Oil Shock in South Africa: Vulnerabilities, Impacts & Mitigation
Transcript of Oil Shock in South Africa: Vulnerabilities, Impacts & Mitigation
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Oil Shock in South Africa:
Vulnerabilities, Impacts &
Mitigation Strategies
Dr Jeremy Wakeford
School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University
Association for the Study of Peak Oil South Africa
TIPS Development Dialogue
11 April 2013
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2
Outline
• Oil shocks & their drivers
• Vulnerabilities & impacts in SA
• Mitigation strategies
• Conclusions
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Oil Shocks
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World Primary Energy Supply
4 Source: International Energy Agency
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World Energy Consumption
5 Source: International Energy Agency
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Oil Shock Basics
• Types of oil shocks:
• price
• quantity/supply
• Drivers:
• geopolitical & civil conflicts
• technical production problems
• natural disasters, e.g. hurricanes
• rapidly rising demand
• speculation on oil futures markets 6
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Historical Oil Supply Shocks
7 Source: Adapted from IEA
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Historical Oil Price Shocks
8 Source: IMF
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Middle East & North Africa
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Surging Oil Demand in Asia
10 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
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Falling Trend of Oil Discoveries
11 Source: Fournier et al. (2013)
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Historical World Oil Production
12 Source: US Energy Information
Administration (EIA)
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Stagnant World Oil Exports
13 Source: US Energy Information
Administration (EIA)
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Falling Net Energy Return
14 Source: Murphy & Hall (2010)
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Rising Cost of Oil Extraction
Source: UK ITPOES (2010)
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Source: Benes et al. (2012)
Falling
supply
projections
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Oil Price Forecasts - OECD
• assumes supply rises to 104 mbpd
• assumes oil intensity of GDP falls 20%
17 Source: Fournier et al. (2013)
$270
$150
$190
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Oil Price Forecasts - IMF
18 Source: Benes et al. (2012)
0.9% p.a. supply growth
0.5% p.a. supply growth
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Vulnerabilities
& Impacts in SA
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SA Final Energy Consumption
20 Source: IEA
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Petroleum Supply
21 Source: BP, Sasol, PetroSA
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Petroleum Consumption
22 Source: IEA
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Oil Demand is Coupled to GDP
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Source: SAPIA, SARB
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Petroleum Dependency
24 Source: IEA
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Oil Shock Transmission
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World Balance of Payments Domestic Economy
crudeoil
price
world
GDP
world
inflation
coal
price
gas
price
energy
imports
exports
financial
account
BoP
+
+
+
-
+
exch
rate
-
-
-
-
+
fuel
prices
inflation
interest
rate
consumer
demand
house-holddebt
+
++
+
GDP
employment
fiscal
deficit &
debt
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
private
investment
public
investment
-
-
+
--
-
-
-
-
+
-
+
+
+ +
-
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Rising Oil Import Bill
26 Source: dti, SARB
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Petrol Price Projections
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Inflationary Impact
28
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Oil & Agricultural Input Costs
29 Source: DAFF
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Rising Road Construction Costs
30 Source: SANRAL
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Oil Shocks and Recessions
31 Source: Based on BP (2012), SARB (2012), IMF (2012)
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Mitigation Strategies
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Energy: Short Term Responses
• Increase strategic petroleum reserves
• DoE recently gazetted changes to stock
requirements:
• Govt to hold 60 days of net oil imports
• Industry to hold 14 days of refined products
• Diversify sources of oil imports
• Petroleum price smoothing
• Fuel price stabilisation fund
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Energy: Liquid Fuel Alternatives
• Coal-to-liquids
• competition with Eskom & exports
• water constraints, CO2 emissions
• Gas-to-liquids
• shale gas?
• gas imports from neighbours?
• Biofuels
• water, arable land & food security
constraints 34
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Transport: Short Term Fuel Conservation
• Eco-driving awareness campaign
• Traffic management
• reduce road speed limits
• Car-pooling
• Telecommuting & flexible work schedules
• Selective driving bans
• Fuel rationing
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Transport: Long-term Oil Independence
• Vehicle efficiency
• improved design, smaller & lighter vehicles
• Alternative propulsion mechanisms
• electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, scooters
• ‘feebate’ system, carbon tax
• Modal shifts
• passenger: bus rapid transit, rail
• freight: rail (main corridors)
• cities: pedestrian & cyclist friendly 36
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Vehicle Fleet Replacement
• takes time and is costly 37
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Electricity Supply
• Improve energy efficiency throughout
economy
• Renewables can be implemented quickly,
but have intermittency problems
• Integrated smart grids
• Electricity storage
• e.g. plug-in vehicles
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Solar PV costs
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Agriculture
• Short term:
• support for farmers to protect food security?
• prioritise fuel allocation for food production &
distribution
• Long term:
• agroecological farming and conservation
agriculture to reduce oil use
• knowledge & training required
• localising food systems
• e.g. urban agriculture 40
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Macro-economy
• Short term resilience:
• increase foreign exchange reserves
• reduce public & foreign debt
• avoid sudden large interest rate hikes
• Long term:
• policy framework to decouple economic
growth from oil consumption
• expenditure switching
• e.g. from roads & airports → railways & BRT
• promote economic localisation 41
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Conclusions
• Risk of major oil shocks is increasing
• Socio-economic impacts under business-
as-usual could be severe
• rising inflation, recession, unemployment
• Mitigation strategies:
• enhance short-term resilience to shocks
• plan long-term transition:
• decouple growth from oil consumption
• electrify the transport system