OGT TERMSOGT TERMSA glossary of terms for the

Ohio Graduation Test.

Terms 82-97

STOCK MARKET STOCK MARKET CRASH OF 1929CRASH OF 1929

On October 29, thousands of investors panicked and tried to sell their stocks at any price, causing stock prices to collapse. The crash threw the world economy into a Great Depression. (67)

Black Tuesday – Stock Market Crash

TARIFFTARIFFA tax imposed

on goods imported from foreign countries. (120)

Which action could the U.S. government employ to protect U.S. automobile manufacturers from foreign competition?

A. increase taxes on the production of U.S. automobiles

B. create free trade agreements with automobile-producing countries

C. increase tariffs and import restrictions on foreign automobiles

D. implement stricter control of competition among U.S. automobile manufacturers

C

THEOCRACYTHEOCRACYA government

ruled by religious leaders. (134)

2008 Test Question

Under what system of government are leaders typically chosen by church officials or religious elders?

A. theocracy

B. dictatorship

C. presidential democracy

D. constitutional monarchyA

Ayatollah Khomeini - Theocracy

2009 Question

A government was chosen by the majority party in the legislature. The people revolted and established a new government in which the ruler was chosen by religious elders and used power to enforce religious law.

How did the system of government change?

A. from a theocracy to an absolute monarchy

B. from a presidential democracy to a dictatorship

C. from a dictatorship to a constitutional monarchy

D. from a parliamentary democracy to a theocracyD

THESISTHESISAn argument that

is presented in a report. The thesis states the main idea of the report in one sentence. (161)

The school board of a particular school district has proposed a school uniform policy. It believes that the policy will improve student behavior.

This thesis could be supported or refuted by

A. data on student behavior in other school districts that do not have school uniform policies.

B. data from other school districts comparing student behavior before and after similar uniform policies were put into effect.

C. data from schools within the school district regarding students’ views of the uniform policy.

D. data from schools within the school district regarding current student behavior.B

TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL ECONOMYECONOMY

An economic system in which the chief economic decisions are answered by tradition and custom. (113)

2009 QuestionIn a certain country, decisions regarding production and

consumption of goods are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits. Over time, the economic system changes to one in which production decisions are based on competition and consumer choice.

How has the economic system of this country changed?

A. from a mixed economy to a command economy

B. from a command economy to a mixed economy

C. from a traditional economy to a market economy

D. from a market economy to a traditional economy C

TREATY OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)VERSAILLES (1919)

The treaty with Germany ending World War I. The treaty was noted for its harsh treatment of Germany and creation of the League of Nations. (45)

Historians often cite the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany as a primary cause of the eventual outbreak of World War II. Summarize two provisions of the Versailles Treaty relating to Germany and discuss how each helped lead to World War II. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (4 points)

TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)

2009 QuestionIn 1923, Adolf Hitler, the future leader of Nazi Germany, declared:

The day must come when a German government shall summon up the courage to declare to the foreign powers: “The Treaty of Versailles is founded on a monstrous lie.” We fulfill nothing more. Do what you will! If you want battle, look for it! Source: Adolf Hitler, Speech of August 1, 1923, reprinted at www.nizkor.org

This excerpt would help support which thesis?

A. Hitler believed the League of Nations would help Germany.

B. Hitler believed Germany was responsible for starting World War I.

C. Hitler used German resentment toward the Treaty of Versailles to gain power.

D. Hitler wanted the World War I Allies to live up to what they promised in the Treaty of Versailles. C

2009 QuestionAs a result of the Versailles Treaty, Germany lost its

overseas colonies in Africa. How did the loss of these colonies contribute to the outbreak of World War II?

A. Without Germany as a competitor for colonies, Britain and France put little effort into rebuilding their navies.

B. The Nazis exploited German resentment of their colonial losses by engaging in territorial expansion in Europe.

C. Rivalries between Britain and France for territory in Africa prevented these countries from taking action to stop aggression in Europe.

D. The United States ignored Germany’s military build-up because Germany was not likely to become powerful without raw materials from its former African colonies.

B

TRUMAN DOCTRINETRUMAN DOCTRINE

The Cold War policy in which President Truman pledged to give assistance to the governments of Greece and Turkey and to all other “free peoples” resisting Communism. (53)

TRUMAN DOCTRINE QUESTION

On March 12, 1947, President Truman addressed a joint session of Congress to recommend that the United States provide economic assistance to Greece and Turkey. His reasons were as follows:

• The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. …

• The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms.

• If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world—and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own Nation.

President Harry S. Truman, address to Congress, March 12, 1947

This statement would be helpful in supporting the thesis that, in 1947, President Truman believed the United States

A. had little to gain from membership in the United Nations.

B. was more interested in foreign policy than in domestic issues.

C. should help maintain democratic governments in other countries.

D. should conserve its resources to maintain its own economic strength.

C

TWENTY-SIXTH TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENTAMENDMENT

The constitutional amendment that gave 18-to 20-year-olds the right to vote. (128)

One way the U.S. Constitution evolves is through the amendment process. How were the changes that occurred as a result of the ratification of the 19th and 26th Amendments similar?

A. Large groups of people gained the right to vote.

B. The right of individuals to bear arms was restricted.

C. The powers of the federal government were expanded.

D. The separation of church and state was more clearly defined. A

UFW (UNITED FARM UFW (UNITED FARM WORKERS)WORKERS)

The group organized in the early 1960s by Cesar Chavez to help migrant workers gain better pay and working conditions. (83)

In the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic-American farm workers in the United States believed their employers were failing to provide reasonable wages and working conditions like those received by other American workers.

For this reason, Hispanic-American farm workers

A. urged the exportation of agricultural produce.

B. organized the United Farm Workers Association.

C. encouraged farm producers to lower prices.

D. opposed passage of anti-discrimination laws.

B

UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS

An international peacekeeping organization formed after World War II to promote international harmony, peace and economic development. (81)

In the United Nations Charter, member nations pledge to “unite our strength to maintain international peace and security.” Since ratification of its charter following World War II, the primary goal of the United Nations has been to

A. restore world trade disrupted by World War II.

B. encourage industrial growth begun during World War II.

C. establish policies to help nations pay World War II debts.

D. intervene in world conflicts to prevent another war such as World War II. D

UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA v. BAKKECALIFORNIA v. BAKKE

A case in which the Supreme Court ruled that universities could not use racial quotas for admission, but could take race into account as a factor for admission. (131)

URBANIZATIONURBANIZATION

The movement of large numbers of people from rural areas to cities, primarily in search of jobs. (29)

In 1950, New York City was the only city in the world with a population of more than ten million people. By 2000, there were nineteen cities with populations of over ten million people. One reason for this increase in urbanization was

A. a decrease in birthrates around the world.

B. the spread of industrialization around the world.

C. an increase in air pollution in industrialized areas.

D. the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

B

VIETNAM WARVIETNAM WAR

The war fought during the 1960s and early 1970s by American and South Vietnamese forces against communist North Vietnam. (55)

WOMEN’S LIBERATION WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

A campaign begun in the 1960s aimed at attaining equal rights for women. (74)

What was the perspective of women who founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966?

A. Women wanted to receive equal pay and opportunities for advancement in the workplace.

B. Women were afraid of being forced to work in physically challenging jobs.

C. Women were angry at the prospect of having to serve in the military.

D. Women wanted to gain the right to vote and to own property.

A

WORLD WAR I WORLD WAR I (1914-1919)(1914-1919)

The first of two destructive global wars in the 20th century. Conflicting nationalist aims in Europe led to its outbreak. (43)

WORLD WAR II WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)(1939-1945)

The second global war of the 20th century, caused by German aggression in Europe and Japanese expansion in Asia. World War II was the most destructive war in human history. (47)