OMI Blue Team Review, March 11, 2008 THE 1982 EL CHICHON ERUPTION: The Birth of Volcanic Sulfur...

OMI Blue Team Review, March 11, 2008

THE 1982 EL CHICHON ERUPTION:THE 1982 EL CHICHON ERUPTION:The Birth of Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide The Birth of Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring from SpaceMonitoring from Space

Krueger, AJ, “Sighting of El Chichon Sulfur Dioxide Clouds with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer”, Science, 1983.

2006: Aura – “Top 10 discoveries”2006: Aura – “Top 10 discoveries”OMI monitors smelter SOOMI monitors smelter SO22

emissionsemissions

Carn, S. A., et al, “Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper smelters detected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett”, 2007

~100 times improved

sensitivity

Ozone and sulfur dioxide

Ilo copper smelter

La Oroya copper smelter

Ecuador/S. Colombia volcanoes


Current status OMSO2 v1.1.1

• Public OMSO2 algorithm uses V8.5 TOMS ozone algorithm data • Improvements arising from use of RR cloud top heights (OMCLDRR) -

previous OMSO2 used TIR-derived cloud height climatology• Four SO2 retrievals based on a-priori SO2 vertical profiles or center of

mass altitude [CMA]: – Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL): CMA = 0.9 km– Lower tropospheric column (TRL): CMA = 2.5 km– Mid-tropospheric column (TRM): CMA = 7.5 km– UTLS column (STL): CMA = 17 km

• Limited validation of PBL [NE China] and STL [AIRS,TOMS] data to date

• Volcanic degassing is the principal source of SO2 in TRL-TRM data

N. Krotkov (PI)N. Krotkov (PI)K. Yang (algorithm development/ implementation)K. Yang (algorithm development/ implementation)S. Carn (science/validation/applications)S. Carn (science/validation/applications)A. Krueger (PI, NRT volcanic data for aviation warning)A. Krueger (PI, NRT volcanic data for aviation warning)


Improvements arising from use of RR cloud top heights

Previous TIR cloud top pressure climatology

*Positive cloud noise ~1 DU is removed using RR cloud pressure

Negative SO2 above bright clouds requires further improvements

ITCZ clouds over Pacific Ocean


AURA’s Ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) can detect smaller amounts of SO2 at higher spatial resolution than any previous satellite

instrument

Designed by B. Schoeberl

Anatahan Volcano

Soufriere Hills Volcano

Sierra Negra

Volcano

Ambrum Volcano Nyiragongo Volcano, DR

Congo

Coal Power Plants, South Africa

Norilsk Nickel Smelter

Coal Power Plants, China

Oil Refineries

OMI allows us to compare man-made SO2 emissions with natural

sources (volcanoes)


Long-term SO2 burdens over USA, Europe and China

East-Aire’05 experiment

25.5 million tons of SO2 was emitted by Chinese factories in 2005

up 27% from 2000


- Noise ~1.5DU for ideal conditions (near nadir view, no clouds). Only plumes from

strong anthropogenic sources of SO2 (such as smelters and coal burning power

plants) and from strong regional pollution can be detected in pixel data.

- Operational SO2 data need off-line correction for total ozone, SO2 profile, viewing

geometry, clouds and aerosol effects.

OMI SO2 burdens need cloud, aerosol and realistic SO2 profile correction !!

Daily anthropogenic PBL data


PBL product CMA = 0.9 km

• Future work:– Use on-line GOES-5 SO2 profile shape

forecasts to account for SO2 lofting during long-range transport above PBL

– Use A-train cloud and aerosol data to correct AMF

AMF= 0.3-0.4

SO2 sensitivity

• Current data:– BRD algorithm [Krotkov

et al 2006]– should be used only under

optimal viewing conditions

– constant AMF for CMA ~0.9 km

AMF= 1 -2


)()(

36.0)( 22 loperationaSO

correctedAMFcorrectedSO

Off-line AMF corrections for ozone, geometry and aerosols

• Current data require off-line AMF corrections for geometry, total ozone and aerosols.

• Future work:– Measuring aerosol

absorption in the UV wavelengths from ground[ N.Krotkov, J.Herman ]

– Use A-train cloud and aerosol data to correct AMF for mixed aerosol-cloudy scenes

)sec()sec(][ 3 ViewZASZAOSCO

SCOrrcorrectedAMF 10)(


Volcanic tropospheric data

• Current data – Linear Fit algorithm [Yang et al 2007]– The users can use the center of mass altitude (CMA) derived from SO2 vertical

distribution to interpolate between the TRL (CMA=2.5km) and TRM (CMA=7.5km) values.

• Future algorithm– Provide AK depending on OMI cloud information– Better cloud information will be used from advanced A-train cloud-products


Volcanic Stratospheric (STL) data Earth Probe TOMS (11:00 am)

Aqua AIRS (1:30 pm)

• Current data:– LF algorithm [Yang et al 2007]– OMI STL data continue 25+ years of

TOMS volcanic data, but improved sensitivity extends the range of detection to smaller eruptions and older clouds

– LF algorithm underestimates large eruptions > 100DU

– A-train allows independent retrievals in UV/VIS/IR.

– Volcanic cloud SO2 burdens (<100DU) agree to within 20%

• Future work:– Non-linear iterative retrieval for largest

eruptions (Pinatubo)

Aura OMI (1:45 pm)


Data users: close collaborationAnthropogenic SO2

• GSFC: Mian Chin - GOCART modeling of the

global sulfate cycle, aerosol pollution , effects on

surface radiation (global dimming);

• UMCP: R. Dickerson, Can Li, Z. Li: Air quality and

tropospheric chemistry studies; understanding long-

range pollution transport.

• Dalhousie University : Aaron van Donkelaar,

Randall Martin: Long-range Transport of Asian

Sulfur Emissions

• NSF-VOCALS team: Effects of sulfur emissions in

South America on the Southeast Pacific climate

system

• U-Thessaloniki, Greece (Sulfur emissions in

Eastern Europe)

Volcanic SO2

NRT Volcanic Applications: • NASA CAN for NRT volcanic cloud data for

aviation hazards – A. Krueger

• NOAA/NESDIS - G. Serafino, G. Vicente

• Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs)

• European SACS BIRA/IASB NRT SO2 web site

• USGS Volcano observatories: Alaska (AVO),

Cascades (CVO), Hawaii (HVO)

• Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team

(KVERT), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia

• Instituto Geofisico, Quito, Ecuador

• INGEOMINAS, Colombia

• Goma Volcano Observatory, DR Congo

• IRD, Noumea, New Caledonia (monitoring

volcanoes in Vanuatu)

• GNS Science, New Zealand

AQ Applications:

• U-Iowa and ANL: Air Quality Emission inventory and Air

quality forecast DSS (PI: Carmichael and Styreets ; Ken

Pickering, GSFC): comparing USA and Chinese emissions

using regional models and OMI data;


GES DISC Data Distribution Statistics(based on Total Number of Users in Year 2007)

All Others (in order of number of Users): Canada, International treaty Organizations, Commercial (.com), Netherlands, Greece, New Zealand, Chile, Belgium, Israel, Colombia, Spain, Italy, Estonia, China, Switzerland, Ecuador, Norway, Japan,

Total SO2 Users in Year 2007: 900(based on visitors who showed activity of more than 1 minute at the SO2 FTP Data Directory site)

Total Number of Page Hits at SO2 FTP Directory (excluding Search & Robot Engines) = 2.1 millions in 2007

1. Unresolved

2. USE educational

3. Russian Federation

4. US Government

5. Network (.net)

6. India

7. Germany

8. France

9. United Kingdom

10. Indonesia

All others


Summary of research with released data:Carn, S. A., et al (2007a), Sulfur dioxide emissions from Peruvian copper smelters detected

by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett.,

Carn, S.A., et al (2007b), Extended observations of volcanic SO2 and sulfate aerosol in the

stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 2857-2871.

Dickerson, R. et al (2007), Aircraft observations of dust and pollutants over NE China:

Insight into the meteorological mechanisms of long-range transport, J. Geophys. Res.-

EAST-AIRE special session, December 2007

Krotkov, N.A., et al (2008), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO2 validation over NE

China, J. Geophys. Res., (in press)

Carn, S.A., et al (2008a, Daily monitoring of Ecuadorian volcanic degassing from space, J.

Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., (in press).

Carn, S.A., et al (2008b), Tracking volcanic sulfur dioxide clouds for aviation hazard

mitigation. Natural Hazards, Special Issue on Aviation Hazards from Volcanoes

~18 presentations at AGU, EGU, ENVISAT, OMI ST, Aura ST, Cities on Volcanoes 4,5,

>10 stories on Earth Observatory web site (Simon Carn), NASA OMI SO2 poster very

popular (courtesy to Mark and Barbara Schoeberl ), PBS TV program


Validation

SO2

Aerosol

-AVDC - overpass data sets for ~50 power plants and Brewer locations – Bojan Bojkov

-New DOAS mini-spectrometers (PANDORA near pollution sources – Jay Herman & A. Cede, NOVAC near volcanoes– Bo Galle & S. Carn)

-SO2 balloon (UMCP- R. Dickerson and UMCP student project )

-In-situ aircraft (EAST-AIRE- China2005; TC4 South America 2007; …)

OMI SO2


GOCART model comparisons

• On April 7, 2005, OMI detected SO2 pollution plume inland and off-shore of China, as well as volcanic plume from Anatahan Volcano (top left panel).

• The GOCART model reproduces similar SO2 distributions (top right), as well as predicts the amount of sulfate that is produced from SO2 oxidation (bottom right).

•Future work: •Use on-line GOCART (GEOS-5) forecasts of SO2 and aerosol profile shapes •Use GOCART aerosol composition data for AMF corrections

Sulfate (DU) from GOCART on 04/07/2005

SO2 (DU) from GOCART on 04/07/2005

Pollution

Volcano

Pollution

Volcano

SO2 (DU) from OMI on 04/07/2005

30N

20N

10N

40N

50N

100E 110E 120E 130E 140E 150E

4.00

3.64

3.28

2.92

2.56

2.201.84

1.48

1.12

0.78

0.40

DU


Activities: 2008-2009• New Spectral Fit algorithm • Better stray light and Ring corrections• Using SO2 profiles from GEOS-5 model

Activities: 2010-2011• Better aerosol and cloud correction using A-

train data and improvements based on comparison with models and measurements.

Activities: 2012-• algorithm improvements to account for

changes in instrument performance • Transition to future instruments

OMI Blue Team Review, March 11, 2008 THE 1982 EL CHICHON ERUPTION: The Birth of Volcanic Sulfur...

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