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Transcript of Oil Exploration & Production At the end of this presentation, you will be able to: Define completion...
Oil Exploration & Production
At the end of this presentation, you will be able to:
•Define completion•Describe the process of completion•List and define the different types of completion•Describe surface control equipments•Define subsea completion
Completion
Agenda
Oil Exploration & Production
• After exploratory drilling confirms the presence of an oil or natural gas reservoir, the hydrocarbons are brought to the surface.
• Once the design well depth is reached, the formation is tested and evaluated to determine whether the well is to be completed for production, or plugged and abandoned.
• This decision is taken based on the information available on reservoir characteristics.
• To complete the well production, casing is installed and cemented, and the drilling rig is dismantled and moved to the next site.
• A service rig is brought in to perforate the production casing and run production tubing along with downhole equipments.
• The installation of surface safety equipments takes place and production begins.
30’’ CASING
20’’ CASING13 3/8’’ CASING
7’’ LINER
RESERVOIR
SEA BED
PLATFORM
Production casing (9 5/8)
Downhole Equipment
Safety Equipment
Introduction
Completion Process
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Well completion creates a dependable pathway to the surface for the hydrocarbons.
Once the well is drilled, it has to be made readyfor the safe and efficient production of oil.
The term ‘completion’ describes the assembly of Down hole tubulars and other safety equipments that is required to enable the safe and efficientproduction of oil or gas from the well after it has been drilled.
Completion Process
What is Completion?
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Well completion activities include:
• Conducting drill stem test • Setting production casing • Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments• Installing surface safety equipments• Starting production flow
If it is decided that the well will not be completed,then it will be plugged and abandoned.
Well Completion Activities
Completion Process
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Well completion activities include: • Conducting drill stem test • Setting production casing • Running production tubing along with
downhole equipments• Installing surface safety equipments• Starting production flow
Well Completion Activities
Conducting Drill Stem Test (DST)To determine the potential of a producing formation, the operator may order a drill stem test (DST). The DST crew makes up the test tool on the bottom of the drill stem, then lowers it to the bottom of the hole. Weight is applied to the tool to expand a hard rubber sealer called a packer. Opening the tool ports allows the formation pressure to be tested. This process enables workers to determine whether the well can be produced.
Completion Process
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Well completion activities include: • Conducting drill stem test • Setting production casing & perforation • Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments• Installing surface safety equipments• Starting production flow
Well Completion Activities
Setting Production Casing
Production casing is the final casing in a well. It can be set from the bottom to the top. Sometimes a production liner is installed. This casing is set the same as other casings, then cemented in place.
Completion Process
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
30’’ CASING
9 5/8’’ CASING
20’’ CASING13 3/8’’ CASING
PRODUCTION TUBING
SEA BED
PLATFORMBOP
GASOILWATER
RESEVOIR
Oil Exploration & Production
GASOILWATER
30’’ CASING
9 5/8’’ CASING
20’’ CASING13 3/8’’ CASING
7’’ LINER
PRODUCTION TUBING
RESEVOIR
SEA BED
PLATFORM
Only this casing is visible
from outside
Production casing (9 5/8)
WELL HEAD EQUIPMENT
BACK
Oil Exploration & Production
Running Production Tubing and Downhole EquipmentsA well is usually produced through tubing inserted down the production casing. Oil and gas is produced more effectively through this smaller-diameter tubing than through the large-diameter production casing. Joints of tubing are joined together with couplings to make up a tubing string. Tubing is run into the well similar to casing, but it is smaller in diameter and is removable.
Completion Process
Completion
Well completion activities include: • Conducting drill stem test • Setting production casing & perforation • Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments• Installing surface safety equipments• Starting production flow
Well Completion Activities
Oil Exploration & Production
Installing Surface Safety Equipments
Though the tubings and downhole equipments are present in the well, production cannot start without installing surface control equipments. They are required to prevent uncontrolled oil flow out of the well.
Completion Process
Completion
Well completion activities include: • Conducting drill stem test • Setting production casing & perforation• Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments• Installing surface safety equipments• Starting production flow
Well Completion Activities
Oil Exploration & Production
Starting Production Flow
Production flow is started by ‘washing in’ the well and setting the packer. The pumping in of water or brine to flush out the drilling fluid is called washing in. Usually this is enough to start the well flowing. If this does not work then the flow might be started by pumping high-pressure gas into the well after setting the packer.
Completion Process
Completion
Well completion activities include: • Conducting drill stem test • Setting production casing & perforation• Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments• Installing surface safety equipments• Starting production flow
.
Well Completion Activities
Oil Exploration & Production
Downhole Equipment
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
Completion
Gas Lift Valve
Safety Valve
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug
Packer
Completion Process
Oil Exploration & Production
Well Head
The surface termination of a wellbore that incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers during the well construction phase is the well head.
It is a means by which the production tubing is hung, the Christmas tree and the surface flow-control facilities are installed, in preparation for the production phase of the well. The BOP also sits on top of well head.
The well head is installed on top of the casing before starting to drill. It has two or three sections. Each section has two flanges to facilitate the connections at both the ends.
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
well head Sections
Flanges
Oil Exploration & Production
Each well head section has three components:
•Casing Bowl•Casing Hanger•Tubing Head
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
Components of a Well Head
Oil Exploration & Production
Each well head section has three components:•Casing Bowl•Casing Hanger•Tubing Head
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
Components of a Well Head
Casing BowlThe casing bowl consists of heavy fittings that provide a seal between the casing and the surface. It also supportsthe entire length of casing that is run all the way down the well. This piece of equipment typically contains a grippingmechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and the casing itself.
Sealing
Oil Exploration & Production
Each well head section has three components:
•Casing Bowl•Casing Hanger•Tubing Head
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
Components of a Well Head
Casing Hanger
This is the sub-assembly of a well head that supports the casing string when it is run into the wellbore. The casing hanger provides a means of ensuring that the string is correctly located and generally incorporates a sealing device or system to isolate the casing annulus from upper well head components.
Oil Exploration & Production
Each well head section has three components:
•Casing Bowl•Casing Hanger•Tubing Head
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
Components of a Well Head
Tubing Head
The tubing head is a well head component that supports the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the Christmas tree to the well head.
Oil Exploration & Production
Tubing Hanger
The tubing hanger is a device attached to the topmost tubing joint in the well head to support the tubing string.
The tubing hanger is located in the tubing head, with both components incorporating a sealing system to ensure that the tubing conduit and annulus are hydraulically isolated.
The tubing hanger assembly supports the weight of the tubing string and seals the annulus from the upper well head and Christmas tree components. It also provides connections at the surface, which controls the flow of fluids out of the well.
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
Anchor bolts to hold tubing
hanger in place
Oil Exploration & Production
1.5 m
20” Casing Terminates Here
Tubing hanger comes here
Production Casing (9 5/8”)
terminates here
A Section
B Section
C Section
30” Casing Remains Outside
Well Head
Anchor Bolts
Oil Exploration & Production
Christmas Tree
The assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges, and chokes that are fitted to the well head of the completed well is called a Christmas Tree. It is used to control the flow of oil through the tubing hanger.
The function of a christmas tree is to:•Prevent the release of oil or gas from an oil well into the environment•Direct and control the flow of formati on fluids from the well
When the well is ready to produce oil or gas, valves are opened and the release of the formation fluids is allowed through a pipeline leading to a refinery.
Surface Control Equipments
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Oil which flows from the tubing
is diverted through thispipe to the main header
and from thereto the process platforms
Top part of the C-section of well head
Tubing hanger comes upto this point
Lower Master Valve
Upper Master Valve
Crown/ Swab Valve
Wing Valve
Surface Control Equipments
Oil Exploration & Production
Well Head
Reservoir
Packer
Safety Valve
Gas Lift Valve
X-mas Tree
Tubing hanger
ProductionTubing
Perforation
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug Sump
Oil Well After Completion
Surface Control Equipments
Oil Exploration & Production
Types of Completion
The types of completion include:
Natural CompletionsNatural completions are those in which little or no stimulation is required for production. Sandstone and carbonate systems with good permeability and mechanical stability are ideal for natural completions.
Stimulated CompletionsThese completions are generally applied to improve the natural drainage patterns of hard, low-permeability formations. It is used to remove barriers that prevent easy passage of fluids into the wellbore.
Sand-Control CompletionsSand-control completions support the formation while allowing the flow of fluids. They are performed in young, unconsolidated or less mechanically competent sandstones.
Completion Process
Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Completion
Subsea Completions
Subsea production systems are wells located on the sea floor, as opposed to at the surface. The safety equipments are installed underwater on the seabed.
They enable early production from deepwater, remote, and marginal fields.
The evolution of subsea well completions has attracted a lot of attention because they offer a means of producing field extremities not reachable by directional drilling from existing platforms.
They also offer production options where field economics do not justify the installation of one or more additional platforms.
Subsea Completion
Oil Exploration & Production
Downhole Equipment
The tubings along with the downhole equipment are lowered into the 95/8’’ casing of the well. The parts of a downhole equipment are:
Completion
Gas Lift Valve
Safety Valve
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug
Packer
Packer
Packer is a device consistingof a sealing device, a holding or setting device and an insidepassage for fluids. It expandsexternally to seal the well bore. It helps in blocking the fluids through the annular space between the pipe and the well bore wall. Packers use flexible,electrometric elements that expand. It is set hydraulicallyfrom the surface.
X
Completion Process
Oil Exploration & Production
Downhole Equipment
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
Completion
Gas Lift Valve
The gas lift valve is a device installed on a gas lift cylinder or mandrel. Thisdevice is used to control the flow of gas between the exterior and interior of well tubing. It consists of an inlet, outlet, a main valve, a main chamber and so on. The design of the side pocket is such that the components that are installed do not obstruct the flow of production. This enablesaccess to the well bore and theother components of completion.
X
Completion Process
Gas Lift Valve
Safety Valve
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug
Packer
Oil Exploration & Production
Downhole Equipment
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
Completion
Safety Valve
A safety valve is a device that is installed in the upper well bore toprovide emergency closure of thechannels that produce oil. The valve has a housing and a movable valve element thatcontrols the flow of fluid in the well.
X
Completion Process
Gas Lift Valve
Safety Valve
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug
Packer
Oil Exploration & Production
Downhole Equipment
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
Completion
Hydraulic Control Line
Hydraulic control line is a device filled with hydraulic fluid and connected to a hydraulic fluid source.
Hydraulic control line is used to operate the safety valve. When the control line is pressurized up to a certain pressure limit, the safety valve opens.Its one end connects at the top of the safety valveand the other end to a pressurizing panel at the surface. It is lowered along with the safety valve while loweringthe tubing string during completion.
X
Completion Process
Gas Lift Valve
Safety Valve
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug
Packer
Oil Exploration & Production
Downhole Equipment
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
Completion
Pump Out PlugSince the tubing is open at the bottom, the packer cannot be set as thewhole tubing string needs to be pressurized to set it. So a pump out plug (POP) is used for this purpose.
A steel ball is dropped inside the tubing string from the surface. This goes all the way down and sits on the POP seat at the bottom.
When water is pumped from the top, the ball is pressed against the POP seat and forms a seal. When pressure in the tubing string reaches a certainlimit, the packer is set. This is indicated in the pumping unit in the form of a sharp fluctuation of the pressure reading.
Then the pressure is increased, further, to shear the POP seat pins. This is done to remove the steel ball. When the pins are sheared, the POP seat dropsalong with the ball into the well sump.
X
Well Sump
A well sump is the extra bore space below the perforatedzone that allows the collection of junk for example steel ball.
Completion Process
Gas Lift Valve
Safety Valve
Hydraulic Control Line
Pump Out Plug
Packer
Oil Exploration & Production
•In a traditional well, components such as valves control the flow of fluids.
•Screens or gravel packs stop sand from entering the well.
•Pipe joints and packers needed to ensure the well retains its integrity over its producing life.
•However traditional wells do not respond to changing conditions and all the fluids (oil,gas and water) have to be produced together and separated at the surface.
Oil Exploration & Production
IQ for Intelligent Wells
•Intelligent Wells
•Automatic Surface Interaction/Continuous
•Monitoring/Automatic Flow control/Extensive
•Downhole communication
•Semi Intelligent Wells
•Manual Surface Interaction/Limited
•Downhole communication
•Conventional
•Limited Interaction
Oil Exploration & Production
•Smart wells offer the possibility to respond to changing conditions.
•Smart wells combine existing state-of-the-art technologies such as wireless technologies,remote sensing capabilities, remote control mechanism and robotic tools.
•Remote sensors can immediately show what is going on in the down hole.
•Valves down the hole can be adjusted, controlling flow or shutting off production at one level and increasing it from another.
•Fluid processing can take place down the hole with gas and liquids being separated by devices such as hydro-cyclones
Smart Wells
Oil Exploration & Production
Drivers
• Improved Reliability
• Optimum Production leading to longer well and reservoir life.
– Optimization of reservoir drainage
• No mechanical intervention is required freeing up resources.
• Lower Operating Cost
– Less number of work overs
– Decrease Water Production
– Better sand control
• Increase Reservoir Knowledge
– Monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone movements
– Improved reservoir characterization (saturation, structure,
pressure, temperature)
Oil Exploration & Production
Smart Well •Packers
•Hydraulic or Electrical Control Lines
•Sensors
•Inflow Control Valves ICV
•Surface Control Unit (Monitoring and Remote Operation)
Oil Exploration & Production
Oil Exploration & Production
Oil Exploration & Production
Examples of Controls in Intelligent Wells
Controlling Commingled production
Controlling Down Hole Water Separation
Controlling Down Hole Gas Separation and Re-injection
Oil Exploration & Production
Application for Intelligent Wells
• Marginal Reserves
• Highly Deviated. Horizontal and MLW
• Deepwater Wells
• High Volume Wells
Shell has about 20 intelligent wells worldwide and is working to increase that number.
One of its showcase pieces is a well in the North Sea’s Brent field. The well produces oil but also has a perforated gas zone up hole that’s opened for a short period each year to meet a gas contract.
Oil Exploration & Production
Oilfields
Data
Data
Data
Data
Extract
Clean
Transform
Load
Data Store
Data Warehouse
Interpret
Analyze
Communicate
Decide
Partners,Agencies
OperationManagement
Oil Exploration & Production
Reservoir Management Team
Devise ProcessControl Methodologies
Life CycleCost andBenefits
ModelingProcessesRequiringReal time
Management
Down holeEquipment
Design
Monitor DynamicProduction Data