursts of air to

dislodge particles from the body, hair and clothing, and analyze them for microscopic traces of explosives.

But the expensive devices — each costs about $160,000 — have been largely ineffectual and the much ballyhooed $30

million program is starting to look like a techno-folly to some critics.


X-ray Backscattering

• Low energy, low dose x-ray backscattering system are experimenting to find materials of other than human composition concealed under clothing.

• x-ray backscatter (vs. absorption) is higher at lower Z

• Exposure ~ 3 microREM (10-5 - 10-6 of medical x-ray) (~ 10-2 of additional exposure due to aircraft flight altitude and time)

• Energy not explicitly disclosed, but penetration “only a few cm” suggests the range.

• Time Consuming



Millimeter Microwave



• It is the answer of a particular chemical

component to a radio frequency pulse “in

Resonance”.

• The answer is unique: each component has a

“fingerprint”… its resonance frequency!!!

• Extremely Selective: Among 20.000 analyzed

components, two equal frequencies have never

been detected at the moment.

Quadrupole Resonance Technology


NQR Basic Principles

Quadrupole Interaction; Quadrupole Nuclei: N, Cl, As,...

I = 3/2: Two energy levels +/- ½ and +/- 3/2

One Frequency of Resonance nQ=2 pe2qQ/h;

I = 1: Three energy levels 0, +1 and -1

Three Frequencies of Resonance:

n+/-=(3e2qQ/4h)(1 +/- h/3) and no=(e2qQ/2h)h,

h is the assymmetry parameter of the EFG.

NQR is the detection -via NMR- of Electrically Coupled

Quadrupole Nuclei



Basic Principle: NQR Signal

FT

RF PulseFID

FIDNQR Spectrum

•A RF of p /2 RF pulse means turning the magnetization to 90o.

•Afterwards, a EMF is induced in the exciter captoral coil.FEM: Free Induction Signal or FID.

•Through Fourier Transform, the spectrum which is thefingerprint of low inspection component is obtained.



RDXTNT

n Q q

n: Resonance Frequency.

Q: Quadrupolar moment.

q: Electrical Field Gradient.

n+ 5.2 MHz

n- 3.4 MHz

no 1.8 MHz

The Chemistry of Explosives

Na

Na

Na

Na

NO2 NO2NO2

NaNO2

n- 3.6 MHz

n+ 4.75 MHz

n+ 0.9 MHz

n- 0.6 MHz

no 0.3 MHz

n+ 0.9 MHz

n- 0.6 MHz

no 0.3 MHz

Quadrupolar Resonance Technology



RDX:• Hexowax: RDX & Wax.

• Hexal: RDX & Wax & Aluminium.

• Hexolitas: RDX & PETN.

• Composition B: RDX & PETN & wax & polisobutilene.

• Hexolital, hetonal, topex, HBX: RDX & PETN & Aluminium

• DBX: RDX & PETN & Aluminium & Ammonium Nitrate.

• NBX: RDX & PETN & Aluminium & Wax

• PTX-2: RDX & PETN & Trilite

• XP: RDX & Virgin Ruber & Oil.

• Hexonites: RDX & Nitro & Nitrocelulose.

• Demex: RDX & Plastic.

• PG-2: RDX & Artificial Ruber & Plastic.

• Semtex-H: RDX & Trilite & Plastic.

• Hexoplast-75: RDX & Trilite & DNT & Nitroceluloser.

• Past of dents: RDX & Sebacato & Polysobutilene & Oil

• Composition C:

• C: 88.3% RDX + 11.7 plastific non explosive.

• C–2: 80% RDX + 20% % plastific explosive.

• C–3: 77% RDX + 23% plastic explosive.

• C–4: 91% RDX + 2.1% polysobutileno + 16% oil + 5.3% di-2-

etilhexil.


Other basic Explosive:

Tetryl

PETN

HMX

TNT

Ammonium Nitrate

Ammonium Perchlorate




Problems to be solved on large volume

NQR Spectroscopy

• Spacial Localization (NQR Imaging)

• No explosivity

• Filling factor: Research Laboratory = 1

Scanners < 10-3

• Simultaneous scan of several substances

• Detection inmune to noise

• High voltage electronic devices

NQR Technologies (from Lab to Airport)

Rotating Frame NQR Imaging (NQRI)

The resolution is determined by the gradient strength which depends on the power of

the RF amplifier and by the low gyromagnetic ratio of the quadrupole nuclei.

The variation of the B1 amplitude through the object encodes the spin localization in the

nutation frequency.

Nutation Spectrum

Resonance Spectrum

w

w

w

w

FT

t

t

t

t

FID

Dt1

t

1

Pseudo-FID

w1

Deconvolution

( Maximum Entropy

Method )

B1 - G1 x

x

Surface Coil

t1

NQR: from Imaging to Explosives Detectors

NQR imaging in the rotating frame

Pseudo FID Profile

E. Rommel, P. Nickel, R. Kimmich y D. Pusiol, J. Magn. Reson., 91, 630 (1990).

Recepción

Transmisión

Objeto

First experiment on NQR remote spectroscopy:

Temperature profile

E.Rommel, D.Pusiol, P.Nickel y R.Kimmich,

Meas. Sci. Technol., 2, 866 (1991).

Surface antena (coil)


14

3,5

10

* P.Nickel, E.Rommel, R.Kimmich y D.Pusiol, Chem. Phys. Lett.,

183, 183 (1991).

* E.Rommel, R.Kimmich, H.Robert y D.Pusiol, Meas. Sci. Technol,

3, 446 (1992).

* R.Kimmich, E.Rommel, P.Nickel y D.Pusiol, Z. Naturforsch.,

47a, 361 (1992).

2D NQR Imaging

Perpendicular Coils

* H.Robert y D.Pusiol, J. Mag. Reson., A118, 279 (1996).

* H. Robert y D. Pusiol, Z. Naturforsch., 51a, 353-356

(1996).

Slice selection: 3D Imaging

Zero crossing RF Field Gradient


Reconstruction of the Nutation spectrum :

Maximum Entropy Method: * H. Robert, D.J. Pusiol, E. Rommel and R. Kimmich, Z.

Naturforsch., 49a , 35 (1994).

Measurement of h: * H. Robert y D. Pusiol, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 2096 (1997).

* F. Vaca Chavez, F. Casanova, H. Robert, y D. Pusiol,

J. Chem. Phys.,106, 3645 (1997).

Fast Imaging:

* H. Robert, A. Minuzzi y D. Pusiol, J. Mag. Reson. A

118, 189-194 (1996).

* H. Robert y D. Pusiol, J. Mag. Reson., A 118, 279-281

(1996).

* H. Robert y D. Pusiol, Z. Naturforsch., 51 a, 353-356

(1996).

MEXI - SEXI

Stroboscopic acquisition of

the nutation signal

Spacial encoding at different NQR frequencies:

n1

n2

x

y1 2 * R. Acosta, H. Robert, y D. Pusiol, Appl. Magn. Reson., 15, 11 (1998).


Orientation resolved imaging:

The nutation spectrum depends on the

relative orientation of q and the RF coil

axis.

* F. Casanova, H. Robert y D. Pusiol, J. Magn. Reson.,

133 , 129 (1998).

High sensitivity:

Phase encoded nutation spectrum

Spin-lock

* H. Robert, F. Vaca Chavez, F. Casanova y D.J. Pusiol,

J. Magn. Reson, (1999).

* H. Robert, JMR, (1999)

* H. Robert, F. Casanova and D.J. Pusiol,

JMR, (2002)

Increasing the spacial resolution:

Oversampling the pseudo-FID


Remote NQR spectroscopy (Imaging): local stress-strain mechanical ratio

P.Nickel, H.Robert, R.Kimmich y D.J.Pusiol, J. Magn. Reson., 111 191 (1994).

P

Stress Imaging


Temperature selective NQR Imaging

The NQR spectrum depends on the sample temperature: temporal evolution of

the sample temperature including a selective resonance frequency selection

procedure: (F. Casanova, Juan Perlo y D.J. Pusiol, 2002).

t1

Secuencia de

Selección Tren de

Pulsos

a)

b)

Dt1

Pseudo-FID

Seleccionada

D

(p/2)x

(p/2)-x

T

Dn0 = 30 kHz

10 min.

Tiempo

Flujo de Aire A B

a)

b)


Line Narrowing in Solids by Double Resonance Irradiation

Cl

Cl

H

H

H

H

In some quadrupole systems which do not couple

appreciably among themselves, the lifetime of the

transverse coherence is limited by the strong dipolar

interaction with nearby protons.

B. Herzog and E.L. Hahn Phys. Rev. 103,148 (1956 )

B0 = 20 Gauss

B2 = 7 Gauss

= 1 ms

The double resonance method is applied as follows: A small magnetic field (~20G) is

applied and a continuous on-resonance proton irradiation introduces a forced

reorientation that averages the local dipolar field at quadrupole positions. It leads to a

increasing of the T2 value.

p

t

p/

2

0 200 400 600

0

50

100

150

200

without double irradiation

with double irradiation

Ech

o A

mpli

tud

e [

a.u

.]

Time [s]


Double Resonance Imaging Method (DRI)

To achieve spatial localization a static magnetic field gradient is applied to spread the proton

resonance, while the protons are irradiated at a fixed frequency, defining a slice position where

the resonance condition is reached.

To obtain a 1D projection the object is placed in the magnetic field gradient and the

homogeneous component B0 is decreased in a step by step manner moving the resonance slice

position through the object.

Magnetic Field

B0 + G0 x Quadrupole

Echo

Quadrupole Detection

x0

Magnetic Spatial

Encoding

B

0

x0

n/ - B0

G0

X r =

t

t

On resonance

irradiation

Off-resonance proton

irradiation

x0


0 2 4 6 8 10

0.0

0.5

1.0

Den

sid

ad d

e li

nea

l n

úcl

eos

[u.a

.]

Posición [mm]

0 2 4 6 8 10

0.0

0.5

1.0

Densid

ad lin

eal de n

úcle

os [

u.a

.]

Posición [mm]

z9 mm

2.5 mm

1.5 mm2.8 mm

DOR

-NQRI

• DOR Spacial Resolution: ( 0.6 mm ).

• -NQRI Spacial Resolution( 2.6 mm ).

•PUDOR

DOR Imaging

TONROFF - Q-Damper

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

1400

sec

S. Peshkovsky, J. Forguez, L. Cerioni, D. J. Pusiol, J.

Magn. Reson., 177, 67 (2005).

CWFP o SSFP Consist in the irradiation of

the sample by a train of repetitive pulses.

The stationary signal is the constructive

interference of both the FID and the Echo

signals.


R&D in progress…

L. Cerioni y D.J. Pusiol, Hyperfine Interactions,159, 389 (2004).

Hand Luggage EDD CSC Q100


NEGATIVE DETECTION SCREEN

Hand Luggage EDD


POSITIVE DETECTION SCREEN

Hand Luggage EDD


OUT OF TUNNING RANGE SCREEN

Hand Luggage EDD


PUDOR:

03-01-02080: Pulsed Double Nuclear Quadrupolar Resonance.

EU, USA, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Panama,Canada, Japan, China, Saudi Arabia, South Africa,etc.

* To be applied in:

1. Substances and explosives detection in tunnels similar to those which are installed in airports.

2. Mail bags (cilindrical tunnel, diameter 55cm)

* Know-how and one Prototype:

1. Tunnel for airports: Mail Bags detector (cylindrical tunnel, diameter 55cm)


NQR Patent II

a) Pure NQR : Simple Resonance or “natural” Spin – Echo Signal. (previous art of

Quantum Magnetics - NRL and BTG – QRScience - CSC Q100)

Juan Perlo, UNC Thesis , May (2000)

J. Perlo, F. Casanova, D.J. Pusiol and H. Robert, J. Magn. Reson., 150, 132-137 (2001).

J. Perlo, F. Casanova and D.J. Pusiol, J. Magn. Reson., 162, 396 (2003).

c) PUDOR: A pulsed H0 field is applied and the 1H system is irradiated in resonance

with a second H2(t) field, which lasts up to the maximum of the quadrupolar

echo.

b) DOR: Double resonance: An H0 field is applied and the and the 1H are irradiated in

resonance with a second H2(t) field .

0 200 400 600 800 1000

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Am

plit

ud

eco

(u

.a.)

tiempo (s)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Am

plit

ud

eco

(u

.a.)

tiempo (s)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Am

plit

ud

eco

(u

.a.)

tiempo (s)

The detection is increased in a factor ten!!!

NQR Technologies Compared


Future Version:

• Technology PUDOR: PUlsed DOble Resonance: Explosives Detector Based on synergic combination of Magnetic Resonance and Quadrupole Resonance.

• Under favorable conditions the sensibility is increased by 10 times.

• Screening Operation Rate. RDX: 500 Luggage/hour.

• SpinLock's International Patent Applications: See for instance, the US Patent Application # 20050202570 and Argentine Patent Applications: # P050103176 (07/29/05) (Q-Damper) and # P050103519 (08/22/05) “A detection system of substances by quadrupole resonance in the presence of environmental interference, constituted by a plurality of detection panels with flat sensors, detection basic units and their respective dispositions”.

NQR Patent II: PUDOR


NQR Patent II: PUDOR

PUDOR New Design


Surface detection in presence of environmental

noise


T Osan, G Polleto y DP, Hyperfine Interac. (2005)

One side NQR

Experimental Results

Two-coil results. a) FT of the detected signal of 300g of NaNO2 inside one coil, b) FT of the detected signal of

300g of NaNO2 inside the other coil, c) FT of the detected signal of 300g of NaNO2 inside each coil, d) FT of

the detected signal of 300g of NaNO2 placed 2 cm above the upper plane of one coil, e) FT of the detected

signal of 300g of NaNO2 placed 2 cm above the upper plane of the other coil, f) FT of the detected signal of

300g of NaNO2 placed 2 cm above the upper plane of each coil.

-50000 -25000 0 25000 50000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

-50000 -25000 0 25000 50000 -50000 -25000 0 25000 50000

-50000 -25000 0 25000 50000-50000 -25000 0 25000 50000

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

-50000 -25000 0 25000 50000

Inte

ns

ity

(a

.u)

Inte

ns

ity

(a

.u)

Frecuency (Hz)

a)

Frecuency (Hz)

b)

Frecuency (Hz)

c)

Frecuency (Hz)

e)

Frecuency (Hz)

d)

Frecuency (Hz)

f)


One side NQR

SSD:

03-01-03887:Surface Substances Detection in presence of Environmental Interference, to detect explosives and

other substances transported by people, mail and bags.

* To be applied in:

1. Substances transported in people, dissembled in body’s surface.

2. Substances dissembled in shoes.

3. Ingered substances.

4. Mail bags.

• Know-how and one Prototype:

1. Fullbody detector

2. Substances in shoes detector

3. Mail bags detector: (5cm x 30cm entry)

4. Ingested subtances detector (i.e: drugs)


NQR Patent III: Portal SL Q-500

Portal SL Q-500

Actual device:

•SpinLock's International Patent

Application for the actual device. See for

instance, the US Patent Application #

20050116716 and Argentine Patent

Applications: # P050103176 (07/29/05) (Q-

Damper) and # P050103519 (08/22/05) “A

detection system of substances by

quadrupole resonance in the presence of

environmental interference, constituted by

a plurality of detection panels with flat

sensors, detection basic units and their

respective dispositions”.

•Scanning Operational Rate: 300

passenger per hour.

•Can be integrated to other Explosive

Detection Devices, including Shoes

Detectors.

•Height: 2.45 meters; Width 1.15 meters

and Depth 1.95 meters.


Portal SL Q-500 B

Future device:

•Open Device.

•The sensor is based on an Open TEM-type half-cylindrical coil.

•Patents Applications: US Provisional Patent Application “System and Method for the

Identification of Concealed Substances”, Country code for the Paris Convention is

US60/766,749 (02/15/06).


render1.avi

Shoes DetectorNQR Detector Device of illegal substances concealed in Shoes in presence of environmental interference..

• Operating Scanning rate: Up to 600 passengers per hour (for a single detection substance).

• The device is adaptable to each client's and Airport Architecture requirement.

• High performance NQR hardware and software. Both full property of SpinLock.

• Can be integrated to other Explosive Detection Devices.

• SpinLock's International Patent Application for the actual device. See for instance, the US Patent Application # 20050116716.

• US Provisional Patent Application “Open-Shape Noise-Resilient Multi-frequency Sensor for NQR Detection of Substances”, (11/3/05).

• Argentine Patent Applications: # P050103176 (07/29/05) (Q-Damper) and # P050103519 (08/22/05) “A detection system of substances by quadrupole resonance in the presence of environmental interference, constituted by a plurality of detection panels with flat sensors, detection basic units and their respective dispositions”.


Shoes Detector SL Q-300


Shoes Detector SL Q-300

Future version:

Combination of both Portal and Shoes EDDs


•Light hand held for floor and body scanning.

•Ultra Immune to Environmental Noise when

the detection penetration depth is less than 2”.

•Multi-frequency tuned RF Sensor.

•Fast scanning rate.

•US Provisional Patent Application “Open-

Shape Noise-Resilient Multi-frequency Sensor

for NQR Detection of Substances”, (11/3/05).

•Argentine Patent Applications: # P050103176

(07/29/05) (Q-Damper) and # P050103519

(08/22/05) “A detection system of substances

by quadrupole resonance in the presence of

environmental interference, constituted by a

plurality of detection panels with flat sensors,

detection basic units and their respective

dispositions”.

•High performance NQR hardware and

software. Both full property of SpinLock.

•Can be integrated with other Explosive

Detection Devices

Hand held NQR Detector


3 (6) Compounds n-Compounds

A. S. Peshkovsky, D. P, US Pat Appl. (2005)

10

20


New Patents

1.Alexey S. Peshkovsky, Lucas Cerioni, Tristan M Osan,

Nikolai I Avdievich and Daniel J Pusiol, Solid State

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, accepted, (2006).

Modo A

Superficial Reforzado

fA = 3,10 MHz

Modo B

Mariposa

fB = 3.26 MHz

Modo C

fC = 2.87 MHz

Modo D

Doble Mariposa

fD = 3.50 MHz

Modo E

fE = 3.405 MHz


New Patents

a)

115

116

b)

c) d)

111

113

110

112

111

113

114

118

119

116

117

120

130

141

140

New Patents


Contraband substances Detector System


Chile 2005



Conclusions

• We have moved along the path from the Basic Research towards a Production

Prototype:

Basic Research >>>> Applied research >>> Technological Development >>> Laboratory

Prototype >>> Homologated Production Prototype

• Multidisciplinary common work is convenient.

• Young people is easy to integrate in a multidisciplinary group.

• Support from the government is necessary.

Thanks to…

Thank you very much for your

attention

c SPINLOCK SRL 2006

On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR Explosives … · On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR...

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Transcript of On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR Explosives … · On going from NQR Basic Research to NQR...