Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student...
Transcript of Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student...
A Correlation of
c.2007
to the
Oklahoma Science Priority
Academic Student Skills Grades K-6
C/S-42
Introduction
This document demonstrates how Scott Foresman Science meets the Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills. Page references are to the Teacherβs Edition, which contains facsimile Student Edition and ancillary pages. Pearson Scott Foresman is proud to introduce our all new Scott Foresman Science, Kindergarten through Grade Six. Extensive research and analysis is the foundation for Scott Foresman Science and guides the instructional design. Scaffolded Inquiryβ’ Scott Foresman Science is built on three levels of inquiry: Directed Inquiry, Guided Inquiry, and Full Inquiry. All three levels engage students in activities that build a strong science foundation and help them develop a full understanding of the inquiry process. How to Read Science Powerful connections between reading skills and science process skills in every chapter advance science literacy for all students. Differentiated Instruction Leveled Readers for every Student Edition chapter teach the same science concepts, vocabulary, and reading skills β at each studentβs reading level. Time-Saving Strategies Time-saving strategies are built right into the Teacherβs Edition that will save the teacher hours of time in lesson preparation.
β’ Quick Teaching Plans cover the standards even when class time is short. β’ Everything needed for each activity comes in its own chapter bag. With the
Activity Placemat and Trayβ’, activity setup takes only 30 seconds. β’ Premade Bilingual Bulletin Board Kits save time by creating attractive bulletin
boards quickly and easily. Technology Scott Foresman Science brings teaching and learning together in one convenient spotβthe computer. From sfsuccessnet.com to educational CDs and DVDs, this program provides a variety of interactive tools to help support, extend, and enrich classroom instruction. The Online Teacherβs Edition provides access to the same printed content, so the teacher can plan lessons with the customizable Lesson Planner from home or school computers. The Online Student Edition allows students, teachers, and parents to access the content of the textbook from computers at school or at home.
Table of Contents
Kindergarten _________________________________________________________1 Grade One ___________________________________________________________4 Grade Two ___________________________________________________________8 Grade Three _________________________________________________________12 Grade Four __________________________________________________________16 Grade Five __________________________________________________________21 Grade Six ___________________________________________________________26
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Kindergarten
SCIENCE Science knowledge is developed through experiences with real animals, plants and objects in the classroom and the environment. Science Processes and Inquiry Process Standard 1: The student will investigate and experiment with objects to discover information. 1. Observe, describe, sort and classify objects according to their common properties (e.g., animals, plants, shells, rocks, buttons). 136β137, 138β139, 144β145, 146β147, 148β149, 150β151 2. Participate in simple experiments to discover information (e.g., bottles of water or homemade telephone to learn about vibration and sound, simple scale to determine heavy and light). 8β9, 24β25, 30β31, 44β45, 50β51, 64β65, 72β73, 82β83, 104β105, 120β121, 128β129, 138β139, 154β155, 160β161, 172β173, 178β179, 194β195, 202β203, 212β213, 224β225, 230β231, 244β245, 252β253 3. Ask questions, make predictions, and communicate observations orally and/or in drawings. 8β9, 10β11, 24β25, 30β31, 32β33, 44β45, 50β51, 72β73, 84β85, 104β105, 120β121, 128β129, 136β137, 154β155, 162β163, 172β173, 194β195, 202β203, 214β215, 224β225, 244β245, 252β253 Physical Standard 1: The student will investigate and describe objects that can be sorted in terms of physical properties 1. Observe, describe, sort, and classify the sensory attributes of objects according to taste, smell, hearing, touch, and sight. 50β51, 138β139, 178β179, 212β213
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Kindergarten 2. Compare and describe the properties of some objects (e.g., magnetic-nonmagnetic, float-sink, heavy-light, rough-smooth, hard-soft, solid-liquid, wet-dry). 142β143, 144β145 3. Observe and describe how objects move (e.g., slide, turn, twirl, roll). 13, 174β175, 175a, 175b, 176β177, 178β179, 182β183, 184β185, 186β187, 188β189, 192β193, 194β195, 226β227, 227a, 227b, 230β231, 232β233, 244β245 Life Standard 2: The student will observe and investigate plants and animals. 1. Observe and describe what various plants and animals need for growth. 6β7, 16β17, 18β19, 20β21, 22β23, 24β25 2. Observe and describe the changes that plants and animals go through during their life (e.g., seed/plant, egg/chicken). 34β35, 42β43, 44β45 3. Observe and describe how animals move (e.g., walk, crawl, hop, fly). 36β37, 44β45 Earth/Space Standard 3: The student will investigate and observe the basic concepts of the Earth. 1. Explore and describe the properties of common earth materials (e.g., soil, rocks, water). 82β83, 86β87 2. Observe and describe daily weather (e.g., sunny, cloudy, rainy, snowy, windy, hot, warm, cold). 104β105, 108β109 3. Observe and describe characteristics of the four seasons (e.g., temperature, weather, appropriate clothing, changing leaves). 102β103, 110β111, 112β113, 114β115, 116β117 4. Describe simple conservation measures used to protect the environment (e.g., recycling, careful use of water). 96β97
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Kindergarten
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SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SKILLS Social skills include interacting with others, work habits and self-help skills. To develop these skills, children need daily opportunities to choose activities and materials. Standard 1: The student will participate in activities to develop the skills necessary for work and interacting with others. 1. Work independently and/or cooperatively to solve problems. 72β73, 128β129, 202β203, 252β253 2. Choose a variety of materials and activities from learning centers. 4E, 25a-25b, 26E, 45a-45b, 46E, 65a-65b, 78E, 99a-99b, 100E, 121a-121b, 134E, 155a-155b, 156E, 173a-173b, 174E, 195a-195b, 208E, 225a-225b, 226E, 245a-245b 3. Select and complete a task while working at a learning center. 4E, 25a-25b, 26E, 45a-45b, 46E, 65a-65b, 78E, 99a-99b, 100E, 121a-121b, 134E, 155a-155b, 156E, 173a-173b, 174E, 195a-195b, 208E, 225a-225b, 226E, 245a-245b 4. Stay involved in a self-selected activity for approximately 15 to 20 minutes. 4E, 25a-25b, 26E, 45a-45b, 46E, 65a-65b, 78E, 99a-99b, 100E, 121a-121b, 134E, 155a-155b, 156E, 173a-173b, 174E, 195a-195b, 208E, 225a-225b, 226E, 245a-245b Standard 2: The student will participate in activities to develop the skills necessary for caring for oneself 1. Recognize potential safety hazards and take action to protect self (e.g., bicycle, water, fire, vehicle, firearm, bus, playground, pedestrian). FM16, FM20-FM21, FM21a, 128 2. Attend to personal tasks (e.g., dressing self, washing hands). FM20, 95, 107 3. State his/her full name, age, birth date, address, telephone number, and name of parent or guardian. Opportunity to teach this objective: 30-31
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Grade One SCIENCE Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating broad concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Observe and measure objects, organisms and/or events using developmentally appropriate nonstandard units of measurement (e.g., hand, paper clip, book); and Systems International (SI) units (i.e., meters, centimeters, and degrees Celsius). 52, 194β195, 204β205, 276, 316, 372β373 2. Compare and contrast similar and/or different characteristics in a given set of simple objects, familiar organisms and/or observable events. 28, 74β75, 106β107, 133, 197, 216, 219, 221, 223, 228, 234β235, 266β267, 325, 328β329 Process Standard 2: Classify Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Classify a set of simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events by observable properties. 21, 28, 76β77, 232β234, 264 2. Arrange simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events in a serial order (e.g., least to greatest, tallest to shortest). 85, 89, 91, 99, 129, 130β131, 155, 234β235, 268β269, 334β335, 341, 367
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade One Process Standard 3: Experiment and Inquiry Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Ask a question about objects, organisms, or events in the environment. 140β141, 144, 204β205, 208, 308β309, 312, 372β373, 376 2. Plan and conduct a simple investigation. 144, 208, 312, 376 3. Employ simple equipment and tools such as magnifiers, thermometers, and rulers to gather data. 18β19, 52, 84, 140β141, 168β169, 194β195, 204β205, 276, 372β373 4. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science activities. 18β19, 40β41, 52, 74β75, 84, 106β107, 140β141, 144, 168β169, 180, 194β195, 196β197, 204β205, 208, 212, 232, 233, 244, 266β267, 276, 298β299, 308β309, 312, 372β373, 376 Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, and other visual representations. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Interpret pictures, simple bar graphs, and/or tables. 29, 33, 34β35, 39, 63, 70β71, 73, 90β91, 93, 98β99, 100β101, 108β109, 125, 160, 165, 171, 184β185, 193, 194β195, 201, 232β233, 239, 266β267, 268β269, 283, 288β289, 298β299, 300β301, 327, 330β331, 334β335, 341, 364β365 2. Recognize and describe patterns, then make predictions based on patterns. 232β233, 244β245, 180, 205 3. Communicate the results of a simple investigation using drawings, tables, graphs, and/or written and oral language. 18β19, 20β21, 74β75, 76β77, 84, 106β107, 140β141, 168β169, 189, 194β195, 197, 204β205, 232β233, 276, 298β299, 308β309, 312, 328β329, 341, 362β363
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade One PHYSICAL SCIENCE Standard 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Characteristics of objects can be described using physical properties such as size, shape, color, or texture. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Objects have properties that can be observed, described, and measured. 212, 215β217, 218β221, 232β233, 234β235, 316, 319β321, 2. Using the five senses, objects can be grouped or ordered by physical properties. 218β221, 232β233 3. Water can be a liquid or a solid, and can be made to go back and forth from one form to the other. 218β221, 222β223, 226β229 LIFE SCIENCE Standard 2: Characteristics and Basic Needs of Organisms All living things have structures that enable them to function in unique and specific ways to obtain food, reproduce, and survive. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Plants and animals need to take in air, water, and food. In addition, plants need light. 10β11, 12β13, 18β19, 54β57, 58β61, 68β69, 116, 118β121, 122β125, 126β129 2. Scientists use the five senses and tools (e.g., magnifiers and rulers) to gather information, such as size and shape about living things. 4, 5, 18β19, 20β21, 29, 40β41, 53, 84β85, 106β107, 140β141 EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Standard 3: Changes of Earth and Sky Observe natural changes of all kinds such as the movement of the sun and variable changes like the weather. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. The sun warms the land, air, and water. 204β205, 276, 279, 319β321
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade One
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2. Weather changes from day to day and over the seasons. Weather can be observed by measuring temperature and describing cloud formations. 180β181, 183β185, 186β187, 188β191, 192β193, 194β195
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Grade Two
SCIENCE Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating broad concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Observe and measure objects, organisms, and/or events using developmentally appropriate nonstandard units of measurement (e.g., hand, paper clip, book) and Systems International (SI) units (i.e., meters, centimeters, and degrees Celsius). 17, 47, 172, 194β195, 217, 220β221, 232, 236, 236, 256β257, 258β259, 243, 268, 332, 292β293, 300, 311, 420β421 2. Compare and contrast similar and/or different characteristics in a given set of simple objects, familiar organisms and/or observable events. 36, 45, 51, 61, 100, 140, 160β161, 184, 218β219, 236, 237, 245, 292β293 Process Standard 2: Classify Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Classify a set of simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events by observable properties. 58β59, 92β93, 346β347, 349 2. Arrange simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events in a serial order (e.g., least to greatest, tallest to shortest). 90β91, 109, 179, 301, 307, 312, 349, 386β387
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Skills Grade Two Process Standard 3: Experiment and Inquiry Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Ask a question about objects, organisms, or events in the environment. 136, 232, 360 2. Plan and conduct a simple investigation. 27, 57, 91, 123, 136, 161, 195, 219, 232, 257, 291, 323, 347, 360, 385, 424 3. Employ simple equipment and tools such as magnifiers, thermometers, and rulers to gather data. 47, 93, 140, 172, 194β195, 217, 220β221, 232, 243, 256β257, 268, 300, 311, 332, 420β421 4. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science activities. 4, 26β27, 56β57, 68, 100, 122β123, 132β133, 136, 140, 160β161, 172, 194β195, 204, 218β219, 232, 236, 237, 256β257, 268, 290β291, 300, 324β325, 332, 346β347, 364, 384β385 Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, and other visual representations. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Interpret pictures, simple bar graphs, and/or tables. 8β9, 26β27, 28β29, 74β45, 76β77, 78, 80β81, 92β93, 100, 106β107, 114β115, 124β125, 132β133, 148β149, 151, 162β163, 165, 178β179, 194β195, 196β197, 220β221, 276β277, 292β293, 315β317, 324β325, 338β339, 348β349, 374β375, 380β381, 382β383, 386β387 2. Recognize and describe patterns, then make predictions based on patterns. 10, 322
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Skills Grade Two 3. Communicate the results of a simple investigation using drawings, tables, graphs, and/or written and oral language. 26β27, 56β57, 58β59, 100, 132β133, 136, 160β161, 194β195, 197, 199, 218β219, 220β221, 232, 256β257, 290β291, 292β293, 3222β323, 346β347, 384β385, 410β411, 412β413 PHYSICAL SCIENCE Standard 1: Properties and Interactions of Objects and Materials Characteristics of objects can be described using physical properties such as size, shape, color, texture, or magnetism. Interactions change the position and motion of objects. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Objects can be described in terms of the materials of which they are made. Physical properties of materials can be changed by tearing, sifting, sanding, or pounding. 248β249 2. Motion and interaction of objects can be observed in toys and playground activities. 303β307, 308β309, 310β313, 314β315, 396, 410β411 3. Magnets attract and repel each other and certain other materials. Magnetic force passes through materials such as paper, glass, and water. 318β321, 322β323 LIFE SCIENCE Standard 2: Life Cycles and Organisms Life cycles represent the stages an organism passes through from its own birth to the birth of the next generation. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Plants and animals have life cycles that include developing into adults, reproducing, and eventually dying. The details of this life cycle are different for different organisms. 103β107, 108β109, 110β111, 114β115, 118β121 2. Generally, offspring resemble their parents. 112β113, 116β117, 118β121
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Skills Grade Two
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EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Standard 3: Properties and Changes of Earth and Sky Earth materials consist of rocks, soils, water, and air. The sun appears to move across sky in the same way every day. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Earth materials can be used as resources (e.g., building materials and for growing plants). 140, 143β145, 146β149, 150β151, 158β159 2. The size and shape of shadows change at different times of the day. 284β285, 292β293
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Grade Three
SCIENCE Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating broad concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Observe and measure objects, organisms, and/or events using developmentally appropriate Systems International (SI) units (i.e., meters, centimeters, grams, and degrees Celsius). 26β27, 148, 172, 184β185, 210β211, 234β235, 258β259, 290β291, 324, 378β379, 412β415, 452, 508β511 2. Compare and contrast similar and/or different characteristics in a given set of simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events. 4, 5, 7, 9, 25, 31, 197, 199, 203, 215, 272, 389, 393, 397, 407, 453, 459, 465, 471 Process Standard 2: Classify Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Classify a set of simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events by observable properties. 14β17, 41, 199, 244, 361, 487 2. Arrange simple objects, familiar organisms, and/or observable events in a serial order. 37, 45, 51, 63, 221, 225, 229, 239, 477, 491, 495, 502
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Three Process Standard 3: Experiment and Inquiry Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Ask a question about objects, organisms, or events in the environment. 27, 59, 91, 129, 143, 163, 185, 211, 235, 259, 271, 291, 315, 345, 379, 403, 413 2. Plan and conduct a simple investigation. 143, 144, 163, 185, 271, 272, 413, 416, 511, 512 3. Employ simple equipment and tools such as magnifiers, thermometers, and rulers to gather data. 26β27, 90β91, 148, 172, 184β185, 210β211, 234β235, 258β259, 284β289, 290β291, 293, 324, 378β379, 412β415, 452, 508β511 4. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science activities. All activities recognize potential hazards and safety procedures. These are some of the many examples. 26β27, 58β59, 90β91, 128β129, 140β143, 162β163, 184β185, 210β211, 234β235, 314β314, 344β345, 412β413, 440β441, 466β467, 508β511 Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing idea, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, other visual representations, and mathematical equations. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Interpret tables, pictorial, and/or simple bar graphs. Many opportunities exist for interpreting tables and graphs. These are some of the many examples. 28β29, 60β61, 92β93, 130β131, 186β187, 208, 212β213, 339, 399, 404β405, 431, 442β443, 460, 500β501 2. Recognize and describe patterns, then make predictions based on patterns. 9, 47, 51, 53, 75, 85, 155, 331 420, 481
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Three 3. Communicate the results of a simple investigation using drawings, tables, graphs, and/or written and oral language. All activities provide the opportunity to communicate results. These are some of the many examples. 26β27, 58β59, 90β91, 128β129, 140β143, 162β163, 184β185, 210β211, 234β235, 314β314, 344β345, 412β413, 440β441, 466β467, 508β511 PHYSICAL SCIENCE Standard 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Describe characteristics of objects based on physical properties such as size, shape, color, or texture. Vibration of materials causes sound. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Objects can be described in terms of the materials of which they are made. Mixtures and solutions can be separated (i.e., sand and marbles; or salt and water). 306β309, 314β315, 316β317, 416 2. Sound is produced by vibrations (i.e., pitch and loudness). 388, 390β395 3. Compare how sound travels through air, water, and/or solids. 396β410, 402β403, 404β405 LIFE SCIENCE Standard 2: Characteristics and Basic Needs of Organisms and Environments All living things have structures that enable them to function in unique and specific ways to obtain food, reproduce, and survive. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Plants and animals have features (i.e., breathing structures, limbs, skin covering, seed dispersal, roots, stems, and leaves) that help them live in environments such as air, water, or land. 26β33, 44, 46β49, 50β53, 54β57, 58β65, 66β67 2. Each plant or animal has different structures that serve different functions in growth and survival (i.e., the way it moves, type of food it needs, and where it lives). 44, 46β49, 50β53, 54β57, 58β65, 66β67, 76
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Three
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3. All animals depend on plants. Some animals eat plants for food. Other animals eat animals that eat the plants. 84β89, 90β95 EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Standard 3: Properties of Earth Materials Earth materials consist of rocks, soils, water, and air. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Make observations of similarities and differences in rocks and minerals (i.e., size of particles, color pattern, and layering). 198β201, 202β205 2. Soils have properties of color and texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support the growth on many kinds of plants and animals, including those in our food supply. 68, 206β209, 210β211, 212β213, 251, 272
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Grade Four
SCIENCE Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating content, concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new Information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Observe and measure objects, organisms, and/or events (e.g., mass, length, time, volume, temperature) using Systems International (SI) units (i.e., grams, milligrams, meters, millimeters, centimeters, kilometers, liters, milliliters, and degrees Celsius). 133, 165, 200β201, 284, 308β311, 360β361, 394β395, 426β427, 484β487, 492, 538β539, 548, 560β561, 572β575 2. Compare and/or contrast similar and/or different characteristics (e.g., color, shape, size, texture, sound, position, change) in a given set of objects organisms or events. 5, 9, 17, 25, 39, 133, 261, 265, 269, 279, 317, 321, 337, 343 Process Standard 2: Classify Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Classify a set of objects, organisms, and/or events using two or more observable properties (e.g., simple dichotomous keys). 34β35, 69, 250β251
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Four 2. Arrange objects, organisms, and/or events in serial order (e.g., least to greatest, fastest to slowest). 7β9, 69, 77, 87, 95, 99, 101, 187, 387, 437, 439, 443, 455, 543 Process Standard 3: Experiment Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Ask questions about the world and formulate an orderly plan to investigate a question. Most activities provide opportunities for students to meet this standard. These are some of the many examples. 4, 34β35, 66β67, 96β97, 130β131, 162β163, 172β175, 176, 250β251, 274β275, 308β311, 312, 484β487, 488, 572β575, 576 2. Evaluate the design of a scientific investigation. 162β163 3. Design and conduct a scientific investigation. Most activities, in addition to providing the opportunity to carry out a simple investigation, also provide an opportunity to plan an extension. These are some of the many examples. 4, 34β35, 66β67, 96β97, 130β131, 162β163, 172β175, 176, 250β251, 298β299, 308β311, 312, 338β339, 360β361, 484β487, 488, 538β539, 572β575, 576 4. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science investigations. All activities recognize potential hazards and safety procedures. These are some of the many examples. 66β67, 96β97, 172β175, 250β251, 274β275, 298β299, 308β311, 348, 372, 394β395, 484β488, 492, 572β575 Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, other visual representations, and mathematical equations. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard.
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Four 1. Report data using tables, line, bar, trend, and/or simple circle graphs. Most activities have students record data in tables or graphs. These are some of the many examples. 34β35, 66β67, 96β97, 130β131, 162β163, 172β175, 176, 200β201, 226β227, 274β275, 308β311, 312, 338β339, 394β395, 484β487, 488, 572β575, 576 2. Interpret data tables, line, bar, trend and/or simple circle graphs. There are many opportunities for students to interpret tables and graphs. These are some of the many examples. 34β35, 36β37, 68β69, 98β99, 132β133, 172β175, 228β229, 276β277, 428β429, 476β477, 481, 508β509, 516 3. Make predictions based on patterns in experimental data. Most activities require students to make predictions. These are some of the many examples. 27, 66β67, 76, 108β109, 130β131, 226β227, 274β275, 308β311, 338β339, 450β451, 484β487, 538β539, 572β575 4. Communicate the results of investigations and/or give explanations based on data. Most activities have students communicate their results or give explanations. These are some of the many examples. 34β35, 36β37, 68β69, 76, 98β99, 132β133, 140, 162β163, 176, 226β227, 274β275, 308β311, 312, 338β339, 394β395, 426β427, 484β487, 488, 572β575, 576 Process Standard 5: Inquiry Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Use different ways to investigate questions and evaluate the fairness of the test. Most activities require students to investigate in different ways. These are some of the many examples. 44, 66β67, 108β109, 162β163, 176, 274β275, 308β311, 312, 338β339, 484β487, 488, 572β575, 576 2. Use a variety of measurement tools and technology. Most activities require students to use a variety of tools and technology. These are some of the many examples. 4, 98β99, 200β201, 284, 308β311, 312, 360β361, 394β395, 426β427, 450β451, 484β487
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Four 3. Formulate a general statement to represent the data. Many activities require students to make general statements about data. These are some of the many examples. 4, 44, 66β67, 130β131, 140, 162β163, 226β227, 308β311, 312, 474β475, 484β487, 488, 538β539, 572β575, 576 4. Share results of an investigation in sufficient detail so that data may be combined with data from other students and analyzed further. 250β251, 360β361 PHYSICAL SCIENCE Standard 1: Position and Motion of Objects The position of a moving object can be described relative to a stationary object or the background. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. The position and motion of objects can be changed by pushing or pulling. The size of the change is related to the strength of the push or pull. 436, 439β441, 442β445, 450β451 2. The motion of an object can be described by tracing and measuring its position over time. 436, 450β451 Standard 2: Electricity Electricity in circuits can produce light. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Some materials are conductors of electricity while others are insulators. 378β379 2. The flow of electricity is controlled by open and closed circuits. 378β381 LIFE SCIENCE Standard 3: Characteristics of Organisms Each type of organism has structures that enable it to function in unique and specific ways to obtain food, reproduce and survive. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives:
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Four
20
1. Organisms can survive only in environments in which their needs can be met. 26β33, 76, 96β97, 114β117, 130β131 2. Living organisms can be classified using various characteristics (e.g., habitats, anatomy, behaviors). 10β13, 14β17, 18β25, 34β35, 176 3. Many observable characteristics of an organism, such as the color of flowers or the number of limbs on an animal, are inherited from the parents of the organisms. 32β33 ELEMENTARY EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Standard 4: Properties of Earth Materials Earth materials consist of rocks, soils, water, and air. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. The processes of erosion, weathering, and sedimentation affect Earth materials. 260, 263β265, 266β269, 308β311, 312 2. Fossils provide evidence about the plants and animals that lived long ago and the nature of the environment at that time (e.g., simulating the formation of fossils). 245
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Grade Five
SCIENCE Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating content, concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Observe and measure objects, organisms, and/or events (e.g., mass, length, time, volume, temperature) using Systems International (SI) units (i.e., grams, milligrams, meters, millimeters, centimeters, kilometers, liters, milliliters, and degrees Celsius). Many activities provide opportunities for students to use SI units. These are some of the many examples. 80β81, 164, 178β179, 196, 228, 250β252, 290β291, 336, 340, 372, 394β395, 444, 562β563, 572 2. Compare and/or contrast similar and/or different characteristics (e.g., color, shape, size, texture, sound, position, change) in a given set of objects, organisms, or events. Many opportunities exist for students to compare and contrast. These are some of the many examples. 5, 11, 18, 25, 31, 109, 116β117, 139, 177, 243, 263, 277, 281, 345, 577, 579, 595
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Five Process Standard 2: Classify Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Classify a set of objects, organisms, and/or events using two or more observable properties (e.g., simple dichotomous keys). 4, 28β29, 192, 292β293 2. Arrange objects, organisms and/or events in serial order (e.g., least to greatest, fastest to slowest). 61, 69, 73, 85, 145, 197, 361, 573, 583, 590, 597 Process Standard 3: Experiment Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Ask questions about the world and formulate an orderly plan to investigate a question. Most investigations include opportunities for students to ask questions and plan how to investigate them. These are some of the many examples. 27, 51, 81, 115, 155, 179, 192, 217, 251, 323, 336, 363, 395, 433, 491, 504, 531, 593, 607 2. Evaluate the design of a scientific investigation. 188β191, 192, 332β335, 336, 500β503, 504, 604β607, 608 3. Design and conduct a scientific investigation. 191, 192, 335, 336, 503, 504, 607, 608 4. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science investigations. All investigations require students to be aware of safety practices. These are some of the many examples. 26β27, 50β51, 80β81, 114β115, 154β155, 216β217, 250β251, 372, 394β395, 434β435, 444, 476, 530β531, 562β563, 572
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Five Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, other visual representations, and mathematical equations. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Report data using tables, line, bar, trend, and/or simple circle graphs. Most investigations require students to report data in tables or graphs. These are some of the many examples. 26β27, 50β51, 80β81, 82β83, 114β115, 116β117, 154β155, 156β157, 188β191, 250β251, 290β291, 336, 362β363, 364β365, 394β395, 397, 432β433, 562β563 2. Interpret data tables, line, bar, trend, and/or simple circle graphs. Many opportunities exist for students to interpret tables and graphs. These are some of the many examples. 52β53, 82β83, 116β117, 156β157, 180β181, 252β253, 264, 284, 364β365, 409, 411, 532β533, 549, 558, 564β565, 604β607 3. Make predictions based on patterns in experimental data. 178β179, 188β191, 192, 336, 362β363, 404, 476, 572 4. Communicate the results of investigations and/or give explanations based on data. Most activities require students to communicate their results and/or explain their data. These are some of the many examples. 26β27, 50β51, 80β81, 114β115, 154β155, 188β191, 192, 250β251, 290β291, 332β335, 336, 340, 490β491, 504, 508, 604β607, 608 Process Standard 5: Inquiry Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Use different ways to investigate questions and evaluate the fairness of the test. 26β27, 50β51, 80β81, 114β115, 154β155, 188β191, 192, 250β251, 290β291, 336
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Five 2. Use a variety of measurement tools and technology. Most activities provide opportunities for students to measure and use technology. These are some of the many examples. 80β81, 164, 178β179, 196, 228, 250β252, 290β291, 336, 340, 372, 394β395, 444, 500β503, 562β563, 572, 604β607 3. Formulate a general statement to represent the data. 188β191, 332β335, 500β503, 604β607 4. Share results of an investigation in sufficient detail so that data may be combined with data from other students and analyzed further. 336, 500β503, 604β607 PHYSICAL SCIENCE Standard 1: Properties of Matter and Energy Describe characteristics of objects based on physical qualities such as size, shape, color, mass, temperature, and texture. Energy can produce changes in properties of objects such as changes in temperature. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Matter has physical properties that can be used for identification (e.g., color, texture, shape). 340, 343β347, 354β357 2. Physical properties of objects can be observed, described, and measured using tools such as simple microscopes, gram spring scales, metric rulers, metric balances, and Celsius thermometers. 26β27, 340 3. Energy can be transferred in many ways (e.g., energy from the Sun to air, water, and metal). 444, 447β453, 454β457, 458β461, 462β465 LIFE SCIENCE Standard 2: Organisms and Environments Organisms within a community are dependent on one another and the environment. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Organisms in a community, interacting populations in a common location, depend on each other for food, shelter, and reproduction. 127β129, 130β135, 136β139, 140β143, 144β147, 154β155, 156β157, 192
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Five
25
2. Changes in environmental conditions due to human interactions or natural phenomena can affect the survival of individual organisms and/or entire species. 164, 167β169, 174β177, 178β179 EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Standard 3: Structure of Earth and the Solar System Interaction between air, water, rocks/soil, and all living things. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Soil consists of weathered rocks and decomposed organic material from dead plants, animals, and bacteria. Soils are often found in layers. 274β275, 276β277, 316 2. Weather exhibits daily and seasonal patterns (i.e., air temperature, cloud type, wind direction, wind speed, and precipitation). 231β233, 234β237, 238β241, 242β245, 246β249, 252β253, 336 3. Earth is the third planet from the Sun in a system that includes the moon, the Sun, and eight other planets. 540, 543β554, 548β551, 552β555, 556β561, 562β563, 564β565, 608
Scott Foresman Science to the
Oklahoma Science Priority Academic Student Skills
Grade Six
SCIENCE Standards for Inquiry, Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Science The Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) should be taught by investigating content, concepts, and principles of major themes in Physical, Life, and Earth/Space Sciences. SCIENCE PROCESSES AND INQUIRY Process Standard 1: Observe and Measure Observing is the first action taken by the learner to acquire new information about an object, organism, or event. Opportunities for observation are developed through the use of a variety of scientific tools. Measurement allows observations to be quantified. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Identify qualitative and/or quantitative changes given conditions (e.g., temperature, mass, volume, time, position, length) before, during, and after an event. Many activities provide the opportunity to identify changes. These are some of the many examples. 106β107, 109, 116, 130β131, 140, 154β155, 157, 192β193, 195, 204β207, 237, 282β283, 314β315, 324, 408β409, 500, 514β515 2. Use appropriate tools (e.g., metric ruler, graduated cylinder, thermometer, balances, spring scales, stopwatches) to measure objects, organisms, and/or events. Many activities measurement opportunities. These are some of the many examples. 44β45, 106β107, 109, 154β155, 157, 195, 204β207, 212, 234β235, 237, 258β259, 268, 314β315, 347, 364, 378β379, 420, 514β515, 524β527 3. Use appropriate System International (SI) units (i.e., grams, meters, liters, degrees Celsius, and seconds); and SI prefixes (i.e. micro-, milli-, centi-, and kilo-) when measuring objects, organisms and/or events. Many activities provide the opportunity to use SI units. These are some of the many examples. 44β45, 154β155, 157, 204β207, 212, 234β235, 237, 258β259, 261, 268, 285, 314β315, 347, 364, 420, 514β515, 524β527
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Six Process Standard 2: Classify Classifying establishes order. Objects, organisms, and events are classified based on similarities, differences, and interrelationships. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Using observable properties, place an object, organism, and/or event into a classification system (e.g., dichotomous keys). 13, 18β19, 46, 135, 244, 258β259, 292, 397 2. Identify properties by which a set of objects, organisms, or events could be ordered. 44β45, 132β133, 237, 248β249, 258β259, 282β283, 365, 371, 375, 477, 483, 487 Process Standard 3: Experiment Experimenting is a method of discovering information. It requires making observations and measurements to test ideas. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Ask questions about the world and design investigations that lead to scientific inquiry. 43, 107, 131, 193, 204β207, 208, 315, 360, 379, 409, 443, 467, 489, 515, 524β527, 528, 545, 571, 595, 604β607, 608 2. Evaluate the design of a scientific investigation. 130β131, 208, 528, 608 3. Identify variables and/or controls in an experimental setup: independent (tested/experimental) variable and dependent (measured) variable. 130β131, 140, 154β155, 192β193, 204β207, 208, 528, 608 4. Identify a testable hypothesis for an experiment. Most investigations provide the opportunity to identify a hypothesis. These are some of the many examples. 204β207, 378β379, 408β409, 442β443, 466β467, 488β489, 514β515, 524β527, 544β545, 570β571, 594β595, 604β607 5. Design and conduct experiments. Most investigations provide the opportunity to design and conduct experiments. These are some of the many examples. 43, 107, 131, 193, 207, 237, 261, 283, 315, 345, 360, 379, 409, 443, 467, 489, 515, 524β527, 528, 545, 571, 595, 604β607, 608
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Six 6. Recognize potential hazards and practice safety procedures in all science activities. 42, 268, 282β283, 378β379, 490β491, 524β527, 604β607 Process Standard 4: Interpret and Communicate Interpreting is the process of recognizing patterns in collected data by making inferences, predictions, or conclusions. Communicating is the process of describing, recording, and reporting experimental procedures and results to others. Communication may be oral, written, or mathematical and includes organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, graphs, other visual representations, and mathematical equations. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Report data in an appropriate method when given an experimental procedure or data. Most activities provide opportunities for students to record procedures or data. These are some of the many examples. 4, 21, 42β43, 52, 74β75, 76β77, 106β107, 130β131, 154β155, 157, 183, 192β193, 199, 204β207, 234β235, 237, 268, 282β283, 292, 305, 314β315, 344β345, 347, 360, 408β409, 524β527, 604β607 2. Interpret data tables, line, bar, trend, and/or circle graphs. Many opportunities are provided for students to interpret tables and graphs. These are some of the many examples. 9, 20β21, 42β43, 74β75, 76β77, 106β107, 132β133, 154β155, 156β157, 192β193, 204β207, 234β235, 236β237, 260β261, 282β283, 292, 298, 314β315, 316β317, 344β345, 346β347, 360, 524β527, 604β607 3. Evaluate data to develop reasonable explanation, and/or predictions. Many opportunities are provided for students to evaluate data. These are some of the many examples. 42β43, 74β75, 106β107, 116, 130β131, 140, 154β155, 157, 164, 177, 178, 192β193, 194β195, 197, 204β207, 234β235, 236β237, 268, 285, 292, 346β347, 360, 524β527, 604β607 4. Accept or reject hypotheses when given results of an investigation. 204β207, 528, 608 5. Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. Many activities provide opportunities for students to communicate procedures and explanations. These are some of the many examples. 4, 75, 106β107, 130β131, 154β155, 192β193, 207, 234β235, 237, 268, 292, 344β345, 360, 528, 608
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Six Process Standard 5: Inquiry Inquiry can be defined as the skills necessary to carry out the process of scientific or systemic thinking. In order for inquiry to occur, students must have the opportunity to ask a question, formulate a procedure, and observe phenomena. The student will accomplish these objectives to meet this process standard. 1. Use systematic observations, make accurate measurements, and identify and control variables. Most activities provide opportunities for students to make observations and control variables. These are some of the many examples. 4, 13, 52, 74β75, 116, 130β131, 140, 154β155, 157, 164, 192β193, 195, 204β207, 234β235, 237, 282β283, 347, 524β527, 604β607 2. Use technology to gather data and analyze results of investigations. 84, 233, 244, 309, 347 3. Review data, summarize data, and form logical conclusions. Most activities provide opportunities for students to evaluate data and form conclusions. These are some of the many examples. 4, 52, 74β75, 116, 130β131, 132β133, 140, 154β155, 157, 164, 192β193, 195, 204β207, 234β235, 237, 244, 258β259, 260β261, 268, 285, 292, 344β345, 346β347, 524β527, 604β607 4. Formulate and evaluate explanations proposed by examining and comparing evidence, pointing out statements that go beyond evidence, and suggesting alternative explanations. Most activities provide opportunities for students to formulate and evaluate explanations. These are some of the many examples. 75, 130β131, 192β193, 204β207, 234β235, 268, 314β315, 324, 345, 408β409, 442β443, 490β491, 494β495 PHYSICAL SCIENCE Standard 1: Physical Properties in Matter Physical characteristics of objects can be described using shape, size, and mass whereas the materials from which objects are made can be described using color and texture. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives:
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Six 1. Matter has physical properties that can be measured (i.e., mass, volume, temperature, color, and texture). Changes in physical properties of objects can be observed, described, and measured using tools such as simple microscopes, gram spring scales, metric rulers, metric balances, and Celsius thermometers. 244, 247β249, 256β257, 364, 372β373, 420, 442β443, 500, 524β527, 608 2. The mass of an object is not altered due to changes in shape. 367β368 Standard 2: Transfer of Energy Change from one form of energy to another (i.e., electrical energy to light energy). The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Energy exists in many forms such as, heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, and sound. Energy can be transferred in various ways. 278β279, 476, 478β481, 482β489, 490β491, 500, 502β509, 510β513, 514β515 2. Electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat, light, and sound are produced (e.g., open and closed circuits). 482β483, 490β491 3. Electric currents and magnets can exert a force on each other. 482β489 LIFE SCIENCE Standard 3: Structure and Function in Living Systems Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Cells are the building blocks of all organisms (both plants and animals). 30β33, 34β37, 38β41, 42β43, 84 2. Living systems are organized by levels of complexity (i.e., cells, organisms, and ecosystems). 86β89, 143β145
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Scott Foresman Science Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills Grade Six
31
Standard 4: Populations and Ecosystems Populations consist of individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time. All populations living together and the physical factor with process standard, which they interact, compose an ecosystem. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Organisms within an ecosystem are dependent on one another and on nonliving components of the environment. Some source of energy is needed for all organisms to stay alive and grow. Energy transfer can be followed in food chains and webs. 5, 164, 166β169, 170β175, 176β181, 192β193, 204β205, 208 2. In all environments, organisms with similar needs may compete with one another for resources, including food, space, water, air, and shelter. Other relationships may be beneficial. 176β181 EARTH/SPACE SCIENCE Standard 5: Structures of the Earth and the Solar System The earth is mostly rock, three-fourths of its surface is covered by a relatively thin layer of water, and the entire planet is surrounded by a relatively thin blanket of air, and is able to support life. The student will engage in investigations that integrate the process standards and lead to the discovery of the following objectives: 1. Earth has four main systems that interact: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere, and the geosphere. 214β219, 274β276, 326β331, 332β335, 336β343, 356β359, 360 2. Water, which covers the majority of the Earthβs surface, circulates through the crust, oceans, and atmosphere in what is known as the water cycle. 274β276, 332β335, 356β359, 360 3. The sun provides the light and heat necessary to maintain life on Earth and is the ultimate source of energy (i.e., producers receive their energy from the sun). 122, 170, 173, 305