Olivier Napoly Irfu, CEA-Saclay
Transcript of Olivier Napoly Irfu, CEA-Saclay
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ICAN Conference 28 April 2014
Proton Acceleration and Applications
Olivier Napoly
Irfu, CEA-Saclay
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Summary
• Relativistic Electrons vs. Protons
• State of the art 1 GeV Proton RF Accelerator
• Applications – other than medical
– Proton Colliders (LHC and upgrades)
– Neutron sources (SNS, ESS)
– Accelerator Driven Systems (Ch-ADS, MYRRHA)
– Radioactive Ion Beams (FRIB, EURISOL)
– Neutrino sources (J-PARC, SPL)
• Conclusions
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Relativistic Electrons vs. Protons
Standard RF Guns can produce 3 to 10 MV accelerating gap e-(3 MeV)= 0.9894.
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• Electron Mass = 511 keV/c2
• Proton Mass = 938 MeV/c2
Standard accelerator technology can produce electrostatic fields from 100 kV to 500 kV :
e-(100 keV) = 0.548 , e-(500 keV) = 0.863 500 kV DC e- gun
KEK, Tsukuba (Japan)
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Laser Superconducting RF Gun: 10 MV
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• Laser and Photocathode are driving the bunch charge and bunch emittance.
• RF cavity is driving the beam energy
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ITER Neutral Beam (D) Injection: 1 MV
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P(1 MeV)= 0.0461
JAEA, Naka
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v = 0
v = c
v < c
Er
Electrostatic field
in the rest frame
= 1
=
“Shock Wave”
in the lab frame
Lorentz force: F = q’(E + v B) (1 vv/c2) / r
No Intra-beam (‘space charge’) Forces for =
Strong Colliding Beam-Beam Forces
Main Message: space charge forces are dominating
the low-energy high-charge proton bunches transport
1/
v = c
The Electromagnetic Field of a Relativistic Charge q
q
q
q
q’
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RF Quadrupole (6m)
Diagnostics Dump 300 kW
guides d’onde
One RFQ sector (1m)
A 3 MeV Proton Injector : IPHI at CEA
RF distribution: 2 MW CW 352 MHz
100 kV ECR source
P(100 keV) = 0.0146 P(3 MeV)= 0.0797
100 kV electrostatic extraction
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Overall efficiency is about 300 kW/4 MW ~ 10 %
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guides d’onde
A 160 MeV Proton Facility: LINAC4 at CERN
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The RFQ cavity realizes a) beam focusing b) bunching c) beam acceleration Video of beam bunching over the first 1 m RFQ sector, RF acceleration takes place after bunching.
P(160 MeV)= 0.520
84 m
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A 1 GeV Proton Facility : SNS at ORNL
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SNS Linac RF Structures : 331 m
• MW class Linac: 1.5 MW average, 26 mA in 1 ms pulse (65 pC@400 MHz), 60 Hz (6%)
2.5 MeV 1 GeV 87 MeV
CCL SCL, =0.61 SCL, =0.81
186 MeV 386 MeV
DTL RFQ Reserve H-
P(1 GeV)= 0.875
SCL ICAN, Ecole Polytechnique O. Napoly, 28 April 2014 10
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Neutron Facility Application: SNS
Proton parameters, from the neutron users standpoint:
• Kinetic energy : 1 GeV
• Pulse repetition : 60 Hz
• Proton pulse length: 695 ns
• Total charge : 24 µC (about 65 pC @ 0.57 THz)
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Applications (other than medical) • Applications
– Proton Colliders (Tevatron, LHC) – Neutron sources (SNS, ESS) – Neutrino sources (Project X, SPL) – Radioactive Ion Beams (FRIB, EURISOL, RISP) – Accelerator Driven Systems (C-ADS, MYRRHA)
Only colliders are using protons as the particles of interest for physics processes. For the other 4 applications, proton beams are used to drive the production of the secondary beams of interest: neutrons or neutrinos
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0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Ave
rage
Be
am C
urr
en
t (m
A)
Beam Energy (GeV)
IPHI LEDA
EFIT
C-ADS
IFMIF
PSI
MYRHHA
FRIB PEFP
SPIRAL-2
ISIS
PSR
TRIUMF
SNS
JPARC RCS
CSNS
MMF LANSCE
NF/MC Prj-X
SPL ESS
Prj-X MR
NUMI
JPARC MR
AGS
CNGS
NOVA
Existing (SP)
Existing (LP)
Planned (SP)
Planned (LP)
Material test
ADS
Neutron Science or multi-purpose
High energy Physics
Beam Power Frontier for Ion Beam Facilities
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Neutrons are produced through the spallation process on heavy nuclei:
Neutron sources
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• The average energy deposited on the target, about 50 MeV/n, is lower than for deuteron induced nuclear processes.
• Neutrons with a broad energy spectrum, peaked on 1 MeV.
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Neutrons are produced through the spallation process on heavy nuclei:
Neutron sources
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• About 20-40 neutrons are produced per primary proton.
• The optimal proton beam energy is ~1 GeV.
A. Letourneau et al. / Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 170 (2000) 299±322
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ESS is a long pulse neutron source
European Spallation Source (ESS)
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Proton Beams for ESS
Proton beam specifications Energy: 2.5 GeV Average Beam Power: 5 MW Number of protons per bunch: 0.88 ·109 Bunch repetition frequency: 352.21 MHz Pulse intensity: 50 mA Pulse length: 2.86 ms Repetition rate: 14 Hz Duty cycle: 4 % Transverse normalized emittance (XX’): 0.22 Pi.mm.mrad Bunch length: 10 ps Bunch dispersion DE/E ~0.04%
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Accelerator Driven System Principle
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Challenge #1: high CW beam power (2-16 MW)
Challenge #2: very high reliability !
10 3
Proton Beams for ADS
Proton beam specifications
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Beam trips experience
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Proton Beams for ADS
Proton beam specifications Ions species: H+ Energy: 600 MeV to 1.5 GeV Bunch intensity: 5 mA to 20 mA Bunch frequency: 704 MHz Duty cycle: 99.98% (CW, 200 µs hole every 1s) Transverse emittance (XX’): 0.25 Pi.mm.mrad Longitudinal emittance (ZZ’): 0.4 Pi.mm.mrad Bunch length: 30 ps Bunch dispersion DE/E ~0.1% Beam power stability: 1% Reliability: very high, a few beam trips < 3s per years Objective at target: fast neutron flux 1015n/(cm2 s) at En > 0.75 MeV
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Chinese ADS Project
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Professor Gu Long, Lanzhou, China
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MYRRHA Project
Reactor
• Subcritical or Critical modes
• 65 to 100 MWth
Accelerator
(600 MeV - 4 mA proton)
Fast
Neutron
Source
Spallation Source
Lead-Bismuth
coolant
Multipurpose
Flexible
Irradiation
Facility
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MYRRHA (Multi-Purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications)
Project driven by SCK-CEN (Belgium)
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MYRRHA Linear Accelerator
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The Accelerator and Reactor Buildings
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The JPARC facility includes a high energy, short pulsed, proton beam on Hg or W targets to produce neutrinos beams from pions
and muon decays neutrino oscillations at SuperKamiokande
Neutrino Sources
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Proton Beams for Neutrino Beams
Proton beam specifications at injection in pulse-compressor ring (SPL) Energy : 3.5 GeV Bunch intensity: 40 mA Bunch frequency: 352 MHz Beam Power: 4 MW Duty cycle: 3 % (52% during pulse) Pulse length: 0.57 ms Transverse emittance (XX’): 0.4 Pi.mm.mrad Longitudinal emittance (ZZ’): 0.6 Pi.mm.mrad Bunch length: 10 ps Bunch dispersion DE/E ~0.04% Number of particles per bunch: 1.14 ·109
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Radioactive Ion Beams (RIB)
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Proton Driver Linac (1 GeV)
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Proton Beams for RIB
Proton beam specifications for Eurisol Energy : 1 GeV Beam Power: 5 MW Bunch intensity: 5 mA Bunch frequency: 176 MHz Number of particles per bunch: 1.8·108 (28 pC) Duty cycle: 100 % Transverse emittance (XX’): 0.25 Pi.mm.mrad Longitudinal emittance (ZZ’): 0.4 Pi.mm.mrad Bunch length: 30 ps Bunch dispersion DE/E ~0.1%
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(Courtesy of J. Wei and S. Henderson)
High Level Parameters for High Power Proton Accelerators (HPPA)
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CW CW
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Conclusions • Producing relativistic proton beams meets the
needs of many applications to pure and applied research, and to societal needs (cf. medical).
• In most cases, Proton beams are only used to generate the secondary beams of interest: neutrons or neutrinos. LHC p-p- collider is the exception.
• Producing relativistic proton beam by standard accelerator technology is very demanding in accelerating structures, real estate and money:
a Fiber Laser based CW proton driver (~1 GeV) would be a ‘modest’ but paying first step.
• High average intensity and average power: a must it’s the efficiency, stupid !
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Yes, ICAN!