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8/16/2019 Ohan Balian 2016 Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi. Policy Brief, Issue 03-24022016, March 2016.
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www.abudhabichamber.ae
Policy Brief
Reference Guide for EnergySubsidies in Abu Dhabi
March 2016Issue 03-24022016
In association with
www.ihs.com
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Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi
Policy Brief
March 20162
ContentsContext and importance of the problem 3
Critique of policy options 5
Policy recommendations 7
Cover image: IHS
www.abudhabichamber.ae
www.linkedin.com/company/abu-dhabi-chamber
About IHS: www.ihs.comIHS (NYSE: IHS) is the leading source of information,
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Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
P.O. Box 662, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
Ohan S Balian, Ph.D.
Chief Economist – Abu Dhabi Chamber
of Commerce & Industry
www.abudhabichamber.ae
+971 2 617 7470
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8/16/2019 Ohan Balian 2016 Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi. Policy Brief, Issue 03-24022016, March 2016.
3/16© 2016 Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry 3
Executive summary Abu Dhabi has been a leader of subsidy reform
among Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.
Energy prices are closer to production costs
compared with most of Abu Dhabi’s peers in the
region. However, energy-subsidy reform remains
high on the agenda because the ballooning
decit begs a lower scal burden from subsidies.
Meanwhile, maintaining energy affordability for
residents, commercial users, and industry is a valid
policy goal, too. Finding the right balance between
scal requirements, affordability, conservation, and
the preservation of competitiveness is critical for
reform success and both sustained and sustainable
growth. Total energy subsidies for the United Arab
Emirates (UAE) equaled 6.5% of GDP, with natural
gas accounting for the bulk share. Higher prices for
natural gas would likely be affordable, even though
higher gas costs would feed through on electricity
costs to some extent. Higher electricity prices for
residents are likely affordable if accompanied by
mitigating measures, while prices for industrial
consumers are already relatively high in comparison
with Abu Dhabi’s regional peers yet still competitive
on a global scale.
Context and importance of theproblemEnergy subsidies have been a focal point of policy
reform in Abu Dhabi in recent years. The prime
motivation to use subsidies usually is to reduce
the market price of a commodity for the consumer.
This is one of the shortest denitions for a subsidy,regardless of whether it is an explicit subsidy
(e.g., a payment to the producer or the consumer)
or an implicit subsidy (such as a mandate for a
government-owned commodity producer to sell
below market prices). Any activity or decision that
leads to a reduction of a price below market level
may be regarded as a subsidy.
The motivation to subsidize energy usually depends
on which consumer group policy intends to support.
In the case of residential households, the prime
motivation is to make energy more affordable as
it is a basic service and prerequisite to enjoy the
benets of other household goods and amenities of
modern life.
In the case of commercial, and especially industrial
consumers, energy costs can be a critical factor
of competitiveness. In fact, energy is a key
production factor for several industries, such assteel, chemicals, paper, and of course, the mining
industry. For rms in these industries, energy costs
are a key factor inuencing boardroom decision-
making on large-scale investment plans.
Subsidies also have drawbacks, though, and they
are contentious for two primary reasons. First, since
subsidies lower the actual price paid by consumers,
subsidies encourage higher-than-normal demand
for a commodity. This can lead to inefcient
utilization and a waste of natural resources. Second,
subsidies have an impact on government budgets.
Most explicit subsidies increase government
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Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi
Policy Brief
March 20164
spending, while most implicit subsidies dampen
revenues.
Fiscal aspects of subsidy reform have gathered
more attention recently, in Abu Dhabi and
elsewhere in the GCC. It is particularly relevant for
countries with a large and swelling budget decit
and a high ratio of subsidies to GDP. (see chart 1)
The oil-producing countries of the Middle East
face a window of opportunity to pare down these
drawbacks, given today’s era of low oil prices,
global commitments to decreasing greenhouse
gas emissions, and increasing natural-resource
constraints. This opportunity is particularly relevant
for Abu Dhabi, which has committed to both
sustained and sustainable growth while spending a
signicant share of its annual budget on fossil-fuel
energy subsidies.
While total post-tax energy subsidies have been
relatively low for the UAE at just above 6.5% of
GDP in 2015 (compared with 8.9% for Oman or
13.2% for Saudi Arabia) and have been reduced
in recent years, on a per capita basis, the UAE’s
post-tax subsidies rank fth highest in the Middle
Eastern subsidy league, surpassed only by Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain.
Subsidies for natural gas have the highest nancial
impact by far, accounting for USD1,900 on a percapita basis. In other words, 4 out of every 100
dirhams of the average Emirati income would be
curtailed if gas subsidies were abandoned. (see
charts 2 and 3)
In a recent paper, Boersma and Grifths report a
30% decline, or USD12.6 billion, of total energy
subsidies between 2013 and 2015 based on
calculations from the National Bank of Dubai
(NBD). Based on the data, the subsidy ratio to
GDP was reduced to slightly less than 3% of GDP
at the same time, which is less than half of the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimate.
A leader in subsidy reform among Middle Eastern
countries, the UAE has electricity prices that are
4%Gas subsidies account for four out of every
100 dirhams of average income
Chart 1: Energy Subsidies in the MENA Region
2 0 1 5 F i s c a l B a l a n c e a s a p e r c e n t o f G D P
Post-tax subsidies as a percent of GDPSource: IMF, IHS
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
00 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bahrain
Iran
Iraq
JordanKuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi ArabiaUnited Arab Emirates
Yemen
Bubble-size= post-tax
subsidies in US$
billions (nominal)
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5/16© 2016 Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry 5
among the highest of the GCC, although rates
vary considerably between Emiratis and foreign
residents. Electricity prices in Abu Dhabi are lower
on average compared with Dubai, but are still
higher compared with Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Bahrain, and Kuwait. Electricity prices for nationals
are less than one-third of the price for expatriates,
though. Moreover, while tariffs for expatriates
were lifted at the beginning of 2015, they were left
unchanged for nationals. UAE energy prices are
still signicantly below those in the United Statesand Europe and do not always cover production or
opportunity costs.
For industrial consumers, the average price level is
highly competitive compared with that on a global
basis, although in Abu Dhabi, household electricity
prices (for national residents at least) are lower
compared with industrial consumers. This is the
opposite of the price structure in Europe, where
industry users pay a much lower price on average
than residential households.
Further, despite the major electricity, water, and
gasoline subsidy-reform measures made in 2015
in Abu Dhabi, subsidies for natural gas amount to
roughly 50% of all subsidies in the UAE and have
not yet been addressed. Part of the subsidy effect
on electricity comes from cheap natural gas, which
is used as a feedstock for electricity generation.
Gas is priced far below global market levels, partly
because gas is regarded as being a mere by-
product of oil production.
In times of weakening scal revenues and
ballooning decits, subsidy reform is obviously
ranking higher among governments’ priorities,
with Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and
others all commencing activity to pare down energy
subsidies in 2015. With continued low oil prices and
an increasingly competitive economic environment,
phasing out fossil-fuel energy subsidies will no
doubt continue to be an option for the UAE and
Abu Dhabi to increase revenues and pare down
spending.
Critique of policy optionsThere is no one policy or mitigation approach
that serves as a “best practice” for energy-subsidy
Chart 2: Total energy subsidies % of GDP, 2015
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BahrainIran Kuwait Qatar Lebanon OmanSaudi Arabia
2 6 . 0
1
UAE
1 1 . 2
3
1 0 . 3
2
8 .
9 0
7 .
7 8
6 .
5 7
6 .
3 7
1 3 . 2
3
Source: IMF
Abu Dhabi industry prices competitive globally,though above GCC levels
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Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi
Policy Brief
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reform, and the success of subsidy-reform policies or
initiatives cannot be measured entirely by the near-
term difference in energy prices or overall demand
pre- and post-reform. Rather, “successful” subsidy
reductions can only be evaluated relative to the
underlying goals of reform, which include not only
the country’s economic prosperity, but also long-
term social well-being and environmental health.
To truly measure the impact of reform, results
must be monitored over time and distilled from
other confounding variables (e.g., climate, season,
macroeconomic situation, public awareness
of environmental issues, etc.), which inuence
consumers’ overall energy demand as well as
the price elasticity of demand, or the percentage
decrease in demand associated with each percent
of price increase.
For example, while the dual goals of decreasing
national budget decits and reducing carbon
emissions can be achieved simultaneously by
lowering fossil-fuel energy subsidies, others, such
as reducing government spending while improving
the overall well-being of low-income households,
may be harder to achieve in tandem, at least in the
short term.
Among the menu of policy options used by other
countries, a few general factors stand out for their
ability to contribute to the overall success of a
subsidy-reduction program. These include:
• Comprehensive and well-planned
communications campaigns: By utilizing
multiple communication channels and choosingmessages that resonate with local stakeholders,
governments can avoid much-feared public
backlash, or, worse, violent protests or social
uprisings. By including information on the amount
of subsidy and a comparison with the national
average on customers’ energy bills, the “smart
bills” required by the Abu Dhabi Regulation
and Supervision Bureau (RSB) in 2012 took a
rst step toward educating residents about the
actual cost of electricity. Meanwhile, in previous
subsidy-reform efforts undertaken in both Dubai
and Abu Dhabi, the government organized
extensive information campaigns explaining
the new tariff changes and played to residents’
concerns about the value of sustainability and
resource conservation.
• Investment in technology, infrastructure, or
Petroleum Coal Natural gas Electricity
Chart 3: Post-Tax Subsidies in the UAE
Subsidies by product, US$ billion
6.99
0.52
18.22
3.23
Subsidies per capita by product, USD
730.0
54.29
1,901.53
337.03Source: IMF
Tiered pricing incentivizes consumers to save energy
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7/16© 2016 Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry 7
programs that increase energy efciency:
Any number of measures to improve energy
efciency (e.g., improved public-transportation
networks, appliance standards, time-
differentiated pricing, smart meters, etc.) can both
decrease consumers’ burden from energy price
increases while meeting governments’ emissions-
reduction and scal-spending objectives. The
tiered pricing system introduced by the Dubai
Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) in 2008
provides one such example: with costs risingin accordance with usage levels, the system
rewards the most efcient users. The RSB’s 2010
smart-meter pilot program, which has installed
400 smart meters in volunteers’ homes to monitor
and better understand energy-consumption
patterns, provides another example.
• Carefully designed, complementary
mitigation approaches: By determining who the
energy price increases will impact most and how,
subsidy-reform efforts can include measures
to compensate adversely affected households
for the nancial impact they will experience. In
countries such as India, Brazil, and Iran, targeted
cash transfers to the country’s poorest were
chosen as a direct and visible way to offset
the burden of higher energy prices, but other
countries have considered and/or implemented
a range of mitigation options, from coordinating
increases in fuel prices with improvements in
public transport to providing technical assistance
to vulnerable industries or businesses.
Meanwhile, although some tactics such as dual
pricing based on socioeconomic class have
proven challenging for national governments to
implement successfully (because of the high costs
of administration, management, and enforcement
in identifying the correct recipients and preventing
illegal sales through black markets), they have
worked thus far in the UAE, perhaps because of the
country’s unique demographics.
In both Dubai and Abu Dhabi, electricity prices for
residential expatriates have increased, while prices
stayed the same for UAE nationals. Similarly, while
also more complicated than a blanket price hike,
Abu Dhabi has successfully implemented sector-specic electricity price reforms: following the
2015 reforms, electricity subsidies for government
entities were removed, a 7% price increase was
introduced for commercial and industrial users
under 1 megawatt (MW), and industrial customers
using more than 1 MW experienced a 100%
increase during summer peak hours.
Policy recommendationsPhasing out subsidies has the potential to support
Abu Dhabi’s dual policy goals of sustained and
sustainable economic growth in principle. Although
Abu Dhabi has been a leader in subsidy reform
among the GCC, a further reduction of subsidies
seems affordable for virtually all consumer groups
and could be achieved without affecting Abu
Dhabi’s economic competitiveness.
However, as Abu Dhabi considers its path
forward, it should acknowledge there is no overall
“best” practice to follow as nowhere else hasa similar geopolitical context, natural-resource
base, economic status, industrial portfolio, and
demographic composition. Rather, policymakers
must articulate the goals of subsidy reform up front
and understand that achieving these goals will
require tradeoffs.
Based on successful subsidy-reform efforts in other
parts of the world and approaches used historically
in the UAE, as Abu Dhabi continues its efforts to
reform energy pricing, four considerations should
remain at the forefront:
100%is the percentage total electricity prices were
lifted by Abu Dhabi
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Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi
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• The messages and channels used to
communicate with residents regarding the
necessity and value of changes to energy pricing
• The timing, frequency, magnitude, and sequencing
of subsidy reductions
• Infrastructure, technologies, or standards that can
be used to improve energy efciency while helping
businesses and residents to maintain economic
performance and lifestyle
• Mitigation approaches that protect the region’s
most vulnerable households and industries
Specically, if energy prices are ultimately going to
reect production costs and global market rates, Abu
Dhabi will need to continue to educate nationals and
expatriate residents alike regarding the true costs of
energy production, value of resource conservation,and risks of climate change. The government will
want to take advantage of periods when energy
prices are low and reforms can be justied in a
logical and rational manner. The increase of motor
fuel prices in July 2015 is a case in point as fuel
prices dropped again on lower oil after a short-lived
bounce. Further, by introducing measures to improve
energy efciency among energy-intensive industries,
nationals, and low-income households, Abu Dhabi
can simultaneously decrease energy-subsidy
expenditures, reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
and support the region’s populace as it adapts to a
carbon and resource-constrained world.
Sources consulted orrecommended• Boersma, Tim and Grifths, Steve (2016),
“Reforming Energy Subsidies: Initial Lessons from
the United Arab Emirates.” Brookings Institution &
Masdar Institute. Available at:
http: //www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/les/
papers/2016/01/reforming-energy-subsidies-
uae/brookings_masdar_reforming_energy_
subsidies_uae_nal.pdf
• Coady, David, Parry, Ian, Sears, Louis, and
Baoping, Shang (2015), “How Large Are Global
Energy Subsidies?” IMF Working Paper No. 105,
Washington DC. Available at: https://www.imf.org/
external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15105.pdf
• Whitley, Shelagh and van der Burg, Laurie (2015),“Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: From Rhetoric to
Reality.” New Climate Economy, London and
Washington, DC. Overseas Development Institute.
Available at: http://newclimateeconomy.report/
misc/working-papers
• Arab Future Energy Index: Energy Efciency,
Regional Center for Renewable Energy and
Energy Efciency (RCREEE), 2015. Available
at: http://www.rcreee.org/sites/default/les/afex_
ee_2015_engish_web_0.pdf
Source: Boersma, Tim and Griffiths, Steve (2016)
Chart 4: Electricity costs in the GCC
0
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وا
ل
ت
ون
اذن
راو
ا
اطت
ن
ت ازدة %100 ء ن ن 1وات
اطع ا اذن ون ت زد ن 1وات
اء ت اذروة ل اف.
سسا تصون ار أن ون اء ادر دم د ن ث
ادأ ق د ا أوظ ان او
ل
ظوأ
أن
ن
ارم
.وادام
ادام
ادي
رادة ن دول س اون ا ق ح
ض ادم نا ن ود أ إ ظو ادم
ل أر ت ان دون أي ر
.ظو
ا
ادرة
اذي
ار
ارد
ظوأ
م
و
ذك
و
ب ام س ك ر ن
ظرا س ك رأ ءا م "لا" را
وك س دة وا قا س رآ ن
ا
واطق
دا
او
طا
اوارد
ا ب واون ا .ود ن ذك
وأن دروا مدا وظ حإ فادأ او نأ
أن ق ك اداف وف طب إراء ت دل.
ذت
ُ
ا
ادم
وظ
ح
ا
اود
ء
ارات دا او ما ن ىرأ ءازأ
وا أوظ ود ح أر ار ادة
ك أر ارات ب أن ظل ط اور: طا
%100بظوب ف بركا ر عرا جإ ةب ه
-
8/16/2019 Ohan Balian 2016 Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi. Policy Brief, Issue 03-24022016, March 2016.
11/16
في بوظبي
دعم طاقة
رجي
دل
م س 2016
مخص لسي سة
6
ن س دى ح ت أو درات إح
را ىدا ثدا قرا ل ن ل مدا
دو .هدو حا ل لا بطا وأ طا رأ
"ا "ادم ن م وت اض ن ذك
اح
د
ا
ا
داف
ر
ل
س ط ازدر ل ال وس ار ا ل
او
ا
را
أ
ون
ود
ادي
ا ان ادى اد.
ا در ب س ار ا ح
ارى
را
ارات
ن
ن
دو
اوت
دار
واو ام ا دا و واوم (ل اخ
ا و إ ذك) ا ؤر طب ان
ا
أو
اطب
أر
ور
وذك
طا
ال
او ض اطب ارط ل و ن
ارع ار.
د ون ن ان ق ادن ان ل ال
ض از ازا اوط ول ات ارون
أن
إ
اوري
اوود
دم
ض
ل
ن
واد
آن
ك أداف أرى د ون ن اب س
ل ض اوت وو ادى ار أل در
اق او إ ب ن ار ا ر
.ادل
ن ن رات ا اد دول أرى
ا
رد
ز
ا
ا
اوال
ض
ود
اح ال ر ض ادم. ول ذه اوال
:
حت اواصل اش دة اخطط: ن ل وظف•
ادد ن وات اوال وار ارل ا ول
ن وت أن ب ردة أب ا ان
ا ا تا وأ ال ا اوت
ا
اوت
إدراج
ن
.ا
ات
أو
طا راو طوا طو رو مدا م
"اوار اذ "ا ل اء طب ن ب
اظم وار أوظ م 2012اطوة
.رء
ا
ا
ن
ان
ف
و
وا
وظ ح ا دوا رطإ و توا
ظت واء ظوأو د ةذا مدا
را
رات
و
إ
ت
وا
ان
ور
ا
اوف
أور
وزت
اددة
اوارد. ظاو ادا ن
اسثر ي ا واب اح أو ابراج اي زد•
طا ةء ن ةذ راد ي ن :طا ة ك
ور ا لا ت ن :لا ل )
لكھربا لغاز لطبیعي لفحم لبترول
خصم لضریبة
بعد
في إلمار ت لعربیة لمتحدة
لدعم
:3 لمخطط
دوالر مریكي
ملیار
المنتج
حسب
الدعم
6.99
0.52
18.22
3.23
دوالر مریكي
المنتج
حسب
فرد
لكل
الدعم
730.0
54.29
1,901.53
337.03المصدر: صندوق النقد المالي
طا رو نا ز ردا را
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8/16/2019 Ohan Balian 2016 Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi. Policy Brief, Issue 03-24022016, March 2016.
12/16ظبي
وصنا بي
تجارة
فرغل
ظوح
©5حوق لطبع و لنشر لام 2016
ا
اون
س
دول
ا
ن
ارء
ارم ن أن ذه ار ن ل ر ن اوت
ءرا رأ طو ضو .با نا نو
وطر
ن
ر
أ
ظل
و
د
ظوأ
واوت. ل وارن دوا را او
أر ارء واطن اران دار اث ن ار
دت ار ا رن. إ إ ذك
2015 م
أوال
را
رن
ا
ظت ار واطن اران. وظل أر
اوت
ر
أل
ادة
را
ارات
طا
ادة وأورو و ط دا ف اج أو ف
.دا
را
وى
د
ُ
ا
اطع
ن
ن
ق
ل ر ر اد را طو
ون أر ارء ظوأ أ ن مرا ا
لأ (نارا نطاو لا ) زا
ذك
وون
.ا
طع
ن
ن
ر
د ث وروأ ا را ل ن ضا
ر لأ رأ طو ا عطا ن نودا
.ا
زل
ح
را
ادار
ن
ارم
ذك
إ
إ
وازن ا اذت م واء ظو دم ارء
ر و %50 طا زا مد نأ إ ظوأ 2015
ن أل ادم اور ارات ار ادة وم
د يذا را ن ءز .نا راد ذأ م
اذي
طا
ز
ازدة
ار
ن
ارء
ادم
دم ره دة م ود ارء. ض أر از
إ
ز
ذك
وزو
ا
اوق
وت
ن
ر
ُظر إ أ ت ن ت اط. ل أن از
ا ازو ا تادارا د ا توا
او
ل
ادم
وظ
إح
از
وت
اوت ود وو رأس أووت اوت
ور ن ون دوا را او وارن
.2015 م طا مد ل تر ا لودا
ا
ادرة
وزاد
اط
أر
ار
اض
ظل ك اء ادر دم دا ا
ادة
را
ارات
أم
ورط
را
اوري
اوود
.اق
ول
ادات
زدة
ظوأو
سسا تارخ مت ك أو ف ن ن اره
طا مد وظ ح ا "ترا لأ"
2015 المخطط :2نسبة جمالي دعم الطاقة من الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
یراالبحرین
الكویت قطر
لبنا المملكة العربیة السعودیعمان
2 6 . 0
1
اإلمارات العربیة المتحدة
1 1 . 2
3
1 0 . 3
2
8 .
9 0
7 .
7 8
6 .
5 7
6 .
3 7
1 3 . 2
3
لمصدر: صندوق لنقد لم لي
د اد ا أ زد ظوأ ا رأا نوا س لود ةدووا توا ن
-
8/16/2019 Ohan Balian 2016 Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi. Policy Brief, Issue 03-24022016, March 2016.
13/16
في بوظبي
دعم طاقة
رجي
دل
م س 2016
مخص لسي سة
4
ظم
أن
ن
وا
اق
زدة
اظر
ادم
أل ادم ا ل ارادات.
ت اواب ا ا طوي إح ظو ادم
ا ن ام ؤرا أوظ و أء دول ز
ا
دول
ص
ل
ذك
ورط
.ا
اون
س
ن ز ر وزاد ازا و ر ن
ادم ر ا ا( .اظر ارسم ابي 1)
ر طوا قرا ط ط ا لودا د
اذ
وذك
إ
ار
اف
واطن
ن
د
ارة
ده
اذي
اط
أر
ادث
اض
ار
دا تازا تا ن د ا تازاو ا
را هذ د وزدة اود ارو اوارد اط .و
او
ق
ازا
أدت
ث
ظو
ص
ل
ذات
إ ب إق زء ر واء ماداو مادا
ن زا او دم ط اوود اوري.
ن بارا م د طا مد إ نأ
دز ث ارات ار ادة
ر
) 2015 م
ا
ا
ا
ن
%6.5 ن
را ا %13.2 وأ ن %8.9 ت
اود (إ ب ا ل اوات ارة
را تء ةدا را تارا نأ إ أس ارد
ن
اراب
م
د
دم
أ
ث
ن
ا
دول راط ادم ارق اوط ارب طر
وارن ط. واوت دوا را او
ث ا ا را طا ز مدا مد ن
أل
ن
4 ن
آر
.رد
ل
رأ
دور
1.900
ل 100درم ن وط ادل ارا ض إذا م
ا ن دم از. )اظر ارسوم اب 2 و3)
Grifthsذر أن ك رر أر ره Boersmaو
رأ رود ر 12.6 وأ %30 ت ار
ء
2015و
2013
ن
طا
دم
إ
ن
ءو .(NBD) طوا د تارا ك ت
ا
ا
ر
ادم
ات
ات
س
ا
ا
ا
ن
ل
%3 ن
أل
إ
.(IMF) ودا دا قود رد ف ن لأ يأ اوت
ط ةدارا لودا ىدإ ةدا را تارا د
و أر ارق اوط ق ح ظو ادم
%4حل دم اغز ى ربة ن بن كل 100درهم
ن وط ادخل
المخطط :1دعم الطاقة في منطقة الشرق األوسط وشمال فریقیا
ي
م
ج
ي
ح
ج
ن
ة
س
ر
ع
2 0 1 5
م
ع
ي
م
ص
الدعم بعد خصم الضرائب باعتباره نسبة من الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي
HIS المصدر: صندوق النقد الدولي
25-
20-
15-
-10
-5
00 5 10 15 20 25 30
البحرین
یران
العراق
األردن
الكویت
لبنان
عمان
قطر
اإلمارات العربیة المتحدالمملكة العربیة السعودیة
الیمن
بعد
الدعم
=الفقاعة
حجم
بالملیار
الضرائب
خصم
(اسمي
)دوالر مریكي
-
8/16/2019 Ohan Balian 2016 Reference Guide for Energy Subsidies in Abu Dhabi. Policy Brief, Issue 03-24022016, March 2016.
14/16ظبي
وصنا بي
تجارة
فرغل
ظوح
©3حوق لطبع و لنشر لام 2016
خص ذي
ا نوا س لود ن ةدار ظوأ ل
ظوأ طا رأ د ق ح ظو ادم. و
و .طا ارظ ر جا ف ن ر
اووت
رأس
طا
دم
وظ
إح
ظل
ذك
ظرا بء ا ا ن ادم اذي ؤدي دول ال
ا فادا دأ نو اذ توا و .زا داز إ
وا
ار
اظ
و
ا
طوي
ا
وادن ط ا ن ن ب ان
وطت ا .ون اول ن إد اوازن ارن
واظ
ال
وادرة
ا
اطت
ن
ا
و أر وي ح اح ا ظاو
واء. إ دم ماداو مادا وا قو
ا
ن
%6.5 دل
ادة
را
ارات
طا
ول از اط اب ا ا
را
ار
ون
أن
را
ن
.ا
ك
ن
ار
أن ذا ارع نو و طا ز
_ و _ ارع ف از ن أن م
ارء
أر
ارع
ون
أن
ون
.أ
ارء
ف
و ون ن ب ان إذا اذ دار
ا عط ن نا رأ نأ ن ف
اوى
ظوأ
ظراء
ر
ل
ر
د
.ا ىو ر لاز أ ر ا
كشا أو قسا دا
ا
روا
اط
إدى
طا
دم
وظ
ت
إح ا أوظ دار اوات ارة.
ون از ا وراء ادة ن ادم و ض ود
وُد ذا و أد أر ارت ر ا ك اوق.
ر
ادم
ذا
ن
إذا
اظر
ض
ادم
ارا
وض
ل
)
أو
(اك
أو
د
ورة
)
إدى رت إج ا او و ل ن أر
اوق). ذك ن أي ط أو رار ؤدي إ ل ار ن
.ادم
أواع
ن
و
اره
ن
اوق
وى
ا
ان
و
طا
دم
از
د
د
ون ا لزا و .مد ا فد
نو ا و طا ل و ا زا
ا ن ةد أ طرو أ د ر
.را
ة
زا
ارى
زا
واراق
ناو يرا عطا نا و
ن أن ون ف اطع ا و اوص
ار
او
.ا
ادرة
زز
و
طا
ل اط أد وال اج ار دد ن ات
طو واورق ا داواو ل اب
ؤرا
طا
ف
ون
ث
.ادن
اطق
او
را
طط
ا
ارارات
اذ
ا ذ س إدارات ارت ا ك اطت.
ارم م ظو ادم أ ض واطن ف
ظرا ن رن. ن أن ذه اواطن ظل ل ش
اذي
ا
ار
ل
ادم
ن
ظرا
أ
و
اول
اب
ا بطا عرا د اون
ر ن ال اد. ون أن ؤدي ذك إ ال
ر ال وارد اط و .اب ا و أن
أل
ظم
ل
.وا
زات
ر
ون
ادم
-
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في بوظبي
دعم طاقة
رجي
دل
م س 2016
مخص لسي سة
2
احوت
3 ا أو قا
5 ا تار م
7 ا
وت
IHS ؤ
:اف
ورة
www.abudhabichamber.ae
www.linkedin.com/company/abu-dhabi-chamber
ContactsIHS Global GmbH,
Bleichstrasse 1, 60313 Frankfurt, Germany
Ralf Wiegert
Director Consulting – IHS Economics & Country Risk
+49 (0)69 20973 320
+49 (0)151 42628 143
Matthias Herles
Director Consulting – IHS Economics & Country Risk
[email protected]+49 (0)69 20973 218
+49 (0)174 1946560
Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce & Industry,
P.O. Box 662, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
Ohan S Balian, Ph.D.
Chief Economist – Abu Dhabi Chamber
of Commerce & Industry
www.abudhabichamber.ae
+971 2 617 7470
www.ihs.com :IHS سس م نع ةذ
(ور وورك: (IHSاؤ ارادة ور اوت IHS
را لا ل ا ةرؤا تا تاو وارؤى
اوت ا .د اؤت ار واوت أر ن 165
ا
ا
وات
ال
اوى
ام
ول
ود
دم اذ رارات IHS ؤ رو ا را مدا قرطو
ؤ
أن
ذر
ُ
.او
را
ارات
وو
ؤرة
وأت إدى ارت IHSرت ال اري ذ م 1959
.2005 م
وورك
رو
اداول
ر ر راو مادا وا ق IHS ؤ لاوو
را
ادة
وت
وورادو
و
إود
د
را
وظف ار رب ن 9000ص 31 دو ول ام. و
وؤسا خإو رشا عبطا قوح رطخإ
ظ أ و ةر ر 2016 © وق ار
و
ي
أو
ل
أي
رإ
أو
زو
أو
اور
ذا
ن
زء
وز
ظو
اوق
دون
ا
أو
ورا
اول
ن
ذك
ر
أو
ال
أو
وا
ا
أو
ا
ذك
دا ات ارة اُدر ن ادات اول إذن ط ق ن ار
ر ار اوح وب ون وق اط وار.
:إ
رل
ر
ر
اب
ر
اول
طت
دم
ا زو ر ق
ظ أ و ةر ر را ا
ص.ب: 662 رع اورش
ف: 6214000 2 971+
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ارات
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16/16
مخص لسي سة
جر لد
بظوب ف
اطقة
دم
www.ihs.com نوب
2016
رس
www.abudhabichamber.ae