Oil spill reportsss

8/16/2019 Oil spill reportsss

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Oil spill

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Deepwater Horizon oil spill on June 2, 2!"!# $heoil appears as a maze of silvery%grey ri&&ons in this

photo%like image# $he location of the leaking well ismarked with a red dot#

' s(uid after an oil spill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#mw-head


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)il *ick from the +ontara oil spill in the $imor *ea,*eptem&er, 2!!#

'n oil spill is a release of a li(uid petroleum hydrocar&on into the environment due to humanactivity, and is a form of pollution# $he term oftenrefers to marine oil spills, where oil is released intothe ocean or coastal waters# )il spills includereleases of crude oil from tankers, offshore

platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills ofrefined petroleum products -such as gasoline, diesel.and their &y%products, and heavier fuels used &ylarge ships such as &unker fuel, or the spill of anyoily white su&stance refuse or waste oil# *pills maytake months or even years to clean up#/"0

)il also enters the marine environment from naturaloil seeps#/20 1u&lic attention and regulation hastended to focus most sharply on seagoing oil tankers#

Contents

/hide0• " nvironmental effects

• 2 3leanup and recovery o 2#" 1revention

• 4 nvironmental *ensitivity 5nde6 -*5.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montara_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_righttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_seephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Environmental_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Cleanup_and_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Environmental_Sensitivity_Index_.28ESI.29_mappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montara_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_righttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_wellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_seephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Environmental_effectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Cleanup_and_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#Environmental_Sensitivity_Index_.28ESI.29_mapping


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mapping o 4#" *horeline type

o 4#2 7iological resourceso 4#4 Human%use resources

• 8 stimating the volume of a spill

• 9argest oil spills

• *ee also

•

;


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or disa&les &irds? flight a&ilities to forage and escapefrom predators# 's they attempt to preen/disambiguationneeded 0, &irds typically ingest oil that covers theirfeathers, causing kidney damage, altered liver function, and digestive tract irritation# $his and thelimited foraging a&ility (uickly causes dehydration and meta&olic im&alances# Hormonal &alancealteration including changes in luteinizing proteincan also result in some &irds e6posed to petroleum#/80

+ost &irds affected &y an oil spill die unless there ishuman intervention#/0/0 +arine mammals e6posed tooil spills are affected in similar ways as sea&irds# )ilcoats the fur of *ea otters and seals, reducing itsinsulation a&ilities and leading to &ody temperature fluctuations and hypothermia# 5ngestion of the oilcauses dehydration and impaired digestions# 7ecauseoil floats on top of water, less sunlight penetratesinto the water, limiting the photosynthesis of marine

plants and phytoplankton# $his, as well asdecreasing the fauna populations, affects the foodchain in the ecosystem#/citation needed 0 $here are threekinds of oil%consuming &acteria# *ulfate%reducing

&acteria -*


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to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their &iomasswill tend to replace other populations in the foodchain#Cleanup and recovery

3lean%up efforts after the 66on Aaldez oil spill#

' B* Cavy oil spill response team drills with aHar&our 7uster high%speed oil containmentsystem#3leanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficultand depends upon many factors, including the typeof oil spilled, the temperature of the water -affectingevaporation and &iodegradation., and the types ofshorelines and &eaches involved#/;0

+ethods for cleaning up include:/=0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-7


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• 7ioremediation: use of microorganisms/0 or &iological agents/"!0 to &reak down or remove oil#

•

7ioremediation 'ccelerator: )leophilic,hydropho&ic chemical, containing no &acteria,which chemically and physically &onds to &othsolu&le and insolu&le hydrocar&ons# $he

&ioremedation accelerator acts as a herdingagent in water and on the surface, floating

molecules to the surface of the water, includingsolu&les such as phenols and 7$E, forminggel%like agglomerations# Bndetecta&le levels ofhydrocar&ons can &e o&tained in produced water and managea&le water columns# 7yoverspraying sheen with &ioremediation

accelerator, sheen is eliminated within minutes#Whether applied on land or on water, thenutrient%rich emulsion creates a &loom of local,indigenous, pre%e6isting, hydrocar&on%consuming &acteria# $hose specific &acteria

&reak down the hydrocar&ons into water and

car&on dio6ide, with 1' tests showing => ofalkanes &iodegraded in 2= days and aromatics &eing &iodegraded 2!! times faster than innature they also sometimes use the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_agentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_agentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-9


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hydrofire&oom to clean the oil up &y taking itaway from most of the oil and &urning it#/""0

• 3ontrolled &urning can effectively reduce theamount of oil in water, if done properly#/"20 7ut itcan only &e done in low wind,/citation needed 0 and cancause air pollution#/"40

)il slicks on 9ake +aracai&o#

Aolunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the 1restige

oil spill#• Dispersants act as detergents, clustering around

oil glo&ules and allowing them to &e carriedaway in the water#/"80 $his improves the surface

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-oil_spill-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-oil_spill-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Maracaibohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-13


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aesthetically, and mo&ilizes the oil# *maller oildroplets, scattered &y currents, may cause lessharm and may degrade more easily# 7ut thedispersed oil droplets infiltrate into deeper water and can lethally contaminate coral#


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and wild life and have &een proven to suppressharmful vapors commonly associated withhydrocar&ons such as 7enzene, Eylene, +ethylthyl, 'cetone and Caphtha# $he reaction timefor solidification of oil is controlled &y the surfarea or size of the polymer as well as theviscosity of the oil# *ome solidifier productmanufactures claim the solidified oil can &edisposed of in landfills, recycled as an additivein asphalt or ru&&er products, or &urned as a lowash fuel# ' solidifier called 3#5#'gent-manufactured &y 3#5#'gent *olutions of9ouisville, Gentucky. is &eing used &y 71 ingranular form as well as in +arine and *heen7ooms on Dauphin 5sland, '9 and Fort +organ,

+* to aid in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cleanup#

• Aacuum and centrifuge: oil can &e sucked upalong with the water, and then a centrifuge can

&e used to separate the oil from the water %allowing a tanker to &e filled with near pure oil#Bsually, the water is returned to the sea, makingthe process more efficient, &ut allowing smallamounts of oil to go &ack as well# $his issue hashampered the use of centrifuges due to a Bnited

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I.Agent_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I.Agent_Solutionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentuckyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge


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*tates regulation limiting the amount of oil inwater returned to the sea#/";0

(uipment used includes:/"20

• 7ooms: large floating &arriers that round up oiland lift the oil off the water

• *kimmers: skim the oil

• *or&ents: large a&sor&ents that a&sor& oil

• 3hemical and &iological agents: helps to &reak

down the oil• Aacuums: remove oil from &eaches and water

surface• *hovels and other road e(uipments: typically

used to clean up oil on &eaches

Prevention Further information: Offshore oil spill prevention

and response

• *eafood *ensory $raining% in an effort to detectoil in seafood, inspectors and regulators are

&eing trained to sniff out seafood tainted &y oiland make sure the product reaching consumersis safe to eat#/"=0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimes20100624-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-oil_spill-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(containment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmer_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_spill_prevention_and_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_spill_prevention_and_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NYTimes20100624-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-oil_spill-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(containment)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmer_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_spill_prevention_and_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil_spill_prevention_and_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-17


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• *econdary containment % methods to preventreleases of oil or hydrocar&ons intoenvironment#

• )il *pill 1revention 3ontainment and3ountermeasures -*133. program &y the Bnited*tates nvironmental 1rotection 'gency#

• Dou&le%hulling % &uild dou&le hulls into vessels,which reduces the risk and severity of a spill in

case of a collision or grounding# 6isting single%hull vessels can also &e re&uilt to have a dou&lehull#

*kimmers% are things that skim the slick -oil. off thetop of the water# 7oomers% are inflata&le, ru&&er

&lockades that trap the oil, so it is easier to skim#

Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mappingnvironmental *ensitivity 5nde6 -*5. maps areused to identify sensitive shoreline resources prior toan oil spill event in order to set priorities for

protection and plan cleanup strategies#/"0/2!0 7y planning spill response ahead of time, the impact on

the environment can &e minimized or prevented#nvironmental sensitivity inde6 maps are &asicallymade up of information within the following three

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_hullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_hullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-19


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categories: shoreline type, and &iological andhuman%use resources#/2"0

Shoreline type

*horeline type is classified &y rank depending onhow easy the garet would &e to cleanup, how longthe oil would persist, and how sensitive the shorelineis#/220 $he floating oil slicks put the shoreline at

particular risk when they eventually come ashore,covering the su&strate with oil# $he differingsu&strates &etween shoreline types vary in theirresponse to oiling, and influence the type of cleanupthat will &e re(uired to effectively decontaminate theshoreline# 5n ", the B* Cational )ceanic and'tmospheric 'dministration e6tended *5 maps tolakes, rivers, and estuary shoreline types#/2"0 $hee6posure the shoreline has to wave energy and tides,su&strate type, and slope of the shoreline are alsotaken into account in addition to &iological

productivity and sensitivity# $he productivity of theshoreline ha&itat is also taken into account whendetermining *5 ranking#/240 +angroves and marshestend to have higher *5 rankings due to the

potentially long%lasting and damaging effects of &oththe oil contamination and cleanup actions#5mpermea&le and e6posed surfaces with high wave

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2002-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2002-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2008-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2002-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorelinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2002-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2008-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves


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action are ranked lower due to the reflecting waveskeeping oil from coming onshore, and the speed atwhich natural processes will remove the oil#Biological resources

Ha&itats of plants and animals that may &e at riskfrom oil spills are referred to as Ielements and aredivided &y functional group# Further classificationdivides each element into species groups withsimilar life histories and &ehaviors relative to theirvulnera&ility to oil spills# $here are eight elementgroups: 7irds,


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Human use resources are divided into four maNorclassifications archaeological importance or culturalresource site, high%use recreational areas or shorelineaccess points, important protected managementareas, or resource origins#/2"0/280 *ome e6amplesinclude airports, diving sites, popular &each sites,marinas, natural reserves or marine sanctuaries#Estimating the volume of a spill

7y o&serving the thickness of the film of oil and itsappearance on the surface of the water, it is possi&leto estimate the (uantity of oil spilled# 5f the surfacearea of the spill is also known, the total volume ofthe oil can &e calculated#/20

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2002-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-IPIECA_1994-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NOAA_2002-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-IPIECA_1994-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-24


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)il spill model systems are used &y industry andgovernment to assist in planning and emergencydecision making# )f critical importance for the skillof the oil spill model prediction is the ade(uatedescription of the wind and current fields# $here is a


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worldwide oil spill modelling -W)*+. program#/20 $racking the scope of an oil spill may also involveverifying that hydrocar&ons collected during anongoing spill are derived from the active spill orsome other source# $his can involve sophisticatedanalytical chemistry focused on finger printing an oilsource &ased on the comple6 mi6ture of su&stances

present# 9argely, these will &e various hydrocar&ons,among the most useful &eing polyaromatichydrocar&ons# 5n addition, &oth o6ygen and nitrogenheterocyclic hydrocar&ons, such as parent and alkylhomologues of car&azole, (uinoline, and pyridine,are present in many crude oils# 's a result, thesecompounds have great potential to supplement thee6isting suite of hydrocar&ons targets to fine tune

source tracking of petroleum spills# *uch analysiscan also &e used to follow weathering anddegradation of crude spills#/2;0

'argest oil spills

Main article: List of oil spills

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Noteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbazolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyridinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notea


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_lakes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_lakes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_lakes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_lakes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_lakes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_oil_lakes&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-31


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NewYorker031411-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-cedre_atlantic-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#endnote_Notedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-NewYorker031411-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-cedre_atlantic-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-45


19/53

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Valley_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Valley_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Valley_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-A0001451-47http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Empresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aegean_Captain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Valley_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Valley_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Valley_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz_(oil_field)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-A0001451-47http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABT_Summer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_Bellver&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanha_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43


20/53

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Star_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Star_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irenes_Serenade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irenes_Serenade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Star_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Star_(tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irenes_Serenade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irenes_Serenade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43


21/53

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a )ne ton of crude oil is roughly e(ual to 4!= B*gallons or ;#44 &arrels appro6# " oil &arrel is e(ual

to 4 imperial or 82 B* gallons#- stimates for the amount of oil &urned in theGuwaiti oil fires range from !!,!!!,!!! &arrels-;,!!!,!!! m4. to nearly 2,!!!,!!!,!!! &arrels-42!,!!!,!!! m4.# ;42 wells were set a&laze, while

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irenes_Serenade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urquiola&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urquiola&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-nytimes-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Noteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Notebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irenes_Serenade&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urquiola&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urquiola&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrey_Canyonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scillyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-marinergroup-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-itopf-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint_oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-nytimes-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Noteahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Noteb


22/53

many others were severely damaged and gusheduncontrolled for several months# $he fires alonewere estimated to consume appro6imately,!!!,!!! &arrels -!,!!! m4. of oil per day at their

peak# However, it is difficult to find relia&le sourcesfor the total amount of oil &urned# $he range of",!!!,!!!,!!! &arrels -"!,!!!,!!! m4. to",!!,!!!,!!! &arrels -28!,!!!,!!! m4. given hererepresents fre(uently%cited figures, &ut &etter sourcesare needed#c )il spilled from sa&otaged fields in Guwait duringthe "" 1ersian @ulf War pooled in appro6imately4!! oil lakes, estimated &y the Guwaiti )il +inisterto contain appro6imately 2,!!!,!!! to!,!!!,!!! &arrels -;,!!,!!! m4. of oil# 'ccording

to the B#*# @eological *urvey, this figure does notinclude the amount of oil a&sor&ed &y the ground,forming a layer of tarcrete over appro6imately five

percent of the surface of Guwait, fifty times the areaoccupied &y the oil lakes#/20d stimates for the @ulf War oil spill range from

8,!!!,!!! to "",!!!,!!! &arrels -",;!!,!!! m4.# $hefigure of ,!!!,!!! to =,!!!,!!! &arrels -",4!!,!!!m4. is the range adopted &y the B#*# nvironmental1rotection 'gency and the Bnited Cations in the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Notechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Notedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Notechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#ref_Noted


23/53

immediate aftermath of the war, ""%"4, and isstill current, as cited &y C)'' and $he Cew Qork$imes in 2!"!#/40 $his amount only includes oildischarged directly into the 1ersian @ulf &y theretreating 5ra(i forces from January " to 2=, ""#However, according to the B#C# report, oil fromother sources not included in the official estimatescontinued to pour into the 1ersian @ulf throughJune, ""# $he amount of this oil was estimated to

&e at least several hundred thousand &arrels, andmay have factored into the estimates a&ove=,!!!,!!! &arrels -",4!!,!!! m4.#See also

• nvironmental issues with petroleum

•

nvironmental issues with shipping• 9ist of oil spills

• 9C@ spill

• 9ow%temperature thermal desorption

• Cational )il and Hazardous *u&stances

1ollution 3ontingency 1lan• )hmsett -)il and Hazardous +aterials

*imulated nvironmental $est $ank.• )il 1ollution 'ct of "! -in the B*.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature_thermal_desorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Pollution_Contingency_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Pollution_Contingency_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmsetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-temperature_thermal_desorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Pollution_Contingency_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oil_and_Hazardous_Substances_Pollution_Contingency_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmsetthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990


24/53

• )il well

• 1enguin sweater

• 1roNect Deep *pill, the first intentionaldeepwater oil and gas spill• )seudomonas putida -used for degrading oil.

• *%2!! -fertilizer.

• *pill containment

•

$ar&all2eferences

"# 3 Hindsight and Foresight, 2! Qears 'fterthe 66on Aaldez *pill# C)''# 2!"!%!4%"#http:OOvimeo#comO"!2"==# of )il%*oaked 7irds

*urvive : $reeHugger# www#treehugger#com#http:OOwww#treehugger#comOfilesO2!"!O!Oless%"%

percent%oil%soaked%&irds%survive#php#


25/53

# 3 Dunnet, @#, 3risp, D#, 3onan, @#, 7ourne,W# -"=2. )il 1ollution and *ea&ird1opulations /and Discussion0 1hilosophical$ransactions of the


26/53

"2# S a b mergency


27/53

Qork $imes#http:OOwww#nytimes#comO2!"!O!O2OusO2clean#html#


28/53

'ssessment Division, Cational )ceanic and'tmospheric 'dministration, "2p#

22# 3 @undlach, #


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$echnical *eminar# )ttawa, )ntario:nvironment 3anada#

2;# 3 Wang, Y#, +# Fingas, and D#*# 1age# "#)il spill identification# Journal of3hromatography '# =84: 4%8""#doi:"!#"!"O*!!2"%;4-.!!"2!%E#

2=# 3 3CC#com, ;uwait still recovering from4ulf -ar fires, 4 Jan# 2!!4#

2# 3 Bnited Cations, 'pdated %cientific +eport on the !nvironmental !ffects of the "onflictbetween Ira( and ;uwait , = +ar# "4#

4!# 3 Bnited *tates @eological *urvey,3amp&ell,


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44# 3 Bnited *tates nvironmental 1rotection'gency, +eport $o "ongress 'nited %tates 4ulf

!nvironmental $echnical ssistance From

>anuar& 6= 5 >ul& 8<


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http:OOwww#nature#comOnatureONournalOv2!On=!4Oa&sO2!24a!#html#


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http:OOwww#incidentnews#govOincidentO28"#


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/hide0v 4 d 4 e5arine pollution

'lgal &loom 4 'no6ic event 4 'no6ic waters 4 '(uatic to6icology 4 3ultural eutrophication 4 3yanoto6in 4 nvironmental impact of shipping 4 utrophication 4 Fish diseases and parasites 4 Fishkill 4 Friendly Floatees 4 @reat 1acific @ar&age1atch 4 Hypo6ia 4 5nvasive species 4 +arine de&ris 4 +ercury in fish 4 Conpoint source pollution 4 Corth'tlantic @ar&age 1atch 4 Cutrient pollution 4 )ceanacidification 4 )cean deo6ygenation 4 Oil spill 4 1article 4 1lastic particle water pollution 4 1ointsource pollution 4 *hutdown of thermohalinecirculation 4 *tormwater 4 *urface runoff 4 Bpwelling 4 Br&an runoff 4 Water pollution

Water pollution

[hide]v · d · ePollution

Air pollution Acid rain · Air

quality

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Marine_pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_toxicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_killhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_killhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_Floateeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_particle_water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Marine_pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_watershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_toxicologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_killhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_killhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_Floateeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_in_fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Garbage_Patchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_particle_water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality


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(Indoor) ·

Atmospheric

dispersion

modeling ·

Chlorofuorocar

bon · Global

dimming ·

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane#Environmental_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane#Environmental_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane#Environmental_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane#Environmental_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimming


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Global

distillation ·

Global

warming ·

!one

depletion ·

"articulates ·

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates


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#mog

Water pollution $n%ironmental

impact o&

pharmaceutical

s and personal

care products ·

$n%ironmental

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_productshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping


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impact o&

shipping ·

$n%ironmental

monitoring ·

$utrophication ·

'reshwater

en%ironmental

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shippinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters


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quality

parameters ·

ypoia ·

*arine debris ·

*arine

pollution ·

cean

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parametershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_debrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification


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acidi+cation ·

Oil spill ·

#ur&ace runo, ·

-hermal

pollution ·

.rban runo, ·

Wastewater ·

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater


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Water quality ·

Water

stagnation ·

Waterborne

diseases

Soil contamination /ioremediation

·

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stagnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stagnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stagnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_stagnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation


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"hytoremediati

on · $lectrical

resistance

heating ·

erbicide ·

"esticide · #oil

Guideline

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)


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0alues (#G0s)

Radioactive

contamination

Actinides in the

en%ironment ·

$n%ironmental

radioacti%ity ·

'ission

product ·

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_radioactivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_radioactivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Guideline_Values_(SGVs)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_radioactivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_radioactivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_product


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1uclear &allout ·

"lutonium in

the

en%ironment ·

2adiation

poisoning ·

2adium in the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallouthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_in_the_environment


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en%ironment ·

.ranium in the

en%ironment

Other types of

pollution

3ight pollution ·

1oise pollution ·

2adio spectrum

pollution ·

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution


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0isual pollution

Inter-government

treaties

*ontreal

"rotocol · 4yoto

"rotocol ·

C32-A" ·

#"A2 ·

#toc5holm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Long-Range_Transboundary_Air_Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Marine_Environment_of_the_North-East_Atlantichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Long-Range_Transboundary_Air_Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Marine_Environment_of_the_North-East_Atlantichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants


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Con%ention

Major

organiations

6$'2A ·

$n%ironment

Agency

($ngland and

Wales) ·

#cottish

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)


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$n%ironment

"rotection

Agency

(#cotland) · .7#7

$"A · $$A ·

Greenpeace

/show0v 4 d 4 ePollution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency_(Scotland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pollution&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution


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7ie8s

•


51/53

.ool-ox

• What links here

•


52/53

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