Oil palm clones: Towards productivity enhancementisopb.mpob.gov.my/pdfFile/2nd/PAPER 8...

Oil palm clones: Towards productivityenhancement

ByTarmizi, A.H 1. , Zamzuri,I. Rohani, O, Kushairi A and

Rajanaidu, N

1. Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi,

Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Selangor

Presentation Outline

1. Introduction

2. Clonal Palm Performance

3. Problems/Challenges

4. Concluding Remarks

INTRODUCTION

Scarcity of prime land demands

high performing planting materials

How to produce sufficient number

of high quality planting materials?

To increase productivity

0.181.6 2

3.85

6

8.6

12.213.6

18.2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20to

nn

e/h

a

African

groove

African

plantations

(national)

Malaysian

plantations

(national)

Malaysian

commercial

plantations

Best

experimental

plot

Selected

progeny

Individual

palm

Maximum

theoretical

yield

Category of Production

Oil Yield Potential

Oil Palm Clones

For

Commercial Planting

Clonal Palm

CLONING

ELITE Planting

Materials

Tissue Culture

Technology

Ortet Selection in MPOB

Criteria

Basic Characteristic

Oil/Bunch Ratio >28%

FFB >180 kg/palm/year

- -

Other characteristics

High IV (>60)

Low height increment (<28.5 cm/year)

General Cloning Process

Hardening in nursery Db-layered rooting PE & shoot development

Cabbage sampling Callus in leaf explants

e

e

Embryoids (e) in

callus

CLONAL PERFORMANCE

MPOB Trials

The progress of several clonal trials at

MPOB stations and at private estates

- The trend of yield-FFB,OTB,OY

- The occurrence of abnormal fruits

Locations MPOB stations

– Keratong – 0.320 & 0.321 (planted 1994)

– Hulu Paka – 0.392, 0.393

– Lahad Datu – 0.366, 0.433

Private estates (1997 – 2001)

– Estate 1- Lahad Datu

– Estate 2 – Sg Lembing

– Estate 3 - Taiping

Data Collection MPOB stations

– Record FFB yield for every palm & bunch

analysis

– Fruit census on every palm 2-3 years once

Private estates

– Each estate records FFB yield by plot basis

– MPOB does the fruit census for every palm &

BA on some palms

Trial 0.320

Planted at Keratong, Pahang in 1994

Trial 0.320 – 10 clones derived from selected

ortets

Compare with standard cross (SC) of Dumpy

Elmina x AVROS

In RCBD with 4 replicates

Trial 0.320 : FFBNo. Clone FFB_Yr9FFB_3-9 %_SC MTL

1 P 56 31.2 t/ha 18.2 132 2.2

2 P 57 23.9 15.9 116 2.8

3 P 75 34.8 15.0 109 2.8

4 P 79 18.7 16.0 117 0.0

5 P 90 34.3 18.9 138 2.8

6 P 123 22.2 14.8 108 0.0

7 P 126 18.4 18.0 131 0.0

8 P 127 14.3 17.7 129 0.0

9 P 135 14.8 14.1 103 0.3

10 P 143 22.1 18.2 132 0.3

C_mean 23.5 16.7 122 1.14

11 SC 13.1 13.7 100

Trial 0.320 - FFB

Trial 0.320: FFB of clones vs DxP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Year after planting

FF

B (

t/h

a/y

r)

Clone mean

DxP

Trial 0.320 – Oil YieldClone OTB% OY_Yr9 OY_Yr3-9 %_SC

1 P 56 24.07 7.51 4.38 126

2 P 57 23.84 5.69 3.80 109

3 P 75 25.61 8.91 3.85 111

4 P 79 26.39 4.94 4.23 121

5 P 90 27.28 9.35 5.15 148

6 P 123 27.15 6.02 4.01 115

7 P 126 23.91 4.39 4.29 123

8 P 127 21.04 3.01 3.72 107

9 P 135 26.97 4.00 3.80 109

10 P 143 24.71 5.45 4.48 129

C_mean 25.10 5.89 4.17 120

11 SC 25.35 3.34 3.48 100

Trial 0.366 LD: OTB & OER

Clone OTB % OER %

P126 28.15 23.93

P157 29.53 25.10

P162 29.31 24.91

P163 27.73 23.57

P164 29.97 25.47

P165 22.17 18.84

SC 27.22 23.14

Av=23.64

P126 & P164

Trials at Estates

Estate Location Area

(ha)

No. of

clones

Estate 1

(1997)

L Datu 5 2

Estate 2

(1999)

Sg Lembing 16 7

Estate 3 (Dec

1999)

Taiping 7 4

MPOB clones were given to several estates since 1997

Estate 1- FFB in t/ha

Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7

Clones 20.7 23.3 32.0 27.4 30.7 32.5

DxP 19.9 24.9 25.8 24.2 26.9 26.2

% Incr. over

DxP

4 -7 24 13 14 24

Average 12 %

Yr 8

Estate 1

Clones vs DxP at Estate 1

near Lahad Datu

0

10

20

30

40

Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7

Palm age

FF

B t

/ha

MPOB clones

DxP

Estate 2 – FFB in t/ha

Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7

Clones 7.3 15.8 32.0 27.0 25.2

DxP

(10 mts earlier)

6.5 11.9 25.8 13.6 11.5

% Incr. over

DxP

13 34 24 99 119

Average 63 %

Estate 2

Clones vs DxP at Estate 2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5

Palm age

FF

B i

n t

/ha

MPOB clones

DxP

Estate 3 – FFB in t/ha

FFB (ton/ha)

Year 4

(2004)

Year 5

(2005)

38.13

37.17

Estate 2

Estate 2: P194

Estate 3

Third Round Evaluation of Malaysian

D x P

Table 5 : Agency Mean for Selected Traits of Malaysian D x P

Planted in United Plantations

AGENCY NFFB

kg/p/yr

FFB

t/ha/yrBNO ABW

O/B

(%)

O/H/Y

(t/h/y)

1 5 185.42 27.44 24.10 7.70 29.41 8.07

2 20 192.10 28.43 13.41 8.33 27.19 7.73

3 23 208.49 30.86 25.15 8.40 28.34 8.74

4 20 199.83 29.57 24.24 8.28 28.54 8.44

5 20 197.30 29.20 22.35 8.87 24.73 7.22

6 9 196.68 29.11 21.70 9.09 22.97 6.69

7 25 177.34 26.25 28.22 6.33 25.47 6.69

8 22 205.57 30.42 24.90 8.29 26.47 8.05

9 22 191.18 28.29 22.14 8.68 26.69 7.55

P126 5 163.72 24.23 31.08 5.26 27.09 6.56

P164 12 223.20 33.03 24.11 9.28 31.80 10.50

PK2236 3 194.06 28.72 20.34 9.54 23.40 6.72

PK2244 2 198.71 29.41 21.39 9.59 23.70 6.97

Source : Isa et.al.,2005

Notes : Figures in bold in a column are the minimum and maximum values

FFB= Fresh fruit bunch, BNO=Bunnch number, ABW=Average bunch weight, O/B=Oil to bunch, O/H/Y=Oil /ha/year (148 palms/ha)

FFB yield (2000 – 2004)

Table 6 : Agency Mean for Selected Traits of Malaysian D x P

Planted in Felda

AGENCY NFFB

Kg/p/yr

FFB

t/ha/yrBNO ABW

O/B

(%)

O/H/Y

(t/ha/yr)

1 6 190.27 28.16 15.82 12.02 29.68 7.62

2 14 184.23 27.27 14.56 12.67 28.38 7.06

3 12 181.45 26.85 14.97 12.14 28.42 6.96

4 12 190.92 28.26 15.12 12.63 27.41 7.06

5 12 173.39 25.66 13.64 12.72 26.49 6.20

6 6 168.68 24.96 13.81 12.24 25.70 5.85

7 8 193.96 28.71 16.28 11.92 25.86 6.77

8 4 187.94 27.81 15.67 12.00 27.61 7.01

9 12 172.83 25.58 14.12 12.23 27.19 6.34

P126 2 178.61 26.43 14.39 12.41 30.18 7.28

P164 2 233.00 34.48 19.85 11.74 29.05 9.14Source : Isa et.al.,2005

Notes : Figures in bold in a column are the minimum and maximum values

FFB= Fresh fruit bunch, BNO=Bunnch number, ABW=Average bunch weight, O/B=Oil to bunch, O/H/Y=Oil /ha/year (148 palms/ha)

FFB yield (2000 – 2004)

Industry

Fresh Fruit Bunch

(FFB) yield of oil palm

clone AGK19 and DxP

seedlings during

years 2 to 6 after

planting on soils

(Bukit Lunchu series)

in Sarawak, Malaysia.(Khaw et al., 1999).

FFB Yield: Clonal Oil Palm Performance vs. Std. DxP

Clonal Oil Palm Performance

Oil Yield: Clonal Oil Palm Performance vs. Std. DxP

Oil yields of oil

palm clones and

DxP seedlings

during years 2 to 7

after planting on

coastal soils

(Carey series) of

Malaysia (after

Agrocom, 1998).

UPB’s Clonal Oil Palm Performance – FFB Yield/Ha

27.1

39.8

36.435.0

37.8

35.2

29.5

35.4

41.6

38.0

36.0

41.0

35.0

31.3

20

25

30

35

40

45

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7thYear of Harvest (starting 30 months)

FFB

Yie

ld (t

/ha)

Mean of Top 5 Clones

Mean of 13 Clones

39.8

36.435.235.0

41.6

35.4

41.0

29.5

37.8

27.1

31.3

38.036.0

35.0

Mukesh Sharma, 2006

OIL YIELD OF UPB CLONES IN TRIALS

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Year of Harvest (starting 30 months)

Oil

Yie

ld (

t/h

a)

Mean of Top 5 Clones

Mean of 13 Clones7.9

9.9

10.811.6

10.310.18.5

10.5

13.1

11.110.6

12.2

10.7

11.0

Mukesh Sharma, 2006

Performance of AAR clones

Location Materials Average

FFB t/ha

(10 years)

%

Kampar AAR

Clones

29.7 121

Kampar AAR

D x P

24.6 100

Soh et al., 2006

Areas commercially planted with

Clonal Palms#

CompanyPlanted Area

(ha)

FFB

(kg/palm/yr)

Commercial labs 28,911 180-220

MPOB (for R&D

purpose)130 180-200

Total Area 29,041 180-220

#National Tissue Culture Development Survey 2006

Overall Characteristic Performance

of Clones*

Mantling rate <5%

FFB Yield (tonnes /ha) 30-40

OER 26 %

O/B 31%

Oil Yield (tonnes /ha) 7.5 - 10


Planting of clones: one of the best approaches

to achieve high productivity per unit land area

Agronomic Requirements

For clones to express potential

Choice of site

– Good SYP

– Fertile soil

Management

– GAP

Input

– Additional fertilizer requirements

PROBLEMS/ISSUES

Greater demand is expected

To address urgently

Limited ortet materials

Inefficient cloning process

Labour intensive

Limited production capacity

Clonal conformity

High price

Problems/Issues

Limited ortet materials

Based on MPOB DxP

Trials (4 Trials), ortet

selection rates ranged from

1.73% to 11.35%

Recloning of proven ramets

as one option to increase

clonal ortets

Another use of cloning

method is to produce clonal

seeds

Continuation…

Clonal seed production

Schematic diagram showing clonal seed production

dura parent

pisifera parent

dura clone

pisifera clone

biclonal seed

semiclonal seed semiclonal seed

X

pisifera clone

dura cloneX X

Inefficient cloning process

Protocol Improvement Conventional embryogenesis rate was 3%-6%

Using a new medium, embryogenesis rate about 48%

Callus ortets Embryogenesis rate (%)

Control medium EI medium

1. V25 3 50

2. V32 0 33

3. V35 0 23

4. V38 2 57

5. U165 19 34

6. U175 0 88

7. U176 0 50

8. V42.1 0 70

9. V44.1 0 25

Avg. embryogenesis rate 2.7 47.8

Physical conditions:

Dark Room

Temp: 27+1 ºC

Speed: 90 -100 rpm

Liquid Culture system

Liquid Culture

MPOB Fast Transfer Technique

(MoFaTT) in Liq. Culture Sys.

Advantages:

Rapid & Convenient

Protocol Improvement

Bioreactor

(B-Braun ‘Biostat B, 2L, V1.0)

Advantages:

Production in a single

run

Efficient time & space

utilization

Provide rapid growth in

liquid culture system

Large-scale production using bioreactor

Protocol Improvement

Proliferation in bioreactor

Cultures collected on sieve

Growth increment

20-fold after

50 days (80 g)

Clone E110

Labour Intensive

Labs that produce 1,000,000

plantlets require at least 200

personnel#

AUTOMATION !


Production of ramets from existing labs

Total production:~1, 928 ,000

Tissue Culture Labs Production of Ramets

(2005)#

Commercial Labs 3,000 - 1,400,000

MPOB (for R&D) 25,000


Limited production capacity

Potential production of ramets

from 2006 - 2010

No. of Labs Total production#

13 5,400,000


The above figure does not meet the expected

10% planting with clonal materials

Require increase production

New labs

Total planted area : approx. 4,000,000 ha

Data from TE Div. Jan 2005

7%

15%

17%17%

33%

11%

>25 yrs 19-24 yrs 14-18 yrs 9-13 yrs

4-8 yrs < 3 yrs

Age Profile of Malaysian Oil Palm

Old planting represents

22% of total planted area!

(176 million planting

materials)

Clonal Amenity & Conformity

Development of Biomarkers

As callogenesis and embryogenesis are random

processes; added on by abnormality in the field

Labs need to conduct ‘basket sampling’ to produce the

required numbers

It is estimated that without prior screening of materials

(embryogenic potential & amenity) before cloning, labs

may operate at a loss of ~RM80,000/year (for every 100

ortets cultured). And the cost would escalate if

abnormality occurs in the field! or labs need to

purchase cabbages

Pricing of Planting Materials

Current price of germinated DxP

seeds – RM1.35/seed

DxP seedling – approx. RM6.00/bag

Current price of clonal plantlets –

RM20 – RM40#


Licensing of commercial clone

producers

ProtectionProducer

Customer

Concluding Remarks

• Clonal trials indicated the potential

of clones as future planting materials

• Yield performance of some selected

clones out performed the D x P

commercial seedlings.

• Planting of clones –one of the best

approaches to achieve high

productivity per unit land area

• Some issues/problems need to be

addressed urgently to cater greater

demand for clones

Continuation…

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