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Oil Shale TechnologyOil Shale TechnologyBy: Justin BorchardtBy: Justin Borchardt

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What is oil shale?What is oil shale?

Oil shale does not contain oil orOil shale does not contain oil ormade of shalemade of shale

Instead, it is deposits of kerogenInstead, it is deposits of kerogenwithin sedimentary rockwithin sedimentary rock

Kerogen is the product of the firstKerogen is the product of the firststage of organic matter’sstage of organic matter’stransformation to petroleumtransformation to petroleum

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U.S. ReservesU.S. Reserves

~7! of "orld’s~7! of "orld’s

reco#era$le oil shalereco#era$le oil shale

resourcesresources

%reen &i#er Basin%reen &i#er Basin

alone contains analone contains an

estimated '() trillionestimated '() trillion

$$ls of reco#era$le oil$$ls of reco#era$le oil

*+ gals of oil per ton*+ gals of oil per ton

of shaleof shale

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Oil Shale HistoryOil Shale History

BoomBoom

'-' . &umors of'-' . &umors of

petroleum sourcespetroleum sources

running dryrunning dry

'-/+s . Increase of'-/+s . Increase of

petroleum demandpetroleum demand

from ""IIfrom ""II

'-7+s . 0nergy 1risis’ '-7+s . 0nergy 1risis’ 

2+++s . Increase in oil2+++s . Increase in oil

pricesprices

BustBust

'-2+s . "est 3e4as oil'-2+s . "est 3e4as oil

fields disco#eredfields disco#ered

'-/+s and +s .'-/+s and +s .

5iddle 0ast oil5iddle 0ast oil

disco#eriesdisco#eries

'-)+s . O601'-)+s . O601

dropped pricesdropped prices

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Shell In-Situ RetortingShell In-Situ Retorting

8oles 9rilled8oles 9rilled

"ater &emo#ed"ater &emo#ed hale is heated and Oil and %as reco#eredhale is heated and Oil and %as reco#ered

"ater is replaced"ater is replaced

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Crude Shale Oil to Synthetic CrudeCrude Shale Oil to Synthetic Crude

ulfur andulfur and

;itrogen must $e;itrogen must $e

remo#edremo#ed

8ydrotreating,8ydrotreating,

hydrocracking,hydrocracking,

and delayedand delayed

cokingcoking

 CrudeShale

Oil

CrudePetroleum

C/HRatio

  1.6 ~1.25

Nitrogen 2% <.5%

Sulfur 1% 1!"%

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Improved In-Situ TechnologiesImproved In-Situ Technologies

ShellShell 8oles 9rilled8oles 9rilled

around perimeteraround perimeter

1oolant 6umped1oolant 6umped

and <=ree>e "all?and <=ree>e "all?createdcreated

6re#ents @eaching6re#ents @eaching

Increased 1ostsIncreased 1osts

2

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Improved In-Situ TechnologiesImproved In-Situ Technologies

!"# Resources!"# Resources 8ori>ontal 9rilling8ori>ontal 9rilling

$eneath the shale$eneath the shale

uper*8eated teamuper*8eated teamor 8igh 3emperatureor 8igh 3emperature

8eat 3ransfer @iAuid8eat 3ransfer @iAuid

1oiled 3u$ing1oiled 3u$ingincreases reco#ery toincreases reco#ery to

2 to / oil2 to / oil'

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!nvironmental Concerns!nvironmental Concerns

8ea#y 0nergy use and production of8ea#y 0nergy use and production ofmore greenhouse gasesmore greenhouse gases

%roundwater 1ontamination%roundwater 1ontamination

6roduction of O4 and ;O46roduction of O4 and ;O4

ocioeconomic trainsocioeconomic trains

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!conomics!conomics

8eating 1osts: C'2*C'$$l8eating 1osts: C'2*C'$$l

Dpgrading 1osts: CE*C'$$lDpgrading 1osts: CE*C'$$l

1ompetiti#e with oil at prices of C+*1ompetiti#e with oil at prices of C+*

C/+$$lC/+$$l

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Outloo$Outloo$

&elati#ely underde#eloped technology&elati#ely underde#eloped technology

1urrent 6ilot 6lants are $eing run1urrent 6ilot 6lants are $eing run

=ull production is still '*2+ years away=ull production is still '*2+ years away

Oil 6rices must remain higher than C/+$$lOil 6rices must remain higher than C/+$$l

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Re%erencesRe%erences

'('( 0(%(@( &esources, Inc: Oil hale 9i#ision0(%(@( &esources, Inc: Oil hale 9i#ision( ''( '';o#( 2++E Fhttp:www(eoilshale(comG(;o#( 2++E Fhttp:www(eoilshale(comG(

2(2(  < <=ree>e "all 3est(?=ree>e "all 3est(? hell 5ahogany &esearchhell 5ahogany &esearch

6roHect6ro Hect( =e$( 2++E( '' ;o#( 2++E( =e$( 2++E( '' ;o#( 2++EFhttp:www(shell(comstaticus*Fhttp:www(shell(comstaticus*endownloadsshellfor$usinessese4plorationendownloadsshellfor$usinessese4plorationproduction="38andout/((+E(pdfG(production="38andout/((+E(pdfG(

(( Bartis, James 3, et al(Bartis, James 3, et al( Oil hale 9e#elopment inOil hale 9e#elopment inthe Dnited tatesthe Dnited tates( &;9( '' ;o#( 2++E( &;9( '' ;o#( 2++EFhttp:www(rand(orgpu$smonographs2++Fhttp:www(rand(orgpu$smonographs2++&;95%/'/(pdfG(&;95%/'/(pdfG(

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&uestions?&uestions?