APCBEE Procedia 8 ( 2014 ) 282 – 286

2212-6708 © 2014 Salmiyati. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).Selection and peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacifi c Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Societydoi: 10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.03.041

ScienceDirectAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.com

Oil Palm Plantations Management Effects on Productivity FreshFruit Bunch (FFB)

Salmiyatia , Arien heryansyahb, Ida Idayuc , Eko Supriyantod

aPh.D Student on Faculty Bioscience and a Medical Engineering, gg Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, *ScholarshipGrantee of Amanah Pelalawan Foundation

bFaculty Civilb Engineering, gg Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MalaysiacFaculty Chemicalc Engineering, gg Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

dFaculty Bioscience and d Medical Engineering, gg Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Abstract

The management of oil palm plantations should consider many criteria and implemented by the garden manager. If theestate is managed in accordance with the rules and requirements of plants it will affect the productivity improvement of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB). Criteria that must be considered is the land selection, planting materials, technicalmanagement, harvesting and environmental. If all categories in oil palm plantations can be managed and integrated with each other will be obtained by the production of fresh fruit bunches and plenty fit the desired production. This paper alsoexplains that the use of information and communication technologies have a positive effect on the process of managing amore improved and efficient start of the selection of land to harvesting.

Keywords: Oil Palm Plantation, Managegement Effect, Procuctivity FFB

1. Introduction

The end resultt desired by an oil palm plantation is the production of fresh fruit bunches and a lot of good quality. Required to obtain the proper management ranging from the selection of land for gardens, nurseries,pplanting, maintenance, and harvesting. A very important factor affecting the outcome of oil palm plantationsis a land selection (climate, soil, topography) planting materials (tissue culture, new varieties), technicalmanagement (financial, organizational, labor, transport, pest, desease), harvesting (efficiency in haevesting ,

Corresponding author. Tel.: +(6)07-5558552; fax: +(6)07-5558553.E-mail address: ciksalmi@yahoo.com.

2013 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Animal Science (CAAS 2013)2013 3rd International Conference on Asia Agrr riculture and Animal (ICAAA 2013)

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mechanization) and environmental (waste disposal, recyling, GHJ suistinable emission production [1]. potential and production of palm oil is largely determined by the degree of land suitability and behavior of farmers in managing plantations, 75% yield production of oil palm fruits have high levels of compliance with land [2].

There have been many research results which prove that nutrition is crucial production of oil palm fruits, the nutrients needed different numbers from different parts of the plant (roots, stems, leaves, fruit bunches). Such as nitrogen generally has no effect on oil palm yield components, but giving P lowered fruit production, fertilizer Potassium deficiency tends to reduce the mesocarp: fruit ratio, while Mg considerable increase palm oil [3].

2. Land Selection

Beginning oil palm plantations is good begins with the selection of appropriate land or soil, to determine the potential of land that can be developed to obtain the proper management of oil palm fruit productivity and quality good will [1]. Type of soil on land that is planted affect the production of fresh fruit bunches. Approximately 60% of the area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia located on dry land is the limiting sour lowest pH and low availability of weather. Therefore the behavior of fertilization is needed to reach 60% of the cost of maintenance of oil palm plantations. Most of the good land used for oil palm plantations is dominated by soil types and terric typic helosaprists halosaprists have a high nutrient to low pH.

Palm trees can grow, develop and produce as expected when the available soil water evenly over time in sufficient quantities. In areas with rainfall 2000-2500 m / year and no real dry periods or dry months less than one month per year [4] and [5]. It decreased production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) can reach up to 20-30% if 1-2 years before going drought or long dry period of 5-6 months in a row. To address the need for water in oil palm plantations [6], the conservation of soil and water to leach pit mulched. The results show that an increase in the number of leaf midrib, number of bunches, the average weight of bunches, and production of oil palm fresh fruit bunches.

The climate of a region being essential to establish a land to be used as palm oil plantations. Average temperature increase of 1oC, and increasing water deficit of 50 mm / year simultaneously cause a decrease in palm oil production by an average of 2.15 tonnes / ha / year. 1oC increase in temperature and a reduction in water deficit of 100 mm / year will increase the oil production of 3.23 tonnes / ha / year [7].

3. Planting Materials

Selection of seed planted in oil palm plantations are very influential in the production of oil palm fruit desired besides labor, urea fertilizer, and herbicides do not directly affect fruit production. However, according to the level of workforce education correlated with achievement occurred in oil palm plantations. But research conducted for provide results kongret on the chosen type of plant seeds and plantation workers in education affects the productivity of oil palm fruit [8]. In addition to a good selection of seeds and proper according [9], the spacing between the principal and the management of oil palm affecting the productivity of oil palm fruit, because the closer spacing of the possibility of becoming infected BSR (basal stem root) will be larger and harder to do eradication.

4. Technical Management

Good fertilization management is the key obtain high productivity and efficiency in oil palm plantations [10]. Implementation of control measure, the data included: the type of pest and desease identfocation of the

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sample plot, the pest and desesae distribution within the sample plot from affected areas of the plantation or desease Indicated plant damaged by the caused and effected part, treatment applied, net fretilizer inputs, soil orgenize matter content, quantity and quality of irrigation water [11]. Provides information that an integrated approach to weed control and mice can maximize the benefits of weeding while reducing production losses due to rats [12]. If the ground cover and weeds are not controlled and weeded the various pests will make the habitat under the cover of the weed pests, especially rodents. To eradicate pests should not be done after infection, and prevention of pests better to do than get rid of it, namely by applying imidacloprid on the oil palm trees are still young, this pest prevention methods to avoid the attack of pests and species of Coleoptera Curculionidae [13]. Weeding regularly have a certain relationship with fertilization with weed control activities that exist in the disc and chemically assisted on palm trees can improve work efficiency, organizing easier as well as save energy supervision [14]. While, giving the herbicide glyphosate on oil palm plantations are actively kill weeds without a negative effect on the oil palm [15]. In areas that are difficult to eradicate weeds growing [16], performing weed classification method using SIFT (scale invariant feature transform) of observations detected the types of weeds that are disturbing. Of the detection results can be known and be prepared to use herbicides with SIFT method accuracy reached 95.7% up on the stage classification. using a less harmful herbicides to control weeds in immature plantations (aged <3 years) are the type of paraquat. The result showed that there was no effect on the plant and does not have adverse effects on vegetative and generative growth of palm oil. This suggests that the use of appropriate herbisida a positive effect to improve the growth and productivity of plants.

5. Management

Research showed that the distribution of the amount of fresh fruit bunches yield depends on farm size, age of trees and maintenance [17]. The larger the size of the plantation, the higher the quantity of the harvest. The effect of size on the quantity of crop plantations TBS observed to be significant at 99.99%. Effect of plant age on FFB production was observed significant at 99.0%. In general, well-managed plantations produce more fruit. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the significant effect of fertilizer application (95.0%) on the outcome of fresh fruit bunches.

To manage the harvesting of oil palm fruit bunches that are already ready to be harvested various methods are used, there is a set of color of the fruit surface with photogrammetric methods [18] and [19], with a digital camera [20], analyzed by staining methods and laboratory testing , and the method of video image processing [21].

6. Environment

The APOIA-Oil Palm indicators and composite indices are constructed as multiattribute-utility scaling checklists [22], integrated as to systemically Encompass the rural establishment, the local environmental compartments, the productive processes and the farm's interface with local market settings [23].The results of obtained in the sustainability assessments according to particular environmental indicators offer a diagnostic tool for farmers / managers, pointing out how agricultural practices may comply with defined environmental standards and socioeconomic benchmarks [24].

At the same time, country-level policies in Indonesia moved increasingly toward securing and sustaining the growth of biofuels by supporting large-scale plantation investments and prioritizing the development of biofuels on marginal or “idle”land [25]. Between 2010 and 2020, experts expect between three and seven million ha of new oil palm plantations will be developed for food and biofuel [26]. Some estimates run as high as 20 million ha based on the concession permits issued at various administrative levels in Indonesia.

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Historically, however, only one-third of allocated oil palm plantation concessions has actually been developed because of the high-risk business environment [27]. Expansion plans for oil palm plantations in Indonesia have become the subject of political and environmental debates. Others are concerned about potentially serious unintended social, economic, and environment implications [28].

By assessing the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of palm plantations associated with bioenergy production in Indonesia, we have examined options to minimize the negative impacts while maximizing the potential for social and economic benefits. It present several recommendations for government, industry leaders, and civil society organizations: Channel future development into nonforest land, Map extent and distribution of degraded land, Assess life-cycle costs of plantations, Make deforestation the exception to the rule, Enforce regulations and standards, Monitor and mediate community-company negotiations more actively, Adhere to industry standards, Monitor enforcement of labor regulations, Strengthen customary land rights [29].

7. Conclusions

Management of oil palm plantations have been started from plantation clearing, seeding, planting to harvesting. Indicators used in the management of the estate is the selection of land, planting materials, technical management, management during harvesting, and caring environment. If dilakuukan management and well-executed that recommended the appropriate mechanism will increase the productivity of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), the efficiency of work and financing.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr.Arien Heryansyah, Prof.Madya Ida Idayu Bt.Muhamad, Prof. Eko Supriyanto and other graduate students of University Tekhnology Malaysia grantee for Amanah Pelalawan Foundation.

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