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IL AND FAT

IL AND FAT

TECHN L GY

ECHN L GY

LECTURES

ECTURES

IV

IV

(Refined i l Production

Refined i l Production

Prof.Dr.Ayta SAYGIN GMKESENProf.Dr.Ayta SAYGIN GMKESEN

Yrd.Do.Dr.Fahri YEMOLYrd.Do.Dr.Fahri YEMOL

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Refinin! of crude oil

efinin! of crude oil

!r"d# oi$% a% r#i'#d fro( th# #)tra&tio*+$a*t &o*tai* %#'#ra$ *o*,tri-$yrid#&o(+o*#*t% hi&h ("%t /# r#(o'#d.

0#fi*i*- &o*%i%t% of %#'#ra$ +ro%%#%hi&h a&&o(+$i%h thi% ai(.

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A refining process is carried out following extraction ofA refining process is carried out following extraction of

crude edible oils by means of screw presses and/orcrude edible oils by means of screw presses and/or

solvent extraction.solvent extraction.

In refining, physical and chemical processes areIn refining, physical and chemical processes are

combined to remove undesirable natural as well ascombined to remove undesirable natural as well as

environmental-related components from the crude oil.environmental-related components from the crude oil.

These components comprise for exampleThese components comprise for example

phosphatides, free fatty acids, pigments (such asphosphatides, free fatty acids, pigments (such as

chlorophyll, odors and flavors (including aliphaticchlorophyll, odors and flavors (including aliphaticaldehyde and !etone, waxes as well as heavy metals,aldehyde and !etone, waxes as well as heavy metals,

pesticides etc.pesticides etc.

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D#+#*di*- o* th# r#1"ir#(#*t%2 th#fo$$oi*- /a%i& +ro%%#% ar#

i(+$#(#*t#d3 degumming for removal of phosphatides,degumming for removal of phosphatides,

neutrali"ation for removal of free fatty acids,neutrali"ation for removal of free fatty acids,

bleaching for removal of color,bleaching for removal of color,

deodori"ation to distill odors and flavors asdeodori"ation to distill odors and flavors as

well as free fatty acids andwell as free fatty acids and

winteri"ation for separation of waxes.winteri"ation for separation of waxes.

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Refinin! "et#od$

efinin! "et#od$

!h#(i&a$ 0#fi*i*- D#-"((i*-D#-"((i*- N#"tra$i4i*-N#"tra$i4i*- 5$#a&hi*-5$#a&hi*- D#odori4atio*D#odori4atio*

Phy%i&a$ 0#fi*i*-P

hy%i&a$ 0#fi*i*- D#-"((i*-D#-"((i*- 5$#a&hi*-5$#a&hi*-

St#a( di%ti$$atio*St#a( di%ti$$atio*

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De!u%%in!

e!u%%in!

6h# ai( of d#-"((i*- o+#ratio*76h# ai( of d#-"((i*- o+#ratio*7 The emulsifying action of phospholipidsThe emulsifying action of phospholipids

increases oil losses during al!ali refining.increases oil losses during al!ali refining.

#ums lead brown discoloration of oil after#ums lead brown discoloration of oil afterheating during deodori"ation.heating during deodori"ation.

$alts may be formed with cooper,$alts may be formed with cooper,

magnesium,calcium and iron, acceleratingmagnesium,calcium and iron, acceleratingoxidative degredation of oil.oxidative degredation of oil.

%ertain phospholipids, such as lecithin, find%ertain phospholipids, such as lecithin, find

widespread industrial application.widespread industrial application.

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G"(%

&Two main types

'ydratable )hosphatides-easy to remove

'*on-ydratable )hosphatides(*) -hard to

remove from oil

&some *) removed with hydratables in

water degumming

&re+uires the use of a acid to convert tohydratable for complete removal

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Mod#$ of +ho%+ho$i+id%Mod#$ of +ho%+ho$i+id%

Pho%+hatidi& &ho$i* P.i*o%ito$ P.#tha*o$a(i* P.a&id

The groups on the phosphor differ in si"e and sturcture. The larger the group

the more hydratable is the phospholipids

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ydrolysis of phospholipidsydrolysis of phospholipids

oil oil

water water

)%

)A

hydrolysis

8h#* +ho%+ho$i+id% i% hydro$y4#d to $y%o,for( th#y /#&o(#hydrata/$#.

)%

)A

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O/9#&ti'#% of 0#fi*i*-

:. 0#(o'a$ of "*d#%ir#d +rod"&t% fro( &r"d# oi$%&fr## fatty a&id% ;FFAil drying

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Alf' L'('l S)eci'l De!u%%in!

P#o$)#orou$ in oil *+, to -, ))%%'./P#o$)#orou$ in oil *0 to 1, ))%%'./ 2it# 2'$#in!

"oi$ture in dried oil *3 ,/14

&r"d# oi$ h#at#r

r#a&tor

(i)#r (i)#r

a&id

$y#

at#rOi$ t#(+#rat"r#tri((#r %#+#rator

%t#a(

&oo$i*-at#r

D#-"((#doi$

G"(

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En56%'tic de!u%%in!

E*4y(ati& d#-"((i*- a% fir%t i*trod"d /y th# G#r(a*L"r-i !o(+a*y a% th# E*4y Ma) +ro%% .6h#E*4yMa) +ro%% &a* /# di'id#d i*to fo"r diff#r#*t%t#+%3

;i< th# ad9"%t(#*t of th# o+ti(a$ &o*ditio*% for th# #*4y(#r#a&tio*2 i.e. o+ti(a$ +B ith a &itrat# /"ff#r a*d th#

o+ti(a$ t#(+#rat"r#7;ii< th# additio* of th# #*4y(# %o$"tio*7;iii< th# #*4y(# r#a&tio*7;iv< th# %#+aratio* of $y%o+ho%+hatid# fro( th# oi$ at a/o"t

!.

E*4y(#% for #*4y(ati& d#-"((i*-7 L#&ita%# :L ;+a*&r#ati& +ho%+ho$i+a%# A=< L#&ita%# No'o ;(i&ro/ia$ $i+a%#< L#&ita%# $tra ;(i&ro/ia$ $i+a%#