Oil Industry-A Report by S M OSAMA

7/31/2019 Oil Industry-A Report by S M OSAMA

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Summer Internship Report

On

FUTURE CHALLENGES IN ENERGY SECTOR

By

S.M.OSAMA

MBA Class of 2012

Under the supervision of

Ms.Sayedunisa Warsi.

Faculty Department of JAMIA HAMDARD UNIVERSITY.

In Partial Fulfillment of Award of Master of Business Administration.

JAMIA HAMDARD UNIVERSITY

Hamdard Nagar New Delhi, Delhi 110062011 26059688


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Oil Industry- Future Challenges

OVERVIEW:-

The deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the frigid regions of Russia, and the hot, dusty, undevelopeddeserts of the Middle East are merely the geographic challenges facing todays oil and gas explorationand production industry. But other challenges just as serious and as threatening face the industryas well. Global geopolitical forces are creating a highly volatile, rapidly fluctuating crude oil and gasmarket. Global competition for depleting resources continues to drive the need to lower operating costs

and increase finding and recovery rates. The number of skilled resources continues to decline.

Petroleum (L. petroleum , from Latin : petra (rock) + Latin : oleum (oil)[1]).The Latin word petra is a loanword from Greek .Petroleum or crude oil , is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixtureof hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds , that arefound in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. A fossil fuel , it is formed when largequantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae , are buriedunderneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure.

Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structuralgeology. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point , into a large number ofconsumer products, from petrol or (gasoline ) and kerosene to asphalt andchemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals .[4] Petroleum is used inmanufacturing a wide variety of materials , [5] and it is estimated that the world consumes about

88 million barrels each day.
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Proven world oil reserves,2209

EFFECT:-

The use of fossil fuels such as petroleum can have a negative impact on Earth's biosphere,releasing pollutants and greenhouse gases into the air and damaging ecosystems throughevents such as oil spills . Concern over the depletion of the earth's finite reserves of oil, and theeffect this would have on a society dependent on it, is a field known as peak oil .

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

The petroleum industry is involved in the global processesof exploration , extraction , refining , transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines ), andmarketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil andpetrol. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products , includingpharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually dividedinto three major components :upstream , midstream and downstream . Midstream operations areusually included in the downstream category.

Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance ofindustrialized civilization itself, and thus is critical concern to many nations. Oil accounts for alarge percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe andAsia, up to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patternsare as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). Theworld at large consumes 30 billion barrels (4.8 km) of oil per year, and the top oil consumers

largely consist of developed nations. In fact, 24% of the oil consumed in 2004 went to the UnitedStates alone ,[27] though by 2007 this had dropped to 21% of world oil consumed .[28]

In the US, in the states of Arizona , California, Hawaii, Nevada , Oregon and Washington , the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) represents companies responsible forproducing, distributing, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum. This non-profit tradeassociation was founded in 1907, and is the oldest petroleum trade association in the UnitedStates .
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New York Mercantile Exchange prices for West Texas Intermediate 1996 2009

FUELS:-

The most common distillation fractions of petroleum are fuels . Fuels include (by increasingboiling temperature range ):

Common fractions of petroleum as fuels

Fraction Boiling Range oC

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) 40

Butane 12 to 1

Petrol 1 to 180

Jet fuel 150 to 205

Kerosene 205 to 260

Fuel oil 205 to 290

Diesel fuel 260 to 315
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS:-Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment need notbe the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities(seismic exploration, drilling, extraction, refining and combustion). Phenomena such

as seeps[50]

and tar pits are examples of areas that petroleum affects without man'sinvolvement. Regardless of source, petroleum's effects when released into the environment aresimilar .

Global warming

When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide; a greenhouse gas . Along with the burning ofcoal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO 2.Atmospheric CO 2 has risen steadily since the industrial revolution to current levels of over

380ppmv, from the 180 300ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years , driving globalwarming .[51][52][53] The unbridled use of petroleum could potentially cause a runaway greenhouseeffect on Earth.

Extraction Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir (oil pool). Oil is often recovered as awater-in-oil emulsion, and specialty chemicals calle ddemulsifiers are used to separate the oilfrom water. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although Dr. JohnHunt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution pointed out in a 1981 paper that over 70% of

the reserves in the world are associated with visible macroseepages , and many oil fields arefound due to natural seeps . Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surroundingmarine environment.

Oil spills

Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damagednatural ecosystems in Alaska , the Gulf of Mexico , the Galapagos Islands , France andmany other places .

The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to severalhundred thousand tons (e.g., Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ,Atlantic Empress , Amoco Cadiz ).Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the ExxonValdez oil spill

Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spreadfor hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating ofoil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats.
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org/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere#Past_variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_pithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_seephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_seephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring_(earth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismology


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Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the Prestige oil spill .

Alternatives to petroleum

As we know the top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia , Russia, and the UnitedStates. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with

62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia , UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait .In the United Statesin 2007 about 70% of petroleum was used for transportation (e.g. petrol, diesel, jet fuel), 24% byindustry (e.g. production of plastics), 5% for residential and commercial uses, and 2% forelectricity production.Outside of the US, a higher proportion of petroleum tends to be used forelectricity.

[Alternatives to petroleum-based vehicle fuels

Alternative fuel vehicles refers to both:

vehicles that use alternative fuels used in standard or modified internal combustionengines such as natural gas vehicles , neat ethanol vehicles , flexible-fuel vehicles , biodiesel -powered vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles .

vehicles with advanced propulsion systems that reduce or substitute petroleum use suchas battery electric vehicles , plug-in hybrid electric vehicles ,hybrid electric vehicles , and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles .
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Typical Brazilian fuel station with fou ralternative fuels for sale: diesel (B3),gasohol (E25 ), neat ethanol (E100 ), and compressednatural gas (CNG).

Alternatives to using oil in industry

Biological feed stocks do exist for industrial uses such as Bio-plastic production.

Alternatives to burning petroleum for electricity

In oil producing countries with little refinery capacity, oil is sometimes burned to produceelectricity. Renewable energy technologies such as solar power , wind power , microhydro , biomass and bio-fuels might someday be used to replace some of these generators, buttoday the primary alternatives remain large scale hydroelectricity , nuclear and coal-firedgeneration .

PEAK OIL:-

Global Peak Oil forecast

Peak Oil is the scientific projection that future petroleum production (whether for individual oilwells, entire oil fields, whole countries, or worldwide production) will eventually peak and thendecline at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted.The peak of oil discoveries was in 1965, and oil production per year has surpassed oildiscoveries every year since 1980.

Hubert applied his theory to accurately predict the peak of U.S. oil production at a date between1966 and 1970. This prediction was based on data available at the time of his publication in
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1956. In the same paper, Hubert predicts world peak oil in "half a century" after his publication,which would be 2006.

It is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region, due to the lack of knowledge and/ortransparency in accounting of global oil reserves .[71] The scientist and researchers from OxfordUniversity argue that official figures are inflated because OPEC members over-reportedreserves in the 1980s when competing for global market share . [72] Based on availableproduction data, proponents have previously predicted the peak for the world to be in years1989, 1995, or 1995 2000. Some of these predictions date from before the recession of theearly 1980s, and the consequent reduction in global consumption, the effect of which was todelay the date of any peak by several years. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production wasonly clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern untilproduction clearly drops off.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) says production of conventional crude oil peaked in2006.Since virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum, peak oil could lead to a"partial or complete failure of markets.

India's Renewable Future: Challenges andProspects:-

India is perceived as a developing country, but it is developing at a pace that is not matched bymany others. We have experienced significant economic growth. Yet the fact remains that ourgrowth is constrained by energy supply and availability. Although we have seen an impressiveincrease in installed capacity addition, from barely about 1,350 MW at the time of independence(1947) to about 160,000 MW today, over 90,000 MW of new generation capacity is required inthe next seven years. A corresponding investment is required in transmission and distribution.

The increasing appetite for energy that has developed in the recent past has been furthercomplicated by rapidly diminishing conventional sources, like oil and coal. To further add to theproblems of increased demand and constrained supply, there are serious questions aboutpursuing a fossil fuel-led growth strategy, especially in the context of environmental concerns.The challenge facing a developing nation such as ours is to meet our increasing energy needswhile minimizing the damage to the environment.
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This is why, while striving to bridge our energy deficit, we want to increase the share of clean,sustainable, new and renewable energy sources. Whether or not renewable energy completelyreplaces fossil fuel, we are determined to develop renewable energy to its fullest potential .

Driving inclusive growth

India today stands among the top five countries in the world in terms of renewable energycapacity. We have an installed base of over 15 GW, which is around 9% of Indias total power generation capacity and contributes over 3% in the electricity mix. While the significance ofrenewable energy from the twin perspectives of energy security and environmental sustainabilityis usually well appreciated, what is often overlooked, or less appreciated, is the capacity tousher in energy access for all, including the most disadvantaged and the remotest of ourhabitations.

In its decentralized or stand alone avatar, renewable energy is the most appropriate, scalable,and optimal solution for providing power to thousands of remote and hilly villages and hamlets.Even today, millions of decentralized energy systems, solar lighting systems, irrigation pumps,aero-generators, biogas plants, solar cookers, biomass gasifiers, and improved cook stoves, arebeing used in the remotest, inaccessible corners of the country. Providing energy access to bemost disadvantaged and remote communities can become one the biggest drivers of inclusivegrowth.

The National Solar Mission

Selco solar panel installation | Photo: Selco Solar Light Ltd.

The Sun is the ultimate source of energy. The National Action Plan on Climate Change in June2008 identified the development of solar energy technologies in the country as a priority item tobe pursued as a National Mission. In November 2009, the Government of India approvedthe Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission . This is a unique and ambitious transformational
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objective that aims to establish India as a global leader in solar energy by creating the policyconditions for its diffusion across the country, as quickly as possible.

The Mission aims to enable 20,000 MW of solar energy to be deployed in India by 2022 byproviding an enabling policy framework. By leveraging domestic and foreign investments, thisframework will facilitate and provide the foundation for the private sector to participate whole-heartedly and to engage in research and development (R&D), manufacturing and deployment,making this sector globally competitive. This is the largest and the most ambitious program of itskind anywhere in the world. The Mission is technology-neutral, allowing technological innovationand market conditions to determine technology winners. The Mission is not merely an effort atgenerating grid-connected electricity. Rather, two of its major objectives are to encourage R&Dand encourage innovation, thereby facilitating grid-parity in the cost of solar power, and toestablish India as the global hub for solar manufacturing. This is what makes it a uniquelyambitious and game-changing program.

In the very first year of its existence, the Mission has succeeded in catalyzing investments in200MW of grid-connected solar power plants, with another 500 MW expected to roll in shortly.

Wind, Biomass and Hydro Energy Generation

Though solar energy is the future, wind energy is where India competes globally inmanufacturing and deployment in the present scenario. India has an installed capacity of over11,000 MW of wind energy, and occupies the fifth position in the world, after USA, Germany,China and Spain. Our policy framework in wind energy generation is extremely investor-friendly, and an attractive tariff and regulatory regime provide a strong foundation for the growthof the sector. My ministry has recently taken the decision to introduce generation-basedincentives, a scheme whereby investors, as well as getting the tariff as determined by therespective state regulatory commissions, will also receive a financial incentive per unit ofelectricity generated over ten years. The decision to incentivize the generation of power willcreate a level playing field between foreign and domestic investors, and I hope this will catalyzemore investments in this field by large independent power producers and foreign investors.

One of the largest wind power companies in the world, is developing a 1,000 MW wind park site near Dhule, Maharashtra, India. | Photo: Suzlon


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Biomass, which is an eco-friendly source for production of electricity, also holds considerablepromise for India. Our estimates indicate that, with the present utilization pattern of cropresidues, the amount of surplus biomass materials is about 150 million tones, which couldgenerate about 16,000 MW of power.

Hydro projects up to 25 MW capacities are termed as small hydro, and this energy stream has apotential of over 15,000 MW. At present, a capacity addition of about 300 MW per year is beingachieved from small hydro projects about 70% is coming through the private sector. So far,hydropower projects with a capacity of over 2,700 MW have been set up in the country, andprojects for about 900 MW are in various stages of implementation. The aim is to double thecurrent growth rate, and take it to a capacity addition of 500 MW per year in next two-threeyears.

Reducing Costs

The challenge before us in the renewable energy sector generally, and in India particularly, is toreduce the per-unit cost of renewable energy. Hence, there is a continuous need to innovate toincrease efficiencies and bring down costs. Innovations can be brought about in various ways it is possible to harness lower wind speeds; the energy of tides and waves can be channeled toproduce electricity; alternate transport fuels can make our journeys less carbon intensive;hydrogen can be an ideal energy storage and carrier; and it is possible to have a larger grid withlower losses of electricity.

Innovations need not always be technology-based. Insightful policy interventions can alsosignificantly increase the use of renewable energy. For instance, in India we are working withthe regulators to lay down the framework for tradable renewable energy certificates. While thiswill enable us to achieve a larger share of renewable energy in our electricity mix, the federal

regulators recent announcement of normative guidelines for provincial regulators to fix tariffs for renewable energy will provide a mechanism for better returns for renewable energy developers.We are confident that all these policy interventions will further boost investments in the sector.We are also working towards closer engagement with the banks and lending agencies to helpdevelopers gain access to easy and cheaper sources of finance.

Immense Opportunities

For centuries, the Indian tradition has worshipped the sun, the wind, the earth, and water, as

sources of life, energy and creation. Todays technology provides us with a real opportunity totransform the promise of boundless and clean energy into reality. From rooftop solar power inurban agglomerations, to decentralized and off-grid solutions in remote rural communities theopportunities in renewable power are immense. We believe that governments, in their facilitativerole, have to create enabling ecosystems, which will, in turn, in facilitate the healthy unleashingof the entrepreneurial spirit of the private sector and lead to the rapid development anddeployment of renewable energy.


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My vision is to see that every citizen of the world has access to reliable and affordable cleanenergy. It is for us to rise up together to take advantage of these opportunities and translate thevision of a better world for all mankind into reality.

Dr. Farooq Abdullah is the Union Minister of New and Renewable Energy in the Government of India. He is best-known for his energetic leadership of the groundbreaking and transformational initiative in renewable energy The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission. He is also known for a number of other initiatives in the renewable energy space in India notably the introduction of generation-based incentives, and the move towards the introduction of renewable energy certificates.

(This article was originally published in Making It Magazine . )

Key challenges facing the oil and gas industry:-

There may be no other industry today that demands a more diverse set of human, political, mechanicaland technological capabilities than the oil and gas exploration and production industry. Competition fornatural resources has driven companies to explore and produce in harsh, remote and even hostilelocations, where even the simplest of logistical tasks can be difficult and costly.And as the environmentgrows more diverse and unforgiving and the challenges more complex, skilled human resources areaging and growing scarce .

Intelligent surveillance, utilizing down hole sensors to monitor wells, is key to moving the industryforward. But to be effective, new processes, roles and responsibilities must be determined, andpersonnel must be trained. Today, many field workers operate independently in remote oil and gasfields. Centralized monitoring of wells will require oversight and procedural changes that may bedifficult to institute.
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Gathering and analyzing data quickly and effectively in a controlled laboratory environment can bedifficult; in an environment such as the North Sea or Sub-Saharan Africa, this can be a monumental task.And while new technology has shown the promise of great things to come, integrating this innovativetechnology with existing systems, new tools and a global network of diverse business partners can bearduous. Much of the potentially useful data captured today is not typically stored, nor is it distributedto the people who can use it the most. Complex production problems such as sanding, wherein solids,sand in particular, intrude and plug wells and adversely affect production require an understanding of the issues and the tools to critically analyze data and determine historical patterns. Turning this datainto useful, relevant information that will help make business-critical decisions is one of the mainchallenges the industry faces today.

Way Forward Strategies:-

Accelerated Renewable Energy Use

With ~ 80% of its capacity needs to be added between now and2031/32 and 60% between 2017/18 and 2031/32, Indias electricity sector lends itself well to clean interventions. Renewable energytechnologies of solar, wind and biomass and nuclear power plants mostdesirable

Need to move towards solar thermal with storage to meet the base loadrequirements.

Technology development, demonstration & deployment required Need cost reductions

Technology development: manufacture of wind turbines to suitIndias wind profile and large capacity wind turbines of over 5 MW Needed

Need for mapping & exploiting Indias off -shore wind energyPotential

Energy Efficiency and DSM

A large scale program, supported by multilateralorganizations, and well-designed market mechanismscould further accelerate deployment of energy efficient


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technologies.

Bio-fuels

Address productivity enhancement & R&D in secondgeneration technologies.

On demand solutions to add value to the oil and gasindustryRecent studies in the oil and gas industry show that a significant increase in asset value can beattained by managing those assets on demand , in realtime. Todays on demand gas and oilcompanies have integrated their business processes end-to-end across the company and withkey partners, distributors and suppliers. With an on demand business strategy, thesecompanies are designed to have the ability to respond quickly to change, whether to customerdemand, a market opportunity or an external threat. By optimizing their value net their set ofcustomers and vendors these companies are reducing complexity and cutting operationalcosts. By increasing their flexibility, they are able to manage market volatility andunpredictability and to extract better value from the data they generate. They are optimizingtheir IT investments and tearing down silos within their infrastructures that are difficult and costlyto manage. They have streamlined processes to improve employee productivity and increaseefficiency.

On demand oil and gas businesses are gaining greater management oversight and bringing flexibility tostaffing to help meet the personnel challenges of their industry. Real-time smart surveillance and earlywarning capabilities are enabling these businesses to support meaningful decisions and timely andaccurate actions. Remote monitoring and management allow them to act more predicatively to bettermanage the complex economic, political and environmental challenges of running an oil field today.Adopting an on demand business model is helping companies to more productively and profitablymanage wells and fields worldwide from centralized locations, such as Houston or London.

Oil Industry-A Report by S M OSAMA

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