Omics Sciences[1].Pptx
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Sam Powell
-Omics Sciences
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-Omics??
● What does it mean?● Large-scale study● Looking at the “big picture”● The whole system● Hundreds, to thousands, to hundreds of
thousands, to millions of data points● Bioinformatics
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Types of –Omics Sciences
● Genomics● Proteomics● Metabolomics● Connectomics
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Genomics
● Study of genomes● But what’s a genome?
● Entirety of an organism’s genetic information
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Tools of the Trade
● DNA Sequencing● Microarrays
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Significant Landmarks
● Human Genome Project (HGP)● NIH● Francis Collins
● J. Craig Venter● Celera● “Shotgun approach”
● Joint announcement
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Future application
● Personalized Medicine● Other related –omics fields
● Cognitive Genomics● Comparative Genomics● Functional Genomics● Metagenomics● Epigenomics● Transcriptomics
● Venter’s Synthetic Genomics
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Proteomics
● Study of the structure and function of proteins
● Proteome=the entire complement of proteins of a given organism
● More complex than genome● Changes in response to environment● One gene => hundreds (or even thousands) of
different proteins● Post-translational modification
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Tools of the Trade
● Western Blot● 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis
● Isoelectric focusing● SDS-PAGE
● ELISA and BCA analysis● Electrospray ionization
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Significant Landmarks
● 1994: Marc Wilkins => “proteome”● 1997: Marc Wilkins => Proteome
Research: New Frontiers in Functional Genomics
● 2000: Publication of most complete proteome from Mycoplasma genitalium (Wasginer et al)
● ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System)● http://expasy.org/
● Online databases/resources
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Future Application
● Drug therapies● Pharmagenomics
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Metabolomics
● Metabolites=end products of cellular processes
● Metabolome= the sum total of all metabolites in a biological cell
● “The systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind
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Tools of the Trade
● Gas chromatography● High performance liquid chromatography● Mass spectrometry● NMR spectroscopy
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Significant Landmarks
● Older than you may think● Ancient China
● 1971: Horning et al. introduced the term “metabolic profile”● Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in urine
and tissue extracts● 1974: Sealy et al. use NMR to detect
metabolites in unmodified biological samples● 2005: First metabolomics database: METLIN
● http://metlin.scripps.edu/● Human Metabolome Project (Dr. David
Wishart)
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Future Application
● Toxicology ● Nutrigenomics● Metabolism
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Connectomics
● High-throughput application of neural imaging
● Connectome● Comprehensive map of
neural connections in brain
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Tools of the Trade
● Diffusion MRI● “Tractography”● Diffusion Tensor Imaging● Diffusion Spectrum Imagining
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Significant Landmarks
● 2005: Dr. Olaf Sporns and Dr. Patric Hagmann suggest term “connectome”
● Dr. Sebastian Seung at MIT ● I Am My Connectome● TED Talk: www.ted.
com/talks/sebastian_seung.html● Human Connectome Project
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Future Applications
● Figuring out consciousness● Individuality, personality, memory● Psychiatric disorders● My research with Dr. Parikh
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Crazy for Omics!
● Changing our world