o';g, s:tf ;/sf/L gLlt - IIEP-UNESCO

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5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;fdgf

s:tf lghL 6\o';g, s:tf ;/sf/L gLlt <

dfs{ a|]

o'g]:sf] k|sfzg IIEP gLltut a}7s

ISBN: 978-92-803-1333-8

2

5fof lzIffsf] ;fdgf

s:tf lghL 6\o';g s:tf ;/sf/L gLlt <

Dffs{ a|]

3

o; k':tsdf JoQm ul/Psf ljrf/x¿ n]vssf ePsfn] ltgn] o'g]:sf] jf IIEP sf] k|ltlglwTj ug'{ h?/L 5}g . of] k':tsdf pNn]v ul/Psf pkflw tyf k|:t't ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ o'g]:sf] tyf IIEP jf s'g} d'n's, If]q, ;x/ jf To;sf k|flwsf/ If]q jf ;Ldf;“u ;DalGwt ljrf/ of cleJolQm dflgg] 5}g .

o; cWoogsf] k|sfzg d"No o'g]:sf]af6 k|fKt Psd'i6 cg'bfgsf ;fy} o'g]:sf]sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] k|bfg u/]sf] :j}lR5s ;xof]uaf6 Joxf]l/Psf] 5 .

k|sfzsM

z}lIfs of]hgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf

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4

ljifo;"rL

wGojfb 1fkg %

Tfflnsfsf] ;"rL ^

afs;sf] ;"rL &

!= kl/ro *

5fofsf] ljDa (

k':tssf ;+/rgfsf] ;ª\u7g !!

@= cGj]if0f !#

Dffqf, ;3gtf / lsl;d !#

cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs k|efj @^

tLg l:yltsf] cWoog #(

#= gLltut ;Daf]wg ^!

kl/l:yltsf] gS;fÍg, p2]Zo / :j¿k ^!

6\o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wg ^%

6\o';gsf cfk"lt{sf] ;Daf]wg ^*

ahf/;+“u xft]dfnf] &#

lgodgsf/L 9f“rfdf ;'wf/ &%

$= cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg *!

:yfgLo / /fli6«o k[i7kf]if0fsf ;|f]t *!

cGt/f{li6«o dfkg *%

%= lgisif{ **

k|j[lQsf] cjnf]sg **

5fof lzIffaf6 lng] kf7 (!

^=;+be{ ($

5

wGojfb 1fkgwGojfb 1fkgwGojfb 1fkgwGojfb 1fkg

o; k':tsf] k|sfzg / ;f] ;Da4 sfo{df y'k|} dxfg'efjx¿n] ;xof]u k'Øfpg'ePsf] 5 . k]l/;df ;g\ @))& sf] h'nfO{ % / ^ df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] IIEP sf] gLltut a}7ssf ;xefuLx¿sf] o; sfo{df w]/} 7"nf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . pQm cj;/df ljleGg k[i7e"ldsf #& hgf ;xefuLnfO{ cy{k"0f{ 5nkmn tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmd ;~rfng IIEP sf sd{rfl/sf] 6f]nLaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o; sfo{df vf; u/L Florence Appere / Emmanuelle Suso n] k'¥Øfpg'ePsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfgsf nflu pxf“x¿ wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . y'k|} of]hgfsf/, gLlt lgdf{tf tyf ljleGg d'n'sdf uP/ nfdf] ;do;Dd cg';Gwfg ug'{x'g] cg';Gwftfx¿sf] o; k':tsnfO{ o; ¿kdf k|sfzgdf Nofpg

dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L Karl Heinz Gruber, Ora Kwo, Lzumi Mori, Steven Obeegadoo, Armoongum Parsureg, Laura Paviot, Neville Postlethwaite, Iveta Silova, Shin’ichi Suzuki, / Alexander Ventura n] o; k':tssf] kf08'lnlkdfly l6Kk0fL ub}{ cfk\mgf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfj k|bfg u/]/

;xof]u ug'{ePsfdf pxf“x¿k|lt ljz]if ¿kn] wGoafb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' .

6

tflnsfsf] ;"rLtflnsfsf] ;"rLtflnsfsf] ;"rLtflnsfsf] ;"rL

tflnsf != lghL 6\o';gsf cGt/b]zLo ;"rsx¿ !#

tflnsf @= k"jL{ o'/fk / Pl;ofsf s]xL 5flgPsf d'n'sx¿df lghL 6\Ø';gsf] dfqf !^

tflnsf #= k"jL{ / blIf0fL clk|msfdf 6\o';g k9\g] sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{{sf] k|ltzt,

!((% / @))) !^

tflnsf $= ef/tsf rf/ /fHodf 6\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{{sf] sIffut k|ltzt !&

tflnsf %= kf]r'{unsf rf/ ljBfnosf sIff !@ sf ljBfyL{{df 6\Ø';gsf] dfqf, @))%÷@))^ @)

tflnsf ^= ljleGg ljifodf 6\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{{ k|ltzt, ef/t, @))% @!

tflnsf &= ef/tLo pRr dfWolds txsf ljleGg ljifo wf/sf 6\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{{sf] k|ltzt @!

tflnsf *= k"jL{ o'/f]k / Pl;ofsf u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qdf 6\o';gsf] pkef]udf leGgtf #)

tflnsf (= ef/tsf rf/ /fHosf u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qsf lgDg dfWolds txsf 6\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{{ k|ltzt #!

tflnsf !)= d"nef/ lzIffdf 6\Ø';gsf] k|efj #&

tflnsf !!= sf]l/ofdf 6\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{{sf] k|ltzt, !(*)–@))& $&

tflnsf !@= k|mfG;sf k|d'v 6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yf %*

tflnsf !#= lghL 6\Ø';g k|yfsf] juL{s/0f k4lt ^#

tflnsf !$= a]nfotsf] Making Good Progress cfof]hgfdf 6\o';gsf gd"gf &@

tflnsf !%= o'/f]k / Pl;ofsf ^ d'n'sdf lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf] lgodgsf/L 9f“rf &%

tflnsf !^= Making Good Progress cfof]hgfsf] d"Nofª\sg ljlw *#

7

afs;afs;afs;afs;sf] ;"rLsf] ;"rLsf] ;"rLsf] ;"rL

afs; != lghL 6\o';g k4ltsf] juL{s/0f !(

afs; @= lg0f{o k|lqmofdf 5fglag ug{'kg{] kIfx¿ @$

afs; #= k|ult gS;fª\sg $%

afs; $= df]l/;;df 6\o';g k|yf dha't x'gsf sf/0f %%

afs; %= k|mfG;sf lghL 6\o';g sDkgLx¿sf] ljQLo lx;fa lstfa %(

afs; ^= hfkfgsf ljleGg k|sf/sf h's' (Juku) aLrsf] leGgtf ^$

afs; &= OlhK6sf] df:6/ 6\o'6/ ^*

afs; * M Psflwsf/ ± :j]R5frfl/tf—hjfkmb]lxtf &)

8

International Institute for Educational Planning www.iiep.unesco.org

!=!=!=!= kl/roMkl/roMkl/roMkl/roM

ljZje/ lzIffljb\, of]hgfsf/ tyf gLltlgdf{tfx¿ k"j{ k|fyldsb]lv ljZjljBfno tx;Ddsf cf}krfl/s lzIffdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . ;|f]t ;fwgsf] nufgLsf lx;fan] xf];\ jf d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf lx;fan], o; If]qsf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 .

d"nwf/sf oL lzIff k|0ffnLs} ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf / TolQs} Jofkstfsf ;fy csf]{ Pp6f k|0ffnL klg ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 5 h;nfO{ k"/s lzIf0f k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 / o;sf] ;~rfng lghL If]qaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 . o; k':tsdf o; k|0ffnLnfO{ …5fof lzIff k|0fnLÚsf] gfd lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s k|efj 7"nf] eP klg of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfsf] Wofg o;tkm{ sd} dfq uPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ctM 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLk|lt gLlt lgdf{tf tyf of]hgfsf/x¿sf] Wofg a9\g'kb{5 eGg] o; k':tssf] cfu|x /x]sf] 5 . ;+;f/sf s]xL efux¿df, vf; u/L hfkfg tyf k"jL{ Pl;ofsf s]xL efudf ljut nfdf] ;dob]]lv 5fof lzIffsf] cl:tTj k|an ¿kdf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . cfhef]ln s]xL kl/dflh{t :j¿k / k|efjsf ;fy of] k|0ffnL cGoq klg cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 / o;sf] lj:tf/ cToGt b|'t ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 . 5fof lzIffsf ;]jfx¿ ca s]an cgf}krfl/s lqmofsnfksf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt 5}gg\ . cfhsn of] k|0ffnL ;+:yfut ¿kd} ;~rflnt x'g yfln;s]sf] 5 . tLdWo] sltkosf ;~hfn cGt/f{li6«o :t/;Dd} km}lnPsf 5g\ .

!((( IIEP n] klxnf] k6s lghL 6\o';g k|yf (Private tutoring) sf af/]df o; k':tssf n]vsåf/f (Bray, 1999a) ljleGg d'n'saLr ul/Psf cWoogsf] k|lta]bg k|sflzt u¥Øf] . k|fl1s tyf k];fut ;flxTosf If]qsf] /fd|f] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ ;kmn pQm k':tsn] cem} yk cGj]if0f x'g'kg]{ d'2fx¿sf AFf/]DFF klg k|sfz kf/]sf] lyof] -k[= *&_ .

!((( df pQm k':tssf] k|sfzg ePkl5 jf:tjd} tL d'2fx¿sf] cGj]if0f eof] . o;}sf] z[◊nfsf ¿kdf IIEP n] ;bfrf/ / e|i6frf/af/] bf];|f] k':ts klg k|sfzgdf Nofof] -Bray,

2003_ . o; ljifodf -laZj a}+s @))$, @))%≤ cf]=O=;L=8L= @))^≤ P=8L=O=P=, @))*≤ Open Society Institution, @))*≤ o'g]:sf] @))$, @))&, @))*≤ o'lg;]km, @))&≤ 6«fGk/]G;L OG6/g];gn, @))(_ h:tf cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yf nufot cGo y'k|} n]vsx¿n] ;d]t IIEP n] u/]sf sfo{sf] pNn]v ub}{ o; ljifodf n]v]sf 5g\ . IIEP sf sltko ax'kIfLo ;+:yfsf gLltut b:tj]hx¿df o; ljifonfO{ ljz]if p4/0f ;lxt ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o:tf laZn]if0fn] 5fof lzIffsf] dxTjsf k|lt pNn]Vo r]tgf hufPsf] 5 / o; k|0ffnLsf] pkl:yltsf af/]df Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/;d]t x'g uPsf] 5 .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf o; k|sf/sf lghL lzIf0f k|0ffnLsf] cl:tTj / lj:tf/sf] ;Daf]wgsf pkfosf] vf]hLdf of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ tNnLg /x]sf 5g\ . o;af/] !((( sf]

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9


k':tsn] (Bray, 1999a, pp.74) ;+;f/e/ o:tf k|j[lQnfO{ jf:tf gug]{ b]lv aGb u/fpg]

;Ddsf k|oTg b]lvPsf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . To; k':tsdf o:tf ;d:of ;Daf]wgsf pkfo ;dodf / kl/l:ylt ;fk]If x'g'k5{ t/ ltgsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg / k|fKt cg'ejsf] laZn]if0faf6 kf7 l;Sb} hfg'k5{ elgPsf] lyof] . To; k':tssf] k|sfzg kZrft kl/l:yltdf cfPsf kl/jt{gn] cem} uDeL/ 5fglagsf] cfjZostf b]vfPsf] 5 .

;g\ @))& df z}lIfs of]hgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf -IIEP_ sf] d'Vofno k]l/;sf]

gLltlgdf{0f ljifos a}7sdf o; ljifodf la:t[t 5nkmnsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;} a}7sdf k|:t't ul/Psf b:tfj]h / 5nkmnnfO{ at{dfg k|sfzgsf d'Vo ;|f]t agfOPsf] 5 . pQm gLltut a}7ssf] zLif{snfO{ g} o; k':tsf] zLif{s agfOPsf] 5 . pQm a}7ssf ;xefuLx¿ ;+;f/sf ljleGg d'n'sdf k|rngdf /x]sf leleGg vfnsf lghL lzIf0f k4ltsf] laZn]if0f u/L ltgsf] k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wgsf nflu pko'Qm vfnsf gLltsf] vf]hdf s]lGb|t ePsf lyP . cToGt ;ts{tfsf ;fy ;d:ofsf hl6ntf tyf clgZrosf] hfnf] lrb}{ pko'Qm ;dfwfgsf] vf]hLdf /x]sf] o; a}7sn] cGttf]uTjf Pp6f gof“ cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/ km]nf kf¥Øf], h'g cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ lyof] .

IIEP sf gLltut a}7sn] ;a{q ;fGble{s ljifodf 5nkmn s]lGb|t u/fpg] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf]

5 . o;} cg'¿k 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf k|efjsf] Jofkstf / a}7sn] k|bfg ug]{ lgsf;sf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pQm a}7sdf o;nfO{ 5nkmnsf] ljifo agfOPsf] lyof] . x'g klg la:tf/s lx;fan] o; ljifodf lgsflnPsf lgsf;sf] ;fGble{stf c:6«]lnof, af]T:jfgf, k|mfG;b]lv u0ftGq sf]l/ofnufot cToGt b"/b/fh;Dd /x]sf] b]lvof] . tYo Pj+ ;"rgfsf] uDeL/ laZn]if0faf6 dfq ;j{:jLsfo{ lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsg] tYonfO{ dgg ub}{ IIEP sf gLltut a}7sdf ;DalGwt ljifosf] 1fg tyf cg'ejn] vfl/Psf cg';Gwftf, lbUuh of]hgfsf/, gLltlgdf{tf, k];fsdL{ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt u/fpg] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf ;Gbe{df 5fof lzIff h:tf] ;j{q rf;f]sf] ljifodf cfof]lht a}7s dfq o; k/Dk/fsf] ckjfb x'g] s'/} lyPg . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg' s'g xb;Dd hfoh 5 eGg] cndndf k/]sf cleefjssf] klg pQm a}7sdf /fd|} pkl:ylt lyof] . a}7sdf cg'ej / 1fgsf] 3lge"t cfbfgk|bfg x'g ;Sof] . o; k':tssf o; ;+:s/0fsf] cfwf/e"ld a}7ssf] 5nkmnsf qmddf k|:t't ePsf ltg} cg'ej, l6Kk0fL, ljrf/, b:tfj]h, ;fGble{s ;flxTo nufot cg'udgsf qmddf ePsf ljleGg k];fut tyf k|fl1s a}7s / 5nkmnsf ;f/;ª\If]kn] k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .

5fofsf] ljDa5fofsf] ljDa5fofsf] ljDa5fofsf] ljDa (The metaphor of the Shadow)

;g\ !(((df k|sflzt k':tsdf -Bray, 1999a_ 5fofsf] ljDa k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @))& sf] IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sn] klg 5nkmnsf] ljifonfO{ o;} pkdfåf/f ;Daf]wg u/]sf]

lyof] . kl5 Marimuthu, singh et al -1991_, stevenson / Baker -1992_ / George -1992_ n]


10


;d]t k|of]udf NofPkl5 o;sf] Jofkstfdf cem j[l4 x'g uof] . !((( sf] k':tssf] k[i7 !& df elgPem“} of] pkdf w]/} cy{df pko'Qm b]lvG5 . klxnf] s'/f, hxf“ hxf“ d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] pkl:ylt /xG5, Toxf“ Toxf“ To;sf] 5fof klg pkl:yt /xG5≤ bf];|f], d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] cfotgdf x'g] km]/abn;“u} 5fof k|0ffnLsf] cfotgdf klg kl/jt{g cfp“b5≤ t];|f], ;a} ;d'bfodf d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLdf hlt Wofg 5fof k|0ffnLdf lbOb}g≤ / rf}yf], 5fof lzIffsf k|j[lQ d"nwf/ lzIffsf h:tf 68\sf/f x'“b}gg\ . pQm k':tssf] k[i7 !&–!* df elgPsf] lyof]—

jf:tjdf 5fofsf] pkof]lutf w]/} 5 . 3fdsf] 5fof x]/]/ dflg;x¿ ;dosf] ult kQf nufp“5g\ . To;} u/L lzIff k|0ffnLsf] 5fofn] ;dfhdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{gsf] ;ª\s]t k|bfg u5{ . o; k|yfn] ljBfyL{{ tyf kl/jf/x¿sf hLjgdf 7"nf] k|efj hDFfPsf] 5 / o; k|efjsf] w]/} d'n'ssf cleefjs, lzIffljb\, tyf /fhgLlt1x¿n] rsf]{ cfnf]rgf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof, o;n] ;fdfhdf c;dfgtfsf] vf8n a9fpg] dfq xf]Og, 7"nf] kl/df0fdf dfgjLo tyf ljQLo ;|f]tsf] vkt ;d]t ub{5 h;sf] pkof]u cGo sltko If]qdf a9L ;fy{stfsf ;fy ug{ ;lsGYof] . cfnf]rsx¿sf b[li6df o;n] d"n k|jfxsf lzIfsx¿sf z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmdnfO{ ljz[ª\vlnt u/fp“5 / sIffleq ljBfyL{{x¿aLr c;dfgtfsf vf8n a9fP/ d"nk|jfx lzIffsf kf7\oqmdnfO{ g} tf]8d/f]8 ul/lbG5 . o;y{df lzIffsf] 5fof cGo j:t'sf] h:tf] lgl:qmo /x“b}g . a? o;n] t cfkm"n] 5fof wf/0f u/]sf] d"n j:t'sf df}lns k|j[lQd} ljrng NofOlbG5 .

k':tssf] o; ;+:s/0fn] d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf 5fofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lghL 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf] ;fdgf ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . t/ lghL 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf ;a} kIf v/fa} dfq 5g\ eGg] s'/f oyfy{ xf]Og . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf d2t ub{5,, ltgsf dfgjLo Ifdtf j[lWbdf ;3fp“5 / cGttf]uTjf cfly{s ljsf;sf qmddf of]ubfg k'¥Øfp“5 . o;n] o'jf tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fyL ;ª\uLx¿aLr cGt/lqmof ug]{ l;h{gfTds cj;/ k|bfg u/]/ ;fdflhs e"ldsfsf] klg lgjf{x ub{5 . lghL 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLn] 6\Ø'6/nfO{ /f]huf/L lbG5≤ / sIffdf l;sfOPsf ljifo ljBfyL{{nfO{ :ki6;“u a'emfP/ d"n k|jfx lzIfsnfO{ klg ;xof]u g} k'¥Øfp“5 . tyflk o;sf gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ eg] cf“vf lrDng ldNb}g . o;n] ;fdfGotof ;fdflhs tyf cly{s ljifdtf a9fp“5≤ ljBfyL{{sf hLjgdf cgfjZos bafjsf] l;h{gf ub{5 / km';{bsf] ;do klg vfOlbG5 hf] dgf]j}1flgs tyf z}lIfs lx;fjn] cjf~5gLo 5 . sltko cj:yfdf t o;nfO{ ck/fwsf b[li6n] klg x]l/G5, lsgeg] o;n] ;fdflhs ljZjf;nfO{ dfGb}g .

5fof lzIff;“u hf]l8Psf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds k|j[lQn] sltko d'n'sdf hl6n cj:yf pTkGg ePsf] 5 / yf]/} ;d'bfon] o;sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu pGgt ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . sltko of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfn] o; k|0ffnLsf] pk]Iff ub}{ o; ljifonfO{ v'nf ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{d 5f8\g] u/]sf 5g\ . j:t'tM o:tf v'nf k|0ffnL sltko cj:yfdf ;d:ofhgs x'g] ePsfn] o;sf k|efjsf/L ;fdgfsf pkosf] vf]hL ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;} ug]{ eGg] lg0f{odf k'Ug ufx|f] eP klg sd ;] sd of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] 5fof lzIffsf] cl:tTj / o;n] pTkGg ug]{ k|efjnfO{ eg] b[li6ut ug}{kb{5 . of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt


11


lgdf{tfnfO{ ;Gbe{;fk]If pkfosf] klxrfg ug{ ;3fp k'uf];\ eGg] cfzosf ;fy o; k':tsdf ;+;f/sf ljleGg efuaf6 ;ª\slnt cg'ejx¿sf] k|:t'ltsf] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

k':tssfk':tssfk':tssfk':tssf]] ]] ;+/rgf;+/rgf;+/rgf;+/rgf

s'g} klg k|j[lQsf ;DaGwdf s'g} gLltut lg0f{odf k'Ug'eGbf klxn] To; k|j[lQsf] lr/kmf/ u/]/ To;sf cGtlg{lxt cjojx¿ / ltgsf] lj:tf/sf] l:yltsf af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o;} tYonfO{ b[li6ut ub]{} k|:t't k':tssf] k|yd v08df 5fof lzIffsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ / To;sf] km}nfj6af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; v08df ;+;f/sf ljleGg efudf ljBdfg 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf k|sf/, ltgsf aLrsf] leGgtf / lzIffsf ljleGg txdf o;sf] pkl:yltaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . Ps hgfn] Ps hgfnfO{ k9fpg]b]lv lnP/ sIffs} ¿kdf ;d"xnfO{ tyf 7"N7"nf ;efsIfdf ljzfn ;d"xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf 6\o';g k|yf sfod /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] lzIff, l;Sg] / l;sfpg] cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] eP/, kqfrf/sf dfWodaf6, tyf 6]lnkmf]g Pj+ OG6/g]6af6 ;d]t k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf] ;3gtf df};dcg';f/ yk36 x'g] u5{ / 6\o';gsf] pkof]u clwsf+zt s]6LeGbf s]6fn] a9L ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

k':tssf] bf];|f] v08n] 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf ;fdflhs cfly{s k|efjdfly k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 . ;a}vfn] 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cf–cfkmg} kmfObf 5g\ t/ k|of]usf] dfqf / k|s[ltsf lx;fan] ;d:ofd"ns klg 5g\ . sdhf]/ ljBfyL{{nfO{ ;3fp k'¥Øfpg] ;/sf/L gLltcg';f/ rn]sfeGbf v'nf ahf/sf 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLdf cfsf;–hldgsf] km/s 5 . v'nf ahf/sf 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLn] sdhf]/ xf]Og, hfGg] ljBfyL{{nfO{ nlIft ub{5 . To:t}, ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{n] cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf k|bfg ug]{ 6\Ø';geGbf Jofj;flos lx;fasf k];fut 6\Ø';g w]/} leGg x'g] ub{5g\ . ;a} ;fyLefOn] 6\Ø';g k9]sf] b]v]/, d"nwf/sf lzIfsx¿sf] 6\Ø';g lng bafj lbPsfn] tyf 6\o';g z}lIfs ;kmntf lzIff / ;+j[l4sf] Bf]ts xf] eGg] cleefjssf dfGotfsf sf/0fn] ;d]t sltko cj:yfdf ljBfyL{{x¿ o;sf] 7"n} bafjdf kg]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf s'/f w]/} xb;Dd ;DalGwt ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltdf klg lge{/ ub{5 . ;+;f/sf ljleGg d'n's÷:yfgdf 6\Ø';g ;+:s[ltn] a9L jf 36L k|f]T;fxg kfpg'df Toxf“sf ;fdflhs cjwf/0ffsf] lg0ff{os :yfg /xG5 .

o;kl5 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;fdgf ug{ gLlt lgdf{tf tyf of]hgfsf/x¿n] s] s:tf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 5fof lzIffsf p2]Zo, kl/k|]Io tyf :j¿kaf/] :ki6 5fglag u/]kl5 dfq dfu / cfk"'lt{sf] Joj:yfkgaf/] ljrf/ ug'{ >]o:s/ x'g ;S5 . o;f] ePdf of]hgfsf/nfO{ ahf/;+j4 zlQmx¿sf] ;dfof]hg u/]/ lgodgsf/L ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 . d"n k|jfxsf lzIfs :jod\n] cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\Ø';g k9\g bafj lbPsf cj:yfsf] / ljBfnoaflx/ :jtGq ¿kn] ;~rflnt 6\Ø';gsf] ;Daf]wgsf pkfo km/s km/s x'g ;S5g\ . of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfn] of]hgf th'{dfsf qmddf ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ;d:ofsf ;fy} sfof{Gjosf qmddf cfOkg]{


12


ca/f]wnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/]/ ;Daf]wgsf pkosf] rog ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . To;sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ 6\Ø';gsf k|j[lQdf cfO/x]sf ;d;fdlos kl/jt{gsf]] lg¿k0f ug{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] klg cfjZostf kb{5 .

cGTodf, o; k':tssf s]xL cjwf/0ffut ;Ldfaf/] klg hfgsf/L cfjZos 5 . klxnf] s'/f, o; k':tsn] k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf lzIffdf k|of]u eO/x]sf lghL 6\Ø';g k|0ffnL;“u dfq ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] 5 . 6\Ø';g k|yf k"j{ k|ylds tx tyf dflWdseGbf dflyNnf txdf klg kfOG5 t/ ltgdf lglxt tTj / d'2f km/s 5g\ . bf];|f], o; k':tsdf pNn]v ul/Psf 6\Ø';gsf] ;/f]sf/ ;z'Ns 6\Ø';g;“u dfq xf]≤ :jhg, cfkm\gf lzIfs jf cGo JolQmx¿af6 lgMz'Ns k|fKt x'g] 6\Ø';g;“u o;sf] ;/f]sf/ 5}g . lsgeg] d'2fsf] 5fglagsf ;Gbe{df of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfsf] ;/f]sf/ k};f vr{ x'g] 6\Ø';g;“u dfq /xG5 . t];|f], o; k':tsdf pNn]v ePsf 6\Ø';gsf] ;/f]sf/ d"nwf/ lzIffdf k9fO x'g] ljifo;“u dfq 5 . h:t} v]ns'b, wfld{s lzIff jf cGo k|sf/sf ljifodf k|bfg ul/g] 6\Ø';g;“u o;sf] s'g} ;/f]sf/ 5}g . o:tf ljifox¿sf] dxTj sd eP/ xf]Og k':tsf] sfo{9f“rf leq gkg]{ ePsfn] oxf“ ltgsf] rrf{ gul/Psf] xf] .


13


@= @= @= @= cGj]if0fcGj]if0fcGj]if0fcGj]if0f

DfDfDfDffqfqfqfqf, ;3gtff, ;3gtff, ;3gtff, ;3gtf / lsl;d / lsl;d / lsl;d / lsl;d

lghL 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cfsf/ k|sf/af/] ;"Id tYofª\s kfpg w]/} ufx|f] 5 . w]/} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;"rgfsf] pknlAw ;]jfu|fxL / k|bfossf k|j[lQdf lge{/ /xG5–

• cfos/ gltl/g] cfosf] cgf}krfl/s lqmofsnfk ePsfn] 6\Ø';g k|bfosx¿ o;df c?sf cf“vf gk?g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ .

• cfk\mgf lzIfsk|lt cljZjf; u/]sf], ;fyLefOsf t'ngfdf a9L kmfObf lnPsf] / sltko cj:yfdf cfkm} d"v{ ePsf] cf/f]k;d]t nfUg] 8/n] ljBfyL{{x¿ cfkm"n] lnO/x]sf] 6\Ø';gaf/] c?nfO{ yfxf gxf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ .

• cfk\mgf aRrfnfO{ c?n] sdhf]/ 7fGg ;Sg], d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLk|lt cljZjf; u/]sf] jf cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cGo ;dsIfL afnaflnsfsf] t'ngfdf a9L ;'lawf lbnfPsf] cf/f]k nfUg] 8/n] cleefjs klg otf c?sf] Wofg ghfcf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ .

km/s km/s ;dodf 6\Ø';gsf k|sf/, dfqf / ;3gtfdf km/s kg]{ ePsfn] oyfy{ dfkg ;lhnf] 5}g . clwsf+z 6\Ø';g k|fks / k|bfosaLr cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] k|bfg ul/G5 . sltkon] ljBfyL{{nfO{ JolQmut Wofg lbPsf x'G5g\ eg] sltn] ;d"xdf k|bfg u5{g\ . o;sf dfWod klg km/s km/s x'G5g\ . cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg]sf cltl/Qm sltn]] kqfrf/sf] dfWod ckgfp“5g\ eg] cfhsn Og6/g]6sf] k|rng klg a9\bf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L sltko ljBfyL{{n] w]/} ljifodf lgoldt ¿kn] 6\Ø';g lnG5g\ eg] sltn] s]xL ljifodf ;Lldt cjlwsf nflu . tyflk, o;sf] df]6fdf]6L cf“sngsf nflu ;+;f/sf ljleGg d'n'sdf w]/} cWoog eO;s]sf] 5 . 6\Ø';g k|yfsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k|efjaf/] a9bf] r]tgf tyf JolQmut Pj+ ;+:yfut cWoogx¿sf sf/0f klg o; cwoognfO{ lj:t[t agfpgdf d2t k'u]sf] 5 .

dfqfut km/s dfqfut km/s dfqfut km/s dfqfut km/s

tflnsf != df y'k|} d'n'sx¿af6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf tYofª\s ;fd]n 5 . cWoog k4ltsf leGgtfn] ubf{ oxf“ k|:t't tYofª\s :t/Ls[t geP klg w]/}h;f] gd'gf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . 6\Ø';g k|yf sDaf]l8of tyf s]Gof h:tf sd cfo:t/sf d'n'sb]lv lnP/ Sofgf8f tyf hfkfg h:tf pRr cfo:t/sf d'n's;Dd JofKt 5 . o; k|yfsf] k|rng u|dL0f If]qdf eGbf ;x/L If]qdf a9L 5 / sltko ;d'bfodf s]6LeGbf s]6fnfO{ a9L pknAw u/fOG5 .

tflnsf !M 6tflnsf !M 6tflnsf !M 6tflnsf !M 6\\ \\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cGt/ b]zLo ;"rs Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cGt/ b]zLo ;"rs Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cGt/ b]zLo ;"rs Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cGt/ b]zLo ;"rs

:yfg:yfg:yfg:yfg lsl;dlsl;dlsl;dlsl;d a¨nfb]z

!^,$)) 3/ kl/jf/af6 @))% df ;ª\slnt tYofª\s / ;g\ !((* df ##,@@( 3/ kl/jf/af6 ;ª\slnt ;dfg vfnsf tYofª\saLr t'ngf ul/Psf] lyof] .


14


tYofª\sn] b]vfPcg';f/ 6\Ø';gsf] dfqf pNn]Vo lyof] / o;sf] lj:tf/ klg a9\bf] ¿kdf lyof] . !((*df @!=$ k|ltzt -u|fdL0f If]qdf !*=! k|ltzt / ;x/L If]qdf $$=# k|ltzt_ ljBfyL{n] 6\Ø';g kl9/x]sf lyP eg] @))%df o;df j[l4 eO{ #! k|ltzt -u|fdL0f If]qdf @*=@ / ;x/L If]qdf %!=& k|ltzt_ k'u]sf] kfOof] .

sDaf]l8of !((&÷(*df && k|fylds ljBfnox¿df ;j{] ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf pQ/bftfdWo] #!=@ k|ltztn] 6\Ø';g lnO/x]sf] atfP . Toxf“ k|fylds lzIffdf x'g] vr{sf] ^=^ k|ltzt 6\Ø';gdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] . ;g\ @))$ df ul/Psf] cg'udg cWoogn] dfWolds txdf o; k|sf/sf] vr{ pNn]Vo ¿kdf a9L x'g] b]lvof] . cf};t kl/jf/n] lgDg dfWolds txsf] pRrtd sIffdf 6\Ø';gafkt k|fylds txsf] pRrtd sIffsf] eGbf rf/ bf]a/ a9L vr{ ub{5g\ .

Sofgf8f !((& df ul/Psf] Ps 6]lnkmf]g ;e]{df %)! dWo] (=$ k|ltzt jo:sn] ltgsf afnaflnsf ljBfnoaflx/ cltl/Qm 6\Ø';g lnO/x]sf atfP eg] *=$ k|ltztn] klxn] lnPsf] atfP .

rLg @))$df $,&&# 3/kl/jfdf ul/Psf] lzIff tyf /f]huf/L;DaGwL ;e]{n] &#=* k|ltzt k|fylds, ^%=^ k|ltzt lgDg dfWolds tyf %#=% k|ltzt pRr dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{n] 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] b]vfof] .

;fOk|; @))# df sn]hsf !,!@) ljBfyL{aLr ul/Psf] ;e]{n] dfWolds txdf k9\bf *^=$ k|ltzyn] 6\Ø';g lnPsf] atfPsf lyP .

OlhK6 ;g\ @))$ df ul/Psf] Ps ;e]{n] b]vfP cg';f/ Toxf“sf k|fo kl/jf/n] lzIffsf s'n vr{sf] ^!=) k|ltzt 6\Ø';gdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . !((& df ul/Psf] Pp6f ;e]{n] ;a} txsf lzIffdf u/L Toxf“sf] s'n ufx{:y vr{sf] !=^ k|ltzt 6\Ø';gdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] b]vfof] . !(($ df $,&@( kl/jf/df ul/Psf] csf]{ ;e]{n] k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{{dWo] ;x/L If]qdf ^$=) k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf %@=) k|ltztn] 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] b]vfof] .

xªsª @))^ sf] ;/sf/L tYofª\sn] k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf #$=) k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] 6\Ø';g lnG5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] lyof] . @))$÷)% df ul/Psf] !#,^)) kl/jf/sf] ;e]{n] k|fylds txdf #^=) k|ltzt, lgDg dfWolds txdf @*=) k|ltzt, dWo dfWoldsdf ##=^ k|ltzt / pRr dfWoldsdf $*=! k|ltztn] 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] .

Hfkfg @))& df ul/Psf] Ps ;e]{n] h's' gfdn] lrlgg] Toxf“sf] 6\Ø';g k9fpg] ljBfno n] k|fylds ! sf !%=( k|ltzt ljBfyL{nfO{ 6\Ø';g k9fp“5 . dflyNnf sIffx¿df k'Ubf of] k|ltzt klg a9\b} hfG5 . h'lgo/ dfWolds # df k'Ubf 6\Ø';g lng] ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt ^%=@ k'U5 . o; cltl/Qm h'lgo/ dfWolds # sf ^=* k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] 3/}df 6\Ø';g lnG5g\ / !%=) k|ltztn] kqfrf/ sf];{ lng] ub{5g\ .

s]Gof !((& df sIff ^ sf #@## ljBfyL{{aLr ul/Psf] ;j{]If0fdf ^*=^ k|ltztn] lghL 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] b]vfof] h;df pQ/–k'aL{ k|fGtdf #(=) k|ltzt / blIf0f–klZrdL k|fGtdf &$=$ k|ltzt ljBfyL{{ lyP . To;} u/L tLg ef}uf]lns lhNnfdf ul/Psf] Pp6f ;d¿k ;e]{n] 6\Ø';g u|fdL0f eGbf ;x/L If]df /


15


To;df klg s]6LeGbf s]6fnfO{ a9L k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof]] . leot\gfd @))! Df #^#( k|fylds ljBfnosf sIff % df k9\g] &@^^) ljBfyL{sf] ;e]{

ubf{ #* k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] 6\Ø';g kl9/x]sf] atfP . @))@ df ul/Psf] csf]{ ;e]{n] cf};t kl/jf/n] lzIffsf nflu ug{] s'n vr{sf] @) k|ltzt 6\Ø';gdf vr{ x'g] b]vfof] . ljZjljBfno k|j]z k/LIffsf qmddf of] vr{ a9]/ @( k|ltzt ;Dd k'Ug] ub{5 . o:tf] vr{ s]Gb|Lo / blIf0f–k"jL{ If]qdf a9L x'g] u/]sf] kfOof] .

;|f]tM Bray sf ljleGg cWoog k|lta]bg (2006, pp. 517-518)≤ a¨nfb]zsf] cBfawLs/0f Nath (2008, PP. 57)≤. OlhK6 World Bank (2008, pp.190) ≤ xªsª Kwok (2009, pp 106) / Ng (2009, pp. 1)≤ hfkfg, lzIff, lj1fg, ;+:s[lt / v]ns'b dGqfno (2008, p. 13)≤ rLg, Xue and Ding (2009, p. 119)≤ leotgfd @))! sf] ;e]{ World Bank (2004, p. 81) .

@))& df IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf k]; ul/Psf tYofª\sdf cem w]/} pbfx/0f k|:t't ePsf

5g\ . Silova -@))&_ n] k"jL{ o'/f]k / Pl;ofsf ;flas ;f]leot ?;;“u ;DalGwt !@

d'n'sdf ljBdfg 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf cj:yfaf/] tYofª\s k]; ul/g\ -tflnsfM@_ . pgsf] cWoogdf -k[i6 $_ !(() ;Dd ;fdfGo dfqfdf dfq k|of]udf /x]sf] 6\Ø';g k|0ffnL otfsf

cjlwdf cfP/ o;n] ljzfn Joj;fosf] ¿k lnO;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pgsf tYofª\s Open Society Institution n] @))$÷)% / @))%÷)^ df k|fof]hg u/]sf Ps hf]8L cg';Gwfg

k|ltj]bgaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ -Silovia, Budiene, and Bray, 2006; Silova 2009 klg

x]g'{xf];\_ . pQm cWoogdf cg';Gwftfn] ljZjljBfno k|yd jif{sf ljBfyL{;“u dfWolds lzIffsf clGtd jif{ ul/Psf 6\Ø';gsf cg'ejaf/] ;f]w]sf lyP . o:t} ;e]{ ch/j}hfg, hlh{of, / qmf]l;ofdf klg ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] cWoogdf *&!# / bf];|f]df #!)! hgf;“u k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . oL cWoogaf6 b'O{ k|sf/sf 6\Ø';g k|0ffnL Jofks k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvof]— JolQm;“u lnOg] a}olQms 6\Ø';g / ljZjljBfno k|j]zsf] k"j{tof/Lsf nflu lnOg] ;+:yfut 6\Ø';g . j}olQms 6\Ø';g vf; u/L dª\uf]lnof tyf k"j{ ;f]leot;+3 cGtu{tsf ch/a}hfg, hlh{of, lny'jfgLof cflb d'n'sdf k|rlnt kfOof] eg] k"j{ o'uf]:nfleof ;Da4 qmf]l;of, :nf]eflsof, af]l:gof tyf xh{uf]legf cflb d'n'x¿df ;+:yfut . oL d'n'x¿df ;+:yfut 6\Ø';gsf lgSs} ljsl;t / dha't ahf/ b]vfk/] . ch/a}hfgsf ljZjljBfno k|yd jif{sf ljBfyL{dWo] () k|ltztn] dfWolds txsf] clGtd jif{ j}olQms 6\Ø';g lnPsf] atfP .


16


Tflnsf @ Mk"jL{ o'/f]k / Pl;ofsf d'n'sx¿df lghL 6\Ø';gsf] dfqf

csf]{ kl/k|]Iodf Paviot (2007) n] !% b]zsf lzIff dGqfnox¿;“u ldn]/ blIf0fL / k"jL{ clk|msL d'n'sx¿sf ;d"xdf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ cg'udg u/]sf lyP . o;sf nflu !((% / @))) df sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿af6 t'ngfTds tYofª\ssf ;]6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] -tflnsf #_ . cfkmGtåf/f l;Q}“df lnOg] / k};f lt/]/ lnOg] b'j} vfnsf 6\Ø';gsf ljj/0f ldl;Psfn] tYofª\sdf s]xL c:k:6tf /xguof] . To; cWoogn] sltko d'n'sf 6\Ø';gsf] dfqf lgSs} 7"nf] / a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] b]vfof] . !((% df sIff ^ sf $( k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] 6\Ø';g lnO/x]sfdf @))) df of] k|ltzt a9]/ ^*=# k'u]sf] b]lvof] .

Eilor (2007) n] o'ufG8fdf u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] klg 6\Ø';g k|yf k|foM ;a} sIffsf ljBfyL{{aLr cfd ¿kdf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|d'v k/LIffsf nflu dfq 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] kfOof] eg] ;x/L If]qdf ;a} sIffdf of] cfd k|rngsf ¿kdf b]lvof] . dfqfdf w]/ yf]/ eP klg otfsf b'O{ bzsdf o;sf] k|rng Jofks ¿kn] a9\b} uPsf] pgsf] 7x/ 5 . lzIffsf u'0f:t/ cg'udgdf ul/Psf] ;e]{n] o'ufG8fsf gd'gf 5gf]6df k/]sf sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{{dWo] *!=* k|ltztn] ljBfnosf lgoldt sIffafx]s cltl/Qm 6\Ø';g lnO/x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] h;dWo] %!=$ k|ltztn] To;afkt z'Ns lt/]sf lyP .

tflnsf # M k"jtflnsf # M k"jtflnsf # M k"jtflnsf # M k"jL{ / blIf0fL clk|msfsf sIff ^ df 6L{ / blIf0fL clk|msfsf sIff ^ df 6L{ / blIf0fL clk|msfsf sIff ^ df 6L{ / blIf0fL clk|msfsf sIff ^ df 6\\ \\Ø';Ø';Ø';Ø';g k9g k9g k9g k9\\\\g] g] g] g] ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{{sf] k|ltzt{sf] k|ltzt{sf] k|ltzt{sf] k|ltzt

b]zb]zb]zb]z !((%!((%!((%!((% @)))@)))@)))@))) k|ltzt Sampling error k|ltzt Sampling error s]Gof ^*=^ @=%# *&=& !=!( dnfjL @@=! !=(^ &(=& #=$& Dff]l/;; &&=% !=$$ *^=^ !=)& gfldlaof #$=& @=)* $$=& @=## hflDaof $$=* @=#% %%=! #=%^ hlGhaf/ $^+=! !=@^ %%=( )=(% cf};t $(=) !=($ ^*=# @=@@ Source Paviot, Heinsohn, and Korkman (2008, p. 152)


17


Sujatha (2008, p.3) n] ef/tsf rf/ /fHox¿df dfWolds txsf sIff ( b]lv !@ ;Ddsf ^($* ljBfyL{aLr u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] /fHox¿aLr dfqfdf km/s eP klg cf};t $!=# k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] 6\Ø';g k9\g] u/]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf $_ . o; cWoogn] klg s]6L -#(=^ k|ltzt_ eGbf s]6fdf -%$=( k|ltzt_ 6\Ø';g k9\g] k|a[lQ a9L /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . hnfn'l2gn] @))& df klZrd a¨fndf u/]sf] cWoogsf glthf klg dflysf] cWoogsf glthf;“u ldNbfh'Nbf g} lyP . pgsf cWoogn] klZrd a¨fndf &) k|ltzt kl/jf/n] cfk\mgf lzIff ah]6sf] Ps ltxfO k|fylds txsf afnaflnsfsf] 6\Ø';gdf vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] .

Tflnsf $ M ef/tsf rf/ /fHodf 6Tflnsf $ M ef/tsf rf/ /fHodf 6Tflnsf $ M ef/tsf rf/ /fHodf 6Tflnsf $ M ef/tsf rf/ /fHodf 6\\ \\Ø';g k9Ø';g k9Ø';g k9Ø';g k9\\\\g] afnaflnsfsf] sIffut g] afnaflnsfsf] sIffut g] afnaflnsfsf] sIffut g] afnaflnsfsf] sIffut ¿k¿k¿k¿kdf t'ngfTds df t'ngfTds df t'ngfTds df t'ngfTds tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf tflnsf

sIff (sIff (sIff (sIff ( !)!)!)!) ((((––––!)!)!)!) !!!!!!!! !@!@!@!@ !!!!!!!!––––!@!@!@!@ ((((––––!@!@!@!@ cfGw| k|b]z !!=# %@=& #@=# s]/nf $#=) &!=^ %%=) #!=% #^=) ##=% $#=& dxf/fi6« $#=@ %^=) $(=# $!=) #*=% $)=) $$=& pQ/ k|b]z #!=$ ^@=) $%=& #!=$ #*=^ #$=( $)=& cf};t #@=) %*=* $$=^ #^=) %#=* #^=* $!=# gf]6 M cfGw|sf] :ofDkndf sIff ( / !) dfq 5g\ Source: Sujatha (2007) P. 3

6sL{df klg 6\Ø';g k9\g]sf] k|j[lQ a9bf] qmddf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . Tansel / Bircan (2007, pp. 5-6) n] d"ntM # k|sf/sf 6\Ø';g k4lt k|rngdf /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . klxnf], rfx]sf ljifodf cfk;df to ul/Psf b/df z'Ns lt/]/ Ps hgfn] Ps hgfnfO{ k9fpg] . bf];|f], ljBfnos} lzIfsn] ljBfno ;doafx]ssf] ;dodf ljBfnod} cltl/Qm z'Ns lnP/ k9fpg] . o:tf k|fjwfgdf ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltn] lzIff dGqfno;“u :jLs[lt lnP/ dGqfnon] g} tf]lslbPsf] b/df z'Ns lnP/ k9fOG5 . t];|f] k|sf/df ;+:yfut 6\Ø';g k4lt 5g\, h;df k|fylds txb]lv dfWolds tx;Dd 6\Ø';g sIffsf ;y} nf]s ;]jfsf k/LIffsf nflu tof/L u/fpg] ;d]t ul/G5 . o:tf 6\Ø';g s]Gb|nfO{ b];f{g] -Dersane_ elgG5 . !(^) b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf o:tf 6\Ø';g s]Gb|x¿nfO{ !(^% b]lv ;/sf/L dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf s]Gb|x¿ lzIff dGqfnodf clgjfo{ ¿kn] btf{ x'g'kg]{ / cfodf s/ ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . !(&%÷&^ df 6sL{df !%& cf]6f o:tf 6\Ø';g s]Gb| lyP . To;sf] b'O{ bzsdf o;sf]] ;ª\Vof a9]/ !@(@ / @))%÷)^ df #(*^ k'Uof], hf] Toxf“sf hDdf dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof -#$)^_ eGbf a9L xf] . cWoogsf ;dodf Toxf“sf dfWolds ljBfnodf hDdf @),&^,))) ljBfyL{{ lyP eg] lghL 6\Ø';g s]Gb|x¿df !),&@,))) hgf k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog/t lyP (Tansel and Bircan 2007, pp. 16-17) .

cl:6«ofdf 6\Ø';gsf k|sf/af/] s'g} tYofª\s kfO“b}g . t/ Toxf“sf] Chamber of Eployees n] ;g\ @))^ df u/]sf] Ps ;e]{df cl:6«ofn] 6\o';gdf jflif{s !$) ldlnog o'/f] vr{ ug]{ u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 . of] cg'dfg leogf ljZjljBfnon] u/]sf] cWoog;“u d]n vfG5 . pQm


18


cWoogn] cl:6«ofsf] s'n dfWolds ljBfnosf @) k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] lghL 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 -Wagner et al., 2003) .

cGo tYofª\sn] klZrd o'/f]kdf klg lghL 6\Ø';gsf] :yfg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . a]nfotdf ;g\ @))* df !%)) cleefjsdfem ul/Psf] Ps ;e]{n] k|fylds txsf !@ / dfWolds txsf * k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] lghL 6\Ø';g kl9/x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] -Peters, Carpenter, et al., p. 2) . !((@ df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] k|mfG;sf] Ps If]qdf @% k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] lghL 6\Ø';g k9\g] u/]sf] atfPsf] lyof] (Glzsman, 2007, p.1) . To;kl5sf bzsx¿df k|mfG; ;/sf/n] o; If]qsf] lj:tf/df lgSs} ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 (Melot, 2007; Anglade, 2008) . ;g\ @))) df u|L;df ljZjljBfno k|yd jif{sf ljBfyL{{aLr ul/Psf] Ps ;e]{n] *) k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] frontistirio elgg] Preparatory ljBfnoaf6 ;3g ¿ksf sIff lng] u/]sf≤ %) k|ltztn] j}olQms / Ps ltxfOn] b'j} vfn] 6\Ø';g lnG5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] lyof] (Psacharopaulos and Papakonstantinou, 2005, p. 105) . To:t}, Oh/fondf @))# df pRr dfWolds txsf] lzIff k"/f u/]sf !$(^ ljBfyL{;“u ;f]lwPsf k|Zgdf dfWolds txsf] clGtd jif{ $% k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] 6\Ø';g lnPsf] atfP . of] ;ª\Vof !(($ df s]an #@ k|ltzt dfq lyof] . o; cf“s8fn] Oh/fondf klg lghL 6\Ø';gsf] k|yfdf lgSs]} j[l4 ePsf] b]vfp“5 (Smyth, 2009, p. 9) .

c:6«]lnof, ;+=/f= cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf klg lghL 6\Ø';gsf] k|s[lt klZrd o'/f]ks} h:tf] b]lvG5 . c:6«]lnofdf, lghL 6\Ø';g k|yfn] Tolt dxTj gkfPsf] eP klg ;g\ @))$ df Toxf“sf] ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] # jif{b]lv nuftf/ ¿kn] d"nwf/ lzIffsf pknlAwdf k5fl8 kb}{ cfPsf ljBfyL{{x¿sf nflu Pp6f k/LIf0f ef}r/ of]hgfcGtu{t lghL 6\Ø';gdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fof] . ;g\ @))% df of] ;'ljwf ^@)) ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/] hf] ;DefJo ;“Vofsf] Ps ltxfO dfq xf] . o;sf ;fy} xfn ;/sf/L ;xof]udf ;~rfng x'g] lghL 6\Ø';g k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf ;g\ @))@ df No Child Left Behind (NCLB) sf] sfg'g kf; ePkl5 lghL 6\Ø';g ;+:yfx¿n] ;/sf/L ;xof]u kfpg yfn]kl5 xfn ltgsf] ;ª\Vof d"nwf/ lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿s} xf/fxf/L k'u]sf] 5 (Ascher, 2006, Burch, Donovon, and Stein Berg, 2006; Vergari, 2007) . Sofgf8fdf o:tf] sfg'gL Joj:yf geP klg lghL 6\Ø';gdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . Davies / Aurini (2006, p. 123) n] cfk"mn] cg';Gwfg u/]sf :yfgdf laut #) jif{ otf lghL 6\Ø';g k|bfg ug]{ cf}krfl/s ;+:yfsf] ;ª\Vof @)) af6 a9]/ %)) k'u]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . Sofgf8fsf] cf]G6fl/of] lgjf;L cleefjsdWo]] @$ k|ltztn] afnaflnsfnfO{ lghL 6\Ø';g k|bfg ul//x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ eg] %) k|ltzt Sofg]l8og cleefjsn] ;s]sf v08df cfk\mgf gfgLx¿sf nflu lghL 6\Ø'6/ /fVg] OR5f k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .

Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf Tolt w]/} cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5}g . t/ klg Toxf“sf sltko If]qdf, vf; u/L ;x/L If]qsf pRr dfWolds txdf, 6\Ø';g k|0ffnL cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu


19


Mattos (2007) n] l/of] l8 h]g]l/of] df / Barros (2008) n] aflxof eGg] :yfgdf ljBdfg 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf k|s[ltsf] 5fglag u/]sf lyP .

aS;aS;aS;aS;\\\\ != lghL 6!= lghL 6!= lghL 6!= lghL 6\\ \\o';g k|0ffnLsf] jo';g k|0ffnLsf] jo';g k|0ffnLsf] jo';g k|0ffnLsf] juL{s/0f uL{s/0f uL{s/0f uL{s/0f ljZje/ ljBdfg 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf] k'/fjnf]sg ubf{ k|of]u / lsl;dsf cfwf/df d'n'sx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf] pb\ud Oltxf;;“u hf]l8Psf tYo, k|f]T;fxgsf/L ;f+:s[lts tTj / ;/sf/L gLlt;“u 6\o';g k|yfsf] ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ juL{s/0fsf cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .

• hfkfg, xªsª, sf]l/of tyf tfOjfg h:tf k"jL{ Pl;ofsf d'n'sx¿df lghL 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 / Toxf“sf] ;+:s[lt;“u o;sf] ulx/f] ;DaGw 5 . sGkm\Ø'l;o;sfnLg k/Dk/fb]lv g} Toxf“ lzIffsf] pRr d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 / o;nfO{ cToGt ;fjwfgLsf ;fy cufl8 a9fOG5 . Toxf“ vf; u/L l;sfOpknlAwsf] :t/ pRr /x]sf ljBfyL{{nfO{ lghL 6\Ø';gsf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fOG5 .

• k"j{ ;f]leot ;ª\3 cfa4 d'n's / k"jL{ o'/f]ksf d'sx¿df !(() kl5 cfly{s cj:yfdf cfPsf lu/fj6sf sf/0f lzIfsx¿n] cltl/Qm cfosf nflu cltl/Qm sfd ug'{kg{] cj:yf cfPkl5 k|rngdf cfPsf] 6\Ø';g k|yfdf crfgs 7"nf] lj:tf/ x'guof] . o; k|yfn] ;a}vfn] z}lIfs Ifdtfsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d]6\5 .

• k"j{ ;f]leot ;ª\3 cfa4 d'n's / k"jL{ o'/f]ksf d'sx¿sf t'ngfdf klZrd o'/f]k, pQ/ cd]l/sf tyf c:6«]lnofdf 6\Ø';g k|0ffnL ;fdfGo ¿kdf /x]sf] eP klg Toxf“sf gLlt lgdf{tfn] ljBfnox¿aLrsf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ yfn]kl5 / cleefjsn] klg 6\Ø';gdf ul/g] nufgLdf kmfObf b]Vg yfn]kl5 o;sf k|of]usf] dfqfdf crfgs j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf sltko ;/sf/x¿n] klg 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLnfO{ sdhf]/ ljBfyL{{sf l;sfOpknlAw psf:g] pkfosf ¿kdf k|f]T;fxg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

• clk|msfdf klg 6\Ø';g k|0ffnL k|v/ ¿kn] cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 . 6\Ø';g k|0ffnLnfO{ hjfkmb]lxtf tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf aGwgn] g5'g] cltl/Qm cfocfh{gsf] ;/n pkfosf ¿kdf u|x0f ug]{ lzIfx¿aLrsf] ;f]rsf sf/0fn] klg o;f] ePsf] xf] . o; cy{df clk|msfdf klg Pl;ofs} ;/x 6\Ø';g k|yf ;x/L If]qsf b}lgs hLjg k4ltsf] lx:;f aGb} uPsf] 5 . k"j{ ;f]leot d'n'sx¿df lzIfsx¿n] o;nfO{ Go"g cfo:t/df e/y]usf] pkfosf ¿kdf x]/]em}+ Toxf“ klg o;nfO{ lzIfsx¿n] cltl/Qm cfo cfh{gsf] dfWod agfp“b} nu]sf 5g\ .

• Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf pRr dfWolds txdf afx]s 6\Ø';g k|yfsf] vf;} k|efj b]lv“b}g . 6\o';gsf] guGo k|rngn] Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf z}lIfs k/Dk/fnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]sf] 5 . t/ l56} blIf0f o'/f]k, pQ/ cd]l/sf tyf c:6«]lnodf em}+ oxf“ klg rf“8} kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 .

6\Ø';g k|0ffnLsf oL ljleGg ;d"xsf] pkfb]otf slt 5 eGg] s'/f gLlt lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf o;n] k'¥Øfpg ;Sg] of]ubfgaf6 cf“sng ug{ ;lsG5 . 6\Ø';gsf dfqfsf] k|antf sd /x“b}df gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf 5}g eGg] uNtL of]hgfsf/ tyf gLltlgdf{tfn]] ug{ x'Gg . /f]u nfu]kl5 lgjf/0fsf pkfo vf]Hg'eGbf nfUg} glbg' /fd|f] eg] em“} o;tkm{ of]hgfsf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfsf] cu|Ld Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 .


20


6666\\\\Ø';g k|yfsf] dfqfut km/sØ';g k|yfsf] dfqfut km/sØ';g k|yfsf] dfqfut km/sØ';g k|yfsf] dfqfut km/s

IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf k|:t't ul/Psf tYofª\sdf 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf ljleGg lsl;d / dfqf;“u ;Da4 rnx¿ -Variables_ sf b[i6fGt cfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Neto-mendes / Costa (2007) n] tLg jif{sf cjlwdf kf]r'{unsf] Pp6f ;x/sf rf/ cf]6f dfWolds ljBfnosf sIff !@ sf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{{sf] cWoog u/]sf lyP . tflnsf % df k|:t't tL rf/ ljBfnosf @))%÷)^ sf] tYofª\sn] %@ b]lv ^% k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] 6\Ø';g lnPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . clwsf+z ljBfyL{n] xKtfsf] ! b]lv # 306f, w]/}n] $ b]lv !) 306f / s]xLn] !) 306f ;Dd 6\Ø';gdf Joltt ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . 6\Ø';gsf] cjlw hlt nfdf] eof], To;sf] d"No klg a9L x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb /xGg .

Tflnsf %M kf]r'{uTflnsf %M kf]r'{uTflnsf %M kf]r'{uTflnsf %M kf]r'{unsf rf/ nsf rf/ nsf rf/ nsf rf/ ljBfnoljBfnoljBfnoljBfnosf sIfsf sIfsf sIfsf sIff !@ sf f !@ sf f !@ sf f !@ sf ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{df 6df 6df 6df 6\\ \\Ø';gsf] dfqf, @))%÷@))^ Ø';gsf] dfqf, @))%÷@))^ Ø';gsf] dfqf, @))%÷@))^ Ø';gsf] dfqf, @))%÷@))^

ljBfnoljBfnoljBfnoljBfno ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{{{ {{ ;ª;ª;ª;ª\\\\VofVofVofVof

6666\\\\Ø';g Ø';g Ø';g Ø';g lng]sf]lng]sf]lng]sf]lng]sf] k|ltztk|ltztk|ltztk|ltzt

6666\\\\Ø';gdf JolttØ';gdf JolttØ';gdf JolttØ';gdf Joltt ;dosf] ;dosf] ;dosf] ;dosf] kl/df0f kl/df0f kl/df0f kl/df0f ----306fdf_306fdf_306fdf_306fdf_

dfdfdfdfl;s vr{ l;s vr{ l;s vr{ l;s vr{ ----o'/f]df_o'/f]df_o'/f]df_o'/f]df_

!!!!––––#### $$$$––––!)!)!)!)

!) !) !) !) eGbf eGbf eGbf eGbf dflydflydflydfly

;"rgf;"rgf;"rgf;"rgf k|fKt k|fKt k|fKt k|fKt gePsf]gePsf]gePsf]gePsf]

&)&)&)&) &!&!&!&!––––@!)@!)@!)@!)

@!) @!) @!) @!) eGbf eGbf eGbf eGbf a9La9La9La9L

;"rgf;"rgf;"rgf;"rgf gkfOPsf]gkfOPsf]gkfOPsf]gkfOPsf]

gLnf] :s'n

!^! ^% %$ $@ @ @ #! %^ & ^

kx“]nf] (& %@ %^ #^ $ $ $^ % – $ xl/of] !@@ %@ %( #* – # #* %# # ^ a}hgL !^& ^# %$ $% ! – @$ ^^ * @ uf]kgLotfsf nflu nflu ljBfnox¿nfO{ /ªsf cfwf/df gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;|f]tM Neto–Mendes / Costa (2007), p. 7 .

kf]r'{unsf] o; cWoogsf nflu Toxf“sf] lzIff dGqfnon] ;ª\sng u/]sf /fli6«o ljZjljBfnosf k|j]z k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt #!)#% ljBfyL{sf] gd'gf agfOPsf] lyof] (Neto–Mendes and Ventura, 2008) . o; cWoogn] sIff !) b]lv !@ ;DDsf ljBfyL{{dWo] %$=& k|ltztn] lghL 6\Ø';g lng] u/]sf] b]vfof] . ;f] cWoogsf cg';f/ sIff & b]lv ( ;Ddsf ljBfyL{sf] &=& k|ltztn] / sIff % / ^ df s]jn !=^ k|ltztn] dfq 6\Ø';g k9\g] u/]sf] kfOof] . o; cg';f/ 6\Ø';gsf] k|of]u sIff !) b]lv !@ ;Dd r/d ljGb'df /xg] u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . o;/L 6\Ø';g k9\g]x¿dWo] %%=( k|ltztn] jif}{el/, @&=% k|ltztn] cf+lzs ¿kn] / !^=^ k|ltztn] k/LIff cfpg'eGbf 7Ls cufl8 dfq 6\Ø';g k9]sf lyP .

cGo d'n'sx¿df klg 6\Ø';g k|of]sf] dfqf k/LIffsf ;dodf a9\g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu df]l/;;df k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds txsf cGTodf x'g] k/LIffsf] ;lGgs6 cjlwdf 6\Ø';g k|of]usf] dfq pRr ljGb'df k'Ub5 (Obeegadoo, 2007) . gfldlaofdf 6\Ø';gsf] o:tf] rfk sIff !) / !@ sf] k/LIfftfsf x'g] ub{5 . leotgfd tyf l;ª\ufk'/df


21


k|fylds / dfWolds txsf clGtd txsf k/LIfftfsf klg o:t} x'G5 (Dang, 2007; Tan, 2009).

Tflnsf ^ df k|:t't tYofª\sn] ef/tLo /fHox¿df ljBfyL{{n] s'g ljifodf a9L 6\Ø';g k9\5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . s]/nfdf lgDg dfWolds txdf pRrtd dfqfdf lghL 6\Ø';gsf] k|rng b]lvG5 eg] cfGw| k|b]zdf cToGt sd dfqfdf -x]/f}“ tflnsf $_ . Toxf“sf kf7\oqmdn] clwsf+z ljifodf ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|jL0ftfsf] ck]Iff g/fv]sfn] clwsf+z ljifodf ljBfyL{n] 6\Ø';g k9\b}gg\ . lgDg dfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmdsf k|d'v ljifo dft[efiff, cª\u|]hL, lxGbL, ul0ft, ;fdfGo lj1fg / ;fdflhs lzIff x'g\ . gd'gfsf () k|ltzteGbf a9L ljBfyL{{n] ul0ftdf 6\Ø';g k9\5g\ / To;kl5 lj1fg / cª\u|]hLdf (Sujatha, 2007, p. 12) . s]/nfdf (*=* k|ltztn] / pQ/ k|b]zdf &#=) k|ltztn] ul0ftdf 6\Ø';g k9\5g\ . s]/nfeGbf pQ/ k|b]zdf o; ljifodf 6\Ø';g k9\g]sf] k|ltzt sd x'g'df To; /fHodf ul0ft clgjfo{ ljifo gePsfn] x'g ;S5 . pRr dfWolds txdf cGoeGbf ul0ft / lj1fg wf/sf ljBfyL{n] a9L 6\Ø';g k9\5g\ -tflnsf &_ .

tflnsf ^ M tflnsf ^ M tflnsf ^ M tflnsf ^ M ljleGgljleGgljleGgljleGg ljljljljifodf 6ifodf 6ifodf 6ifodf 6\\ \\Ø';g k9Ø';g k9Ø';g k9Ø';g k9\\\\g] g] g] g] ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt, ef/t, @))% sf] k|ltzt, ef/t, @))% sf] k|ltzt, ef/t, @))% sf] k|ltzt, ef/t, @))%

lgDg lgDg lgDg lgDg dfWoldsdfWoldsdfWoldsdfWolds txtxtxtx pRr pRr pRr pRr dfWoldsdfWoldsdfWoldsdfWolds txtxtxtx /fHo/fHo/fHo/fHo ! lj! lj! lj! ljifoifoifoifo @ lj@ lj@ lj@ ljifoifoifoifo # lj# lj# lj# ljifoifoifoifo ;a} ;a} ;a} ;a}

ljljljljifoifoifoifo ! ! ! ! ljifoljifoljifoljifo @ @ @ @ ljifoljifoljifoljifo # # # # ljifoljifoljifoljifo ;a} ;a} ;a} ;a}

ljifoljifoljifoljifo cfGw| %*=! #^=& #=$ !=& s]/nf &=) !@=( !@=$ ^&=^ !*=* $&=$ !#=! @).& dxf/fi6« !@=) @!=* %%=# !)=( #*=) %%=( ^=! )=) pQ/ k|b]z

&=* @!=) $^=* @$=# #%=! $)=^ @!=& @=^

cf};t !#=# @)=& #(=! @&=) ##=) $(=% !@=& %=! ;|f]t M Sujatha, 2007,p.11

tftftftflnsf & M ef/tLo pRr lnsf & M ef/tLo pRr lnsf & M ef/tLo pRr lnsf & M ef/tLo pRr dfWoldsdfWoldsdfWoldsdfWolds ljBfnoljBfnoljBfnoljBfnodf df df df ljleGgljleGgljleGgljleGg ljifoljifoljifoljifodf 6df 6df 6df 6\\ \\Ø';g k9Ø';g k9Ø';g k9Ø';g k9\\\\g] g] g] g] ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{sf] sf] sf] sf] k|ltztk|ltztk|ltztk|ltzt

lllljifojifojifojifo s]/nfs]/nfs]/nfs]/nf dxf/fi6«dxf/fi6«dxf/fi6«dxf/fi6« pQ/ k|b]zpQ/ k|b]zpQ/ k|b]zpQ/ k|b]z s's's's'nnnn lj1fg tyf ul0ft

$%=$ %%=& %@=! %@=#

snf @#=$ !(=$ !%=) !&=% jfl0fHo @)=! !&=* $&=$ !(=* cGo )=) !=^ !)=) $=# ;|f]t M Sujatha, 2007,p.13


22


Sou (2007, p. 5) n] dsfp / rlgdf 6\Ø';gsf sf/0ffn] ljBfno k|0fnLsf ;do tflnsfsf] pNnª\3g cToGt} a9L x'g yfn]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{{sf] k9fO ;do k|lt lbg %=% 306f tf]lsPsf] eP klg pgLx¿n] 6\Ø';gdf nufPsf] ;do ;d]t hf]8\bf cf};t &=% b]lv (=% 306f k|ltlbg ;Dd x'g hfG5 . dfWolds lzIffdf & 306f k|lt lbgsf] lgwf{l/t k9fO ;do tf]lsPsf] eP klg 6\Ø';g ;d]tsf lx;fan] cf};t ( b]lv !) 306f;Dd k'Ub5 .

k4k4k4k4ltut leGgtf ltut leGgtf ltut leGgtf ltut leGgtf

gof“ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;“u;“u} 6\Ø';gsf k4lt df klg ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof 6\Ø';g JolQm JolQmaLr cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] k|bfg ul/g] eP klg cfhsn kmf]g, 6]lnlehg tyf OG6/g]6af6 klg k|bfg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . klxn] klxn] Jofks k|rngdf /x]sf] kqfrf/ dfWodsf] 6\Ø';g k4ltnfO{ xfn j]a;fO6 tyf Od]n k4ltn] lj:yflkt ul/;s]sf] 5 .

cfhsn JolQm JolQmaLr cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] k|bfg ul/g] 6\Ø';gsf :j¿kdf klg kl/jt{g eO{ ;fgf 7"nf ;d"xb]lv lnP/ 7"nf 7"nf ;efsIf jf sIfx¿df lel8cf] ;Dks{sf] ;xof]un] ;d]t sIff ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . oL kTo]s k4ltsf] z}Ifl0fs k|lqmofdf, k|fksn] ltg'{kg] z'Ns tyf ;/sf/L gLltdf leGg leGg k|efj /xG5 .

clwsf+z d'n'sx¿df ljBfnodf cfk\mgf ljBfyL{{sf l;sfOdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ bfloTj af]s]sf d"nwf/sf lzIfsx¿n] g} o:tf k"/s 6\Ø';g ;]jf klg k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . em§ x]bf{ cfk\mgf ljBfyL{sf sdL sdhf]/L yfxf kfO/x]sf lzIfsn] g} k"/s 6\Ø';g k9fP/ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO k|lqmofsf ult k|bfg x'g] b]lv“bf of] k|yf /fd|} nfU5 t/ csf]{ kIfaf6 x]bf{ o;n] w]/} ljs[lt Nofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ;a}eGbf v/fj kIf t o;df sfnfahf/Lsf tTj ljBdfg /xG5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfno ;dokl5 6\Ø';g k9\g afWo u/fpg] lgotn] lzIfsn] sIff lzIf0f ubf{ kf7\oqmdsf sltko dxTjk"0f{ c+z gk9fO{ To;} 5f]8\g ;Sg] vt/f /xG5 . w]/}h;f] lzIff k|0ffnLdf k/LIffdf ljBfyL{nfO{ kf; of km]n u/fpg] k|d'v xft lzIfss} x'g] ePsfn] cfk\mgf aRrfnfO{ km]n x'gaf6 hf]ufpg / tThGo sf/0fn] Joxf]g'{kg]{ cltl/Qm Jooef/af6 hf]lug;d]t cleefjsx¿ 6\Ø';gsf df/df kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

sf]l/of tyf blIf0f clk|msfdf 6\Ø';gsf nflu 6]lnlehgsf] k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf 6]lnlehgaf6 lgMz'Ns tyf ;z'Ns b'j} vfn] Rofgndfkm{t 6\Ø';gsf sfo{qmd k|;fl/t ul/G5 (Reddy, 2007, p. 14) . o:tf sfo{qmddf 6\Ø';g k|bfosx¿n] ljBfyL{;“u sfod ;Dks{ ;"qsf] k|of]u u/L ljBfyL{n] /fv]sf k|Zgsf] ;ª\sng u/]/ 6]lnlehg Rofgndfkm{t 6\Ø';g sIff k|;f/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] x'G5 . o; k4ltdf k9\g] / k9fpg]aLr cGtlq{mofsf] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 / sfo{qmd JolQm nlIft x“'b}g . ;fdfGotof :jb]zL ;Ldfleq ;Lldt /xg] o:tf k|;f/0fn] k9\g] / k9fpg]aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ sd u/fp“5 .

OG6/g]6 sfo{qmdn] k9\g] / k9fpg]aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L 9Ën] ;dfwfg ub{5 / k|;f/0fn] b]z÷dxfb]zsf ;Ldf ;xh} kf/ ub{5g\ (Ventura, 2008a) . Od]n, Og6/g]6 tyf j]a Sofd]/fsf ;xof]un] ljBfyL{sf cfjZostf cg'¿ksf sfo{qmd l8hfOg ug{ ;Dej ePsf]


23


5 . b"/ b/fhsf u|fxs;Ddsf] kx“'rnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ o:tf ;]jf k|bfosn] k|;f/0f s]Gb|sf glhsaf6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng u5{g\ . Pp6} sfo{qmdnfO{ Ps}k6s ljleGg efiffdf k|;f/0f ug{ klg ;Dej 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/taf6 cd]l/sf a:g]sf nflu cª\u|]hLdf / rLgaf6 xªsª, dn]l;of tyf l;Ëfk'/ a:g] u|fxssf nflu lrgLof efiffdf k|;f/0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

oL cjnf]sgaf6 6\Ø';gsf k4ltsf] rog ;]jfu|fxL / k|bfos b'j}n] cf–cfkmgf ;'ljwfcg';f/ ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cltl/Qm cfo cfh{g x'g] ePsfn] dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{sf 6\Ø';g k|bfosdf w]/}h;f] ljZjljBfnosf / k|fylds txsf nflu dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{ x'g] u/]sf kfOG5 . dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{sf] t s] s'/f, ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{df ;d]t lzIf0fsf k];fut Ifdtf /x“b}g t/ ;djo:s x'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿aLr ;xh ;DaGw sfod ug{ eg] ;xh x'G5 .

;]jf lgj[Q JolQmx¿ 6\Ø';g k|bfossf] ;d"xdWo] Ps xf] . ;fdflhs ;]jf klg x'g] / cfo cfh{g klg x'g] ePsfn] of] ;d"x 6\Ø';gsf] k];fk|lt cfs[i6 x'g] ub{5 . of] ;d"x ;fdfGotof pkNnf] k':tfsf] x'g] ePsfn] sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf sdhf]/ x'G5 . ;]jf lgj[Q ;d"xsf w]/}h;f] 6\Ø';g k|bfosx¿ ;flassf lzIfs g} x'G5g\ . o; k];fdf ;]jf lgj[lQsf] ;d:of klg gx'g] ePsfn] cfkm"n] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jfsf] :t/ cg';f/sf] kfl/>ldsdf ;Gt'i6 /xG5g\ .

k/Dk/fut ¿kaf6 cgf}krfl/s 6\Ø';g k];fsf] :j¿k xfn lbgfg'lbg ;';ª\ul7t Pj+ Jofj;flos x'g'sf ;fy} k|0ffnLut :j¿k wf/0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 . o; k];fdf :yfgLo txsf ;fgf sDkgLb]lv lnP/ 7"nf ax'/fli6«o sDkgL;d]t v'ln;s]sf 5g\ . hfkfgdf ;a}eGbf klxn] tf]? s'dfg eGg] JolQmn] 5f]/fsf] ul0ft lzIffdf ;xof]u ug{ !(%$ df vf]n]sf] s'df]g gfds sDkgLn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv cfwf ztfAbLsf] cGt/fndf $% b]zsf $),)),))) ljBfyL{nfO{ Jofj;flos lx;fan] ;]jf k'¥ØfO;s]sf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 (Kumon, 2008) . cGo Jofj;flos ;++:yfx¿df Academy for Mathematics and Science, Sylvan / Oxford Learning Centre k|d'v x'g\ . Davies / Aurini (2006, p. 124 n] cfh ;+;f/e/ 6\Ø';gsf] Joj;foLs/0f a9\bf] ¿kdf /x]sf] / Sofgf8fdf o;sf] gf6sLo j[l4 ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

k|ljlwn] klg 6\Ø';gsf ldl>t k4ltdf ;fy lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] School City, hfkfgsf] gof“ k|sf/sf] h's' (JuKu) elgg] ;+:yf . o; ;+:yfn] ljBfyL{nfO{ 3/}df a;]/ jf lghL sdKo'6/ g]6js{ dfkm{t If]qLo l;sfO s]Gb|af6 l;Sg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 (Suzuki, 2009) . o:tf ;~hfn s]Gb| (Net schools) n] # k|sf/sf sfo{qmd k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . klxnf], 6]nL ;Dd]ng (TV conferencing) tyf sIff≤ bf];|f], j]a;fO6af6 :jfWoog / t];|f] 5fkf dfWodsf cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog . School City cfk\mg} ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿ksf], cfk\mg} z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ / ;]jfu|fxL /x]sf] km}nfj6n] 7"n} ef}uf]lns If]qdf cfu6]sf] / d"nwf/eGbf leGg} lsl;dsf] 6\Ø';g k4lt xf] . School City sf ;xfos ;+:yf x¿ klg 5g\, h;n] k|rf/ k|;f/sf ;fy} Software ljsf;, d"Nofª\sg tyf ;f]sf] JofVof ug]{ sfd ub{5g\ .


24


s:tf vfnsf 6\Ø';g k4ltsf nflu s:tf ;/sf/L gLlt rflxG5 eGg] ;jfndf ;xof]u k'¥Øfpg] ePsfn] 5fof lzIff k|0ffnL -6\Ø';g_ sf ljleGg k4ltsf] ljZn]if0f of]hgfsf/ / gLlt lgdf{tfsf nflu cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f—

• cd]l/sfsf] No Child Left Behind cGtu{tsf h:tf 6\Ø';g k4ltsf nflu 5'§f5'§} gLltsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

• cfjf;Lo If]qdf btf{ ePsf JolQmut ¿kn] k|bfg ul/g] eGbf b"/ b]zsf Internet dfkm{t k|bfg ul/g] 6\Ø';g k4ltsf] 5'§} gLltut dxTj /xG5 .

• cfk\mgf ljBfnosf ljBfyL{sf l;sfOpknlAw ;'lglZrt ug]{ bfloTj ePsf lzIfsn] cltl/Qm ;dodf k|bfg ug]{ 6\Ø';g ;]jf cleefjsx¿n] cfk\mg} k|of;df cfof]hgf u/]sf sf]lrª sIffx¿eGbf w]/} leGg x'G5g\ .

• tflnd k|fKt k];]jf/ JolQmn] k|bfg ug]{ 6\Ø';g tflnd gkfPsf dfWolds tyf ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{n] k|bfg ug]{eGbf w]/} km/s x'G5 .

• Ps hgfn] Ps hgfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ 6\Ø';g w]/}nfO{ Ps}k6s lel8of] kbf{dfk{mt k|bfg ul/g] eGbf leGg x'G5g\ .

oL ;a} k4ltsf] juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f u/]kl5 ltgsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf z}lIfs k|efjsf] cWoogn] gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ ;fGble{s gLltsf] lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 . o; k':tssf] csf]{ v08df 5fof lzIff k4ltsf log} kIfx¿df k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 .

afs; @ M d"Nofªafs; @ M d"Nofªafs; @ M d"Nofªafs; @ M d"Nofª\\ \\sgdf cfwfl/tsgdf cfwfl/tsgdf cfwfl/tsgdf cfwfl/t lg0f{o lg0f{o lg0f{o lg0f{o lghL 6\Ø';g k|yf cfkm}df c;n jf v/fa xf]Og . o;sf] k|of]u s'g jftfj/0f / kl/l:yltdf s;/L ul/Psf] 5 eGg]df w]/} xb;Dd of] c;n xf] jf v/fa eGg] s'/f lge{/ ub{5 . b]xfosf ;jfnsf] pQ/n] 6\o';g c;n v/fa s] xf], lgwf{/0f ub{5 – 6\Ø';g d"n k|jfxsf lzIfs, afx\Ø 6\Ø'6/, jf lghL ;+:yfdWo] s;n] k|bfg u/]sf] xf] < 6\Ø';g k|bfg ug]{ lzIfsn] cfkmg} ljBfnosf jf afx\Ø ljBfyL{ s;nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] xf] < To:tf 6\Ø';g k|bfg ug]{ lghL ;+:yfn] lgoldt ljBfnosf sfo{qmdsf] k"/ssf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ < o:tf 6\o';gn] s"g} k|sf/sf ljs[lt Nofp“5g\÷Nofp“b}gg\ -Poisson, 2007, p. 4) .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs k|efj cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs k|efj cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs k|efj cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf z}lIfs k|efj (Economic, Social and Educational Impact)

cl3Nnf kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf rrf{af6 6\Ø';gsf k|sf/, dfqf / ltgsf] k|jntfdf leGgtf /x]sf] :ki6 ePsf] 5 . jf:tjdf kl/j]zut cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf cGo kIfx¿sf ljljwtfn] ubf{ 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf z}lIfs k|efjsf] 5fglag r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g uPsf] 5 . tyflk, t'ngfTds ljZn]if0faf6 w]/} s'/f a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'g]5 .


25


cfly{s k|efj cfly{s k|efj cfly{s k|efj cfly{s k|efj

;+;f/sf sltko efudf 6\Ø';g 7"n} Joj;fosf ¿kdf /x]sf] k|:6} eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] dfqf sf]l/ofdf ;jf{lws /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))^ df sf]l/ofdf kl/jf/n] 6\Ø';gdf k|lt jif{ @$ lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ cyf{t\ Toxf“sf] s'n ufx{:y cfDbfgLsf] @=* k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] (Kim and Lee, 2008, p. 3) . sf]l/ofdf 6\Ø';g k|bfos ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf 6\Ø';g lzIfs tyf cGo sd{rf/LnfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ tna / ltgn] ug]{ vr{n] Toxf“sf] cy{tGqnfO{ g} k|efljt kfg{ ;S5 . lghL 6\Ø';gdf x'g] ufx{:y vr{sf cGo pbfx/0f b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .

• Ps cWoogn] @))^ df k|mfG;sf] 6\Ø';gdf x'g] jflif{s vr{sf] cf“sng @=@! lalnog o'/f] /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . o;df k|lt jif{ !) k|ltztn] j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 (Melot, 2007, p. 50) .

• u|L;sf pRr dfWolds txsf Cram school n] ;g\ @))) df !=! ljlnog o'/f]] vkt u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . of] /sd ;/sf/n] o; txsf] lzIffdf ug]{ s'n vr{eGbf a9L xf] (Psacharopoulos and Tassoulas, 2004, p. 247) .

• 6sL{df ;g\ @))$ df 6\Ø';g s]Gb|x¿df @=( ljlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ vr{ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 hf] s'n /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] )=(^ k|ltzt xf] . cGo s]xL cg'dfgn] o; eGbf s]xL sd cf“sng u/]sf 5g\ (Tansel and Birkan, 2007,p 14) .

• ;g\ @))@ df ul/Psf] Ps cg'dfgn] OlhK6df Pre university txsf] 6\Ø';gdf jflif{s ufx{:y vr{ *! ldlnog OlhlK;og kfpG8 cyf{t\ nueu, !* ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . of] /sd Toxf“sf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !=^ k|ltzt x'g cfp“5 (world Bank, 2002, p. 26) .

cGoq eg] 6\Ø';g k|yfsf] cfly{s e"ldsf ;fdfGo g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . clkt' kfl/jfl/s e/0fkf]if0fsf nflu 6\Ø';g k9fpg afWo Go'g a]tgef]uL lzIfsx¿df eg] o;n] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu >Lnª\sfdf @))& df :gfts txsf ;/sf/L lzIfssf] tna k|lt dlxgf !)* b]lv !#% cd]/LsL 8n/ a/fa/ dfq lyof] (Smath, 2007, p. 1) . of] a]tg dfg cGo ;ª\ul7t If]qdf k|bfg ul/g]eGbf w]/} sd xf] . t/ sf]nlDaofsf] ljBfnodfdf ul0ft k9fpg] Ps hgf lzIfsn] 6\Ø';gaf6 k|lt306f !) cd]l/sL 8n/ sdfp“5 . o;cg';f/ p;n] Ps dlxgfdf kfpg] ;/sf/L tna a/fa/sf] /sd #÷$ lbgd} sdfpg ;S5 . tfhls:tfgdf @))^ df lzIfssf] tna @$ cd]l/sL 8n/ k|lt dlxgf lyof], / k|lt 306f ! b]lv @ o'=P;= 8n/ a/fj/ 6\Ø';gsf] sdfO x'GYof] (Kodirov and Amonov, 2009, p. 144) . cf+lzs ¿kdf 6\Ø';g k9fpg] ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] k9fO vr{ p7fpg / efjL cfly{s hLjgsf nflu cfjZos ;Lk cfh{g ug{ ;kmn eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .

6\Ø';gaf6 lzIfsn] slt cfh{g u5{g\ eGg]tkm{ gnfu]/ cy{zf:qsf l;4fGttkm{ nfUg] xf] eg] efiff tyf ul0ftsf ;Lk cfh{g ug'{ eg]sf] cfly{s j[l4df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg]


26


dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f ug{' xf] . 6\Ø';g k9\bfsf cj;/–d"No (opportunity cost) nfO{ klg gh/cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g t/ ljBfnosf ljBfyL{{ ;fdfGotof cfly{s ¿kn] pTkfbgzLn eOg;s]sfn] ltgsf xsdf cj;/–d"No guGo dfq x'G5 .

csf{tkm{ sltko cj:yfdf 6\Ø';g k|yfn] ;|f]tsf ljlgof]hgsf] bIftfdf x|f; Nofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . Kim / Lee n] (2008, p. 31) n] eg]em}“ M

ljQLo ahf/ l:y/ gePsfn] pRr Ifdtfsf aRrf kl/jf/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f lghL 6\Ø';gsf] vr{ wfGg g;Sg] x'“bf t'ngfTds ¿kn] sdhf]/ ljZjljBfnodf egf{ x'g afWo x'G5 . o;/L lghL 6\Ø';g k|0fnL;“u cfa4 c;dfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ljBfyL{{sf Ifdtfsf] ljt/0fdf ;d]t c;dfgtfsf] k|b'ef{j x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

cGo cjnf]sg stf{n] klg o; k|sf/sf 6\Ø';ghGo cbIftftkm{ cf}“NofPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df 6\Ø';gn] ;|f]tsf] pTkfbgd"ns k|of]usf] x|f; u/fp“5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBfno Ot/sf ;dodf 6\Ø';g k9fP/ cltl/Qm cfo cfh{gsf nf]en] d"nwf/ lzIfsx¿ sIff lzIf0fsf bfloTj lgjf{xdf ck]lIft uDeL/ g/xg ;S5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df Sujatha (2007, p. 20) n] o;f] eg]sL 5g\ M

6\Ø';g k9fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg lzIfsx¿n] kof{Kt uDeL/tfsf ;fy sIff lzIf0f ub}{gg\ . o:tf lzIfsn] cfkm\gf ljBfyL{{nfO{ cfk"m;“u jf cGo 6\Ø';g s]Gb|af6 6\Ø';g k9\gsf nflu bafj lbg] ub{5g\ . o; k|sf/ ljBfnosf lzIfs Pj+ lghL 6\Ø';g s]Gb|x¿aLr ;DaGw;"q ;bf sfod /x]sf] x'G5 .

s/ 6\Ø';gsf] csf]{ cfly{s kIf xf] . clwsf+z 6\Ø';gsf lqmofsnfk s/sf bfo/feGbf aflx/ cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;~rflnt ul/G5 . o;sf/0f 6\Ø';g k|yfsf clwsf+z ultljlwn] …cfo cfh{g ug]{ k|To]s gful/sn] ;/sf/L 9's'6Ldf of]ubfg k'¥Øfpg' k5{Ú eGg] dfGotfsf] kfngf ub}{gg\ . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] cfodf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ ePsfn] o;af6 ;/sf/sf sNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdsf p2]Zo k|flKtdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ hfG5 .

;fdflhs k|efj ;fdflhs k|efj ;fdflhs k|efj ;fdflhs k|efj

wgL kl/jf/sf aRrfn] ul/a kl/jf/sfn] eGbf /fd|f u'0f:t/sf 6\Ø';g sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] ;Defjgf / cj;/ /xg] ePsfn] w]/}h;f] lghL 6\Ø';g k|yfn] ;fdflhs ljifdtfnfO{ sfod /fVg] dfq xf]Og, a9fpg ;d]t d2t u5{g\ . t/ ;/sf/ k|fof]lht sfo{qmd o;sf ckjfb x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+=/f=cd]l/sfsf] No child Left Behind h:tf kl/of]hgfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o; sfo{qmddf ljBfnodf l;sfOpknlAwsf] :t/ sdhf]/ ePsf afnaflnsfsf] :t/ psf:gsf nflu 6\Ø'6f]l/on sIff ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] cfly{s cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . o:tf ;'ljwf lng] clwsf+z ljBfyL{ sdhf]/ cfly{s k[i7e"ldsf g} x'G5g\\ .


27


kfl/jfl/s bakfl/jfl/s bakfl/jfl/s bakfl/jfl/s bafj / ;fdflhs l:ylt fj / ;fdflhs l:ylt fj / ;fdflhs l:ylt fj / ;fdflhs l:ylt

6\Ø';gn] kl/jf/nfO{ ;fdflhs bafj;d]t k|bfg ub{5 . Ps sf]l/og cfdfn] eg]em}“ (Kim, 2007, p. 11) olb aRrfn] ljBfnodf /fd|f] l;sfOpknlAwsf] k|bz{g ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / To:tf aRrfnfO{ 6\Ø';g k9\g klg k7fOPsf] 5}g eg] ;dfhn] To; afnssL cfdf of t v':s]6 x'g'k5{ of t Hofb} ul/a eg]/ s'/f sf6\5g\ . 6\Ø';g k|yfsf lj:tf/n] ;dfhsf] kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]t k|ltljlDat u/]sf] x'G5 (Kim, 2007, p. 12) .

sf]l/og kl/jf/df Ps jf b'O{ cf]6f aRrf dfq x'G5g\ . cl3Nnf k':tfdf # b]lv % hgf;Dd afnaRrf x'g] uy]{ . yf]/} afnaRrf x'g] ePsfn] sn]hdf ltgn] /fd|f] lzIff kfpmg\ eGg] afa'cfdfsf] rfxgf klg /xG5 / o;df ltgsf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f klg uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . JolQmut /]vb]v a]u/ s]6fs]6Lsf l;sfOpknlAw /fd|f] x'Gg eGg] sf]l/og cfdfafa'sf] dfGotf /xG5 . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df Toxf“sf ljBfnox¿n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf dfq x]/rfx u5{g\ JolQmut ¿kdf ub}{gg\ .

k|mfG;df klg o:t} vfnsf kl/b[Zo b]Vg ;lsG5 . klxnf] k':tfdf eGbf cfhsf k':tfdf k|mfG;df kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ w]/} ;fgf] x'g] u5{ / Toxf“sf s]6fs]6Ln] xh'/af xh'/cfdf;“u a:g kfpg] ;Defjgf klg sd} /xG5 To;f] x'gfn] s]6fs]6Ln] cfk\mgf xh'/af xh'/cfdfsf] ;fy–;xof]u klg la/n} dfq kfpg ;S5g\ . Glasman (227, p. 1) n] eg]cg';f/ cfly{s ¿kn] ;Ifd afa'cfdfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ lghL 6\Ø';g /flvlbPkl5 dfq zflGtsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfp“5g\ . aRrfx¿sf] u[xsfo{sf ;DaGwdf pgL o;f] eG5g\–

k|mfG;sf sltko kl/jf/sf nflu u[xsfo{ afa'cfdf / aRrfx¿sf aLr -vf;u/L aRrf lszf]/fj:yfsf 5g\ eg]_ tgfjsf] sf/0f g} aGg] ub{5 . o:tf cj:yfdf 3/kl/jf/nfO{ tgfj d'Qm /fVg / kl/jf/hgaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fVg aRrfnfO{ 6\Ø';g s]Gb|df k7fpg' jf To; sfddf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg] s'g} JolQmsf] ;]jf vl/b ug{'sf] ljsNk 5}g . s]6fs]6Ln] cN5L dfGg] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ u[xsfo{df h'6fpg' afa'cfdfsf nflu Hofb} sl7g x'g] ub{5 . ljBfnodf k7kf7g ul/g] ljifodf afa' jf cfdfsf] /fd|f] bSvn ePs} cj:yfdf klg sIffdf /fd|/L ga'e]msf lszf]/ s]6fs]6LnfO{ l;sfpg' jf:tjd} sl7g x'G5 . To;sf/0f o; ;d:ofsf] xn 3/aflx/} x'g;s] pgLx¿sf nflu w]/} /fd|f] .

o; ljifodf ce}m lj:t[t JofVof ub}{ Glasman eG5g\ k|mfG;df afa'cfdf / 5f]/f5f]/LaLrsf] ;DaGw zflGtk"0f{ /fVgsf nflu ;jeGbf ;/n pkfo ljBfno k4ltleq eGbf ljBfnoaflx/} ;'ud x'G5 –

3/kl/jf/sf dflg;n] aRrfaf6 pRr ck]Iff /fVg] x'“bf tHhlgt tgfj klg g/xg] / ljBfnosf] d"Nofª\sgsf ;d:of klg g/xg] ePsfn] ljBfnoaflx/sf Joj:yfnfO{ dWo:y :ynsf ¿kdf klg x]g]{ ul/G5 . o:tf dWo:y :yfgsf cgf}krfl/s jftfj/0fdf ljBfyL{ cfk"mn] sIffdf /fd|/L ga'em]sf] jf cfk"mn] rflxg]hlt Wofg lbg g;s]sf] jf ug'{kg]{ hlt d]xgt gu/]sf] s'/f ;xh} :jLsfg{ tof/ /xG5g\ / ca k|of; u5'{, uNtL eP klg To;af6


28


l;Sg ;S5' eGg] cf“6 klg ug{ yfNb5g\ / cleefjssf cw}o{ eGbfklg 6f9f / lzIfssf 8/ klg dfGg' gkg]{ ePsfn] qmdzM afnaflnsfdf cfTdan a9\g yfNb5 .

6\Ø';gsf] csf]{ kIf klg 5 . ljBfno tyf 3/ kl/jf/af6 kfpg g;lsg] cGo k|sf/sf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f klg 6\Ø';gn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu OlhK6sf k|of ;a} dfWolds ljBfnox¿df s]6fs]6LaLr ;xlzIffsf] k|rng 5}g . lghL 6\Ø';gn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljk/Lt ln¨Lnufotsf ldqx¿aLr e]63f6sf] ;xh jftfj/0f lbg ;S5 . lghL 6\Ø';g s]Gb|sf Ps Joj:yfkssf] egfOnfO{ Hartmann (2008, p. 58) n] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf o;/L pb\w[t u/]sf 5g\, …d]/f ljrf/df %) k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿ ;f“Rr} ghfg]sf s'/f l;Sg cfp“5g\ / af“sL %) k|ltzt ;fyL ;ª\uL;“u e]63f6 ug{ cfp“5g\Ú .

n}l¨s kIf n}l¨s kIf n}l¨s kIf n}l¨s kIf

5fof lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;xeflutf b/df n}l¨s lje]b lgSs} k|an 5 . ;g\ @))& sf] IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf Tansel / Bircan (2007, p. 7) n] 6sL{sf] l:yltdf k|sfz kfb}{ ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿sf] lzIffdf n}l¨s lje]b ;d:ofs} ¿kdf /x]sf] / 6sL{ klg o;sf] ckjfb gePsf] atfPsf lyP . 6sL{df dlxnf lzIffsf] cfly{s k|ltkmn k'?ifx¿sf] eGbf sd 5}g a? sltko cj:yfdf a9L klg x'g ;S5 t/ klg Toxf“sf afa'cfdf 5f]/Lsf] eGbf 5f]/fsf] lzIffnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf k|bfg u5{g\ . o;sf k5fl8 5f]/f cfk\mgf a'9];sfnsf ;fxf/f x'g\ eGg] dfGotfn] sfd u/]sf] 5 . Tansel / Bircan n] (P.18) pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ;g\ @))%–@))^ df 6sL{sf] lghL 6Ø'\;gdf 5fq / 5fqfaLrsf] km/s % k|ltzt ljGb'sf] lyof] . To; jif{ 6\o';gdf egf{ ePsf s'n ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofdf 5fqx¿sf] ;xeflutf %@=% k|ltzt / 5fqfx¿sf] $&=% k|ltzt kfOPsf] lyof] . tyflk of] km/s Toxf“sf] dfWolds lzIffsf] ;xeflutf b/df b]lvPsf] km/seGbf sd g} xf] . To; jif{sf] 6sL{sf] dfWolds lzIff k"/f ug]{x¿sf tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ubf{ n}l¨s la;dtf (=@ k|ltzt ljGb'sf] lyof] cyf{t\ 5fqx¿sf] k|ltzt %$=^ / 5fqfx¿sf] $%=$ . o;n] d"n k|jfx lzIffeGbf 5fof lzIff k|0ffnLdf n}l¨s ;Gt'ng /fd|f] /x]sf] tYotkm{ Ol¨t u/]sf] 5 . pRr cfo;|f]t ePsf kl/jf/n] 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] lzIffdf e]b u/]sf 5}gg\ / of] ;dtf 6\o';g k|0ffnLdf klg sfod 5 t/ sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt ePsf kl/jf/n] eg] 5f]/f / 5f]/LaLr lje]b /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ .

Sujatha (2007) sf] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] ef/tdf klg o; k|sf/sf] n}l¨s lje]b /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sL l5g\ . o;f] x'gdf vf; u/L ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s tTjx¿n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; tYonfO{ cGo d'n'ssf tYofª\sn] klg ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\ –

• Buchmann (2002, pp. 142-143) n] s]Gofsf] lzIffdf ljBdfg n}l¨s ljifdtfsf] pNn]v ub}{ egf{ b/df n}l¨s ;dfgtftkm{ pGd'v b]lvP klg k9fO n]vfOdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfsf] Vofn gu/L 5f]/feGbf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ -vf;u/L sd cfo;|f]t ePsf kl/jf/df_ 3/fo;L sfddf a9L nufpg] k|rngn] cltl/Qm z}lIfs


29


;|f]tsf] nufgL ubf{ 5f]/LeGbf 5f]/fnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] b]vfp“5 . o;/L 5f]/feGbf 5f]/LnfO{ 3/fo;L sfddf a9L nufpg] s'/fn] Toxf“sf] 5fof lzIffsf] ;xeflutfdf klg o; k|sf/sf] lje]b /xg ;Sg]tkm{ ;ª\s]t klg u/]sf 5g\ .

• Kim / Lee (2008, p. 25) n] u/]sf] Ps cWoogdf sf]l/ofdf 5f]/fx¿sf nflu 6\o';gsf] Joj:yf h?/tsf] j:t' dfGg] t/ 5f]/Lx¿sf xsdf ljnfl;tfsf] a:t' 7fGg] ;+:sf/ k|an /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . sf]l/ofdf >d zlQmsf ¿kdf dlxnf eGbf k'?ifnfO{ k|yldstf k|bfg ug]{ k|rngn] cfo cfh{gsf cj;/df klg k'?ifeGbf dlxnf k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ .

• Nath (2008, p. 58) sf] cWoogn] aª\unfb]zsf] k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{sf] lghL 6\o';gdf /x]sf] n}l¨s lje]baf/] pNn]v ub}{ ##=* k|ltzt s]6f / @*=! k|ltzt s]6Lx¿n] 6\o';gdf ;xeflutf hgfpg] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

h]xf];\, of] kl/l:ylt ;j{q Ps¿k eg] 5}g . Dang (2007,p. 692) n] leotgfddf k|fylds jf dfWolds s'g} klg txsf] lzIffdf n}l¨s lje]b g/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . To:t} s]Gofdf klg blIf0f k"jL{ clk|msfnL d'n'sx¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ cg'udgsf] ;+o'Qm ;+oGq -South and Eastern

Consortium forMonitoring Educational quality –SACMEQ) sf tYofª\sn] Buchmann (2008,p. 153)

eg]h:tf n}l¨s lje]b /x]sf] b]vfPsf 5}gg\ . Elbadawy, Ahlburg et al. (2006) sf] cWoogn] OlhK6df klg lzIffdf n}l¨s lje]b g/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . t/ !((* df ul/Psf] >d ahf/sf] ;j]{If0fn] d"nwf/ lzIffdf n}l¨s lje]b 68\sf/f] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] ;fob Elbadawy, Ahlburg et al. (2006) sf] cWoogn] k9]n]v]sf dlxnfx¿sf] ljjfx a9L lzlIft / wgL JolQm;“u x'g] tYosf cfwf/df lzIffdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ /x]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf xf]nfg\ . cGo sltko d'n'sdf 6\o';gsf ;Gbe{df k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf pbfx/0f klg /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu Bagdasarova / Ivanov (2009, P 134) n] u/]sf] cWoogn] lslu{lh:tfgdf ^%=$ k|ltzt s]6Lx¿n] lghL 6\o';g k9g] cj;/ kfO/x]sf] t'ngfdf s]6fx¿sf] k|ltzt s]an #$=^ dfq b]vfPsf] lyof] . o;f] x'g'df Toxf“sf b'O{ ltxfO ljBfyL{sf] ;DaGw pRr z}lIfs l:yltsf kl/jf/;“u ePsfn] klg xf] . Toxf“sf ^% b]lv &) k|ltzt afa'cfdf dWo] sDtLdf Ps hgfn] ljZjljBfno txsf] lzIff k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . t/ o; tYon] dlxnfx¿sf kIfdf z}lIfs lje]b ul/g] eGbf ;dfgtf sfod ul/g] ;Defjgf k|an /xg hfG5 .

n}l¨s kIfsf] csf]{ kf6f] lzIfs;“u ;DalGwt 5 . sltko ;dfhdf 6\o';g k'?ifx¿n] dfq ckgfpg] k];f xf] eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . sDaf]l8ofsf] k|fylds lzIffdf ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] sIffut ¿kdf 6\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{sf] cg'kftdf 7"nf] cGt/ b]Vof] . sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd s;}n] 6\o';g k9]sf] kfOPg t/ sIff $, % / ^ sf ljBfyL{dWo] qmdzM %), @% / () k|ltztn] 6\o';g lnO/x]sf] kfOof] . o;/L 6\o';g k9\g]sf] ljBfyL{{sf] cg'kftdf oqf] leGgtf /xg'sf] sf/0faf/] ul/Psf k|Zgsf] hakmdf k|wfgfWoksn] sIff % df dlxnf lzIfs ePsfn] / dlxnf lzI.sn] k'm;{bsf a]nf 3/ kl/jf/ / afnaRrfsf] /]vb]v ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] 6\o';g


30


k9fpg hfg kfp“b}gg\ eGg] pQ/ lbP (Bray, 1999b, p. 60) . Hartmann (2008, p. 68) sf] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf OlhK6sf dlxnf lzIfsx¿n] 3/df uP/ 6\o';g k9fPsf] kfOP klg lghL 6\o';g s]Gb|x¿df eg] k'?if lzIfsx¿sf] dfq pkl:ylt kfOG5 . o; af/]df Hartman sf] egfO b]xfocg';f/ 5 —

dlxnf lzIfsx¿n] lsg 6\o';g k9fp“b}gg\ eGg] ;jfnsf] :ki6 pQ/ xf], 3/fo;L bfloTj . vf; u/L ljjflxtf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg] k'm;{b x'“b}g . Toxf“sf] ;fdflhs ;+:sf/df dlxnf lzIfsx¿n] -cljjflxt o'jtLx¿_ 6\o';g k9fpg] qmddf 3/aflx/ uP/ ;f“em Joltt ug'{ jf 3/df ljBfyL{ af]nfP/ ltg;“u ;do Joltt ug'{nfO{ /fd|f] dflg“b}g . csf]{tkm{ dlxnf lzIfsx¿nfO{ pgsf klt tyf 3/ kl/jf/n] cfly{s d2t ug]{ ePsfn] klg 6\o';gaf6 cltl/Qm sdfO ul//xg' cfjZos kb}{g .

;+;f/sf ljleGg :yfgdf cf–cfkmg} ;+:s[lt 5g\ . t/ k|foM ;a} :yfgdf 6\o';g k9fpg] / To;sf nflu cj;/sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfddf k'?if lzIfsx¿g} cufl8 /xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

u|fdL0f ÷;x/L If]q u|fdL0f ÷;x/L If]q u|fdL0f ÷;x/L If]q u|fdL0f ÷;x/L If]q

6\o';g k|yfdf b]lvPsf] c;dfgtfsf] csf]{ kf6f] u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L a:tLaLrsf] km/s xf] . u|fdL0feGbf ;x/L If]qdf 6\o';g k|yfsf] k|rng a9L kfOG5 . o;f] x'g'sf # k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf], ;x/L If]qdf dflg;sf] cfly{s cj:yf t'ngfTds ¿kn] /fd|f] x'g] ePsfn] 6\o';gdf vr{ ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\≤ bf];|f], ;x/L If]qdf >d ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{df ;kmntfsf nflu k|lt:kwL{ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cfjZostf kb{5≤ / t];|f], ;x/L If]qdf 6\o';gsf] /fd|f] ahf/ 5, h;n] lzIfsx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .

IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf k"jL{{ o'/f]k / Pl;ofsf !@ d'n'sx¿af6 ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] (Silova, 2007, p. 7) . tflnsf * df ;"rLs[t oL afx|} d'n'sdf 6\o';gsf] k|rng u|fdL0feGbf ;x/L If]qdf a9L kfOof] . sfhv:tfgdf of] km/s ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\ @$=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof] . Sujatha (2007) n] ef/tdf u/]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPcg';f/ u|fdL0f If]qsf lgDgdfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{dWo] @( k|ltztsf] t'ngfdf ;x/L If]qsf ^$ k|ltztn] 6\o';g k9\5g\ -tflnsf (_ . kl/0ffdtM u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{{ t'ngfTds ¿kn] sdhf]/ x'g] / ltgn] aLr}df k9fO 5f]8\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|an /xG5 .

tflnsf * Mtflnsf * Mtflnsf * Mtflnsf * M u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qsf ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{{aLr 6{aLr 6{aLr 6{aLr 6\\ \\o';gdf ;xeflutfsf] t'nGffTds cWoog o';gdf ;xeflutfsf] t'nGffTds cWoog o';gdf ;xeflutfsf] t'nGffTds cWoog o';gdf ;xeflutfsf] t'nGffTds cWoog

d'n'sd'n'sd'n'sd'n's u|fdL0f If]qu|fdL0f If]qu|fdL0f If]qu|fdL0f If]q ;x/L If]q;x/L If]q;x/L If]q;x/L If]q ch/a}hfg *&=* (%=) af]l:gof xh{uf]lagf %^=( %&=& qmf]Pl;of %)=! ^!=^ hlh{of &^=( *!=@ sfhv:tfg %^=^ &)=!

lslu{lh:tfg #&=& ^!=(


31


lny'jflgof %$=( ^(=& dªuf]lnof ^(=* &!=^ kf]NofG8 %(=( &)=! :nf]eflsof %$=& %*=@ tfhls:tfg $!=) $(=( o'qm]g &&=& *@=) ;|f]t M Silova (2007, p. 7

Tflnsf (M ef/tLo /fHoTflnsf (M ef/tLo /fHoTflnsf (M ef/tLo /fHoTflnsf (M ef/tLo /fHox¿x¿x¿x¿df lgDg df lgDg df lgDg df lgDg dfWoldsdfWoldsdfWoldsdfWolds txsf 6txsf 6txsf 6txsf 6\\ \\o';gdf ;xefuL u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L o';gdf ;xefuL u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L o';gdf ;xefuL u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L o';gdf ;xefuL u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qsf If]qsf If]qsf If]qsf ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{{sf] t'ngfTds cWoog {sf] t'ngfTds cWoog {sf] t'ngfTds cWoog {sf] t'ngfTds cWoog

/fH/fH/fH/fHoooo u|fdL0f u|fdL0f u|fdL0f u|fdL0f If]qIf]qIf]qIf]q ;x/L If]q;x/L If]q;x/L If]q;x/L If]q cfGw| k|b]z @)=& #*=& s]/nf ^^=% &)=^ dxf/fi6« @(=# &@=& pQ/ k|b]z #@=) %@=& hDdfhDdfhDdfhDdf @(=)@(=)@(=)@(=) ^$=)^$=)^$=)^$=) ;e]{ :ofDkndf ;+nUg ljBfyL{{ ;ª\Vof —u|fdL0f If]q !$(@≤ ;x/L If]q @%#( ;|f]t M Sujatha, (2007, p. 5

oL tYofª\sn] dflysf k|ltj]bgsf cjnf]sgx¿nfO{ cem k|:6 lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ !((* df OlhK6sf @@ k|zf;sLo If]qsf $*!^ kl/jf/df ul/Psf] >d ahf/sf] ;j]{If0f (Labour Market Survey) n] u|fdL0f If]qsf #(=^ k|ltztsf t'ngfdf ;x/L If]qsf %@=@ k|ltztn] lghL 6\o';g lnO/x]sf b]vfPsf] lyof] (Elbadawy et al.,2006, p. 16) . u|fdL0f If]qdf k|ltjif{ k|lt ljBfyL{{ !**=( OlhlK;og kfpG8sf t'ngfdf ;x/L If]qdf] $(!=% kfpG8 vr{ ul/g] tYon] klg lghL 6\o';gdf u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qaLrsf] km/snfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . Nath (2008, p. 58) n] k|:t't u/]sf tYofª\sn] aª\unfb]zsf k|fylds txdf u|fdL0f If]qsf sIff ! sf !(=^ k|ltzt ljBfyL{sf t'ngfdf ;x/L If]qsf $#=^ k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . k|fylds lzIffsf] clGtd sIff cyf{t\ sIff % df of] km/s emg\ a9]/ @^=@ k|ltzt ljGb'n] ;x/L If]qsf kIfdf -u|fdL0f If]q #%=^ / ;x/L If]q ^@=@_ /x]sf] b]lvof] . oL tYofª\sn] dfu / cfk"lt{ b'j}sf l:ylt k|ltljlDat ub{5g\ . cfk"lt{sf ;DaGwdf c:6«]lnofsf] l:yltdf k|sfz kfb} Watson (2008, p. 10) eG5g\ u|fdL0f If]qd 6\o';g\ k9fpg] lzIfssf] cefjn] ;/sf/åf/f sdhf]/ ljBfyL{{sf] ;xof]usf nflu k|bfg u/]sf] ;'lawf (Tutoring Vaucher Scheme) g/fd|/L k|efljt eO/x]sf] 5 / oL ;'ljwfsf jfj\h'b\ :t/ lgwf{/0f k/LIffdf u|dL0f If]qsf ljBfyL{n] k|bz{g u/]sf] z}lIfs pknlAw /fli6«o cf};teGbf tn /x“b} cfPsf] 5 .

;f;f;f;f+:s[lts ;d"x tyf cflbjf;L hghflt+:s[lts ;d"x tyf cflbjf;L hghflt+:s[lts ;d"x tyf cflbjf;L hghflt+:s[lts ;d"x tyf cflbjf;L hghfltx¿x¿x¿x¿

6\o';gn] NofPsf ;fdflhs ljifdtfsf] csf]{ kIf ;f+:s[lts ;d"x tyf cflbjf;L hghfltdf k/]sf] k|efj xf] . !((&÷(* df leotgfddf ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0fn] ax'dt ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf


32


#&=) k|ltztsf t'ngfdf cNkdt ;d"xsf &=! k|ltztn] dfq 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] b]vfPsf] lyof] (Dang, 2007, p. ^**) . lgDg dfWolds txdf of] leGgtf qmdzM ^)=& / !(=) lyof] eg] dfWolds txdf &*=) / %%=( k|ltzt lyof] .

cGo sltko :yfgdf ax'dt ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{{eGbf cNkdt ;d''bfosf ljBfyL{ 6\o';gdf a9L ;+nUg ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu a]nfotsf] ahf/ k|efljt If]qsf blIf0f Pl;of, rLg tyf ck|mf]–Sof/]laog d"nsf ljBfyL{{ Toxf“sf ax'dt uf]/f hfltn] eGbf a9L 6\o';g k9\5g\ . Sofgf8fsf] e]ªs'e/ tyf 6f]/G6f] h:tf ;x/x¿df 6\o';gsf k|d'v ;xefuLdf xªsª, tfOjfg tyf rLgaf6 cfPsf cfk|jf;Lsf ;Gtltx¿ a9L /xg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ptf ;+=/f=cd]l/sfsf] No Child Left Behind sfo{qmdsf k|d'v ;xefuLdf clkmsL–cd]l/sL tyf lx:kflgs ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{{ a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 (Zimmer el al., 2007; Mori, 2009) .

z}lIfs k|efjz}lIfs k|efjz}lIfs k|efjz}lIfs k|efj

cGo k|sf/sf 5fofsf ljk/Lt lzIffsf] 5fofn] h;sf] 5fof k|fKt u/]sf] xf], p;nfO{ g} k|efljt ub{5 . clwsf+z kl/l:yltdf 6\o';g k|yfn] ljBfnosf z}lIfs lqmofsnfks} k"/ssf ¿kdf sfd u5{ eGg] dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . t/ sltko cj:yfdf o;n] d"n k|jfx lzIffsf] pk]Iff g} ub{5 . ahf/Ls/0fåf/f lgb]{lzt 6\o';g ;/sf/n] z}lIfs pknlAw sdhf/] ePsf ljBfyL{{sf l;sfOdf ;xof]usf nflu /fxt :j¿k k|bfg ul/Psf 6\o';geGbf w]/} leGg x'G5g\ . Poisson (2007) n] ljBfno ;'ljwfsf] k|of]u, k7gkf7gsf] ;do, ljifoj:t', z}Ifl0fs k|lqmof, lzIfs sfo{;Dkfbg, ljBfyL{sf l;sfOnufot sIff sf]7fsf ljleGg ultljlw h:tf kIfdf 6\o';gn] k|efljt u/fpg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ (Dang and Rogers, 2008, pp. 8-14 klg x]/f}+_ . o:tf k|efjsf pbfx/0f csf]{ v08df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

sdhf]/ l;sfOpknlAwsdhf]/ l;sfOpknlAwsdhf]/ l;sfOpknlAwsdhf]/ l;sfOpknlAw ePsf ePsf ePsf ePsf ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{{sf] ;xof{sf] ;xof{sf] ;xof{sf] ;xof]] ]]ufy{ ;/sf/ufy{ ;/sf/ufy{ ;/sf/ufy{ ;/sf/åf/f k|fof]lht sfo{qmd åf/f k|fof]lht sfo{qmd åf/f k|fof]lht sfo{qmd åf/f k|fof]lht sfo{qmd

IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ a]nfotsf] afnaflnsf, ljBfno / kl/jf/ ljefusf Ps sd{rf/Ln] @))& df ;~rfng ul/Psf k|d'v kl/of]hgfsf af/]df rrf{ ub}{ eg]sf lyP, …k|ult k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd (Making Good Progress) n] ljBfyL{{x¿aLr z}lIfs pknlAwsf :t/df c;dfgtf 36fpgsf nflu JolQm s]lGb|t lzIf0f, Ps lzIfs–Ps ljBfyL{{, sfo{qmd k|bfg ub{5 (Taylor, 2007) . k"j{tof/Lsf qmddf o; sfo{qmdsf of]hgfsf/x¿n] a]nfot, c:6«]lnof / ;==/f=cd]l/sfdf lghL 6\o';gsf k|efjsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP .

oxf“ vf; u/L Ireson n] @))$ df / Ireson tyf Rushforth n] ;g\ @))% df a]nfotdf u/]sf cWoogsf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . kl5Nnf] cWoog -k[= @&_ n] ^, !! / !# jif{sf afnaflnsfdWo] @& k|ltztn] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] atfPsf] 5 . lzIfsx¿n] atfPcg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L 6\o';g kl9g] ljifo ul0ft /x]sf] 5 To; kl5 cª\u|]hL -^ aif]{ afnaflnsfsf nflu cª\u]|hL efiffsf] k9fO n]vfO_ / lj1fg kb{5g\ . To; cWoogn] kQf nufPsf cGo k|d'v s'/fx¿ b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf 5g\—


33


• 6\o';g k9\g'sf] k\d'v p2]Zo k/LIffdf /fd|f] glthf lgsfNg' xf] -gd'gfsf b'O{ ltxfO ljBfyL{{_≤

• dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{n] ;fdfGotof la/fdL k/]sf jf cGo sltko sf/0fn] sIffdf pkl:yt x'g g;s]/ 5'6]sf kf7sf af/]df cBfjlwstf xfl;n ug{≤

• ljBfyL{{sf l;sfOdf km/s km/s 6\o';g sfo{qmdsf k|efj km/s km/s /x]sf 5g\ ≤ /

• dfWolds lzIffsf] clGtd k/LIffdf 6\o';gsf] k|efj Zj]t ljBfyL{sf eGbf cZj]t ljBfyL{{df a9L kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o:tf k/LIffdf ul0ft ljifosf] glthfdf 6\o';gsf] k|efj s]6LeGbf s]6fdf a9L b]lvG5 .

k|s[ltdf /x]sf] 7"nf] leGgtfn] ubf{ 6\o';gn] s;nfO{ kmfObf k'¥Øfp“5, / s;nfO{ k'¥Øfp“b}g Plsg tYofª\s kfpg ufx|f] 5 .

;g\ @))# df k9fOsf] (reading) # jif]{ cf};t dfkb08 k"/f gug]{ ljBfyL{{dfly Taylor (2007, pp. 5-6) n] c:6«]lnofsf ;/sf/ k|fof]lht sfo{qmdsf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmdcg';f/ ;/sf/n] k9fOdf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{{sf] :t/ psf:g d2t ug]{ p2]Zon] cleefjsnfO{ JolQm nlIft lzIf0f -Ps ljBfyL{{ Ps lzIfs_ sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfsf] kx“'r ;'lglZrt ug{ &)) 8n/ a/fa/sf] ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] 5 (Watson, 2007, p. 6 klg x]/f+}_ . o; cWoogn] 6\o';gk"j{ / 6\o';gkZrft b'j} cj:yfdf ljBfyL{{sf] l;sfOdf 6\o';gsf] k|efjaf/] cleefjssf cg'ejsf tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))# df # jif]{ l;sfOsf] /fli6«o dfkb08 k"/f gug]{sf] ;ª\Vof !())) cyf{t\ &=^ k|ltzt lyof] . oL dWo] ^@)) n] o; sfo{qmddf efu lnPsf lyP / %$$# n] 6\o';gsf] k"/f sf];{ k9]sf lyP . l;sfOdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] of] sfo{qmd lgjf{w ¿kn] ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmdn] ljBfyL{{nfO{ l;sfOsf qmddf s'g} k|sf/sf] ws gdfGg / pRr dgf]an sfod /fVg ;d]t k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfdf ljBfno tyf kl/jf/;DaGwL tTjn] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu leS6f]l/of /fHosf *( k|ltzt ljBfyL{{sf] k9fOsf ;Lkdf pNn]vgLo a[l4 ePsf] kfOof] . tyflk, k/LIf0f sfo{qmd ePsfn] ljZj;gLo lgisif{sf nflu of] tYofª\s dfq kof{Kt cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}g . Watson, (2007, p. 9) sf cg';f/ kof{Kt tYofª\ssf cefjn] cGo sfo{qmddf h:tf] o; sfo{qmdsf] d"No–k|efjsfl/tfsf] cf“sng ug{ ufx|f] 5 .

Taylor (2007, pp. 6-7) sf] csf]{ cWoog cd]l/sfsf] l;sfuf] /fHodf No child Left Behind sf gLltsf af/]df 5 . l;sfuf] klAns ljBfnon] %) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/sf] nfutdf #) cf]6f lghL sDkgL;“u ;Demf}tf u/]/ Toxf“sf #$# ljBfnosf ^)))) ljBfyL{{nfO{ nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf cnfjf 6\o';g k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{{dWo] cfwfh;f]nfO{ CPS n] cfkmg} ;|f]taf6 nufgL u/]sf] lyof] . 6\o';g ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sDkgLdWo] sltko gfkmfd'vL / sltko ;]jfd'vL lyP . sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sgn] ;'ljwf kfpg] ;d"xsf t/ ;]jf glnPsf ljBfyL{{sf] eGbf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{{sf] glthf /fd|f] /x]sf] b]vfof] . sfo{qmdsf ;xefuL ljBfyL{{dWo] clwsf+zsf] l;sfOpknlAw :t/ cToGt} sdhf]/


34


lyof] . Ps jif{sf] cGTodf ;]jf lnPsf ljBfyL{{sf] cf};t pknlAw b/ ul0ftdf )=($ / k9fOsf ;Lkdf !=)( jif{sf] j[l4 kfOof] . ;flasdf sdhf]/ pknlAw b/ x'g] ljBfyL{sf] j[l4 b/ k9fOsf ;Lkdf !=)# / ul0ftdf )=(@ jif{sf] kfOof] . of] j[l4 b/ pNn]Vo eP klg cf};teGbf sd} xf] . Taylor n] o; cWoogaf6 $ k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] klxrfg u/], hf] b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\ —

• 6\o';g vf; u/L l;sfO cfjZostfeGbf cfly{s cfjZostf ePsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/0fdtM 6\o';gsf] cfjZostf ePsfn] gkfpg] / gePsfn] kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g uof] . cleefjsn] ltgsf gfgLx¿nfO{ s'g ljifodf 6\o';g k|bfg ug]{ eGg]af/]df /fd|f] 5gf}6 ug{ ;s]gg\ / 6\o';g sDkgLsf 3t nfUbf k|rf/ k|;f/n] cleefjsnfO{ cfslif{t u/] klg sfo{qmdsf] z}lIfs pkof]lutf Go"g dfq x'g uof] .

• sfo{qmddf 6\o';g ;d"xsf] cfsf/ k|sf/df 7"nf] leGgtf lyof] . s'g} s'g}df Ps 6\o'6/ Ps ljBfyL{{sf] Joj:yf lyof] eg] s'g}df ;fd"lxs lzIf0f k4lt . sltko ;d"xdf @) eGbf a9L ;xefuL lyP .

• Ps¿k d"Nofª\sg k4ltsf] cefj lyof] / ;]jfk|bfoL ;+:yfdf pQ/b]lxtfsf] sdL lyof] . k/LIffsf cGTodf olb ljBfyL{n] /fd|f] glthf b]vfpg ;s]sf v08df To;sf] >]o ;+:yf jf ljBfnodf guO{ k9fpg] lzIfsdf hfg] k|rng lyof] . kf7sf] d"Nofª\sg w]/} sd Pg sDkgLn] dfq ug]{ u/]sf lyP . Toxf“ k|wfgfWofks jf cleefjssf rfxgfsf] jf:tf ul/Psf] b]lv“b}g lyof] .

• h'g sDkgLn] cfkm}+n] 6\o'6/sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ u/]sf 5g\, To:Tffn] l;sfOpknlAwdf k||efj 5f]8]sf 5g\ . o:tf s]Gb|df l;sfO cfjZostf cg'¿ksf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ePsf] / ljBfyL{{sf clen]v klg b'?:t /fVg] u/]sf] kfOof] . o:tf s]Gb|df cleefjsaf6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0fsf] ;Ddfg ePsf] ljBfnok|lt cf:yf Pj+ ljZjf;sf] efj /x]sf] kfOof] .

log} cg'ejnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;g\ @))& df a]nfotdf $*$ ljBfnosf &–!! / !!–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !) k|ltzt ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps JolQm Ps 6\o'6/sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ cª\u|]hL / ul0ft ljifodf k|lt ljBfyL{{ !) 306f 6\o';g / @ 306f ljBfno ;Dks{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] k|jt{g kl/of]hgf cufl8 Nofof] .

l;ª\ufk'/df o:t} vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 (Tan, 2009, p. 97) . !(*) tfsf ljleGg hfltsf ljBfyL{{aLr pknlAw :t/df b]lvPsf] c;Gt'ngn] l;ª\ufk'/ ;/sf/nfO{ lrlGtt t'NofPsf] lyof] . lrgL / ef/tLo d"nsf ljBfyL{{sf] eGbf dno ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw :t/ Hofb} sdhf]/ lyof] . To;sf/0f ;/sf/n] dno ;d'bfosf] lzIff kl/ifb (MENDAKI ) 6\o';g k9fpg cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fof] . ;/sf/n] o; sfo{qmddf ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ klg 6\o'6/sf ¿kdf k|of]u kfOg] Joj:yf u/]sfn] To:tf ljBfnosf lzIfsn] klg :jo+;]jL 6\o'6/sf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf lyP . of] sfo{qmd klxn] MENDAKI n] / To;kl5 Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA) n] ;~rfng u¥Øf] h;sf] k|rf/ k};f/sf] Joj:yf cToGt} /fd|f] / u'0f:t/Lo 5 (MENDAKI , 2009; SINDA, 2009) .


35


IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf Reddy (2007) n] blIf0f clk|msfdf ;~rflnt o:t} vfnsf] Ps sfo{qmdsf] rrf{ u/]sf lyP . blIf0f clk|msfsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno (Department of Science and Technology –DST) n] lghL cg';Gwftfx¿nfO{ ljBfno:t/df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lzIffsf l;sfOpknlAwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pkfosf] vf]h ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . pQm cwoogsf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df sd cfo:t/sf kl/jf/sf afnaRrf k9\g] ljBfnox¿nfO{ nlIft u/]/ Ps JolQm Ps 6\o'6/sf cjwf/0ffcg'¿k 6\o'6l/ª sfo{qmdsf] th'{df u/L ;xof]usf nflu lghL If]qnfO{ clkn u¥Øf] . d"nwf/ ljBfnosf sdhf]/ l;sfO pknlAw ePsf ljBfyL{{sf] pknlAw :t/df ;'wf/sf nflu ;/sf/n] k|fof]hg ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] of] Pp6f gd'gf xf] .

ahf/ lgb]{lzt 6ahf/ lgb]{lzt 6ahf/ lgb]{lzt 6ahf/ lgb]{lzt 6\\\\o';go';go';go';g

o; k':tssf cl3Nnf v0ux¿df rrf{df cfO;s]sf] csf]{ k|sf/ 6\o';g k|yf ahf/ lgb]{lzt k|yf xf] . ahf/df dfu sfod /fVgsf nflu 6\o';gn] ljBfyL{{sf l;sfO :t/df b]lvg] u/L ;'wf/ Nofpg' clgjfo{ /xG5 . cGoyf ahf/df ltgsf] vf]hL s;}n] ub}{g . t/ To:tf 6\o';g k|0ffnLsf] d"Nofª\sgn] sltko s]an k|rf/ k|;f/sf e/df dfq rn]sf b]vfPsf 5g\ . ltgn] l;sfOpknlAw a9fpgdf dfkgLo of]ubfg k'¥ØfPsf] k|df0f sd} dfq kfOG5 . o:tf s]Gb|x¿df l;sfO pknlAwdf b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efj klg w]/} xb;Dd l;Sg]sf] clek|]/0ff / tof/Lsf sf/0f dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . sltkon] t d"nwf/ lzIffdf gsf/fTds k|efj ;d]t kf/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

o; k|yfsf] gsf/fTds kIf d"nwf/ lzIffsf] ;§fdf 6\o';g\ s]Gb|n] kfpg] k|fyldstf xf] . vf; u/L afx\o k/LIff lgs6sf ;dodf sltko ljBfyL{{nfO{ cfkm\gf ljBfnon] cfk\mgf ljz]if l;sfO cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg]df ljZjf; gx'g ;S5 . o;/L d"nwf/ ljBfnoaf6 cfk\mgf efjL ;fdflhs /fhgLlts p2]Zo k"/f x'g ;Sg]df cfzª\sf k}bf ePkl5 ljBfyL{{x¿ ljBfnosf] ljsNksf ¿kdf 6\o';g s]Gb|sf] vf]hL ug{ yfNb5g\ . o;sf] HjnGt k|efj 6sL{df b]Vg ;lsG5 . Toxf“ ljBfyL{x¿ lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/df ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt /xL 6\o';g\ s]Gb|df hfG5g\ . vf; u/L dfWolds jf pRr lzIffsf k|j]z k/LIff tof/Lsf ;dodf ljBfyL{x¿ ljBfno hfg'eGbf 6\o';gs]Gb|df hfg jf 3/}df a;]/ k/LIffsf] tof/L ug{ ?rfp“5g\ Tansel / Bircan, 2007, p. 8) . o:tf] rng a9\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 / vlr{nf] klg x'“b} uPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))% df 6sL{sf lzIfsx¿sf] o'lgogn] !)&* hgf pRr dfWolds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{{ / !)&# hgf pRr dfWolds lzIff k"/f u/]sf ljBfyL{{x¿sf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf] lyof] . k/LIffsf] tof/Lsf qmddf ljBfnosf] pkl:yltaf/] ;f]lwPsf] Ps k|Zgsf] hafkmdf pRr dfWolds txsf %% k|ltzt / pRr dfWolds k"/f u/]sf $( k|ltztn] cfkm" pQm ;dodf ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] atfPsf lyP .

ch/a}hfgsf] l:ylt klg of] eGbf leGg 5}g . Kazimzade (2007) n] cfkm\gf] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf dfWolds lzIffsf clGtd jif{ ;fdfGotof ljBfyL{{x¿ ljBfno guP/ 6\o';g k9\g hfg] ub{5g\ (Silova and Kazimzade, 2006,p. 128) eg]sf lyP . sltko ljBfyL{{n] t


36


6\o';gdf hfg kfOof];\ eg]/ ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt eP klg pkl:ylt hgfOlbg ljBfnosf sd{rf/LnfO{ 3'; ;d]t v'jfpg] ub{5g\ . df]l/;;sf ;Gbe{df Obeegadoo (2007) sf] cWoog k|ltj]bgnfO{ pb\w[t ub}{ Kazimzade n] o:tf cj;/df clwsf+z ljBfyL{{ ljBfnoaflx/ 6\o';gdf hfg] ePsfn] ljBfnosf sIffx¿ VffnL vfnL /xg] atfPsf lyP .

6\o';gn] ljBfyL{{sf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ klg sdhf]/ kfl/lbG5 . sf]l/ofsf] ljz]if p2]Zosf dfWolds ljBfno k|j]z kl/Iffsf] tof/Lsf qmddf 6\o';gsf k|efjaf/] Kim, 2007,pp. 16-17) u/]sf] Ps cWoog k|ltj]bgn] clwsf+z ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g s]Gb|x¿nfO{ ljBfnoeGbf a9L ;fGble{s sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] v'nf;f u/]sf] 5 . 6\o';g s]Gb|sf sfo{qmddf ul/g] sl7g kl/>dsf sf/0f ljBfyL{{x¿ sIffdf lgbfO/x]sf b]Vg ;lsG5 . o; tYonfO{ ljBfyL{{ :jod\n] ;d]t dx;'; ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ (Kim, 2007, p. 17) M

ljz]if p2]Zosf dfWolds ljBfnodf egf{sf nflu cfj]bg lbg] ljBfyL{{ sIffsf l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;lqmo gx'g] / sIffdf lgbfpg] ePsfn] ltgnfO{ lzIfsn] dg k/fp“b}gg\ . t];|f] sIffsf] bf];|f] ;]d]:6/df o:tf tof/L ul/g] x'“bf o; cj;/df ljBfyL{{x¿ 6\o';gsf sfo{af]emn] yfs]sf x'G5g\ / sIff sf]7fdf lgbfp“5g\ . To;}n] lzIfsn] ltgnfO{ dg k/fpb}gg\ .

ljz]if p2]Zosf dfWolds ljBfnosf cfj]bsx¿ c?eGbf hfGg] ePsfn] ljBfnosf z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf Wofg lb“b}gg\ . o:tf ljBfyL{{x¿ sIff sf]7fdf of t lgbfO/x]sf x'G5g\, of 6\o';g s]Gb|sf u[xsfo{k|lt s]lGb|t /lx/x]sf x'G5g\ of ;f];DaGwL ljifosf] cWoog ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf ljBfyL{{dWo] w]/}h;f] cª\u|]hL sIffdf lgbfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . sIffdf k9fO eO/x]sf ljifosf] hfgsf/L klxn] g} eO;s]sf] x'gfn] To:tf ljBfyL{{n] sIffdf Wofg lb“b}gg\, h'g s'/f lzIfsnfO{ klg hfgsf/L /xG5 .

dflysf b[i6fGtn] ljBfyL{{sf sIffdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ Ifdtfdf x|f; NoPsf] dfq geO{ sIff leq ljifdtfsf] l:ylt;d]t k}bf u/fPsf] a'em\g ;lsG5 . clkt', sdhf]/ l;sfO :t/sf ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g lnPsf cj:yfdf To;n] o; k|sf/sf cg]stfsf] Go"gLs/0fdf klg d2t k'U5 / o;y{df o;n] d"nwf/ lzIfsnfO{ ;xof]u} ub{5 . t/ clwsf+ztM pRr l;sfO :t/sf ljBfyL{{n] g} o:tf 6\o';g lng] u/]sf x'G5g\ . df]l/;;s} pbfx/0fsf] ;dy{g ub}{ Bah-Laya, 2006, p. 75) eG5g\—

sIffsf s]xL ljBfyL{{ 6\o';gdf ;xefuL x'g] / s]xL gx'g] x'“bf sIffdf lzIfsn] ljifdtfsf] ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 6\o';gn] ljBfnosf lgoldt kf7sf] l;sfOdf d2t} ug]{ eP klg sltko cj:yfdf o;n] ljBfnosf lzIf0f l;sfOsf lqmofsnfdf ljBfyL{{nfO{ ljslif{t u/fOlbG5 .

6\o';g k4ltsf z}Ifl0fs ljlwx¿ ljBfnosf eGbf leGg x'gfn] klg d"nwf/sf lzIfsnfO{ ;d:of kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu 6\o';g s]Gb|n] ljBfyL{{nfO{ ul0ftLo l;4fGt a'emfpg'sf abnf oflGqs tl/sfn] ;fd:of xn ug{ l;sfp“5 . ;+=/f= cd]l/sfsf] No child Left Behind


37


sfo{qmdn] ljBfno kf7\oqmdsf] pk]Iff u/]sf] egL cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf cfnf]rsx¿ 6\o';g s]Gb|sf 6\o'6/n] d"nwf/sf ;/f]sf/jfnf lzIfs;“u ;DaGw sfod /fVg' gkg]{ ePsfn] ljBfnonfO{ pko'Qm z}Ifl0fs k4ltsf] ljsf;df afwf k'U5 eGg] cf/f]k nufp5g\ Sunderman, 2006, p. 118) .

cfkm}n] 6\o';g k9fPsf] 5 eg] ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g sIffdf l;lsxfN5g\ of l;s]s} 5g\ eg]/ sIff lzIf0fdf x]nr]qm\ØfO“ ug{ ;Sg] vt/f o;sf] ;a}eGbf v/fa kIf xf] . OlhK6sf ;Gbe{df Hartmann (2008: 52) n] d"nwf/sf /;fog zf:qsf lzIfs :jod\ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{sf 6\o'6/ ;d]t ePsf cj:yfsf] lrq0f ub}{ eg]sf 5g\—

l8gf elG5g\, ljBfyL{{x¿ sIffleq of t ukm u5{g\ of c? g} ljifo k9\5g\ . s;}n] Wofg lb“b}g . To;sf/0f lzIfsn] klg ;Dk"0f{ kf7 k9fO/xg] emGem6 ub}{gg\ . lzIfsn] ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/fO;Dd guP/ ;txL JofVof;Dd u5{g\ . lzIfsnfO{ xfdL ;a}n] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] yfxf 5, To;sf/0f p;n] klg Wofg lbP/ k9fpg] emGem6 ub}{gg\ .

Hartmann (p. 67) n] w]/} lzIfsx¿n] cfk"mn] n]v]sf k':tsx¿ ahf/df k|z:t} kfOG5g\ t/ ljBfnosf nflu l;kmfl/; gul/Psf / ltgn] kf7\oqmdsf z}Ifl0fs k|fyldstfsf] kfngf klg gu/]sf x'g;Sg] sf/0fn] To:tf k':ts ljBfnodf eg] lgif]lwt 5g\ .

6\o';gsf cGo k|efjnfO{ cem k|:6 kfg{ cfufdL kl/R5]bdf tLg lsl;dsf kl/l:yltsf] lj:tf/df ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . xfnsf nflu Poisson n] tof/ kf/]sf] 6\o';g / d"nwf/ lzIffaLrsf ;DaGwsf] cWoogsf] ;f/–;ª\If]k x]/f}“ -tflnsf !)_ .

TflnsTflnsTflnsTflnsf !) M d"nwf/ lzIffdf lghL 6f !) M d"nwf/ lzIffdf lghL 6f !) M d"nwf/ lzIffdf lghL 6f !) M d"nwf/ lzIffdf lghL 6\\ \\o'o'o'o';gn] kfg]{ k|efj;gn] kfg]{ k|efj;gn] kfg]{ k|efj;gn] kfg]{ k|efj

k|efjsf] If]qk|efjsf] If]qk|efjsf] If]qk|efjsf] If]q k|efjsf lsl;dk|efjsf lsl;dk|efjsf lsl;dk|efjsf lsl;d ;sf/fT;sf/fT;sf/fT;sf/fTds k|efjds k|efjds k|efjds k|efj gsf/fTgsf/fTgsf/fTgsf/fTds k|efjds k|efjds k|efjds k|efj

lzIffsf] nufgL

ljZjJofkL ¿kd} lzIff If]qdf 7"nf] nufgL eO/x]sf] 5 .

• d"nwf/ lzIffdf a9L bIf nufgLsf ;Defjgfo'Qm ;|f]tsf] ljrng

• lghL 6\o';gdf vr{ ug{ lzIfsx¿åf/f cleefjsdfly cgfjZos bafj

• ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j ltb}{g lzIfsnfO{ cfo

lzIfsnfO{ cltl/Qm cfo k|bfg ub{5

lzIfs Joj:yfkg

• Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf ;d:of Nofp“5 . tf]8d/f]8 u5{ -w]/} k};f cfpg] ;Defjgf ePsf kbdf v6fpg Joj:yfksnfO{ bafj_ .

ljBfnosf ljBfno grn]sf a]nf klg • ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfsf] JolQmut k|of]u


38


k"jf{wf/sf] pkof]u

ljBfnosf k"jf{wf/sf] pkof]u ;Dej

lzIf0f ;do tflnsf

ljBfnoafx]ssf ;dosf] klg ;b'kof]u x'G5

• lzIfsn] sIffdf k9fOdf vr{ ug'{kg]{ s'n ;dosf] kl/df0f 36\5 .

• lzIfs ljBfyL{{nfO{ pkrf/fTds sIff k|bfg ug'{sf] ;§f lghL 6\o';gdf s]lGb|t x'G5g\ .

lzIffsf cGtj{:t' / lzIf0f k|lqmof

• cf}krfl/s ;dodf kf7\oqmdsf] cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq k9fO

• lghL 6\o';g k|0ffnLsf lzIf0f ljlwsf] sIff lzIf0fdf klg k|of]u

lzIfs sfo{ ;Dkfbg

d"nwf/ lzIfssf sfo{af]emdf sdL cfp“5

• ;a} ljBfyL{{n] /fd|/L a'em]–ga'em]sf] Plsg ug]{tkm{ sd rf;f]

• lzIfs 6\o';gdf ePsf] v6fOn] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gdf ylst / bIftfdf x|f;

• 6\o';g ;DaGwL sfddf a9L Wofg lbg] ePsfn] d"wf/sf bfloTjk|lt pk]Iffefj

ljBfyL{{sf l;sfO

ljBfnodf k9fPsf s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L a'em\g ljBfyL{{nfO{ ;xof]u u5{

• sfo{af]emsf] cflwSon] ljBfyL{{ ylst≤ sIff lzIf0fsf ultljlwdf sd ?lr

• oflGqs l;sfO • ljBfyL{sf lgoldt pkl:yltdf lu/fj6

sIff lzIf0fsf kIf

l9nf] l;Sg]x¿sf] klg l;sfOsf ultdf j[l4 eO{ c? ;xkf7L;/x cufl8 a9\g ;Sg]

• sIff lzIf0fsf] k"/s x'g] eGbf 6\o';gsf] k|fwfGo :yflkt x'g]

• lghL 6\o'6/sf] / d"nwf/ lzIfssf] lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmfdf leGgtf sfod

• d"nwf/ lzIfsk|ltsf ;Ddfgdf lu/fj6 • sIffleq ljBfyL{x¿aLr ljifdtfsf

;d:of k/LIff / 5gf}6 k|lqmof

• 6\o';gsf] pkfb]otf k'li6sf nflu dfq k/LIff

• ljZjljBfno egf{ k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos ¿kn] a9fp5

ljBfyL{{sf pknlAw

sdhf]/ ljBfyL{{n] klg /fd|f] glthf Nofpg ;Sg] l;sfOsf] clej[l4 eO{ z}lIfs hutdf k|lt:kwL{

• ljBfyL{{aLr ;fdflhs c;dfgtf a9\5 • k9fOdf Ifdtfjfg / sd Ifdtfsf

ljBfyL{aLr c;dfgtfsf vf8n a9\5 • 6\\o';g k9\g] ljBfyL{{sf kIfdf df]nflxhf


39


Ifdtf a9fp5 • lghL 6\o';g gk9\g] ljBfyL{{ pk]lIft /xg] vt/f

Kff7\ok':tssf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f

k/LIffsf] tof/Ldf ;xof]uL x'g] vfnsf ;fdu|Lsf] pTkfbgdf k|f]T;fxg

• d"nwf/sf sIff lzIf0fdf ;d]t 6\o';gsf ljlwn] k|j]z kfpg]

tLg lsl;dsf l:yltsf] cWooog tLg lsl;dsf l:yltsf] cWooog tLg lsl;dsf l:yltsf] cWooog tLg lsl;dsf l:yltsf] cWooog

/fi6«x¿df k|rngdf /x]sf ljz]if k|sf/sf cg'ejx¿sf pbfx/0fn] 5fof lzIffsf hl6ntfdf k|sfz kfg{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o; qmddf y'k|} d'n'sx¿sf l:yltsf] cWoog k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] eP klg Hofbf nfdf] x'g] ePsfn] oxf“ tLg k|sf/sf pbfx/0f dfq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . sf]l/ofdf 6\o';g k|yfsf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 . k|of]u klg cToGt w]/} 5 . sf]l/ofsf k|foM ;a} ;/sf/x¿n] 6\o';gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ gLlt lgwf{/0f ub}{ cfPsf eP klg ;kmntf eg] sd} dfq xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f oxf“ sf]l/ofsf cg'ejx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ;fGble{s x'g] 7flgPsf] 5 . bf;|f]df df]l/;; 5 . df]l/;;df klg sf]l/ofs} em“} 6\o';gsf] k|of]u ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv x'“b} cfPsf] 5 t/ sf]l/ofeGbf leGg 5 . df]l/;;sf] hg;ª\Vof ;fgf] x'gfsf ;fy} Toxf“sf] ;+:s[lt / 6\o';gsf k4ltdf klg km/s 5 . k|mfG;df ;/sf/n] g} lghL 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfhsn o; ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . To;f] x'gfn] t];|f] gd'gfsf ¿kdf k|mfG;nfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .

sf]l/of

Seth (2002) sf]l/ofdf lzIffn] cToGt} dxTj k|bfg ul/g] rng /x]sf] atfp“5g\ . lzIffk|ltsf] sf]l/og nufjsf af/]df ul/Psf cWoogn] sf]l/ofsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pGgltsf] k|d'v sf/s g} lzIff ePsf] b]vfPsf 5g\ . @) cf}+ ztfAbLsf dWob]lv Toxf“sf lzIff k|0ffnLdf 6\o';gn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6\b} cfPsf]5 (Lee, 2005) . Kim n] IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf ;g\ @))& df dfWolds txsf ^#=! k|ltztn]] tyf lgDg dfWolds / k|fylds txdf qmdzM &*=$ / **=@ k|ltzt ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] atfPsf lyP . sf]l/ofdf ljleGg vfnsf 6\o';g k4lt k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ @))& df lgDg dfWolds txsf $%=% k|lt;t ljBfyL{{ xfsf]G; (Hakwons) elgg] lghL 6\o';g s]Gb|df, @%=$ k|ltzt j}olQms jf ;d"xut ¿kdfdf 6\o';g kl9/x]sf lyP eg] !)=$ k|lt;t sDkgLn] k|bfg u/]sf cEof; k'l:tsfdf slxn]sfxL“ dfq 6\o'6/sf] ;xof]u lnP/ kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] /]vb]vdf kl9/x]sf / % k|ltztn] cg ngOg 6\o';gsf ;]jf lnO/x]sf lyP (Kim, 2007,p. 7) . ;g\ @))^ df sf]l/ofdf 6\o';gsf] s"n ufx{:y vr{ @$ ljlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] (Kim and Lee, 2008, p. 3) . of] /sd sf]l/ofsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @=* k|ltzt / ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffdf ug{] s'n vr{sf] *) k|ltzt a/fa/ x'g cfp“5 .


40


sf]l/ofdf ;/sf/ / tyf hg:t/ b'a} txaf6 o; k|sf/sf cf“sng ePsf 5g\ . Kim (2007, p.

1) n] eg]sf 5g\—

sf]l/ofsf] k"/s lzIff k|0ffnL ;d:ofk"0f{ 5 . o;n] cleefjsx¿nfO{ cfly{s af]em yf]k/]sf], ul/a / wgLaLrsf] c;dfgtf a9fPsf] 5, ljBfno kf67\oqmdnfO{ tf]8d/f]8 ul/lbPsf] 5, d"nwf/ ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿sf] x}l;ot 36fOlbPsf] / ljBfyL{{sf :jfefljs ljsf;df Jojwfg pTkGg u/]sf] cflb cg]s vfn] cf/f]k nfUb} cfPsf] 5 .

csf{tkm{ kl/jf/x¿aLraf6 6\o';gsf] dfu rsf]{ / lbuf] ¿kn] cufl8 cfO/x]sf] 5 . bf];|f] laZj o'4sf] cGTodf hfkfgL pklgj]zaf6 :jtGqtf k|fKt ubf{sf ;do;Dd Hofb} lg/If/ / ul/a d'n'sdf ulgg] sf]l/of To;sf] rf/ bzskl5 clxn] k|d'v cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿dWo] ulgG5 / wgf9\ox¿sf] Sna elgg] cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf; ;ª\u7g (Organization for

Economic co-operation and Development –OECD) sf] ;b:o;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 (Henry, Lingard, el al,. 2001,p. 7)

. Seth (2002,p. 3) sf ljrf/df sf]l/ofsf] lzIff k|0ffnL / lghL 6\o';gdf lbOPsf] hf]8 g} of] ;+j[l4 / ljsf;sf k5fl8sf k|d'v sf/s x'g\ . sf]l/ofsf lzIfsx¿n] kfPsf] pRr cflwsfl/stf, k|lt:kwf{Tds lzIff k|0ffnL / ljBfno k|j]zsf k|lt:kwL{ k/LIffn] sf]l/ofdf cg'zfl;t / lzlIft >d zlQmsf] pTkfbg ;Dej u/fPsf] 5 / k'FhLjfbL cf}Bf]lus Joj:yfsf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Ifd ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{df of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 .

k/LIffsf] babak/LIffsf] babak/LIffsf] babak/LIffsf] babaf / ;'wf/sf k|of; f / ;'wf/sf k|of; f / ;'wf/sf k|of; f / ;'wf/sf k|of;

nf]s ;]jfdf k|j]zsf dha't k/LIffsf k/Dk/fdf ;lbof}“;Dd hfkfgL pklgj]zcGtu{t /x]sf] sf]l/ofdf pQm k/Dk/fn] cBflk lg/Gt/tf kfOcfPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f, cToGt} sl7g k/LIffsf] ;kmn ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Hofb} Ifdtfjfg\ JolQmn] sf]l/ofsf ;/sf/L cf]xfbfdf dfq k|j]z kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf sfod /x\of] / To:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ x]g]{ ;fdflhs b[li6 cToGt} ;Ddfghgs /x“b} cfof] (Zeng, 1999) . of] k/Dk/f rLgsf] sGkm\o'l;o;sfnLg lzIff k4ltcg'¿k 9flnPsf] xf] hxf“ l;sfO tyf 5fqj[lQsf] 7"nf] ;fdflhs ;Ddfg /xG5 . o;sf/0f sf]l/ofsf] cfw'lgs k/LIffsf] hu @) cf}+ ztfabLdf hfkfgL pklgj]zsfnd} v8f ul/Psf] xf] h;nfO{ :jtGqtf k|lKt kZrft klg lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ul/of] . !(%) tfsf lgDg dfWolds, dfWolds tyf ljZjljBfno lzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ k|j]z k/LIff lnOGYof] . oL tLgdWo] klxnf] cyf{t\ lgDg dfWolds lzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu lnOg] k/LIff Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] x'“bf k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{{] 7"nf] bafjdf /xGy] . o;sf/0f ljBfyL{{x¿sf] ;xof]ufy{ s]xL ljBfnox¿n] ;f“emdf, ;fKtflxs labfdf tyf ljBfno ;do pk|fGt z'Ns;lxtsf ljz]if sIff ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . of] Joj:yf ljBfno tyf lzIfs b'j}sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cfo;|f]t aGg k'Uof] .

kf7\oqmdafx]ssf k/LIffnfO{ b[li6ut u/L tof/ kfl/Psf o:tf sfo{qmdn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cToGt} rsf]{ sfo{af]em nfb]sf], cleefjsnfO{ cfly{s af]em yk]sf] tyf ;fdflhs c;dfgtf a9fPsf] eg]/ lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf] Jofks cfnf]rgf eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L lzIff


41


dGqfnon] !(%% df ax'cfoflds lgb]{zg hf/L u¥Øf] . tfTsfnLg /fi6«klt Rhee Syngman n] IfdtfeGbf a9L ljBfyL{{ /fv]/ lzIfs tyf ljBfnox¿n] unt kmfObf p7fO/x]sf] dx;'; u/L cfOGbf o; k|sf/sf kf7\oqmd afx]ssf z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfngh:tf unt sfo{ ug]]{nfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;hfosf] efuL agfOg] cfb]z hf/L u/] (Seth, 2002, p. 143) .

t/ o:tf lgif]wf1fsf] vf;} k|efj gb]lvPsf] x'“bf ;/sf/n] k"/s 6\o';g k|0ffnLnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/]/ afnaflnsfdf kl//x]sf] dfgl;s bafj 36fpg ljleGg txsf lzIffdf k|j]zsf nflu lnOg] k/LIffdf Jofks ;'wf/ u¥Øf] . lgDg dfWolds txdf k|j]zsf nflu lr6\7f k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag u/Lof] . of] sfo{qmd l;cf]ndf !(^(, d'n'ssf k|d'v ;x/x¿df !(&) / /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf !(&! b]lv sfof{Gjog ul/of] (Kim, 2004,p. () . o; ;'wf/sf k|d'v p2]Zo b]xfoadf]lhd lyP —

• dfgl;s bafj 36fP/ afnaflnsfsf] :jfefljs ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'≤

• k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ lgDg dfWolds txdf k|j]z kfpgfsf nflu tof/L k/LIffsf] rsf]{ bafjaf6 d'Qm /fVg''≤

• lghL 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/fpg'≤

• lgDg dfWolds ljBfnox¿aLrsf] c;dfgtf 36fpg'≤ tyf

• kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfly{s / dfgl;s bafjaf6 d'Qm u/fpg' .

;'wf/sf oL k|of;sf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/n] lnPsf] gf} jif{sf] ljBfno lzIff ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ /fli6«o p2]Zo k"/f ug{ k|fylds txsf] lzIff clgjfo{ ug]{ gLlt klg cufl8 NofOof] .

s]xL ;dosf nflu s]xL xb;Dd ;'wf/sf oL k|of; ;kmn /x]klg To;sf qmdzM gof“ ;d:ofx¿ b]lvg yfn] . lgDg dfWolds txdf k|j]z u/]sf ljBfyL{{sf l;sfO :t/df 7"nf] ljljwtf b]vfkg{ yfNof] . o;sf nflu sIff lzIf0fsf gof“ / pko'Qm ljlwsf] vf]hL ug'{ cfjZos x'g uof] . lgDg dfWolds txsf] k|j]z k/LIff x6fOP klg gof“ txsf] k|j]zåf/sf] of] v'8\lsnf] csf]{ txdf ;f/];dfg dfq eof] . lgDg dfWolds txdf egf{ ePsfdWo] d]wfjL / dxTjfsfª\IfL ljBfyL{x¿aLr o:tf ldl>t sIffsf lzIf0f l;sfOn] cfk\mgf l;sfO cfjZostf k"/f gx'g] 7fg]/ dfWolds k/LIffsf tof/Lsf nflu lghL 6\o';gsf] vf]hLdf nfUg yfn] .

o; k|j[lQn] ;'wf/sf gof“ r/0fsf] yfngL u/fof] / kl/0ffd :j¿k, dfWolds txsf] k|j]z k/LIff klg x6fOof] . of] sfo{qmd klxnf] r/0fdf l;cf]n / k';fgaf6 yfngL ul/of] / !(*) ;Dddf d'n'ssf cGo @) ;x/x¿df lj:tf/ ul/of] . t/ ;a} /f]usf] Pp6} cf}ifwL eg]/ o; gLltsf] cfnf]rgf x'g yfn]kl5 ;/sf/n] !(*@ b]lv k|To'TkGgdltsf d]wfjL ljBfyL{sf l;sfO cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ lj1fg, ljb]zL efiffnufot cGo dxTjk"0f{ ljwfx¿df s]lGb|t ljz]if p2]Zosf dfWolds ljBfnosf] (Special Purpose High school –SPH ) of]hgf


42


sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . ;g\ @))& df dfWolds txsf $=@ k|ltzt ljBfyL{{ o:tf ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf lyP (Kim, 2007, p. 3) .

cj k|j]zåf/sf] v'8\lsnf] ljBfno txaf6 ;/]/ ljZjljBfnosf] k|j]zdf uP/ c8\lsof] . jf:tjdf o; txsf] k|j]z k/LIff olt dxTjk"0f{ x'g uof] ls To;sf k|efj tNnf txsf lzIffdf 68\sf/f] >fksf ¿kdf b]vfkg{ yfNof] . of] k|efj tNnf txsf ljBfyL{{df olt k|an ¿kdf b]vf k¥Øf] ls k|fylds txsf ljBfyL{{ ;d]t eljiosf] ljZjljBfno k|j]zk/LIffsf cfjZstfnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ clxNo}b]lv 6\o';g k9\g yfn] (2002, p.157), cfly{s Ifdtfjfg cleefjsx¿ k|ltli7t ljBfno /x]sf If]qdf a;fO ;g{ yfn] . ljZjljBfno k|j]z k/LIffdf pRr ;kmntf k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg] sltko lhNnfsf ljBfnox¿sf] k|lti7fdf j[l4 x'gsf ;fy} To:tf ljBfno/x]sf ;]/f]km]/f]sf hldgsf] dxTj klg a9\g uof] . To:tf If]qdf lghL 6\o';gsf] vr{ wfGg ;Sg] ;DkGg kl/jf/x¿sf] a:tL klg a9\g yfNof] / 6\o';g k|yf :jod\ kl/k"/s x'g uof] .

k|ltaGwsf gof“ k|of; k|ltaGwsf gof“ k|of; k|ltaGwsf gof“ k|of; k|ltaGwsf gof“ k|of;

!(*) df r'g\ 8' x\jfg\ (Chou Doo Hwan) sf]l/ofsf] ;}lgs ;/sf/sf k|d'v /x]sf cjlwdf k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds txsf qmdzM !@=(, !%=# / @^=@ k|ltzt ljBfyL{{ ljBfno aflx/ 6\o';g k9\y] . o; cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;/sf/n] sn]h k|j]z pknlAw d"Nofª\sg k/LIffsf] Joj:yf u¥Øf] / dfWolds txdf v]ns'b, snf, ;ª\uLt, t]SjfGbf], / k'ik ;hfj6h:tf ljifoafx]s z}lIfs ljifodf ljBfnoaflx/ 6\o';g ;~rfngdf k|ltaGw nufof] .

t/ of] k|ltaGwsf] kl/kfngf u/fpg w]/} sl7g eof] . o;n] NofPsf ;d:ofdfly k|sfz kfb}{ Seth (2002, p. 186) eG5g\—

lghL 6\o';gsf] k|ltaGw 5Ng cleefjsx¿ 6f9f6f9f;Dd hfg yfn], 6\o';g k9fpg] lzIfsx¿ dflg;n] yfxf gkfpmg\ eg]/ ljBfyL{{sf kf];fsdf cleefjssf 3/df 6\o';g k9fpg hfg yfn] . sltko kl/jf/n] ldn]/ 5'§} 3/ ef8fdf lnP/ kfn]sf] gh/ arfP/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg] k|aGw ldnfpg yfn] . xf]6n tyf l/;f]6{x¿n] ;d]t 6\o';gsf nflu uf]Ko :yfgsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg yfn] . sltko wgf9\o kl/jf/n] 6\o';gsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;d'b|kf/sf d'n'sdf ;d]t k7fpg yfn] .

t/ uf]kgLotfsf sf/0f 6\o';g cem dx“uf] x'g yfNof] / 6\o'6/x¿sf nflu cfocfh{gsf] cfsif{s k];f x'g k'Uof] . oL ;a} sf/0fn] Tof] k|ltaGw la:tf/} vs'nf] x'“b} uof] (Yang, 2001) .

• !(*$ b]lv hf8fsf] labfdf dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{n] ljb]zL efiffsf ;+:yfdf k9\g kfpg] eP . ;a}eGbf sd l;sfOpknlAw ePsf s'n ljBfyL{{ ;ª\Vofsf @) k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] ljBfnos} lzIfsaf6 cltl/Qm sIff lng kfpg] eP .


43


• !(** b]lv cfk\mg} ljBfnosf lzIfsaf6 z'Ns lt/]/ ;a} ljBfyL{n] cltl/Qm 6\o';g k9\g kfpg] eP .

• !(*( b]lv ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{n] k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg kfpg] eP . o;} a]nfb]lv ljBfyL{{sf] ;xof]ufy{ 6]k/]s8{sf] pTkfbg, laqmL tyf ef8fdf ljt/0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf eof] . labfsf ;dodf k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{n] lghL 6\o';g s]Gb|x¿df uP/ k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf klg eof] .

• !((! b]lv labf gePsf a]nfdf klg k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{n] lghL 6\o';g s]Gb|x¿df uP/ k9\g kfpg] Joj:yf eof] .

• !((^ b]lv ljZjljBfnosf :gftsx¿n] k|fylds tyf dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg kfpg] Joj:yf eof] .

k|ltaGwdf NofOPsf] of] vs'nf]kgfn] 6\o';g k|yfsf] al[4df cToGt} tLj|tf NofOlbof] . !((# df 6\o';gdf x'g] /fi6«JofkL vr{sf] kl/df0f #$!) ljlnog jf]g cyf{t $=# ljlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . !(($ tyf !((% df o; /sdsf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 eO{ qmdzM $^(^ tyf (#@) jf]g k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/of] (Yoon et al., p. 1) . !((& ;Dddf k|fylds, lgDg dfWolds / dfWolds txdf 6\o';gsf nflu s'n /fli6«o pTkfbgsf] !@ b]lv !^ k|ltzt vr{ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . of] kl/df0f hfkfgdf o;} k|of]hgdf ul/g] vr{sf] tLgb]lv Rff/ bf]Aa/ xf] (Kwak, 1999) . vf; u/L ;x/L / s]xL xb;Dd u|fdL0f If]qsf k|fylds txdf 6\o';g\ k|yf ;a}eGbf k|an ¿kdf b]vfk¥Øf] .

6\o';g k|yfsf] of] cTolws j[l4nfO{ /fhgLltsdL{n] /fhgLlts d'2f agfpg yfn]kl5 !((& df /fi6«klt lsd b] h'ªn] o'jfx¿nfO{ kf7\o]t/ lqmofsnfkaf6 d'Qm u/fP/ cleefjssf cfly{s Jooef/ 36fpg] 3f]if0ff u/] (Yi, 2002, p. 2) . ;/sf/n] 1998 df dfWolds txsf] cltl/Qm 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ r/0fa4 ¿kn] k|ltalGwt u/fpg] 3f]if0ff u¥Øf] . of] k|ltaGw !((( b]lv lgDg dfWolds tx / dfWolds txsf] k|yd jif{sf ljBfyL{{sf nflu / @))! b]lv ;a} ljBfyL{{sf nflu nfu" x'g] eof] .

t/ k|ltaGwsf] kl/kfngf ;xh x'g ;s]g . d"nwf/ lzIffdf 6\o';gaf6 ljBfyL{{sf l;sfO pknlAwdf eO/x]sf] kmfObfsf] ;§f–e/gf x'g] ;'wf/ gu/L o:tf k|ltaGw nufpg' pko'Qm gx'g] wf/0ff cfnf]rsx¿n] cufl8 ;f/] . ;g\ !((& sf] nf]slk|o klqsf Pl;of ljs (ASIA week) sf] k[i6 @) df 5flkPsf] Ps n]vdf o;f] elgPsf] lyof] —

sf]l/ofnL clwsf/Lx¿n] gLltut sdL sdhf]/Lsf] ;'wf/ ug'{'sf abnf k|fylds tyf dfWolds txdf 6\o';g k|ltalGwt ug'{ eg]sf] 8s}tL x'gaf6 arfpg ;Dk"0f{ cfjfbLnfO{ ul/aLdf ws]Ng' h:t} xf] . ;du| Pl;ofdf k|lt:kwf{sf]] ultn] tLj|tf kfO/x]sf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf o; k|sf/sf k|ltaGwsf] cf}lrTo /xg ;Sb}g .


44


o; k|ltaGwsf] xljut klg ;flassf k|ltaGwx¿sf] eGbf leGg x'g ;s]g . ;g\ @))) df sf]l/ofsf] cbfntn] o:tf k|ltaGwnfO{ c;+j}wflgs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] xggsf ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ km};nf u¥Øf] .

j}j}j}j}slNks pkfosf] vf]hL slNks pkfosf] vf]hL slNks pkfosf] vf]hL slNks pkfosf] vf]hL

6\o';g k|yfsf P]ltxfl;s tYox¿nfO{ dgg ub}{ sf]l/of ;/sf/n] @))$ df ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf ;'wf/åf/f lghL 6\o';gsf vr{df sdL Nofpg gof“ gLltsf] 3f]if0ff u¥Øf] . ;'wf/sf gof“ gLlt 6\o';gdf k|ltaGw nufP/ /f]usf nIf0fsf] dfq pkrf/ eP klg sf/0fsf] pkrf/ gx'g] eGg] dfGotfaf6 lgb{]lzt lyP . o; cGtu{t !) k|sf/sf pkfo cufl8 NofOof]—

• 6]lnlehg Rofgn tyf OG6/g]6 dfkm{t sn]h k|j]z k/LIffsf] tof/Lsf nflu ljz]if z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] k|;f/0f ≤

• ljBfnox¿nfO{ ljBfno ;doeGbf aflx/ ljBfyL{{sf l;sfO pknlAw cg'¿ksf cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt≤

• cltl/Qm sfo{snfksf] u'0f:t/Lotfdf Wofg≤

• sfdsfhL afa'–cfdfsf cfjZostf cg'¿k ljBfnodf k|f/lDes txsf ;fgf afnaflnssf nflu cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng≤

• k];fut lzIfs etL{ / lzIfs d"Nofª\sgdf ljljwtf ≤

• lzIf0f / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLdf kl/dfh{g≤

• dfWolds lzIffsf ;dtfsf/L gLltdf kl/jt{g u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ sIffut ljefhgsf] ;§f k|jL0ftfsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f / lzIf0f ug]{ gLltsf] cjnDag≤

• sn]h k|j]zdf CSAT sf k|KtfÍnfO{ eGbf ljBfyL{{sf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf ljBfno clen]vnfO{ a9L k|fyldstf ≤

• ;a}df Go"gtd l;sfOpknlAwsf] ;'lglZrttf

• ;dfh / ;++:s[ltsf] ;'wf/ .

Dfly plNnlvt sltko pkfon] ;flassf ;'wf/nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ¿kn] kl/dflh{t u/]] . ljBfyLnfO{ sn]h k|j]zdf ljs[t cEof;nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ;'? ul/Psf] s]Gb|Ls[t k/LIff k|0ffnL tyf :t/Ls[t k/LIffsf cfwf/eGbf ljBfnosf l;kml/; tyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfksf clen]vnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{ k|fjwfg ;fljssf k|fjwfgeGbf lans'n leGg 5g\ (Gorgodze, 2007) . lghL 6\o';gsf s]xL /fd|f kIfnfO{ klg ;d]6\g] p2]Zon] k|l;l4 kfPsf Cram School sf lzIfsx¿åf/f :of6nfO6 6]lnlehg tyf OG6/g]6 dfkm{t kf7\oqmdsf k|d'v ljifox¿df JofVofg k|bfg ug]{ h:tf gof“ of]hgfx¿ klg sfof{Gjogdf NofOP (Lee, 2007, p. 1228) .

dfWolds lzIff ;dtfsf/L gLltdf ul/Psf] kl/dfh{g klg TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . !(&$ df of] sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ lgSs} ts{k"0f{ / cfsif{s b]lvPsf] lyof] / cGo ljb]zL d'n'sx¿n] klg


45


o;nfO{ dg k/fPsf lyP . t/ Kim / Lee (2008, p. 29) h:tf ;dfnf]rsx¿n] o;nfO{ lghL 6\o';gsf] kIfw/ eg]/ cfnf]rgf u/]sfdf w]/}n] cfZro{ dfg] . cGo ;dfnf]rsx¿n] (Byun, 2008) klg o;sf] rsf]{ cfnf]rgf u/]kl5 o;sf] sfof{Gjog k|efjxLg x'g uof] .

tflnsf !! M ;gtflnsf !! M ;gtflnsf !! M ;gtflnsf !! M ;g\\\\ !(*)!(*)!(*)!(*)––––@))& aL@))& aL@))& aL@))& aLr sf]l/ofdf lghL 6r sf]l/ofdf lghL 6r sf]l/ofdf lghL 6r sf]l/ofdf lghL 6\\ \\o';g k9o';g k9o';g k9o';g k9\\\\g] g] g] g] ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{ljBfyL{{sf] k|ltzt {sf] k|ltzt {sf] k|ltzt {sf] k|ltzt

jif{ k|fylds tx lgDg dfWolds tx dfWolds tx !(*) !@=( !%=# @^=@ !((& &@=( %^=) #@=) @))& **=@ &*=$ ^#=! ;|f]t lsd @))&, k[= !

Dfly plNnlvt ;'wf/sf !) pkfo dWo] bzf}“ cyf{t …;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf] ;'wf/Ú eGg] jfSof+z ;a}eGbf ljjfb:kb / cd"t{ /x]sf] 5 . of] ;f/} Jofks / kl/eflift Pj+ sfof{lGjt ug{ sl7g 5 . lzIffk|ltsf] cfsif{0f / k|lt:kwL{ efjgfn] sf]l/ofnL ;dfhdf bx|f] h/f uf8]sf] x'gfn] o;df ;lhn} kl/dfh{g ug{ ufx|f] 5 . To;sf/0f sf]l/ofsf k|foM ;a} ;/sf/x¿n] 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{] euL/y k|oTg ubf{ klg o;sf] kl/df0fdf a9f]Q/L sfod 5 -tflnsf !!_ . !(*) ;Dd hDDf #*! ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf lghL 6\o';g ;+:yfgx¿ (hakwons) df j[l4 eP/ ;g\ @))) ;Dddf !$)$#, / ;g\ @))* ;Dd cfOk'Ubf #!))) k'u] (Kim and Lee, 2008, p. 9) . sf]l/ofnLx¿sf] cfo:t/df ePsf j[l4sf] bf“hf]df 6\o';gdf x'g] vr{df ePsf] j[l4 w]/} 7"nf] 5 (kim and Lee, 2008,p. 3) . t}klg sf]l/ofnL clwsf/Lx¿ o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu hf]8tf]8sf ;fy nflu/x]sf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf Kim / Lee (2008, p. 15) n] nfdf] w}o{ tyf bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf ;fy ax'cfoflds tyf PsLs[t pkfosf] cfjZostf 5 eg]sfsf cTo'lQm b]lvGg .

afs; #M baafs; #M baafs; #M baafs; #M bafjsf] fjsf] fjsf] fjsf] Joj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yfJoj:yfkg kg kg kg sf]l/ofnL ;/sf/n] ;dtfsf/L gLltsf ljk/Lt ljz]if p2]Zosf dfWolds ljBfno (SPH) sf] Pp6f ;d"x g} v8f u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ljBfnodf k|j]z kfpg sl7g k|lt:kwf{ kf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5, h;sf nflu 6\o';g ckl/xfo{ /xG5 . Kim n] @))& df o:tf k|lt:kwf{n] hGdfPsf bafjsf] ;fdgf ug{ sf]l/ofnL kl/jf/x¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf cj:yfsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP . oxf“ bf–h'ª gfdsL s]6L / ltgsL cfdfn] ef]Ug'k/]sf cj:yfsf] lrq0f ub}{ elgPsf] 5, …bf–h'ªsf] hLjgdf Tof] pd]/sf dxTjk"0f{ w]/} eP klg cGo nfvf}“ sf]l/ofnL afnaRrfx¿n] k|To]s lbg em]Ng'k/] ;/x sl7g bafj em]ln/x]sL lyOg\ . bf–h'ª SPH sf k|j]z k/LIff cfpg'eGbf @ dlxgf klxn] cfk"mnfO{ Pp6f lghL 6\o';g ;+:yfdf bflvnf lnP/ sf]l/og, cª\u|]hL / ul0ft ljifodf k9g yflng\ . pgL ljBfno aGb ePkl5 sl/a % ah] 6\o';g s]Gb|df hflGyg\ / sl/a !) ah] /ftL;Dd Toxf“ k9\lyg\ . To;kl5 ;+:yfs} cWoog sIfdf /ftL @ ah];Dd cWoog u/]/ 3/ kms{lGyg\, sl/a # ah]lt/ ;'lTyg\ / ^ ah] p7]/ ljBfno hflGyg\ .


46


bf–h'ªsL cfdf cfk\mgL 5f]/Ln] /fd|/L ;'Tg gkfPsf] cj:yfjf/] elG5g\ …d}n] p7fpgf;fy pm p7\yL . olt l56} p7fpg'kbf{ dnfO{ b'Mv nfUYof] t/ ^ ah] gp7fP pm d;“+u l/;fp“yL . pm eGyL …cfdf tkfO{+nfO{ o;f] ug{ ufx|f] 5 t/ dgnfO{ bx|f] u/fpg'k5{ / dnfO{ p7fpg}k5{ . of] d]/f nflu xf] . t;y{ tkfO{+n] dnfO{ 3r3Rofpg'k5{ / cfjZos k/] lk6\g' klg k5{Ú . oBlk bf–h'ªsL cfdf cfk\mgL 5f]/Lsf] si6s/ hLjg b]v]/ b'Mlvt x'lGyg\ tfklg pgn] o;nfO{ eljiosf nflu ul/Psf] nufgLsf ¿kdf lnPsL lyOg\ . c? cfdfx¿n] ef]u]sf / cGo s]6fs]6Ln] ;x]sf b'Mvsf syfaf6 pgL zfGTjgf lng] uly{g\ . To; 6\o';g ;+:yfn] bf–h'ªsf hLjgsf efjL ;Defjgf km/flsnf kfl/lbPsf] lyof] . bf–h'ªn] Toxf“ k|lt:kwf{sf cg'ej / ;Lk xfl;n ul/g\ / cem d]xgtsf ;fy cWoogdf tlNng eOg\ . tyflk 6\o';gn] pgsf ljBfno;DaGwL z}lIfs lqmofsnfkdf ;lqmo /xg lbPg . /ftL @ ah];Dd 6\o';g ;+:yfd} /xg'kg]{ / yf]/} ;do dfq ;'Tg kfpg] ePsfn] pgL sIffdf clwsf+ztM lgbfpg] uly{g\ . ;|f]tM lsd -@))&, k[= &–*

df]l/;;

sf]l/ofn] h:t} df]l/;;n] klg lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf ;d:ofhgs kIfx¿sf] lgbfgsf nflu cys k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 t/ ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf eg] xft kfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf b'O{ hgf k"j{ lzIff dGqLx¿ —Armoogum Parsuraman (1983-10995) / Steven Obeegadoo (2000-2005) nfO{ cfdlGqt u/]sf] lyof] . /fhgLlts lx;fan] pxf“x¿ cnucnu ljrf/ kf6L{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ eP klg lghL 6\o';gn] l;h{gf u/]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf sf/u/ pkfo kQf nufpg sl7gfO k/]sf] ljrf/ ;dfg ¿kn] JoQm u/]sf lyP . o:tf cfk"mn] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf r'gf}tLx¿ cfk\mgf k"j{jtL{ tyf pQ/flwsf/L dGqLx¿n] ;d]t ;dfg ¿kdf ef]Ug'kl//x]sfdf ;d]t pgLx¿sf] Psdt /x]sf] lyof] .

jf:tjdf df]l/;;n] 6\o';gsf ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{ yfn]sf] Ps ztfAbLeGbf a9L ePsf] 5}g . Foondun (2002, p. 488) n] ;g\ !()! Dff s]6fx¿sf] Ps dfq dfWolds ljBfnosf k|wfgfWoksn] eg]sf …6\o';gsf gsf/fTds kIfsf] klxrfg eP/ klg o;nfO{ x6fpg c;xfo /x]sf]Ú s'/fsf] p4/0f u/]sf 5g\ . df]l/;;sf] So'l/kfOk (Curepipe) l:yt zfxL sn]hsf k|d'vn] klg !(!! df cfkm\gf sn]hsf !@ lzIfsn] xKtfsf] !# b]lv ## 306f;Dd 6\o';g k9fO/x]sf] u'gf;f] u/]sf lyP . o;af/]df pgn] cufl8 eg]—

o; ;d:ofnfO{ cGo j}slNks pkfosf] vf]hL gu/L PsfPs k"0f{ ¿kn] ;dfKt kfg{ ;Dej klg 5}g / pko'Qm klg 5}g . sn]hsf lgwf{l/t ;dokl5sf] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ pxf“x¿nfO{ k"0f{ clwsf/ 5 . To;nfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g . o;df ;Ldf /]vf lvRg' klg TolQs} c;Dej 5 . o;nfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 < sfof{no ;do pk|fGtsf sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ kfOGg eGg] pxf“x¿sf wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . o;sf v/faLsf af/]df d k"0f{¿k]0f cjut 5' t/ o;nfO{ /f]Sg] pko ;'emfpg klg TolQs} c;dy{ 5' .


47


To;sf] tLg bzskl5 !($! sf] lzIff;DaGwL Pp6f k|ltj]bgn] ;f]daf/b]lv z'qmaf/;Dd lbgsf] @ 306f 6\o';g k9fpg] lzIfssf] cf}krfl/s sfo{bIftfdf x|f; cfpg] tYo pNn]v u¥Øf] . df]l/;;df !(($ df p4/0f ul/Psf] pQm k|ltj]bgdf cufl8 elgPsf] lyof]—

ljBfnosf] cf}krfl/s sfo{ ;do kof{Kt 5}g eg] a9fpg ;lsG5 . t/ cfd ljBfyL{{nfO{ lghL 6\o';g k|bfg ug'{ h?/L 5}g . olb l;sfOpknlAwdf s]xL ljBfyL{{ k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ eg] cltl/Qm ;do lbP/ To:tf ljBfyL{nfO{ cBfjlws u/fpg] ;DalGwt lzIfssf] bfloTj x'G5 / lzIfsx¿nfO{ a]tg k|bfg ul/Psf] klg o;}sf nflu xf] .

Armoogum Parsuramen sf] g]t[Tj sf] g]t[Tj sf] g]t[Tj sf] g]t[Tj (1983-1995)

cd'{ud kz'{/fdgn] lghL 6\o'ogaf/] hgrf;f] al9/x]sf ;dodf lzIffsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP / o; ljifosf d'2fsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ lgZro klg u/]sf lyP . pgsf sfo{sfnsf] ;'?df k|sflzt Ps Zj]t kqdf o;f] elgPsf] lyof] —

;/sf/, vf; u/L, k|fylds txsf] lzIffdf lghL 6\o';gsf] b'¿kof]uaf6 lrlGtt ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ sdhf]/ cfly{s kl/l:yltsf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf ljBfno hLjgsf ;'?b]lv g} lk5l8g] ;Defjgf k|an /xG5 . o;sf/0f ;/sf/ 6\o';g k|yfsf] lj:tf/ / To;n] ljBfnodf kfg]{ k|efjaf/] uDeL/ cWoog ug{ rfxG5 . pQm cWoogsf glthfsf cfwf/df o; ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wgsf :ki6 dfu{ lgb]{z tof/ kfl/g]5 . t/ 6\o';ghGo xflgsf/s k|efjsf] lg/fs/0fsf cleofgn] ljBfnoleqsf] lzIf0f l;sfOsf] ;'wf/df Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{5 . lzIfsx¿n] cfkmgf bfloTj lgjf{xdf nugzLntf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] lgjf{x u/]sf v08df k|fylds txsf] 6\o';gsf] dfudf pNn]vgLo sdL cfpg] lglZrt 5 .

pko'Qm ;dodf df]l/;; ljZjljBfnodf Pp6f cWoog 6f]nLsf] u7g ul/of] . pQm cWoogn] !(*^ df 6\o';g kl9/x]sf k|fylds txsf sIff ! sf ljBfyL{{sf] !!=@ k|ltztaf6 a9]/ sIff

$ df k'Ubf &@=& k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]vfof] . dfWolds txdf of] cg'kft Form 1 df 36]/ #&=#

k|ltzt sfod /x]sf] t/ Form IV df a9]/ *&=@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]vfof] (Joinathsing,

Manzoor, et, al.,1988,p. 31 and 43) . k|fylds lzIffsf clGtd jif{ 6\o';g k9\g]sf cg'kftdf b]lvPsf] ef/L j[l4n] dfWolds lzIffsf] k|j]zåf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] k|fylds lzIff k/LIff (Primaruy Education Exzmination –CPE) sf] dxTjnfO{ bzf{p“5 . Ps k6s k|fylds txsf] clGtd k/LIff kf/ u/]kl5 dfWolds / pRr dfWolds txsf clGtd k/LIff gcfP;Dd 6\o';g k9g]sf] cg'kft :jfQ} 36\5 . df]l/;;sf] dfWolds lzIff u'0f:t/sf lx;fan] ljleGg txdf ljeflht 5 . eljiodf kf“rtf/] dfWolds ljBfnodf (Five Star High Schools) df egf{ x'g] p2]Zon] ljBfyL{{x¿ ----o;nfO{ Foondun n] !((@ df kfunx¿sf] bf}8 eg]sf 5g\____ k|fylds txb]lv g} 6\o';gdf hfg yfNb5g\ . z}lIfs lx;fan] a9L ;Ifd 5 ljBfyL{ g} 6\o';gdf a9L ;+nUg /xg] u/]sf 5g\ .

ljleGg txsf] 6\o';g ljleGg :yfgdf x'g] ub{5 . ;fdfGotof k|fylds txsf] 6\o';g ljBfno ;do pk|fGt ljBfnod} cfkm\g} lzIfsaf6 x'G5 . o; txdf lzIfss} bafjsf sf/0f clwsf+z


48


ljBfyL{{x¿ 6\o';gdf ;l/s x'G5g\ . dfWolds txdf ljifout lj1 lzIfsåf/f 6\o';g k|bfg ul/G5 . o:tf lzIfs ljBfyL{{sf cfkm\g} ljBfnosf x'g' h?/L 5}g . ;fgf ;d"xsf nflu 6\o';g

lzIfss} 3/df / 7"nf ;d"x eP ef8fsf 3/df k9fOG5 . sf]l/ofsf] hakwons ;“u t'ngf

ug{ ;lsg] lghL 6\o';g ;+:yfx¿ df]l/;;df sd} dfq 5g\ .

df]l/;; ljZjljBfnosf] cWoog 6f]nLn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu vf;} k|efjsf/L ;'emfj lbg ;s]g t/ b]xfosf tYox¿ kQf nufof] (Joynathsingh et al., 1988, pp., 64-66) —

• lzIfsn] sIff lzIf0f ubf{ ljBfyL{{af6 k/LIffdf pRr glthfsf nflu clek|]l/t ug]{ t/ 6\o';gaf6} ljBfyL{{n] cfjZos tof/L u5{g\ eGg] 7fg]/ sIffdf x]nr]S|ØfO“ ug]{ x'bf 6\o';gsf] dfu cfkm}+df cfTdkl/k"/s (Self fulfilling) x'g uPsf] 5 .

• lzIff k|0ffnLleq Ps k6s 6\o';g k|yfn] k|j]z kfPkl5 To;nfO{ lg/Gt/ sfod /fVg lglxt :jfy{ af]s]sf tTjx¿ nflukb{5g\ . o;nfO{ cleefjsn] cfk\mgf gfgLx¿sf] efjL ;fdflhs cfly{s ;kmntfsf] dfu{ lrqsf ¿kdf, lzIfsn] s/d'Qm cfo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf / ;j{;fwf/0fn] s/bftfdf s'g} af]em gykLsg z}lIfs pknlAwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pkfosf ¿kdf x]/]sf 5g\ .

lzIffn] k/Dk/fut ¿kaf6 h'g dfkb08df sfd ub}{ 5, To;}df kl/dfh{g u/]/ dfq 6\o';gsf] dfunfO{ sd u/fpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu k/LIff k|0ffnLn] ljBfyL{sf ;ª\u|lxt 1fgsf kl/df0fsf] n]vfhf]vf gu/L xfl;n u/]sf Ifdtfsf] dfkg ug]{ / /f]huf/ bftfn] z}lIfs k|df0f kqsf ;§f Ifdtf k/LIffsf (Aptitude test) glthfnfO{ sfdb/ 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ agfpg] . s'g} klg ;'wf/sf k|of;sf] ;kmntf To:tf k|of;sf] kl/j]zut oyfy{df e/ kb{5 . z}lIfs ;'wf/ cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{{sf rfxgf tyf >dahf/sf jf:tljstf;“u d]n vfg] vfnsf x'g' h?/L 5 . oL oyfy{nfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ nflbPsf s'g} klg ;'wf/sf k|oTg c;kmn x'g' cjZoDefjL 5 . k/z'/fdgn] lzIff dGqLsf x}l;otn] !(** df df]l/;; ljZjljBfnosf] k|ltj]bg ;+;b\df k]; u/] . pQm k|ltj]bgdfly ;bgdf rsf{] ax; eof] . o; qmddf k/z'/fdgn] aRrfx¿sf] cWoog ;do (Study hours) cgfjZos ¿kn] nlDaPsf], lzIfssf Uof/]h nufot cToGt} bogLo ef}lts ;+/rgfdf 6\o';g ;~rflnt eO/x]sf] / o; k|yfn] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf cleefjs df/df k/]sf h:tf ljifodf k|sfz kf/]sf lyP . o;n] k|wfg dGqLsf] Wofg cfs[i6 u¥Øf] / pgn] lzIfs cleefjs ;ª\3sf] ;lqmotfdf ljBfyL{{sf lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] ;'emj k|bfg u/] . pgn] dfWolds lzIffsf cj;/df j[l4 u/]/ k|fylds lzIffsf] cGTosf ;f“3'/f] 9f]sfnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg'{kg]{ ;'emfj k|bfg ub}{ k"j{ k|fylds lzIffsf] sIff # ;Dd 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ k|ltalGwt ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf tkm{ klg ;ª\s]t u/] . o; qmddf /fhgLlt1x¿nfO{ cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/L 6\o';gdf gk7fP/ pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{ ;d]t cfx\jfg u/] .

cfd hgtfsf] r]tgfsf nflu lghL 6\o';gaf/] /fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf ul/of] . df]l/;; bz nfv dfq hg;ª\Vof ePsf] ;fgf] d'n's ePsfn] sfo{zfnfdf lzIfs tyf cleefjsf


49


;d"x nfuotsf] Jofks k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sof] . o; qmddf 6\o';gsf] lj:tf/ s'g xb;Dd ePsf] 5 eGg] tYosf] cf“sng ul/of] . o;} cfwf/df lzIff dGqLn] !(*( df Pp6f lgodfjnL hf/L ug]{ lgwf];d]t u/] (Parsuranen, 2007) . pQm lgodfjnLsf] k|of]hg b]xfocg';f/ lyof]—

• ;fgf afnaflnsfsf] :jf:YonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ sIff # ;Dd 6\o';g k9fpg k|ltaGw nufpg]≤

• Vff; u/L gful/s zf:q, l;h{gfTds tyf zf/Ll/s lzIff, k9fOsf ;Lkh:tf ljifosf] k7gkf7g ;do yk ug]{ p2]Zon] ljBfno sfo{tflnsfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{≤

• ljBfyL{n] pko'Qm / :j:ys/ jftfj/0fdf k9\g kfpmg\, lzIfssf jf ef8fdf lnPsf ;f“3'/f sf]7fdf vrfvr el/Psf sIffdf k9\g'kg]{ AffWotf gxf];\ eGgsf nflu sIff $, % / ^ ;Ddsf nflu ljBfno sIff sf]7fnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ kfOg]≤

• Ps ljBfyL{{nfO{ k|lt xKtf !) 306feGbf a9L / Ps ;d"xdf $) eGbf a9L ljBfyL{{ /fv]/ k9fpg gkfOg] . cflb .

;'wf/sf] csf]]{ sbd lyof], pQm lgodfjnLnfO{ sfg'gL :j¿k k|bfg ug'{ . !((! Dff To; ;DaGwL ljw]os ;+;b\df k|:t't ubf{ lzIfsn] z'Ns ltg{ g;Sg] ul/a ljBfyL{sf nflu lgMz'Ns 6\o';gsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / o; k|fjwfgsf] ;dy{gsfsf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf / lzIfs kl/ifb\sf] u7g ug'{kg]{ h:tf ljifodf hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . ax;sf qmddf k|ltkIfsf ;f+;bx¿n] sIff ! b]lv # ;Ddsf lzIfsn] 6\o';g k9fpg gkfpg] t/ $ b]lv ^ ;Ddsfn] kfpg] ePsfn] of] k|fjwfg lje]bsf/L /x]sf] eGb} lj/f]w hgfPsf lyP . ;fy} pgLx¿n] sIff $ b]lv ^ ;Dd 6\o';g k9fpg lbP/ ;dfgfGt/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] j[l4df dnhn u/]sf] cf/f]k ;d]t nufPsf lyP . t/ dGqL cfk\mgf ljw]ossf kIfdf sfod /x] / pQm ljw]os kfl/t eof] (Parsuramen, 2007) .

o;} cjlwdf k|fylds txsf] clGtd k/LIff (CPE) df c;kmntfaf/] ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] k|fylds lzIffsf lg0ff{os tTjx¿sf] laZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg k|sFlzt u¥Øf] (Manrakhan, Vishatha, et al., 1991) . pQm k|ltj]bgn] 6\o';g clwsf+z kl/jf/sf nflu cfly{s af]em x“'bfx'“b} klg w]/}n] cfk\mgf afnaflnsf /fd|f dfWolds ljBfnodf k|j]z kfpg ;s"g\ eGg] cfzon] 6\o';g k9fpg] u/]sf] / k|fylds lzIffsf] clGtd jif{sf &) k|ltzteGbf a9L ljBfyL{{n] xKtfdf @ b]lv % 307f;Ddsf] 6\o';g k9\g] u/]sf] tYo phfu/ u¥Øf] . To; cWoogn] clwsf+z ljBfyL{{, cyf{t\ ** k|ltztn] Ps hgf;“u, gf} k|ltztn] b'O{ hgf;“u / tLg k|ltztn] tLg hgf lzIfs;“u 6\o';g k9\g] u/]sf] cf“s8f k|:t't u¥Øf] . cWoogn] k/LIffdf kf; x'g]dWo] () k|ltztn] 6\o';g k9]sf / km]n x'g]dWo] cfwfn] 6\o';g gk9]sf] tYo klg phfu/ u¥Øf] .


50


o;} cjlwdf lzIff dGqLn] lgodfjnLsf ;f/;ª\If]k tyf ;xhLs/0fsf s'/fx¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]/ …lghL 6\o';gsf] pkof]u / b'¿kof]uÚ zLif{sdf Ps ;"rgf ;fdu|Lsf] ljt/0f u/fP . ;"rgf ;fdu|Ldf pNn]v ePsf sIff # ;Dd 6\o';g k9fpg gkfOg] tyf 6\o';gsf] ;do / ;xefuL ;ª\Vofsf] ;Ldf h:t ljifox¿ lgodfjnL;“u ;DaGw /fV5g\ eg] ljBfnosf sIff sf]7f 6\o';gsf nflu pknAw u/fpg] s'/f ;xhLs/0f;“u ;DaGw /fV5g\ . o; cltl/Qm ljBfyL{n] z}lIfs b[li6n] cg'ko'Qm jftfj/0fdf k9\g gk/f];\ / lgoddf Joj:yf ePcg';f/sf] jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt xf];\ eGgfsf nflu 6\o';g k9fO x'g] :yfsf] lg/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df k};f ltg{ g;Sg] ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns 6\o';g ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w klg ul/Psf] lyof] .

k"/s pkfosf ¿kdf k|fylds tyf CPE k/LIffsf kf7\oqmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/of] / ljBfyL{{n] Pp6} lzIfs;“u e/ kg'{ gk/f];\ eg]/ sIff $ b]lv ljifo lzIf0f k4lt sfod ul/of] . o;sf ;fy} 6\o';g k9\g] / gk9\g] ljBfyL{{aLr lzIfsn] e]befj u/]–gu/]sf] cg'udg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|=c tyf lg/LIfsx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/of] . To;} u/L kf“r tf/] dfWolds ljBfnodf bflvnfsf nflu x'g] k|lt:kwf{ v's'nf] u/fpg] p2]Zon] dfWolds ljBfnox¿aLrsf] c;dfgtf sd u/fpg] k|of;x¿ ul/P .

lgodfjnLn] d'VotM sIff !–# ;Ddsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ k9fP/ lgwf{l/t l;sfOpknlAw ;'lglZrt u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lzIfsn] cfk\mgf lhDd]jf/Lsf] uxgtfnfO{ e'n]/ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg gkfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . k/Gt' o:tf k|ltaGwsf afah'b dxTjsfª\IfL cleefjsn] cfk\mgf 5f]/5f]/LnfO{ :jtGq lzIfs;“u 6\o';g k9fpg] sfo{ hf/L /fv] . ;+;b\df k|ltkIfL nufot sltkon] cfzª\sf hgfPh:t} aIff !–# sf lzIfsaLr c;Gt'li6 5fof] / s;n] 6\o';gsf ;Defjgf ePsf dflyNnf sIffdf k9fpg] eGg] af/]df u'6aGbL / xfgfyfk x'g yfNof] . df]l/;;sf] Ps klqsf (L’ Express, 20 June, 1993) nfO{ pb\w[t ub}{ Foondun (2002, p. 506) n] o; c;Gt'li6nfO{ 6\o;gsf] /;f:jfbg ug{af6 jl~rt x'g]x¿sf] c;Gt'li6 eg]sf lyP . o;af/] 1994 sf] UNICEF sf] k|ltj]bgn] o;f] eg]sf] lyof] —

sIff $ sf] k9fO ;'? x'gf;fy To; sIffdf k9fpg] lzIfsn] ;DalGwt cleefjsnfO{ cfk"mn] pQm sIffsf ljBfyL{{sf nflu 6\o';g k9fpg ;'? ul/;s]sf] ;"rgf kf7fp“y] . k};f vr{ ul/;s]kl5 5fqj[lQ lbnfpg ;Sg] of]Uotd lzIfs :jfefljs ¿kn] cleefjssf] /f]hfOdf kg]{ g} eP / To;} x'g yfNof] . o; k|sf/ Pp6f nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf :jtGq lzIffsf] yfngL eof] / pRrtd u'0f:tsf lzIf0f k};fdf laqmL x'g yfn] .

k/z'/fdgsf] nfdf] sfo{sfn !((% df ;dfKt eof] . cfk\mgf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] @ jif{kl5 !((& df pgn] n]v]sf lyP, ;d:of cem} af“ls g} 5g\ , …logsf lg/fs/0fsf nflu kl5sf dGqLn] s:tf pkfo cufl8 Nofpg] x'g\, Tof] x]g{ af“sL 5Ú .


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sf8«]; cf/= lrbDa/dsf8«]; cf/= lrbDa/dsf8«]; cf/= lrbDa/dsf8«]; cf/= lrbDa/d lklklklkNn]Nn]Nn]Nn] sf] g]t[Tj sf] g]t[Tj sf] g]t[Tj sf] g]t[Tj ----!((&!((&!((&!((&––––@)))_ @)))_ @)))_ @)))_

k/z'/fdgkl5 lzIff dGqL ePsf h]D; a6L{ 8]le8 (James Burty David) sf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{sf] dfq /x\Øf] . pgn] ;'wf/sf pNn]vgLo s'g} sfd u/]gg\ . t/ pgLkl5sf dGqL sf8«]; cf/= lrbDa/d lkNn]n] eg] o; ;DaGwdf w]/} sfd u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] s'g} dfWolds ljBfno cTo'Qd -kf“r tf/]_ cGo bf];|f] of t];|f] bhf{sf 7xl/g] ljifdtfk"0f{ cj:yfsf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt ckgfP . To;} u/L k|ylds txsf ;a} ljBfyL{{sf] CPE k/LIff ;s];Dd ;dfg :t/sf] xf];\ / k|fylds txsf ljBfnox¿aLr c;dfgtfsf] lg/fs/0f xf];\ eGgsf nflu klg 5'§} of]hgf cufl8 NofP . !((& df pgn] d'n'sdf ljBdfg clt k|lt:kwf{o'Qm lzIff k|0ffnLsf ;fy} u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fsf pko'Qm sfo{9f“rf, lzIfs ljsf;sf of]hgf tyf of]Uotd lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f k];fdf k|j]z ug{ nfnflot u/fpg] cfsif{s ;]jf ;'ljwfsf cefjsf] glthf g} lghL 6\o';g k|0ffnLsf] j[l4sf sf/s x'g\ eGb} Pp6f :j]t kq (Mauritius, 1999, p. 28) hf/L u/]/ oL ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]] . pQm kqdf ;du| lzIffsf] ;'wf/sf lj:t[t sfo{qmdn] 6\o';gsf ;d:ofnfO{ la:tf/} sd u/]/ n}hfg] atfOPsf] lyof] . pQm Zj]t kqn] b]xfPsf s'/fsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] lyof]—

• ljBfno kl/;/df 6\o';g k9fpg gkfOg]≤

• 6\o';g k9fpg] lzIfsn] s'g ;dodf slt 306f sxf“ / xKtfdf sltk6s k9fpg] xf], ;f]sf] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg'kg]{≤

• ;fKtflxs labf / ;fj{hlgs labfsf lbg 6\o';g k9fpg gkfOg]≤

• ljBfno ;do pk|fGt ljBfnon] ;~rfng ug]{ pkrf/fTds sIffdf k9fPafkt lzIfsn] cltl/Qm kfl/>lds dfu ug{ gkfpg]≤

• lzIfssf] l:yltdf kl/jt{g Nofpg]≤

• lg/LIfsx¿åf/f lzIfs sfo{;Dkfbgdf ck]lIft u'0f:t/ / l;sfOpknlAw ;'lglZrt u/] gu/]sf] s8f ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{≤

• ljBfyL{{sf u[xsfo{sf ;DaGwdf cleefjsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg O–d]n nufot ;~rf/ ;fwgsf] ljsf; / k|of]u ug]{≤

• cleefjs tyf ;d'bfonfO{ lghL 6\o';gaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt xflgaf/] ;r]t u/fpg]≤

• lzIfsn] lgwf{l/t lgodx¿sf] kfng u/]–gu/]sf clen]v /fvL lzIfs kbf]Ggltsf ;"rssf ¿kdf To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ /

• ljBfyL{sf clwsf/;DaGwL gof“ rf6{/sf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf u/fOg] .

;fljsdf 6\o';gsf nflu ljBfno kl/z/sf] pkof]u ug{ kfOg] Aoj:yf ubf{ ;fgf ;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] 6\o';gsf nflu 3/af6 w]/} 6f8f wfpg' kb}{g / pHofnf] kof{Kt ePsf km/flsnf / :j:y jftfj/0fdf k9\g] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f /flvPsf] lyof] . t/ jt{dfg k|fjwfgdf ljBfno kl/j]zdf 6\o';g k9fpg gkfOg] eof] . o;f] ubf{ lzIfsn] ljBfyL{{nfO{


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6\o';gsf nflu bafj lbg ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg a9L /xg] / ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfsf] klg b'¿kof]u x'g] eGg] ts{sf ;fy lkNn]n] ;flas Joj:yfnfO{ pN6fOlbP .

t/ lkNn]sf ;'wf/sf oL k|fjwfg ;/sf/leq} klg ljjfbsf] 3]/fdf km:g uP . pgsf cfk\mg} ;dsIfL dGqLx¿n] ;d]t 6\o';gsf kIfsf] hgdtnfO{ pk]Iff ug{ gx'g] eGg] wf/0ff JoQm u/] / cGTodf lkNn] ljb]z e|d0fdf uPsf] cj;/ 5f]k]/ dGqL kl/ifb\n] pgsf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿nfO{ pN6fOlbof] .

l:6e]g cl:6e]g cl:6e]g cl:6e]g cf]laf]laf]laf]lauf8'sf uf8'sf uf8'sf uf8'sf (Steven Obeegadoo) gof“ k|of; gof“ k|of; gof“ k|of; gof“ k|of; ----@)))@)))@)))@)))––––@))%_@))%_@))%_@))%_

cf]lauf8'sf ;'wf/ k|of; klg pgsf k"j{jtL{x¿sf eGbf vf;} leGg 5}gg\ . ;dfgtfsf ;"rs dWo] “Ending the rat race in Primary Education –Mauritius, 2001” gfds gLltut b:tfj]hnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o; b:tfa]hn] /fd|f ljBfno -tf/] ljBfno_ df k|j]zsf nflu x'g] k|lt:kwf{n] ljBfyL{ / cleefjs b'j}df k/]sf] dfgl;s bafjsf ;fy} o;af6 ljBfnosf ;fdflhs e"ldsfdf ljs[lt k}bf x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf (Obeegadoo, 2007, p. 4) gof“ k|fjwfg o:tf 5g\—

;/sf/L dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof bf]a/n] a9fOof] . Elite dfWolds ljBfnox¿nfO{ VI :j¿ksf sn]hdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/of] / dfWolds ljBfnosf] egf{ k4ltnfO{ a;f]af; If]qdf cfwfl/t u/fP/ k|fylds ljBfnosf] cGTodf x'g] k/LIffsf] k|lt:kwf{ 36fpg] k|of; ul/of] . ljBfno ;dokl5 6\o';g k9fpg] kl/l:ylt gagf];\ eGgfsf vflt/ ljBfnosf] sfo{;do (Working hour) a9fOof] / o;afkt lzIfsnfO{ yk kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ;fy} ul/a tyf Go"g l;sfOpknlAw ePsf ljBfyL{{sf] ;xof]ufy{ lgMz'Ns 6\o';gsf] Joj:yf ug{ Educational action zone sf] :yfkgf klg ul/of] .

tyflk, ;/sf/n] lj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥Øf] . IIEP gLltut e]nfdf pQm ;'wf/sf lj?4 v8f ul/Psf sfg'gL ;d:ofsf pbfx/0f k]; ub}{ cfk"m sfg'g Jofj;foL ePsfn] pQm ;dodf s}of}+“ cleefjs ph'/ lnP/ cfpg] u/]sf / Ps hgfn] t cbfntd} d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] t/ b'O{ jif{kl5 ;/sf/L jlsnn] hafkm lbg gkg]{ eg]/ vf/]h u/fPsf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP .

csf]{ pbfx/0fdf pgsf cfk\mg} ;xof]uLx¿;“u ;DalGwt 5 . d]xgtsf ;fy 6\o';gnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ klg sfo{k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs gkfOPkl5 sf/0f kQf nufp“bf cfk\mg} dGqfnosf ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ;xof]uLx¿ g} 6\o';g k9fpg] sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOPsf] s'/f atfPsf lyP . o:tf c;xh kl/l:ylt cfpgsf k5fl8 d"n k|jfx lzIfs, lk|lG;kn tyf dGqfnosf clwsf/Lx¿ g} 6\o';g k|yfaf6 /fd|f] cfly{s kmfObf p7fpg kfO/x]sf] cj:yf lyof] .

cf]lauf8'n] IIEP sf] gLltut a}7sdf ;'gfPsf] csf]{ 3t nfUbf] s'/f 5 . 6\o';gsf kIfdf /x]sf lzIfsx¿sf] Toqf] hdftsf aLrdf Ps hgf o:tf lzIfs lyP, hf] 6\o';g k9fpg


53


rfx“b}g y] . ptf cleefjsx¿ pgn] cfk\mgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpmg\ eGg] rfxgf /fVy] . pgn] 6\o';g k9fpg gdfg]sfdf cleefjs olt ?i6 eP, cGTodf pgnfO{ To; ljBfnoaf6 cGoq ;?jf ug'{k¥Øf] . cf]lauf8'sf cg';f/ o:tf 36gf ;fdfGo x'g yfn] .

k|dfl0ft ug]{ tYofª\ssf] cefj /x] klg ;'wf/sf pkfox¿sf k|efj:j¿k k|fylds txsf] 6\o';gsf] lj:tf/df s]xL sdL] cfPsf] bfaL ub}{ cem} o;sf] rfk eg] 7"n} /x]sf] cf]lauf8'sf] egfO lyof] . df]l/;;sf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f k'g/fjnf]sg k|ltj]bgn] (Bah-lalya, 2006, p. 75) o;f] eg]sf] 5 —

k'g/fjnf]sgsf qmddf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] hafkmdf clwsf+z cleefjs / afnaflnsfn] lghL 6\o';g k9\g gkfp“bf kf7\oqmdsf] k9fOdf k5fl8 kl/g]] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf lyP . /fd|f / ;kmn dflgPsf lzIfsn] klg 6\o';gs} lx:;fsf ¿kdf lstfax¿ n]]v]sf 5g\ / ljBfyL{{x¿nfO{ tL k':ts vl/b ug{ pTk|]l/t u/]sf 5g\ . k|ltj]bg df elgPsf] 5, lzIfsn] 6\o';g / k':ts laqmLaf6 cfpg] sld;g dfq tnasf] bf]a/eGbf a9L sdfp“5g\ . lzIff dGqfno tyf k|wfgfWofksn] lzIfs e]nf tyf 5nkmnsf nflu ljBfnoafx]s lzIfsnfO{ km]nf kfg{ ufx|f] 5 . lzIfsx¿ klg cfk\mgf lghL 6\o';gdf c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} k|jt{gfTds sfo{ ug{k/] jf To:tf sfo{df ;l/s x'g'k/] To:tf kl/l:yltsf] lj/f]w ub{5g\ / ljBfno kZrft\ ;~rfng ul/g] ljBfnosf s'g} ultljlwdf ;fd]n x'g cfgfsfgL u5{g\ . ;ª\If]kdf eGg] xf] eg], lghL 6\o';g k/hLjLsf] hfndf km:b}5 / o;sf sf/0f a9L pTkfbsTjsf If]qdf nufgL ug{ ;lsg] dfgjLo tyf ljQLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u eO/x]sf] 5 .

o:tf ;d:ofsf jfah'b l:6e]g cf]lauf8'sf ;'wf/ k|of; lglxt :jfyL{ tTjsf] k|efj tn blag k'Uof] . pgsf sfo{sfndf u/]sf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ljjfbdf kg{ uP / cGttf]uTjf ltgnfO{ pN6fOof], h;sf] kl/0ffd 6\o';g k|yfn] cem a9L dnhn k|Kt u¥Øf] .

ca s] ug]{ <ca s] ug]{ <ca s] ug]{ <ca s] ug]{ <

;g\ @))% df l:6e]g cf]lauf8' nfO{ x6fP/ w/d uf]v"n (Dharam Gokhool) nfO{ lzIff dGqL agfOof] . uf]v"n cs}{ kf6L{af6 dGqLd08ndf ;fd]n u/fOPsf lyP / pgn] cfkm\gf k"j{jtL{ dGqLx¿sf gLltnfO{ r'gf}tL klg lbPsf lyP . pgn] klg vf;} k|efjsf/L ljsNk lbg ;s]gg\ . pgn] ljBfno kl/;/nfO{ 6\o';gsf nflu k|of]u ug]{ cg'dlt k'gM k|bfg u/] t/ o; afkt k};f ltg'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/] (Bah-Lalya, 2006, p. 94) .

lghL 6\o';g k|yfn] l;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf k|lts"n k|efj kfb{5 / o;n] lzIffsf ;du| p2]ZonfO{ g} k/f:t u/fOlbG5 eGg]af/]df uf]v"n :ki6 lyP (2006, pp. 4-5) . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf ;xL pkfo kf7\oqmd tyf CPE k/LIffdf ;'wf/ g} x'g;S5 eGg] pgsf] dfGotf lyof] (Mahadeo, 2008) t/ cfh;Ddsf k|of;n] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg g;s]h:t} pgsf klg x'g]df cfzª\sf k|z:t} lyP\ .

To;}tfsf df]/L;;sf] 5fkfdf Pp6f n]v k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . Tof] n]v o; k':tsn] p7fPsf d'2f;“u lgSs} ;fGble{s 5g\ (Etinne, 2007) . ;g\ @))& sf] IIEP Policy


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Forum sf] rrf{af6 ;'? ul/Psf] pQm cfn]vdf elgPsf] lyof] ;+;f/e/sf lzIffljb\ e]nf eP/ cfjZos v/faL (necessary evil) sf ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf af/]df 5nkmn ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] k|yf df]l/;;sf] cfly{s tyf z}Ifl0fs k4ltdf 3f“6Ldf km;]sf] x8\8L;/x si6s/ /x]sf] x'“bf pQm 5nkmnsf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . pQm n]vdf cufl8 elgPsf] 5—

lghL elgP klg Df]l/;;sf] 6\o';g k|yf lghLafx]ssf] ljifo x'guPsf] 5, hf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of xf] . sIffdf ga'em]sf s'/f v'n:t ¿kn] /fVg kfpg], l;Sg] / l;sfpg]aLr ;xh ;+jfbnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug,]{ :jR5 jftfj/0fsf abnf $) eGbf a9L afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIfssf ;f“3'/f Uof/]hdf sf]r]/ lghL ;+jfbsf ;DefjgfnfO{ k"0f{tM lgif]lwt jftfj/0f k|bfg ul/G5 df]l/;;sf lghL 6\o';gdf . jf:tjdf Ps k6sdf b'O{ jf tLg ljBfyL{{nfO{ dfq Ps :yfgdf /fv]/ pgLx¿n] sl7gfO dx;'; u/]sf s'g} ljifodf jf sIff lzIf0fsf qmddf ga'em]sf s'/f w}o{;fy ;'g]/ JolQmut ¿kn] l;sfOsf] ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu lghL 6\o';g cfof]lht ul/g'kg]{ xf] . t/ df]l/;;sf 6\o';g o; cjwf/0ffaf6 sf];f}“ 6f9f 5g\ .

To;sf/0f of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg 6fn6'n] gLltaf6 ;Dej 5}g o;sf nflu ;du| Joj:yfd} kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf 5 . Ps If0fsf nflu ljrf/ ubf{ of] ;d:of dfv];fª\nfn] h]lnPsf] 5 . ;a}n] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 6\o';g k9\g k7fpg] ePsfn] cfkm"n] dfq gk7fp“bf cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/L dfq k5fl8 kg{;Sg] 8/n] ;a} 6\o';g k9fpg afWo 5g\ . cem ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';gaf6} l;lsxN5g\ eg]/ sltko lzIfsn] sIff lzIf0fdf x]nr]qmfO“ ;d]t u5{g\ .

Uff]v"nsf pQ/flwsf/Lsf ¿kdf dGqL ePsf j;Gt agjf/Ln] ;g\ @))* df lzIffsf] ;du| ;'wf/sf nflu Pp6f ¿k/]vf tof/ kf/]sf lyP . pQm ¿k/]vfn] (p. 39) pRr k|lt:kwf{ g} lzIffsf] kl/rfos ePsfn] lzIff tyf d"Nofª\sg k4ltdf cjwf/0ffut kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] eGg]df hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . pQm b:tfj]hsf] p2]Zodf (p. 12) 6\o';gsf] cfjZostf g} gkg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ qmdzM ;'wf/sf sbd cufl8 a9fpg], / k|fylds lzIffsf] t];|f] r/0fdf cyf{t\ sIff % / ^ df dfq s]xL ;dosf nflu lghL 6\o';gnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . pQm ¿k/]vfn] lzIffsf k|fyldtf If]q lgwf{/0f u/L k|ultdf k5fl8 k/]sf If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . k/LIffsf] glthfsf cfwf/df k5fl8 k/]sf elgPsf If]qdf l;sfOpknlAw sd /x]sf] elgP klg ljBfno ;d'bfo ;xeflutf tyf ljBfno ;~rfngdf cleefjssf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf h:tf s'/fdf tL If]q cufl8 g} lyP . ;'wf/ k|:tfjdf kf7\oqmd tyf lzIfssf k];fut ljsf;df ;'wf/ u/]/ 6\o';gk|ltsf] lge{/tf 36fO{ ljBfnonfO{ jf:tljs l;sfOsf] ynf]sf ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .

o;} cfwf/df dGqL agjf/Ln] ;g\ @))( df cfufdL jif{b]lv sIff IV ;Dd 6\o';gdf k|ltaGw nufpg] 3f]if0ff u/] (Meetarbhan, 2009) . ;'wf/sf gof“ gLlt !* jif{ klxn] k/z'/fdgn] cufl8 ;f/]sf gLlt;“u w]/} xb;Dd d]n vfGy] . t/ lzIfs o'lgogn] o;sf] s8f lj/f]w hgfof] (Hilbert, 2009) / sltko hg;fwf/0fn] klg ;'wf/sf oL gof“ /0fgLltsf] xlaut


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klg klxn]s} ;/x x'g;Sg] cfzªsf JoQm u/] . o;/L ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv df]l/;;df 6\o';gsf sf/s / sf/0f b'j}sf] ;Daf]wgsf k|of; x“'b} cfPsf] xf] t/ Toxf“sf] ;+:s[ltdf 6\o';g k|yfn] ulx/f] h/f uf8]sf x'gfn]] k|To]s bzsdf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ o;sf] ;Daf]wgsf pko'Qm ;dfwfgsf] vf]hLdf sl7gfO dx;'; x'“b} cfPsf] 5 .

afs; $ M df]l/;;df lghL 6afs; $ M df]l/;;df lghL 6afs; $ M df]l/;;df lghL 6afs; $ M df]l/;;df lghL 6\\ \\o';gsf] k/Do';gsf] k/Do';gsf] k/Do';gsf] k/Dk/f olt dha't x'g'sf sf/0f s] x'gk/f olt dha't x'g'sf sf/0f s] x'gk/f olt dha't x'g'sf sf/0f s] x'gk/f olt dha't x'g'sf sf/0f s] x'g\\ \\ < < < < :jb]zdf k9\gsf nflu ;jf]{Qd ljBfnosf] rog / j}b]lzs ljZjljBfnodf k9\gsf nflu /fHok|bQ 5fqj[lQ k|flKtsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ df]l/;;sf] lzIffsf P]ltxfl;s ljz]iftf /lxcfPsf 5g\ . jt{dfg sfnv08df ljifoj:t'sf af]lemnf ef/o'Qm kf7\oqmd / sl7g k/LIffsf sf/0f /fd|f elgPsf ljZjljBfnodf k|j]z kfpgsf nflu 6\o';g k9\g' ckl/xfo{ h:t} ePsf] 5 . 6\o';g k|yf olt alnof] cj:yfdf 5 ls 6\o';g k9fpg grfxg] lzIfsn] s8f r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 . a]tgb/sf Go"gtfn] klg lzIfsx¿nfO{ 6\o';g k9fP/ cltl/Qm cfo cfh{g ug{ clek]|l/t ub{5 . ;g\ @))) df lzIfssf] a]tg d'n'ssf] k|ltJolQm s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] )=* k|ltzt lyof] . OECD d'ssf] k|ltJolQm GDP sf] !=& k|ltzt / df]l/;;s} xf/fxf/L] GDP ePsf cGo d'n'sn] k|bfg u/]sf] @=) k|ltztsf t'ngfdf of] a]tgdfg w]/} sd xf] . 6\o';gaf6 k|fylds lzIfsn] cfk\mgf] cfonfO{ a]tgsf] t]Aa/ ;Dd kfg]{ ub{5g\ . ;|f]t M cf]lauf8' -@))&, k[= @_

k|mfG;

k|mfG;sf] 6\o';g k|0ffnL sf]l/of tyf df]l/;;sf] h:tf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s tTjaf6 geO{ ;/sf/L k|oTgaf6 lgb]{lzt 5 . Toxf“ kl/jf/x¿nfO{ 6\o';gdf nufgL u/]afkt s/df 5'6 lbOPsf] 5 . k|m]Gr clwsf/Lx¿sf cg';f/ o; k|sf/sf k|fjwfgaf6 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ klg a9\g] / nufgL ;xeflutfaf6 ;/sf/sf] cfly{s af]em klg sd x'g] bf]xf]/f] kmfObf 5 .

k|mfG;df ;j{k|yd Glasman / Collonges n] !(($ df lghL 6\o';gsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP . cWoog k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k|mfG;df clwNnf] ztfAbLb]lv g} 6\o';gsf] k|yf k|rngdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ otfsf ;dodf cfP/ o;sf] lj:tf/, z}lIfs ;dfj]lztfnufot w]/} s'/fdf kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . Glasman / Collonges n] Rhone-Apple If]qsf sIff !@ sf ($)) ljBfyL{{sf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L ;fdflhs k|lt:kwf{ / ;dfhsf] juL{s/0fdf 6\o';gsf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf lyP . cWoog gd'gfsf !% k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf, !) k|ltztn] eljiodf k9\g] ck]Iff /fv]sf / #% k|ltztn] dfWolds lzIffsf] klxnf] r/0fdf kl9;s]sf lyP (Glasman and collonges, 1994, p. 30) . 6\o';g kl9g] k|d'v ljifox¿dWo] ul0ft %& k|ltzt, ef}lts / /;fog zf:q @) k|ltzt, cª\u|]hL ( k|ltzt / k|m]Gr % k|ltzt


56


kfOPsf lyP . ;fgfeGbf 7"nf ;x/x¿df / ;fj{hlgs lghL ljBfnosf ljBfyL{n] 6\o';g a9L k9\5g\ .

6\o';g k|yfdf a[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} o;df ljljwtf klg cfO/x]sf] 5 . of] cWoogsf] Ps bzskl5 ;g\ @))$ df Unf;Dofgn] k'gM Ministries of National Education and of Higher Education and Research, High Council for School Evaluation -HCEC sf tkm{af6 o; ljifodf csf]{ cWoog u/] . pQm cWoogn] (p. 51) ;/sf/sf]] kl/jf/x¿nfO{ afnaRrfsf] 6\o';g, ;f] afktsf 3/fo;L vr{ nufot afnaRrfsf] /]vb]vdf x'g] vr{df s/sf] ;'ljwf lbg] gLltsf] k|ejsfl/tfsf] 5fglag u/]sf] lyof] . o; cWoogdf lzIff dGqLsf] eGbf klg ;fdflhs ;+Zn]if0f dGqLsf] rf;f] a9L lyof] . o;sf] cfzo Psn kl/jf/ nufotnfO{ afnaRrfsf] l;sfO :t/ p7fpg ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} s]xL dfqdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf klg ug'{ lyof] . o; k|of;n] ;flasdf vr{sf cefjn] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg g;ls/x]sf / s]xL xb;Dd k9fO/x]sf eP klg ;xof]usf] h?/t /x]sf kl/jf/nfO{ 6\o';gdf nufgL ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] . o; k|fjwfgaf6 y'k|} ;+:yfx¿n] kmfObf p7fP . o; sfo{qmdsf] ahf/ g]t[Tj Acadomia gfds sDkgLn] lnPsf] lyof] . ;]o/ dfs]{6df k~hLs[t pQm sDkgLn] ljz]if u/L s/df k|bfg ul/Psf] 5'6df s]lGb||t /x]/ Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ u¥Øf] .

Unf;Dofgsf k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog ubf{ HCEC n] pQm k|fjwfgsf sf/0f ;fdflhs c;dfgtfdf k/]sf c;/sf] klg cg'udg ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; u¥Øf] (Forrestier, 2005) . kl/0ffd :j¿k ;/sf/n] 6\o';g tyf ;"rgf Pj+ ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf cj;/sf] c;dfgtfsf af/]df Pp6f /fli6«o uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf u¥Øf] . pQm uf]i7Ldf clen]v;DaGwL ;|f]tsf] on line ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] (Bassy et al., 2006) . o;n] cGTodf Pp6f gLltut lgb]{zg tof/ kf¥Øf] .

o;sf] nuQ} csf]{ jif{ National Institute of Pedagogical Research (INRP) sf] tTjfjwfgdf Cavet (2006) sf clen]vsf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f ul/of] . ;f] cj;/df @))# sf] ;/sf/L ;e]{sf tYofª\ssf] laZn]if0f u/]sf] lyof] . ljZn]if0fn] vf; u/L dfWolds txdf 6\o';gsf] dfu a9L /x]sf]] / o;sf] dfqf dflyNnf txsf lzIffdf qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] b]vfPsf] lyof] . lgDg dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{x¿dWo] vf; u/L ul0ft ljifodf sdhf]/ ljBfyL{{n] pQm ;/sf/L ;'ljwfsf 6\o';gsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOof] . t/ gd'gfsf] @% k|ltztn] klxNo}b]lv pQm ljifodf /fd|f] ul//x]sf eP klg cem k|jL0ftf xfl;n ug{sf nflu of] ;'ljwf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] (Cavet, 2006, p. 2) . la/n} lzIfsx¿ dfq 6\o';g;DaGwL o; k|fjwfgsf kIfdf lyP . a? cleefjssf tkm{af6 / -@# k|ltzt lgDg dfWolds Pj+ $) k|ltzt pRr dfWolds txsf_ ljBfyL{{af6 /fd|f] clek|]/0ff k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . 6\o';gdf nufgL ug]{ clwsf+z kl/jf/x¿ ;dfhsf ;De|fGt ju{sf lyP . o; ju{n]] 6\o';gdf nufgL ug'{sf k5fl8 of t pgLx¿;“u ;dosf] cefj lyof] of kf7\oqmdcg'¿k afnaflnsfsf] k9fOdf ;xof]u ug{ cfk"m c;dy{ /x]sf] 7fg]sf lyP . cfk\mg} lzIfsn] cfkmg} ljBfyL{{nfO k9fPsf pbfx/0f la/n} dfq kfOPsf] lyof] . 6\o';g k9fpg] sfd ;fdfGotof cGo ljBfyL{{ -#$ k|ltzt_, cGo lzIfs


57


-#! k|ltzt_ jf lghL ;+:yf -@! k|ltzt_ af6 ePsf] lyof] . Cavet (p. 4) n] Unf;Dofgsf] cGtjf{tf{ pb\w[t ub}{ sltko cleefjsn] t cfk\mgf 5f]/f5f]/L;“u x'g] tgfjaf6 d'lQm kfpgsf nflu ;d]t 6\o';g k9\g k7fpg] u/]sf] atfPsf] 5 . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf k7gkf7gsf afgL Aoxf]/f;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg 3/leq eGbf alx/af6} ;xh x'g] wf/0ff o:tf cleefjssf] /x]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] .

o;kl5 ;g\ @))& df ahf/ ljZn]if0fdf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf] Ps sDkgLsf] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt eof] . pQm k|ltj]bgn] (Melot, p. 104) ljQLo jftfj/0f cg's"n x'g'sf ;fy} ljBfnodf cfkm\gf afnaflnsfn] /d|f] l;sfOpknlAw xfl;n u?g\ eGg] cleefjsx¿sf] rfxgfsf sf/0f 6\o';gsf] If]qdf lj:kmf]6s j[l4 ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ ;g\ @))^ df k~hLs[t 6\o';g ;+:yfdf !% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] cf“s8f k|:t't u¥Øf] . d]nf]6n] @% k|ltzt lgDg dfWolds / ## k|ltzt pRr dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{n] ul0ft ljifodf 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] t/ o;df If]qLo c;dfgtf /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] Acadomia nfO{ pb\w[t ub}{ of] cg'kft vf; u/L k]l/;df a9L -&% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . @))* df k|mG;df Ps ljlnogeGbf a9L ljBfyL{n]] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] (Pech, 2008) .

ahf/df d'Vo b'O{ k|sf/sf 6\o';g k|bfos /x]sf kfOPsf] 5 M

• JolQmJolQmJolQmJolQmut ut ut ut ¿k¿k¿k¿kdf sfd ug]{ lghL lzIfs Mdf sfd ug]{ lghL lzIfs Mdf sfd ug]{ lghL lzIfs Mdf sfd ug]{ lghL lzIfs M cleefjs / lzIfs OG6/g]6, l;kmfl/; jf lj1fkgsf cfwf/df ;Dks{df cfpg] / 6\o';gaf/] cfk;L ;dembf/L ug]{ ;a}eGbf k|rlnt k|yf xf] . o;df n]gb]gsf] s'/f uf]Ko /flvg] / lzIfs cfos/sf] bfo/faflx/ /xg] ePsfn] To:tf lzIfsn] cleefjssf nflu ;a}eGbf cfsiF{s k|:tfj Nofpg] ub{5g\ . o:tf 6\o'6/dWo] sltko cg'ejL lzIfs x'g] -sfo{/t jf ;]jf lgj[Q_ t/ clwsf+z ljBfyL{ tyf ev{/} ljZjljBfno kf/ u/]sf / hflu/sf] vf]hLdf /x]sf o'jfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ .

• ljBfno ;dokl5 k9fpg] lghL sDkgL M o:tf sDkgLn] b]xfocg';f/ ljleGg lsl;dn] sfd ub{5g\—

o sDkgLn] kf7sf] l8hfOg u/]/ lbg] / lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf 3/df uP/ ;f] l8hfOg cg'¿ksf kf7 k9fpg]≤ jf sDkgLs} kl/;/df ;fgf ;d"xdf ljBfyL{{nfO{ k9fpg] . of] k|rngsf] j[l4 ;a}eGbf a9L 5 .

o nfdf] labfsf ;dodf ;fgf ;fgf ;d"xdf ;~rfng ul/g] 3lge"t 6\o';g sfo{qmd . o:tf sfo{qmdsf] klg lj:tf/} j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .

o k'm;{bsf a]nf k9fpg] / lzz' :ofxf/ ;]jf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lbg] sfo{qmd klg lj:tf/} df}nfp“b} uPsf 5g \.

o On line tutoring cem} klg cljsl;t cj:yfd} eP klg a9\bf] qmddf 5 .


58


o cfTdljZjf;, pTk|]/0ff, ;ª\u7gh:tf ljBfyL{sf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf Jofks If]qx¿df ljBfnon] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd . t/ o:tf sfo{qmdx¿df clehfTo ju{sf] dfq kx'“r /x]sf] .

ljleGg sDkgLn] cf–cfkmg} k4ltsf] cg';/0f u/]sf 5g\ . sltn] cfk\mg} kl/;/df ;;fgf ;d"xnfO{ k9fp“5g\ eg] sltn] ljBfyL{{s} 3/df uP/ k9fpg] lzIfssf] Joj:yf ub{5g\ . sltko sDkgLx¿n] Vff; ljifodf jf lzIffsf] tx ljz]ifdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ eg] sltko ;a} ljifosf ;fdfGo 1ftf 5g\ . Ps ;d"xsf sDkgLn] ;f]jfsf] Jofks If]qsf Ps lx:;fdf ;]jf k|bfg u5{ eg] csf]{n] csf]{df . tflnsf !@ df o; ljifosf ahf/sf k|d'v g]t[TjbfoL sDkgLx¿sf af/]df tYofª\s k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oLdWo] sltko k|mfG;sf] s'g} Ps lx:;fdf s]lGb|t 5g\ eg] c? sltko of t k|d'v ;x/x¿df km}lnO;s]sf 5g\, of To;f] ug]{ k|oTgdf nfu]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] 2 A Math / Keep school sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfn sfod eO;s]sf] 5 . klxnf]n] Sofgf8f / df]/f]Ssf]df tyf bf];|f]n] hd{gL / a]nfotdf cfk\mgf zfvfx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; cy{df oL b'O{ sDkgL Sylvan sf] rSs/df 5g\ h;sf] d'Vo sfof{no ;+=/f= cd]l/sfdf /x]sf] 5 / k|mfG;sf] ahf/df cf“vf ufl8/x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf !@ M k|mfG;sf 6\o';g k|bfg ug]{ k|d'v sdkgLx¿

sDkgL egf{ k|mfG;df /x]sf sfof{no ;ª\Vof

Joj;fosf] 3f]lift cfsf/

Acadomia !)),))) (& *& Cours Legendre #),))) ( !^ Completude @#, ))) #$ @# Sylvan pknAw gePsf] !* * Ancours !^,))) %) % 2 A Math !),))) &@ !@ Keepschool *,))) *) % Domicours ^,%)) @) % ;|f]tM ldnf]6, @))&

oL sDkgLx¿n] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ c–cfkm\g} k4ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . Unf;Dofgn] (Cavet, 2006) ;dosf] kl/jt{g;“u} 6\o';g sDkgLsf gfddf s;/L kl/jt{g x'“b} cfPsf] 5 eGg] ljifodf b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\–

• !(^) b]lv !(&) ;Dd o:tf sDkgLx¿n] ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu Math-Assistance, Math-Secours, Ortho-Math cflb .

• !(*) sf bzsdf k|lt:kwf{ ;"rs gfd /fVg] rng a:of], h:t} Etudes Plus, Performance, Stud Avenier tyf Progress system .


59


• cfhsf] k':tfsf sDkgLx¿n] k|rlnt vfnsf gfd /fVg yfn]sf 5g\, h:t} Domicours, Keepschool, Completude, tyf Apres la Classe

lghL sDkgLx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf] 5jL 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ljBfno lzIffsf lrGtfn] ;tfPsf cleefjs tyf /f]huf/bftf ;a}sf nflu cg's"n kfOPsf] 5 . k|mfG;sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs jftfj/0f sf]l/of tyf df]l/;;sf] eGbf w]/} leGg /x]sf] 5 . k|mfG;leq} klg ljleGg vfnsf a;f]af; tyf ;fdflhs cfly{s ;d'bfox¿, 7"nf tyf dWod vfnsf ;x/ tyf u|fdL0f If]q 5g\ / logsf cfly{s kl/l:ylt klg leGg leGg 5g\ . o;sf/0f 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fk]If x]g'{kb{5 . ;fy} ;a} vfnsf z}lIfs k|lt:kwf{df of]ubfg lbg] tTjx¿n] lghL 6\o';g sDkgLx¿sf] dfu jf ahf/sf] j[l4 u/fp“5 .

k/Gt' cfhsn 6\o';g ;+:yfx¿sf cfnf]rs klg k|z:t} b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . vf; u/L u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] ck]Iff /fVg] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ o;sf cfnf]rs ag]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))( df k|m]Gr 6]lnlehgn] lghL 6\o';g sDkgLn] cjnDag u/]sf cf+lzs 6\o'6/ 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf s]lGb|t Pp6f 8s'd]G6«L b]vfof] (Bendall and Tourte, 2009) . Melot n] (2007, p. 99) eg]em“} sDkgLx¿n] clwsf+z sfd e"ldut ¿kdf ub{5g\ / ahf/sf] l:ylt k"0f{tM ljz[ª\vlnt, cl:y/ / ckf/bzL{ 5 .

afs; % M k|mfG;sf lgafs; % M k|mfG;sf lgafs; % M k|mfG;sf lgafs; % M k|mfG;sf lghL 6hL 6hL 6hL 6\\ \\o';g sDkgLo';g sDkgLo';g sDkgLo';g sDkgLx¿x¿x¿x¿sf] ljQLo lx;fa lstfasf] ljQLo lx;fa lstfasf] ljQLo lx;fa lstfasf] ljQLo lx;fa lstfa k|m]Gr ;/sf/n] cleefjsx¿nfO{ 6\o';gdf u/]sf vr{sf] %) k|ltztdf cfos/ 5'6 k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; k|fjwfgsf] ;a}eGbf a9L kmfObf lng] sDkgLdf csf8f]ldof (Acadomia) kb{5 . o;n] cfk\mgf 6\o'6/dfkm{t cleefjs / s/ sfof{noaLr s/ km5\of}{6sf nflu ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x ub{5 . aRrfnfO{ 6\o';gsf nflu bflvnf u/fp“bfs} cj:yfdf k|f/lDes z'Nssf ¿kdf cleefjsn] &% o'/f] a'emfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 k|lt 306fsf #@ o'/f] ltg'{k5{ h;dWo] !$ o'/f] jf To;eGbf sd dfq lzIfsn] kfp“5, % o'/f] sd{rf/Ln] / af“sL !# o'/f] csf8f]ldofsf vftfdf hfG5 . of] #@ o'/f]dWo] !^ o'/f]df cleefjsnfO{ cfos/df s§f x'g] ePsfn] k|lt 306f jf:tljs 6\o';g vr{ !^ o'/f] dfq xf] . 6\o'6/n] lng] @& o'/f]dWo] csf8f]ldofsf vftfdf hfg] !# o'/f] vr{ afkt s6fpg kfp“5 . ;|f]t M Cavet, @))^, k[= !@ .

s/ k|0ffnLdf cleefjsnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;x'lnot g} sf]l/of tyf df]l/;;sf eGbf k|mfG;sf] 6\o';g k|yfdf /x]sf] dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf xf] . o;n] cleefjsnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg clek|]l/t ub{5 . k|mfG;sf 6\o';g k|yfn] Nofpg] ;fdflhs c;dfgtfsf ;DaGwdf b'O{ k|sf/n] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 M klxnf], ;/sf/n] k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] lgMz'Ns u[xsfo{ ;xof]usf] dfqf a9fpg'kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf ;/sf/L ;xof]u lzIff, :j:Yo, /f]huf/ / ;fdfljs ;'/Iff u/L rf/ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 !(*) b]lv k|fof]lht x“'b} cfPsf] xf] / o;sf] ;~rfng @))) hlt


60


;fdflhs tyf cw{;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] ;~hfndfkm{t x'“b} cfPsf] 5 (Cavet, 2006, p. 4) . bf];|f], ;a} vfnsf ;fdflhs–cfly{s k[i7e"ldsf ljBfyL{n] kmObf p7fpg ;s"g\ eGg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] ljBfnosf ;~hfndfkm{t 6\o';gsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] u[xsfo{ ;xof]u sfo{qmdnufot k|To]s ljBfnon] $ b]lv ^ ah];Dd xKtfsf] rf/ k6s ;~rfng ug]{ ;f+:s[lts tyf v]ns'b sfo{qmd klg o;}cGtu{t kg{ cfp“5g\ . ;'?df of] k|fjwfg 5flgPsf s]xL ljBfnosf nflu dfq clgjfo{ u/L af“sLsf nflu P]lR5s u/fOPsf] lyof] . kl5 o; of]hgfdf ;a} ljBfno ;l/s x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/n] !$) ldlnog o'/f] vr{ ub{5 (Ventura, 2008, p. 9) .


61


#= gLltut ;Daf]wg#= gLltut ;Daf]wg#= gLltut ;Daf]wg#= gLltut ;Daf]wg

k':tssf] cl3Nnf] v08df ;+;f/df k|rlng 6\o';g k|yfsf ljleGg :j¿k / o;n] lzIff If]qdf kg]{ k|efjsf] cGj]if0f ul/of] / ;Daf]wgsf nflu of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfsf] tTsfn Wofg hfg' kg]{ ljifodf k|sfz kfl/of] . sltko gLltut ;Daf]wgsf] rrf{ sf]l/of, df]l/;; / k|mfG;sf l:ylt cWoogsf ;Gbe{df ul/;lsPsf] 5 . k':tssf] o; v08df of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf 6\o';ghlgt ;d:ofsf]] ;Daf]wgsf nflu cjnDag ug{ ;Sg] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;Defljt pkfox¿jf/] lj:tf/df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; v08df ;kmn ;flat eO;s]sf sltko gLlt klg cGo kl/l:yltdf sf/u/ ;flat x'g g;s]sf pbfx/0fx¿ ;d]t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

:yfg ljz]ifsf kl/l:ylt leGg leGg x'g] / kl/l:yltsf ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ tof/ kfl/Psf gLlt dfq ;kmn x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] k|:t'ltsf] k|f/De gS;fÍgaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 6\o';gsf dfu / cfk"lt{sf Joj:yfdf Wofg s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf ahf/sf ;a} ;Da4 kIfx¿nfO{ s;/L Ps} 7fp“df NofP/ gLlt lgdf{tfn] Jofks p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;a}nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] lgodgsf/L k|fjwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .

gS;fÍg kl/j]z, p2]Zo / :jgS;fÍg kl/j]z, p2]Zo / :jgS;fÍg kl/j]z, p2]Zo / :jgS;fÍg kl/j]z, p2]Zo / :j¿k¿k¿k¿k

s'g} klg k|sf/sf gS;fÍgsf] yfngL ubf{ of]hgfsf/n] b'O{ k|sf/sf k|Zgaf6 yfngL ug{ ;S5g\—

• lzIffsf z}lIfs, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s p2]Zo k"lt{sf ;Gbe{df 5fof lzIff k|0ffnL s'g xb;Dd ;d:ofhgs 5 / slt;Dd lgoGq0fsf] cfjZostf 5 <

• 5fof lzIff k|0fnLsf xfn;Dd pkof]u gul/Psf kIfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] pkof]u s'g xb;Dd kmfObfsf/L x'g ;S5g\ <

cl3Nnf] kl/R5]bdf lghL 6\o';g k|yf sltko kl/l:yltdf ljjfbf:kb -c;n / v/fa b'j} u'0fn] o'Qm_ /x]sf] rrf{ ul/of] . Psflt/ of] k|yfn] ;/sf/ tyf s/bftfnfO{ s'g} cfly{s af]em k|bfg gu/Lsg} lzIffsf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ d2t ub}{ 5 . cfly{s x}l;ot /fd|f] ePsf] vr{ ug{ klg ;Ifd t/ d"nwf/ lzIffaf6 ck]Iffcg'¿k kmfObf p7fpg g;s]sf] cg'e"t ul//x]sf cleefjsnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . tyflk, k"0f{tM ahf/ lgb]{lzt 6\o';g k|yfn] ;fdflhs ljifdtfnfO{ a9fjf lbO/x]sf] / of] c;dfgtfsf] vf8nnfO{ cem km/flsnf] agfpg] ;Defjgf /xg'sf ;fy} d"nwf/ lzIffdf cgk]lIft k|efj kfl/x]sf] 5 . cem ;/sf/L of]hgf d'tfljs lgMz'Ns ¿kdf k|bfg ul/Psf / lghL ;+:yf jf JolQmaf6 ;z'Ns k|Kt ul/g] b'O{ vfnsf ;dfgfGt/ k|fjwfgn] sltko cj:yfdf clgZrosf] jftj/0f klg l;h{gf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .


62


To;sf/0f gLlt lgdf{tfn] gLlt lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljBfyL{{sf ;fdflhs–cfly{s k[i7e"ld, :f+f:s[lts ;Gbe{ tyf cGo laljw kIfx¿df oy]i6 ljrf/ k'¥Øfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . cd]l/sf tyf c:6«]lnofsf 6\o';gsf ;Gbe{ sf]l/of tyf hfkfgsf eGbf w]/} leGg /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] kl/l:yltdf -cd]l/sf tyf c:6«]lnof_ l;sfOpknlAw sd ePsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9\g ;/sf/n] g} clek|]l/t ub{5 eg] bf];|f]df l;sfOpknlAw b/ pRr ePsf ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g k9\g] ;Defjgf a9L /xG5 . k]m/L l;ª\ufk'/df d"nwf/sf lzIfsn] cfkmg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg kfp“b}gg\ eg] df]l/;;df cfkmg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg' klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kb{5 . km]l/ gLlt lgdf{tfn] dfWolds jf ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{, ;]jf lga[Q jf cGo JolQmnfO{ s'g xb;Dd 6\o';g k9fpg k|f]T;flxt jf lg?T;flxt ug{'kb{5 eGg] ljifodf klg ljrf/ k'¥Øfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . 6\o';gsf k|s[ltsf] leGgtfn] klg c;/ kfb{5 . Ps hgfn] Ps hgfnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg' / 7"nf ;d"xdf k9fpg'df klg km/s kb{5 . To:t} cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] a;]/ k9fpg' / b"/ lzIff k4lt cg'¿k OG6/g]6 dfkm{t k9fpg'df klg 7"nf] cGt/ kb{5 .

gLlt lgdf{tfn] k|rngdf /x]sf 6\o';g k4ltsf] juL{s/0f u/]/ s:tf k4ltnfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ / s:tfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ eGg] s'/f cu|Ld ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;S5g\ . o;f] ubf{ tflnsf !# df b]vfOPcg';f/sf tflnsfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] 6\o';gsf k4lt jf k|sf/sf af/]df dfq geO{ xfn s'g k|sf/sf k4lt k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ / eljiodf s:tfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] ;jfndf k|sfz kf5{ . tn lbOPsf juL{s/0fn] o; k|sf/sf 5fglagnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg d2t ub{5 .

• cfo ;d"x M s:tf ;d'bfosf] -ljkGg kIfsf]_ kx'“r a9L 5 .

• ln¨ M n}l¨s e]befjo'Qm k4lt .

• cflbaf;L hghflt M s'g} hflt ljz]ifn] dfq kmfObf p7fO/x]sf jf p7fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] .

• :yfg M ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf k4lt -;x/L÷u|fdL0f, ;'ud÷b'u{d cflb .

tflnsfnfO{ cem /fd|f] agfpgsf nflu b]xfosf s'/f klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5–

• Dffqf M s'g txdf, s'g ljifodf / s'g ;dodf 6\o';gsf] dfqf ;a}eGbf a9L x'g] ub{5 <

• u'0f:t/ M k|bfg ul/Psf 6\o';gsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5 < o;n] k/LIffsf lx;fan] dfq geO{ l;sfOsf cGo kIfdf ;d]t s'g xbdf d2t ub{5 <

• d"No M ljleGg k|sf/sf 6\o';gsf] d"No slt x'G5 / Tof] s'g xb;Dd kl/jfsf nflu cfly{s af]em aGb5 <


63


• cly{s k|efj M /f]huf/L k|fKt ug{df jf cfo cfh{g ug{df 6\o';gn] s'g xb;Dd d2t u/]sf] 5 < ;/sf/n] w]/} vfnsf 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ s/sf] bfo/fdf Nofpg rfx]sf] 5 < ljleGg k|sf/sf 6\o';g k4ltn] NofPsf cGo cfly{s hl6ntf s] s] x'g\ <

tflnsf !#M lghL 6tflnsf !#M lghL 6tflnsf !#M lghL 6tflnsf !#M lghL 6\\ \\o';g k|yfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Ps k4lt o';g k|yfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Ps k4lt o';g k|yfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Ps k4lt o';g k|yfsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Ps k4lt

lghL 6lghL 6lghL 6lghL 6\\ \\o';g k|bfoso';g k|bfoso';g k|bfoso';g k|bfos k4ltk4ltk4ltk4lt s'g s'g s'g s'g xb;Dd xb;Dd xb;Dd xb;Dd k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 <k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 <k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 <k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 <

eljiodf s'g eljiodf s'g eljiodf s'g eljiodf s'g xb;Dd xb;Dd xb;Dd xb;Dd ck]lIft /xg ;S5 <ck]lIft /xg ;S5 <ck]lIft /xg ;S5 <ck]lIft /xg ;S5 <

lzIfsåf/f cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] 6\o';g

Ps hgfn] Ps hgfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g]

;fgf ;d"xdf k|bfg ul/g]

7"nf ;d"xdf k|bfg ul/g]

lzIfsåf/f c?sf ljBfyL{{nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] 6\o';g




ljBfyL{n] -dfWolds jf ljZjljBfno_ k|bfg ug]{ 6\o';g




cGo -k];fsdL{, ;]jf lgj[Q JolQm jf u[lx0fL_ åf/f k|bfg ul/g] 6\o';g




6\o';g sDkgL -:yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfn o'Qm_




;ef sIfdf cToGt 7"nf] ;d"xdf k|bfg ul/g]

k/LIffsf nflu tof/


64


kfg]{ Soft ware sf] ;xof]u o'Qm

OG6/g]6 dfk{mt k|bfg ul/g]

Psn] PsnfO{

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf h:tf tYofª\sx¿ ;fdfGotof vf]h]cg'¿k kfO“b}g . o;sf/0f gLlt lgdf{tfn] sltko s'/fdf cg'dfg ug'{kg]{, cg'ejdf cfwfl/t jf cfk\mg} jf cGo ;dfg kl/l:yltsf d'n'sdf ;ª\snf ul/Psf nufot h] h:tf tYofª\s pknAw x'g ;S5g\, ltg}sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ljleGg k|sf/sf cj:yfsf ;s];Dd w]/} tYofª\s ;ª\sngdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ eGg] IIEP sf] / o; k':tssf] ;d]t ;'emfj /x]sf] 5 .

afs; ^M hfkfgsf ljleGg k|sf/sf h's' afs; ^M hfkfgsf ljleGg k|sf/sf h's' afs; ^M hfkfgsf ljleGg k|sf/sf h's' afs; ^M hfkfgsf ljleGg k|sf/sf h's' (Juku) aaaaLLLLrsf] leGgtf rsf] leGgtf rsf] leGgtf rsf] leGgtf hfkfgL l6Kk0fLsf/afx]s sltko l6Kk0fLsf/x¿n] hfkfgsf ;a} vfn] h's'x¿nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/]/ k/LIffsf] tof/L u/fpg] ljBfno (Cram school) sf ¿kdf lrlqt ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ jf:tjdf To:tf h's'x¿aLr 7"nf] leGgtf 5 . uDeL/ vfnsf ljZn]if0faf6 h's'x¿sf] leGgtfsf] hfgsf/L x'G5 / o:tf hfgsf/Ln] gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ gLlt lgwf{/0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 . Roesgaard (2006,p 32) n] snf, k|fljlws tflnd, cª\u|]hL ;+jfb cflb h's'sf ljleGg p2]Zosf cfwf/df ltgsf aLrsf leGgtfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s ljz]if1tfsf cfwf/df ufs';' h's' (gakushu JuKu) sf] leGgtf 5'6\ØfPsf 5g\ . Hoshu juku n] pkrf/fTds lzIf0f k|bfg u5{ eg] fukushu juku n] k"/s lzIf0f / yoshu juku n] tof/L d'ns lzIf0f k|bfg u5{ . Singaku juku n] k|ltefzfnL ljBfyL{nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u5{ kyosai juku n] s07:t u/fpg] / k|lt:kwf{Tds lqmofsnfk h:tf ldl>t k|0ffnL cfkgfp“5 . sltkon] deai no ba jf idokoro -;fyLefOnfO{ e]63f6 u/fpg] ynf]_ sf ¿kdf ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ eg] cGo sltko takujijo -:ofx/ s]Gb|_ sf ¿kdf . Roesgraad n] o;eGbf cem cufl8 a9]/ cf7 k|sf/sf variables sf cfwf/df Jukus sf] juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\— o jftfj/0fM ;+:yfsf] jftfj/0f slQsf] k|lt:kwL{, ;xh, pTk|]/s tyf ;xof]uL 5 < o kf7\oljifosf] s]Gb|LotfM lgoldt ljBfno lzIf0f k|lqmof;“u ;DalGwt 5 of k|j]z

k/LIffsf] tof/L;“u < o ljBfno;“u ;DaGwM ;+:yfn] ljBfnos} kf7\oqmdsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{{nfO{ ;3fp“5 ls

cfk\mg} kf7\oqmd ;~rfng u5{ < o ljBfyL{M ljBfyL{{sf lsl;d / ltgsf] l;sfO :t/ o z}lIfs ;fdu|LM ljBfno, Jofkfl/s / 3/fo;L ;fdu|Lsf] ;lDd>0f o cfsf/M ;xefuL ljBfyL{{ ;ª\Vof / 7"nf ;+:yfsf] lx:;fsf ¿kdf /x] g/x]sf] o egf{M :yfgn] EofP;Dd ljBfyL{{ egf{ lng] jf k|j]z k/LIffsf cfwf/df 5fg]/ dfq o k|rf/ k|;f/M k|rf/ k|;f/ df}lvs jf Jofj;flos s'g ¿kdf ub{5 / k|rf/df lzIf0f

ljlw jf ljZjljBfnosf] egf{df kfPsf] ;kmntfsf] ;d]t pNn]v x'g] gx'g] cfwf/df .


65


h's'sf lsl;dsf] dfks / ltgn] k|of]udf Nofpg] z}Ifl0fs k4lt h's'sf lsl;dsf] dfks / ltgn] k|of]udf Nofpg] z}Ifl0fs k4lt h's'sf lsl;dsf] dfks / ltgn] k|of]udf Nofpg] z}Ifl0fs k4lt h's'sf lsl;dsf] dfks / ltgn] k|of]udf Nofpg] z}Ifl0fs k4lt Singsku Juku Hosu juku Kyosai juku Doriru juku Jfftfj/0f k|lt:kwL{÷pTk|]/s ;xh÷;xof]uL :ofxf/

;';f/÷;xof]uL ;xh -3/}df k9\g] nufot_

kf7\oljifosf] s]Gb|Lotf

k|j]z k/LIff ljBfno k/LIffsf] tof/L

cfwf/e"t l;sfO cfwf/e"t ;Lk

ljBfno;“u ;DaGw

5}g sIffsf] ultdf, ;fdfGotof ;DaGw ljR5]b

Hofb} sd jf x'b} gePsf]

ljBfyL{ pRr l;sfO pknlAw ePsf

;fdfGo vfnsf sd l;sfO pknlAw ePsf

;a} txsf

lzIf0f ;fdu|L Cfkm\g} kf7\ok':ts

3/fo;L, Jofj;flos jf ljBfnosf ;fdu|L

3/fo;L, Jofj;flos jf ljBfno ;fdu|L

cfkmg} kf7\ok':ts

cfsf/ @)) eGbf sd, s]xL le8

a9L !)) eGbf a9L xhf/f}“

egf{ k|j]z kl/Iff jf hf“r

Eff}lts ;Ldf Eff}lts ;Ldf c;Lldt

k|rf/ k|;f/ df}lvs, z}Ifl0fs ljlw ;d]t

df}lvs, z}Ifl0fs ljlw ;d]t

df}lvs, z}Ifl0fs ljlw ;d]t

df}lvs, s]xL dfqfdf z}Ifl0fs ljlw

6666\\\\o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wg o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wg o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wg o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wg

c:6«]lnof, cd]l/sf, l;ª\ufk'/, k|mfG; tyf a]nfotdf ;/sf/n] ljleGg k|fjwfgåf/f 6\o';gsf dfusf] k|jw{g ub{5 . ;g\ @))$ df c:6«]lnof ;/sf/n] ;'? u/]sf] Tutorial Vaucher Initiative sfo{qmd cGtu{t 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf] 6\o';gsf nflu cleefjsx¿nfO{ &)) c:6«]lnog 8n/ -%)) o'=P;= 8n/ a/fa/_ ;Dd vr{ u¥Øf] . ;g\ @))& df c:6«]lnofsf] ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] ‘An Even Star’ gfds 6\o';g sfo{qmddf rf/ jif{sf nflu sf]if v8f ul/lbPsf] 5 (Watson, 2008) . ;+=/f= cd]l/sfn] klg o:t} of]hgf cufl8 NofPsf] 5 (Burch et al., 2006) . oL cd]l/sL / c:6«]lnofnL of]hgf d"ntM a]nfotL gd'gfsf] cg's/0f x'g\ (Taylor, 2007) . l;ª\ufk'/df ;/sf/n] sd l;sfOpknlAw ePsf afnaflnsfsf] l;sfOdf ;xof]usf nflu ;d'bfox¿nfO{ cg'bfg nufotsf k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 (Tan, 2009) . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt k|mfG;sf] s/ ;x'lnot;DaGwL of]hgfn] l;sfOpknlAw sd ePsf jf sdhf]/ cfly{s k[i7e"ldsf kl/jf/nfO{ dfq ljz]if ¿kn] nlIft ub}{g (Melot, 2007) .


66


oL k|To]s gd'gfn] cf–cfkm\g} vfnsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . c:6«]lnofdf Watson (2007,p. 9) n] eg]em}+ 6\o';gsf] k|efjsfl/tf k'i6\ØfO“ ug]{ e/kbf{ tYofª\ssf] vf“rf] /xg'sf ;fy} Toxf“sf u|dL0f Pj+ b'u{d :yfgx¿df kof{Kt ;ª\Vofdf ck]Iffs[t ;Lk ePsf 6\o'6/ kfpg sl7g 5 . pRr ;x/Ls/0f ePsf] l;ª\ufk'/df o:tf] ;d:of 5}g t/ Toxf“ sd l;sfO pknlAwo'Qm ljBfyL{{df 6\o';gsf] dfu sfod /fVg sl7gfO 5 eg] ptf pRr l;sfO pknlAwo'Qm aRrfnfO{ 6\o';g k|bfg u/]/ tL b'O{aLrsf] b"/L emg\ a9fpg] vt/f 5 (Cheo and Quach, 2005; tan, 2009) . Sundarman (2006, p. 119) n] cd]l/sfsf] NCLB sfo{qmdn] cfk\mgf] k|efjsfl/tf k|dfl0ft ug{ ;kmn gePsf], sltko ;]jf k|bfosn] ljBfyL{ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu a]OdfgLk"0f{ cEof; u/]sf, / /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf nlIft ;d"xsf] @) k|ltztn] dfq o; sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf hgfPsf] eGb} cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . cGoq o:t} vfnsf of]hgf sfo{fGjog ubf{ gLlt lgdf{tfn] o:tf kIfdf Wofg k'¥Øfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

cGo sltko kl/l:yltdf dfu s;/L a9fpg] eGbf klg dfu s;/L 36fpg] eGg] ;d:of rsf]{ 5 . sf]l/ofsf] l:ylt cWoogn] 6\o';gdf k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufpg] nufot w]/} vfn] /0fgLltsf] cjnDag ul/;lsPsf] 5 . To:t} df]l/;;df klg sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd 6\o';gdf k|ltaGw nufpg] k|of; ePsf lyP . cGo sltko d'n's h:t} sDaf]l8ofdf (Bray and bunly, 2005, p. 75), OlhK6 (Hartmann, 2008, p. 48) s]Gof (Wanyama and Njeru, 2004, p. 1), 6sL{ (Tansel and Bircan, 2007,p. 6), o'ufG8f (Eilor, 2007, p. 28), tyf ef/tsf] klZrd aËfn /fHodf (Jalaluddin, 2007, p.20) df klg o:t} vfnsf ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ . tyflk oLdWo] s'g} k|ltaGw k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] kfOPg . OlhK6sf ;Gbe{df Hartmann (2008, p. 48) n] Herrera (1992, p. 75) s} af]nLdf nf]nL ldnfp“b} eg]sf 5g\, sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog gx'“bf ;8s kf/ ug]{ 7fp“ tf]lsPsf eP klg dflg;n] htftt}af6 af6f] sfl6/x]sf] cj:yfh:t} ePsf] 5 6\o';g dfly nufOPsf k|ltaGwsf] sfof{Gjog klg . sf]l/of tyf df]l/;;df ;d]t ;/sf/sf bl/nf k|of;sf afah'b k|ltaGwsf/L k|fjwfg k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]gg\ . d"nwf/ ljBfnosf lzIfsn] cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg gkfOg] k|ltaGwfTds Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n d"nwf/sf lzIfsx¿ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fO/x]s} 5g\ .

To;sf/0f lghL 6\o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wgsf k|efjsf/L gLlt lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu dfusf ;txL nIf0fdf eGbf ltgdf lglxt sf/s tTjdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . o:tf sf/0ftTjdWo] sltkosf] ;DaGw d'n'ssf] ;+:s[lt tyf cy{tGq;“u /x]sfn] ltgsf] ;Daf]wg s]an lzIff dGqfnosf k|of;n] dfq ;Dej x'Gg . ;f+:s[lts sf/0fn] z}lIfs pknlAwsf] ;DaGw ;fdflhs k|lti7f;“u ufl;Psf] x'G5 / ;f]sf] k|flKtsf nflu dflg;df Tofusf efjgfn] sfd ub{5 . To:t} cfly{s sf/0fsf] Bf]ts xf] pRr z}lIfs pknlAw / pRr cfly{s k|ltkmnsf] ;DaGw . To;sf/0f efjL hLjgsf pRr cfo cfh{gsf ;DefjgfnfO{ cem km/flsnf] agfpg pRr z}lIfs pknlAwsf nflu nufgL ug{ dflg; pTk|]l/t /xG5g\ . ctM 6\o';gsf dfusf] ;Daf]wgsf/L gLlt lgdf{0fdf lzIff dGqfnosf cltl/Qm cfly{s ljsf; dGqfno, kl/jf/ ljsf; dGqfno nufot o:t} cGo dGqfnosf] ;d]t ;+o'Qm k|oTgsf] cfjZostf kg{ hfG5 . cl:6«of tyf sf]l/of h:tf ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] leGg d'n'sx¿df lzIffsf


67


k];fut If]qaf6 eGbf klg ;/sf/sf pRr txaf6 o:tf ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf] yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 . ctM ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] klg gful/s ;dfh, wfld{s ;ª\u7g tyf ;dfh sNof0f;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿;“u ;xsfo{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

• lzIff dGqfnosf k];fsdL{x¿;“u 5fof lzIffsf] cfsf/ tyf k|s[ltnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /xg] x'“bf pgLx¿n] vf; u/L b]xfosf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5—

• k/LIffM w]/}h;f] d'n'sdf k/LIffsf k|s[ltn] 6\o';gsf] dfunfO{ lgwf{l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sltko k/LIffn] k/LIffyL{sf hLjgsf efjL cj;/x¿df k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ u5{g\ . o:tf k/LIffn] lzIfsf b"/ufdfL p2]Zosf] k|flKteGbf k/LIffdf ;kmntf lbnfpg] tTsfnLg p2]Zon] 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f k/LIff ;Da4 clwsf/Lx¿n] o:tf k/LIffsf k|s[ltdf kl/dfh{gsf k|of; ug'{ h?/L 5 . t/ k/LIffsf] ;'wf/ Tolt ;lhnf] eg] 5}g . sf]l/of tyf df]l/;;sf pbfx/0fn] k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ oyfl:yltdf sfod /fVg] w]/} vfnsf lglxt :jfy{ af]s]sf tTjx¿ cToGt anjfg cj:yfdf /]xsf] b]lvPsf] 5 / oL tTjx¿nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf g/fvL k/LIffdf ;'wf/ sf]/f sNkgf dfq x'g hfG5 .

• ;ª\qmd0f b/M sltko d'n'sx¿df yf]/} ljBfyL{{ dfq lzIffsf] dflyNnf] tx;Dd ;ª\qmldt x'g ;S5g\ eGg] hgljZjf; /x]sfn] klg 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ cgfjZos ¿kn] dnhn k'u]sf] b]Vg ;lsg5 . To;sf/0f 6\o';gsf] dfu 36fpg] pkfox¿dWo] ;ª\qmd0fsf] 9f]sfnfO{ km/flsnf] kf/]/ w]/}nfO{ dflyNnf txdf ;ª\qmd0fsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ klg Ps xf] . clkt', of] pkfo klg ;bf ;/n x“'b}g . sltko ;dfhdf dflyNnf txdf k'Ug'eGbf klg s'g k|sf/sf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf k|j]z kfpg] eGg] s'/fn] a9L dxTj /fVb5 . h'g ;dfhdf k|l;l4sf lx;fan] lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf tx lgwf{/0f ePsf x'G5g\, Toxf“ ;jf{]Qd ;+:yfdf k|j]z kfpg ;kmn k|lt:kwf{sf nflu 6\o';gsf] ;xf/f lng] k|j[lQ /xG5 .

• ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] laZjf;M ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLn] ltgsf afnaRrfsf l;sfO cfjZostfsf] k|efjsf/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjsf] cefjsf sf/0f klg clwsf+z cj:yfdf 6\o';gsf] dfu a9\g] ub{5 . ;fdflhsLs/0f tyf cGo sfo{sf nflu ljBfno cfjZos ;+:yf eP klg dflg;n] k"/s ;xof]usf] cfjZostf dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ . sltko kl/l:yltdf pRr b/sf] ;ª\qmd0fn] klg gf6sLo ¿kdf 6\o';gsf] dfunfO{ a9fOlbG5 . ;/sf/n] of] s'/f a'em\g' cfjZos 5 ls 6\o';gsf] clwsf+z dfu sd l;sfOpknlAw ePsf eGbf pRr ePsfsf tkm{af6 cfpg] ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o kl/b[Zodf x]bf{ klg clk|msfh:tf sd z}lIfs pknlAw ePsf d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf k"jL{ Pl;of h:tf pRr z}lIfs pknlAw ePsf d'n'sdf 6\o';gsf] dfu a9L 5 l


68


6\o';gsf ;]jfu|xLn] 6\o';gaf6 s] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f gLlt lgdf{tfn] a'e\mg' h?/L 5 . #% hgf dfq /fv]/ k7gkf7g u/fOg] lgMz'Ns ;fj{hlgs k4ltdf #^ hgf x“'bf s8f k|ltjfb ug]{ cleefjsx¿ rsf]{ z'Ns lt/]/ !!) hgf;Dd ljBfyL{{sf] eL8df 5f]/f5f]/L k7fpg -afs; &_ lsg tof/ x'G5g\ < cleefjsn] ;fgf ;d"xdf jf Psn] PsnfO{ k9fpg] 6\o';gaf6 s] kfpg] ck]Iff /fVb5g\ hf] d"nwf/sf ljBfno jf 3/}df kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ;xof]uaf6 kfpg ;sb}gg\ < o:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ gLlt lgdf{tfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\ .

afs; & M OlhK6sf df:6/ 6afs; & M OlhK6sf df:6/ 6afs; & M OlhK6sf df:6/ 6afs; & M OlhK6sf df:6/ 6\\ \\o'6o'6o'6o'6/ / / / Hartmann n] (2008, p. 43) OlhK6sf Ps hgf cToGt gfdL 6\o'6/sf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . 6\o';gsf ahf/df tL 6\o'6/sf] 7"nf] dfu lyof] / tL dfOs k|of]u u/]/ 7'N7'nf sIff ;~rfng uy]{ . pgs} egfOdf — dnfO{ /;fog zf:qsf] sIff cjnf]sg ug{ af]nfOPsf] lyof] . sIffdf uP/ d 5fqfx¿sf nfOgsf] clGtd l;6df a;“]+ . sIff ;'? ePkl5 d}n] sIffdf pkl:yt ljBfyL{{sf] uGtL u/]“ . sIffdf !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf !!) ljBfyL{{ pkl:yt lyP . sIffdf /x]sf #÷$ hgf sd{rf/Ln] ljBfyL{{x¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ul//x]sf lyP . lzIfssf] gfd lx:xfd (Hisham) lyof] . pm cGbfhL $% jif{ pd]sf], b'Anf] kftnf] dflg; lyof] . p;n] kftnf h'“uf kfn]sf] lyof] . p;sf skfn v'OlnP/ kftnf eO;s]sf lyP . p;n] sldh, 6fO{ / Hofs]6 nufPsf] lyof] t/ p;sf] cg'xf/sf efj c:k:6 lyP . pm sIffdf k|j]z ugf{;fy ljBfyL{{ ;ts{ eP / cfk\mgf cf“vf p;k|lt s]lGb|t u/fP . b'O{ 306fsf] ;dodf lx;xfd cg'ejL / gfd'b lzIfs dfq xf]Og, Pp6f k|ltefzfnL k|bz{s klg xf] eGg] :ki6 x'g cfof] . lx:xfd ultzLntfsf ;fy ;|f]tf;fd' cfp“Yof], sfnf] kf6Ldf /;fog zf:qsf ;"qx¿ n]VYof] / ;fy;fy} dfOqmf]kmf]gaf6 noa4 ¿kdf To;sf] JofVofg klg ub}{ hGYof] . o; bf}/fgdf pm s'g} ;"qsf] af/Djf/ pRrf/0f ub{Yof,] h;nfO{ ljBfyL{{n] noa4 ¿kdf bf]xf¥Øfp“y] . ljBfyL{n] p;;“u la/n} dfq k|Zg uy{] . s;} s;}n] sfuhsf 6'qmdf k|Zg n]v]/ k7fp“y] h;nfO{ sIff sf]7fdf pkl:yt ;xof]uLdWo] s;}n] lx:xfd;Dd k'¥ØfOlbGYof] .

6666\\\\o';gsf] cfk"lt{sfo';gsf] cfk"lt{sfo';gsf] cfk"lt{sfo';gsf] cfk"lt{sf ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg

sltko kl/b[Zodf cfk"lt{sf cj:yfn] g} dfusf] l;h{gf ug]{ u/]sf b]lvG5 . oxf“ tLg k|sf/sf ljlzi6 kl/l:yltsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5—

• lzIfsn]] cfk\mgf] dfu cfkm}+ l;h{gf u5{g\ M sltko d'n'sdf d"nwf/ lzIfsn] cfk\mg} lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm ;dodf 6\o';g k9fpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;d:ofu|:t kl/b[Zodf lzIfsn] sIffdf k9fpg'kg]{ ;a} kf7\of+z gk9fpg] dfq xf]Og ljBfyL{{sf] sIff]Ggltdf cfkm\gf] xft /xg] s'/fsf] 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] cfef; lbP/ 6\\o';g k9\g bafj lbg] u5{g\ . Silova (2007,p. 8) n] clgjfo{ 6\o';gsf ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v ub}{ eg]sL l5g\—


69


� lzIfsn] ljBfyL{{nfO{ ljBfno ;dokZrft cfkm";“u 6\o';g k9\g bafj

lbG5g\ -sltko cj:yfdf Black mail;d]t u5{g\_ / gdfg]sf cj:yfdf, vf; u/L, ;fgf sIffsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ wDsL;d]t lbg] ub{5g\ .

• Silova n] cwoog u/]sf d'n'sx¿dWo] dWo Pl;ofsf sfhv:tfg, lslu{lh:tfg, tflhls:tfg, / dª\uf]lnofdf / ss];;sf ch/a}hfg tyf hlh{ofdf o:tf k|j[lQn] h/f uf8]sf] b]lvG5 .

• ;fyLefOsf] bafjM ;a}n] 6\o';g kl9/x]sf] b]Vbf gk9\g] ljBfyL{{ / ltgsf cleefjs b'j}nfO{ cfk"m k5fl8 k/]sf] cg'e"lt x'g] ub{5 . cGtjf{tf{sf qmddf Pp6L cfdfn] Kim (2007, p.9) ;“u elgg\—

� cfd ;~rf/ dfWodn] lghL 6\o';gsf af/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]sf 5g\ . d]/f aRrfsf ;fyLsf cfdfx¿n] klg cfk\mgf aRrfx¿nfO{ s;} g s;};“u 6\o';g k9fO/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . dnfO{ klg cfk\mgf aRrfsf] ;'b"/ eljiosf] lrGtf 5 . To;}n] d}n] klg cfk\mgf] aRrfnfO{ 6\o';g k9\g k7fpg] / p;sf nflu yk nufgL ug]{ lgZro u/+]“ .

• 6\o';g k|bfosaf6 k|rf/ k|;f/M Jofj;flos jftfj/0fdf ;~rfng x'g] 6\o';g k|yfn] klg cGo Joj;fodf em} cfk"mn] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] dfu l;h{gf ug{ leQfx¿df tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgdf kf]:6/ 6f“:g] Pj+ cvaf/x¿df k|rf/ ;fdu|L k|sflzt ug]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf 6\o';gsf u'0f:t/sf] s'g} k|fdfl0fstf klg x“'b}g / d"nwf/ ljBfnosf lzIfsn] l;sfOpknlAwdf sdhf]/ ePsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ Ifdtfsf] cefjn] sdhf]/ ePsf] eGg] bf]if lbg] k/Dk/fcg'¿k logLx¿n] klg ljBfyL{{nfO{ g} bf]if lbg] u/]sf 5g\ . cfk"lt{sf ef}uf]lns ;d:ofnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd OG6/g]6n] ;dfwfg ul/lbPsf] 5 . sltko d'n'sdf cflwsfl/s tj/af6} dfusf] lj:tf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . Davies / Aruni (2006, p. 124) df eg]em}+—

o; k|sf/sf Joj:yfdf ;;fgf Joj;fonfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;~hfndf cfa4 u/fOG5 t/ d'Vo k|lwsf/L ;~hfn ;"qeGbf cnu /xG5 / :yfgLo Jofj;foLn] ;Dk"0f{ hf]lvd cfkm\gf] yfKnfdf lnPsf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f :yfgLo Jofj;foLn] ;~hfnnfO{ k|efjsfl/tf k|bfg ug]{ ;jfndf a]tgef]uL Joj:yfksn] eGbf a9L d]xgt ub{5g\ . o:tf ;fgf pBdL;“u cfk\mgf :yflkt pTkfbg laqmL ug]{, ahf/sf] ;xof]u lng], Joj:yfksLo tflnd k|bfg ug]{ tyf pTkfbgsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ ;a} clwsf/ ;'/lIft /xG5 . skmLsf] Joj;fo xf];\ jf 6\o';gsf], :yfgLo k|flwsf/Lsf] pTkfbg / ;]jfu|fxL;“u ;f]emf] ;Dks{ /xG5 .


70


lzIfsx¿n] cfkm\g} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg] ;Gbe{nfO{ e|i6frf/sf ¿kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5

(Hallak and Poisson, 2007; Poisson, 2007; Dawson, 2009) . afs; * df

Klitgaard sf lzIfs e|i6frf/sf d'2fnfO{ j:t'lgi7 ¿kn] cWoog ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ cToGt

pkof]uL ;"q k|:t't 5 . o;} ;"qsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf tyf k/LIffdf kf; jf km]nsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ :j]R5frf/L / Psnf}6L clwsf/ wf/0f u/]sf / k|0ffnLut ¿kdf s;} k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'gkg]{ cj:yfsf lzIfsx¿ e|i6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf / cj;/ /xG5 . df]l/;;df sIff Rff/b]lv ^ ;Ddsf sIffx¿df 5'§f5'§} lzIfs v6fpg] k|rngsf k5fl8 lzIfssf] :j]R5frfl/tf / e|i6frfl/tf 36fpg] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . lzIfss]f ljBfno / k|0fnLk|lt pQ/b]lxtf a9fpg] / :j]R5frfl/tf 36fpg] c? pkfox¿ klg ckgfOPsf 5g\ .

afs; afs; afs; afs; * M Psflwsf/ ± :j]R5frfl/tf* M Psflwsf/ ± :j]R5frfl/tf* M Psflwsf/ ± :j]R5frfl/tf* M Psflwsf/ ± :j]R5frfl/tf————hafkmhafkmhafkmhafkmb]lxtf b]lxtf b]lxtf b]lxtf Klitgaard (1998, p. 75) n] e|i6frf/sf k|s[lt / ltgsf sf/0fdf s]lGb|t /x]/ o;sf k|d'v tTjx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ ;"qsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ M e|i6frf/≠ Psflwsf/ ± :j]R5frfl/tf—hafkmb]lxtf ;]jfu|fxL pk/ ;]jf k|bfossf] Psflwsf/ /x]sf cj:yfdf, :j]R5fn] ljj]sfwLg lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] cj:yfdf / pQ/b]lxtf sdhf]/ ePsf cj:yfdf cj}w Jojxf/n] km:6fpg] cj;/ kfp“5g\ . Biswal (1999, p. 223) n] d"nwf/ lzIfsn] cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/ s;/L km}nG5 eGg] pbfx/0f k]; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g\ æoL lzIfsx¿ ljBfyL{{nfO{ cfk\mgf ;]jf Psnf}6L ¿kn] ljt/0f ub{5g\, s] ljt/0f ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf pgLx¿sf] Psflwsf/ /xG5, / pgLx¿sf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf s;}k|lt hjfb]lxtf axg ug'{ kb}{g . o;n] ljBfno leqaf6 ljBfyL{n] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfsf] bfo/fnfO{ v'DRofP/ ljBfno aflx/af6 k|bfg ul/g] 6\o';gdf z'Ns lnP/ a]Rg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ul/lbG5 .

Hff]g;gn] @))* df k9fpg] ljifo, ljBfyL{{sf ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf / ljBfyL{{sf pknlAw:t/ ;d]tnfO{ ldnfP/ o; ;"qnfO{ cem :k:6tf k|bfg u/]]sf 5g\ . cfk"mn] lslu{lh:tfgdf u/]sf sfo{sf ;Gbe{sf] pNn]v ub}{ pgn] eg]sf 5g\ (p. 213) —

s'g lzIfs e|i6frf/df ;+nUg 5}g eGg] s'/f lzIfssf ln¨, hft, pd]/ tyf p;sf k|zf;lgs e"ldsfaf6 eGbf p;sf ljBfyL{{ sf] x'g\, ;xof]uL lzIfs sf] x'g\, ltgLx¿sf] lgb]{zs sf] xf], ltgn] s'g ljifo k9fp“5g\ / ltgsf] a;f]jf; s'g lhNnfdf 5 eGg] s'/faf6 kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

k[i6 @!( df o;nfO{ cem k|:6 kfb}{ pgn] eg]sf 5g\—

lslu{lh:tfgdf ul0ft, lslu{hL efiff tyf cª\u|]hL h:tf pRr dfu ePsf ljifo k9fpg] lzIfs Oltxf; h:tf sd dfu ePsf ljifo k9fpg] lzIfseGbf a9L e|i6 x'g] ub{5g\ . o:tf ljifo k9\g] ljBfyL{{ pRr ;fdflhs cfly{s l:yltsf (High-Socio-Economic-Status –SES) kl/jf/;“u ;DalGwt /xg] / ltgsf] pknlAw:t/ sIffdf dWod vfnsf]


71


(Grade Point Average -GPA) x'g] w]/} ;Defjgf /xG5 . ltgLx¿n] k7gkf7g u/fpg] :yfg sd ljsl;t / u|fdL0f jf ;x/L h'g ;'s} If]q eP klg Pp6} hfltsf] a:ff]jf; x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ;a}eGbf e|i6 lzIfs To:tf ljBfnodf kfOG5g\, hxf“ cGo lzIfs jf ljBfno lgb]{zssf] k];fut wd{sf] kl/kfngf s8fOsf ;fy x'“b}g .

o;/L hf]g;gn] lSn6\uf8{sf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf j}wtfsf] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] o:tf lzIfs pRr dfu ePsf z}lIfs ljifodf Psflwsf/ /fV5g\ / slt jf s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] ;afndf klg :j]R5frf/L x'G5g\ . t/ hf]g;gn] yk u/]sf rnx¿n] lzIfs e|i6 x'g'df ;]jfu|fxLsf ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{, x}l;ot / ljifo ljz]if k|ltsf] ;/f]sf/n] lg0f{os e"ldsf v]Ng] b]vfPsf 5g\ . e|i6 lzIfsnfO{ e|i6 u|fxs rflxG5 . cyf{t gLlt lgdf{tfn] ljleGg kl/l:yltdf ljleGg rnx¿sf] pkof]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

o; b[li6n] x]bf{ sltko lzIff k|0fnLn] lzIfsnfO{ ljj]ssf] k|of]u og]{ :jtGqtf a9fp“b} nu]sf] s'/f k|yd b[li6df ljjfb:kb h:tf] b]lvg ;S5 t/ To;sf] lg/fs/0fsf cGo pkfo 5g\ . s]jn afx\o k/LIffnfO{ dfq d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ agfp“bf k/LIffsf] lg0ff{os dxTj sfod /xG5 / To;n] ljsf/ hGdfp“5 . ljBfnodf ;~rfng ul/g] ljleGg k|sf/sf cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfP/ o; k|sf/sf ljsf/sf] lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgdf lzIfssf ljj]sfwLg clwsf/ sfod /xG5g\ . o; cj:yfdf gLlt lgdf{tfn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ k|d'v ;a} ljBfnodf cfwfl/t d"Nofª\sgn] ;d:of a9fPsf] 5 5}g eGg] xf] . o;sf] hafkm w]/} xb;Dd lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; / ltgsf cfTdlgodgsf] l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 . To;sf/0f ;j{q Ps} vfnsf dfdb08n] sfd ub}{g . ToxL pkfon] lsuf{lh:tfsf sltko efudf sfd ub}{g eg] cGo sltko efudf jf cGo d'n'sx¿df sfd u5{ . d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eg] lghL 6\o';gsf ljZjJofkL g}lts cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf cfjZos 5 (Poisson, 2007, p. 17) . o;sf nflu lzIfs o'lgogsf] ;xof]u lng ;lsPsf] v08df pgLx¿n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;s5g\ .

o; ;Gbe{df Tylor (2007, pp. 17-18) n] j]nfotsf] Making Good Progress of]hgf -TFflnsf !$_ sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf ljZn]if0f dggof]Uo 5g\ . o; of]hgf cGtu{t sfo{/t lzIfsnfO{ g} cfk"mn] k9fp“b} cfPsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ pQ/b]lxtfsf ;+oGqsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfsf ;fy (Accountability mechanism) cltl/Qm 6\o';g k9fpg nufOof] . o;df of]Uotf k|dfl0ft ePsf (Qualified Teacher-Status –QST) cGo ljBfnosf lzIfs, k];fut 6\o'6/ tyf l;sfO ;xof]uLnfO{ ;d]t cfa4 u/fOof] . o;df ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{nfO{ ;l/s u/fOPg t/ ckjfb:j¿k ;DalGwt ljBfyL{sf ljBfno;“u /fd|/L kl/lrt tflnd] lzIfsnfO{ eg] ;Lldt ¿kn] k|of]u ul/of] . o; k|sf/sf gd'gf cGoq klg nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 t/ dggof]Uo s'/f s] 5 eg] of] gd'gf a]nfoth:tf] cfly{s ;DkGgtf / lzIfssf pRr k];fut bIftf ePsf d'n'sdf nfu" ul/Psf] xf] .


72


tflnsf !tflnsf !tflnsf !tflnsf !$ M a]nfotsf]$ M a]nfotsf]$ M a]nfotsf]$ M a]nfotsf] Making Good Progress sfo{qmd cGtsfo{qmd cGtsfo{qmd cGtsfo{qmd cGtuuuu{{{{t 6t 6t 6t 6\\ \\o';go';go';go';g k|bfg ug]{ gd'gfk|bfg ug]{ gd'gfk|bfg ug]{ gd'gfk|bfg ug]{ gd'gf

ljljljljsNksNksNksNk kmfObfkmfObfkmfObfkmfObf ;Ldf;Ldf;Ldf;Ldf sIff lzIfs • ljBfyL{{ / ltgsf

cfjZostf a'em]sf] x'G5≤ • cleefjssf jf/]df

hfgsf/ x'G5≤ • sIffdf cg'udg ug{

;lhnf] x'G5≤ • u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf

;'ud x'G5 .

• ljBfyL{{n] cfk\mg} lzIfsnfO{ afx\o 6\o'6/ ;/x Jojxf/ ug]{≤

• ljBfyL{sf] Wofg s]lGb|t u/fpg gof“ JolQmTjsf] vf“rf] ≤

• lzIfssf df}h'bf sfo{af]em ;d:ofhgs≤

• afx\Ø ultljlwsf ;+nUgtfn] lzIfsdf ;dofefjsf] ;Defjgf≤

• 6\o'6/ sIff lzIfseGbf leGg x'g'k5{ eGg] cleefjssf wf/0ff .

ljBfno;“u ;Daw ePsf cGo lzIfs

• cg'xf/ / sfdsf tl/sf leGg≤

• cg'ejdf Jofkstf≤ • ljBfnosf k4lt /

gLltjf/] hfgsf/≤ • uf}/jk"0f{ k|bz{gsf] cjz/ • sIff lzIfs /

cleefjs;“u ;xh ;+ks{≤

• ljBfnosf of]hgf / clen]vdf ;xh kx'“r≤

• ljBfyL{{–cleefjs;“u k"j{ kl/lrt x'g ;Dej≤

• u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf a9L ;'ud .

• ljBfyL{{df kl/jt{ghGo c;'/Iff≤ • ljBfyL{{sf cfjZostfjf/]

lzIfsf cgle1tf≤ • lzIfssf df}h'bf sfo{af]em

;d:ofhgs≤ • afx\Ø ultljlwsf ;+nUgtfn]

lzIfsdf ;dofefjsf] ;Defjgf ≤

• 6\o'6/ sIff lzIfseGbf leGg x'g'k5{ eGg] cleefjssf wf/0ff .

;fem]bf/ ljBfnosf lzIfsaf6

• gof“ cg'xf/ gof“ ljrf/≤ • lzIfssf nflu gof“

cg'ej≤ • ;ª\qmd0fsf] ;'wf/ /

;'b[9Ls/0f≤ • ljBfno lhNnfx¿aLr

c;n k|rngsf] cfbfg k|bfg .

• k7gkf7g 5f]l8;s]sf lzIfsnfO{ tflndsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;Sg]≤

• r/0fsf ck]Iff;“u cgle1tf≤ • ljBfyL{{sf cfjZostfaf/]

lzIfs cgle1tf≤ • 6\o';g ;qsf u'0f:t/

;'lglZrttfsf] cg'udgdf sl7gfO{ .

h'g;'s} lzIfs • gof“ cg'xf/ gof“ ljrf/≤ • ljBfyL{{sf cfjZostfaf/]

tfhf cf“sng≤ • sfo{qmdaf6 lzIfssf

lj:tfl/t ck]Iff≤

• ljifoj:t'sf] r/0fa4tfsf] cefj≤

• ljBfno k4ltsf hfgsf/Lsf] cefj≤

• ;do / :yfgsf] leGgtfsf


73


• sfo{/t lzIfsdf gof“ kl/k|]Ifsf] cg'ej .

sf/0f sIff lzIff;“u ;Dks{df c;'ljwf≤

• r/0fsf ck]Iff;“u cgle1tf≤ • ljBfyL{{sf cfjZostf af/]

lzIfs cgle1tf≤ • 6\o';g ;qsf u'0f:t/

;'lglZrttfsf] cg'udgdf sl7gfO .

6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yf • lzIfs etL{ ;+:yf :jod\n] u5{≤

• 7"nf] ;d"xaLraf6 6\o'6/sf] 5gf}6≤

• ;dk"0f{ Aoj:yfkg :yfgLo clwsf/L dfkm{t≤

• ;do / Ifdtf ;d:ofsf] ljifo /xGg≤

• ljBfno lzIfssf sfo{af]em xNsf .

• cBfjlws /0fgLltjf/] hfgsf/L cefj≤

• 6\o';g ;qsf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf] cg'udgdf sl7gfO≤

• 6\o'6/sf] ef}uf]lns a;f]jf;≤ • cleefjs tyf ljBfyL{{;“u

t'?Gt ;Dks{ agfpg] Ifdtf≤ • ljBfno k4ltsf hfgsf/Lsf]

cefj≤ • :yfgsf] d"No≤ • ;'Iffsf ;d:of .

cGo ;'emfjM k/fdz{, lzIfs g]t[Rj≤ pRr lzIffdf ;+nUg lzIfs, lzIf0fdf k'gk|{j]zL lzIfs, ;'rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, lzIfs k|=c=sf] c;+nUgtf, QST o'Qm lzIfs x'g}kg]{, l;sfO ;'kl/j]Ifssf] QST x'g}kg]{, ljBfno;“u kl/lrt tflnddf ;+nUg lzIfs dfq

• cg'xf/ / tl/sfdf kl/jt{g≤

• cg'ejsf] Aofkstf≤ • ljBfyL{{–cleefjs;“u k"j{

kl/lrt x'g ;Dej≤ • ljifoj:t'sf] pko'Qm

hfgsf/L ≤

• 6\o';g ;qsf u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf] cg'udgdf sl7gfO≤

• l;sfOsf r/0f;“u cBfjlws / ;fGble{s cg'ej≤

• ljifoj:t'sf] r/0fa4tfsf] cefj≤

• tfhf tflnd cfjZos kg{ ;Sg]

ahf/;+“u xft]ahf/;+“u xft]ahf/;+“u xft]ahf/;+“u xft]dfnf] dfnf] dfnf] dfnf]

lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf] cl:tTj 5 / k|oTgsf cltl/Qm klg o;nfO{ lgd"{n kfg{ ;Dej 5}g eGg] hfgsf/L ePkl5 gLlt lgdf{tfsf nflu ahf/sf ;Da4 zlQm;“u xft]dfnf]sf pkfo vf]Hg / ;'wf/sf /0fgLltsf] k|jw{gtkm{ nfUg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ dfly k|:t't ul/;lsPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 5fof lzIffnfO{ ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L / lgodsf 3]/fleq Nofpgsf nflu df]l/;;n] ljBfno kl/j]zdf 6\o';g k9fpg kfOg] k|fjwfg agfPsf] 5 . To;} u/L hlGhaf/sf ;/sf/L ljBfnodf cleefjssf] ;xdltdf yf]/} z'Ns lnP/ ljBfnos}


74


lzIfsn] cfk\mgf ljBfyL{{nfO{ cltl/Qm ;dodf 6\o';g k9fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf hlGhjf/sf ;/sf/L b:tfj]h (Zangibar, 1998, p. 18) df elgPsf] 5—

ljjfb:kb eP klg o; k|fjwfgn] cleefjsdfkm{t lzIfssf] kfl/>ldsdf yf]/} of]ubfg lbP/ pgLx¿sf sfdk|ltsf] pTk|]/0ff a9fpg] / cGo sfd vf]Hg lg?T;flxt ug]{ u/]sf]] 5 . o; k|fjwfgn] a9\bf] egf{b/sf] ;Daf]wgsf nflu lzIfs cfk"lt{df l:y/tf Nofpgsf ;fy} z}lIfs kx'“rdf klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

t/ o; gLltn] lzIfsx¿n] ug]{ sfdsf nflu /fd|f] a]tgdfg sfod ug{ bafj k|bfg ug]{ / ghflgbf] lsl;dn] lzIffsf ;+:s[ltnfO{ lghLs/0ftkm{ 8f]¥Øfpg] vt/f eg] 5 . t}klg lghL 6\o';gsf] cl:tTj / o;n] d"nwf/ lzIffsf p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]ufTds e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x ug]{ tYo dggof]Uo /x]sf] Toxf“sf lzIffsf lgsfon] a'em]sf 5g\ .

ljBfno txdf ePsf cGo sltko /fd|f k|of;x¿nfO{ lhNnf tyf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf tx;Dd k|jw{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 . cGoqh:t} sDaf]l8ofdf klg ahf/df Hofbf dfu ePsf ljifo k9fpgdf / tNnfeGbf dflyNnf sIffdf k9fpg ?lr /fV5g\ . o;af6 6\o';gsf] ahf/df pgLx¿sf] dfu a9L xf];\ eGg] pgLx¿sf] rfxgf /xG5 (Bray and bunly, 2005; Dawson, 2009) . kl/0ffd:j¿k tNnf sIffx¿sf] k7gkf7g pk]lIft x'g] vt/f /xG5 . Tofxf“ Ps b"/bzL{ k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfnodf lzIfsx¿n] 6\o';g k9fPafkt x'g] /sdnfO{ ljBfnodf hDdf u/]/ ;a} lzIfsx¿aLr ;dfg ¿kn] ljt/0f ug]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf] kfOof] . of] lg0f{o pgn] cfk\mg} txaf6 u/]sf x'g\ t/ o;nfO{ k|0ffnLe/ lj:tf/ ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .

;/sf/n] klg lghL 6\o'6/x¿nfO{ k];fut x'g k|f]T;fxg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tfOjfgdf lghL 6\o';g k|bfosx¿n] k];fut ;ª\u7g g} agfPsf 5g\ . o; ;ª\u7gn] 6\o';gdf ;+nUg lzIfsx¿sf z}Ifl0fs / Jofj;flos kIfx¿sf] cg'udg ub{5 . tfOk]oL ;x/df ;g\ !(((df !!%) 6\o';g ;+:yf lyP h;dWo] cfwfh;f] City Association for Providers of Tutorial Education ;“u cfa4 lyP . o; ;ª\u7gn] ;Da4 ljBfno;DaGwL u'gf;fx¿ Go'h n]6/df k|sflzt u/]/ Ps k|sf/sf] lgodgsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 (Bray, 2003, p. 57) . u|L;df !(*! Dff Hellenic Federation of Frontistiria Teachers gfdsf] o:t} vfnsf] ;+:yf v'n]sf] lyof] . @))* ;Dddf #))) 6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yfx¿ / #&))) 6\o'6/x¿ o; ;ª\u7gsf ;b:o alg;s]sf lyP (Hagitegas, 2008a, p. 1; Hagitegas, 2009b) . oL ;ª\u7gx¿ k];fut ;+:yf x'g\ / ;/sf/n] oL ;ª\u7g;“u cGt/lqmof u/]/ ljBfyL{{sf ;femf lxtsf nflu ;xdlt sfod ug{ ;S5 .

c? 6\o';g sDkgLx¿n] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]/ cfkm\gf] klxrfg :yflkt u/fpg] k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ . hd{gLsf] Schuerhilfe.de, boats gfds Pp6f 7"nf] 6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yf u|fxs Joj:yfkgsf u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f k|lqmof ISO 9001 ;“u ;Da4 /x]sf] 5 . k|mfG;sf] Completude n] o;} u/L cGo k|lt:kwL{ ;+:yfeGbf leGg kl/ro sfod /fv]sf] 5 . o:tf k|oTgx¿ lghL sDkgLx¿n] cfk\mg} tTk/tfdf u/]sf x'g\ . o:tf lghL tTk/tfnfO{


75


;/sf/n] k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug'{k5{ / o;sf nflu lghL sDkgLx¿ cfTd lgoldt gePsf cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] lgodfjnL agfP/ lgodgsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] cfef; lbg'kb{5 .

;/sf/n] 6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yfx¿sf k|rf/ k|;f/sf /0fgLltsf] k|of]u u/]/ ljz]if ¿kn] lzIffdf k5fl8 k/]sf hg;d'bfox¿aLr lzIffsf] r]tgf hufpg] sfo{ ug{ ;S5 . sf]l/ofdf ;dfhsf pRr dWodju{n] h:tf] lgDgju{n] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k7gkf7gdf vf;} rf;f] gb]vfpg] ePsfn] lghL 6\o';g s]Gb|sf lzIfsx¿ cfk\mgf] ahf/sf] k|jw{gsf nflu To; ju{df ;lqmotfsf ;fy z}lIfs hfu/0f km}nfpg] sfo{ ub{5g\ (Kim, 2007, p. 14) . o;/L ;dfhsf] lgDg ju{df z}lIfs r]tgf km}nfpg] ;/sf/L bfloTjsf] lgjf{xdf logLx¿n] ;xof]uL e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x ub{5g\ .

;/sf/n] lghL 6\o';g ;+:yfx¿sf] k|jw{gdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s ;dfh;“u ;xsfo{ klg ug{ ;S5 . o; k|;ª\udf hnfn'l2gn] (2007, p. 4) aª\unfb]zsf] ;fd'bflos l;sfO ;xof]u s]Gb||sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ hf] !((* df ;d'bfon] l;sfO jftfj/0fsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg] p2]Zon] vf]lnPsf] lyof] . ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t 6\o'6/sf] lgo'lQm k|lqmof o;sf] Pp6f ljz]iftf lyof] . o;cg';f/ lzIfssf] 5gf}6 ;d'bfon] uYof{] hf] ;fdfGotof sn]h jf ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{ x'g] uy]{, ltgnfO{ tflnd lbg] sfd ;d'bfo;“u cfa4 eO{ sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] uYof]{ . 6\o'6/n] d"n ljBfnosf sIff lzIfssf] lgs6tfdf /xL :jtGq ¿kn] sfd uy]{ .

OlhK6df klg emG8} o:t} vfnsf k|oTgsf] pbfx/0f kfOG5 . Toxf“sf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ 5fof lzIffsf] kIfdf b]lv“b}gg\ . t/ Go"g cfo ju{sf afnaflnsfnfO{ dl:hb, rr{ jf o:t} ;fd'bflos 3/x¿df 6\o';g k9fpg sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5g\ . xf6{Dofgn] (2008, p. 41) cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf o; k|fjwfgnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf km}lnPsf] cj}wflgs 6\o';g k4ltsf lj?4 j}w / cf}krfl/s 6\o';g k4ltsf] yfngL ePsf] eg]sf 5g\ . o:tf :jod\;]jL ;+:yfx¿ lzIff dGqfnosf] ;§f ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnodf btf{ x'g' h?/L 5 .

lgodgsf/L 9flgodgsf/L 9flgodgsf/L 9flgodgsf/L 9f““ ““rfdf rfdf rfdf rfdf ;'wf/ ;'wf/ ;'wf/ ;'wf/

l;nf]efn] (2007, p. 9) Pp6f cWoog k|ltj]bgdf cfk"mn] cWoog u/]sf k"jL{ o'/f]k / Pl;ofsf !@ d'n'sx¿dWo] s]an ^ d'n'sdf lgodgsf/L k|fjwfg /x]sf] atfPsL l5g\ . tL d'n's x'g\\ sfhv:tfg, lny'jflgof, d¨f]lnof, :nf]eflsof, tflhls:tfg / o'qm]g -tflnsf !%_ .

tflnsf !% M ^ d'n'stflnsf !% M ^ d'n'stflnsf !% M ^ d'n'stflnsf !% M ^ d'n'sx¿x¿x¿x¿sf lghL 6sf lghL 6sf lghL 6sf lghL 6\\ \\o';g k|yfsf lgodgsf/L sfo{9fo';g k|yfsf lgodgsf/L sfo{9fo';g k|yfsf lgodgsf/L sfo{9fo';g k|yfsf lgodgsf/L sfo{9f““ ““rf rf rf rf

sfhv:tfg /fHosf z}lIfs ;+:yfåf/f k|bfg ul/g] k"/s lzIf0f ;]jfsf] lgodg !((( df kfl/t sfg'gL cf1lKtåf/f ul/G5 . o; cf1lKtn] kf7\oqmdåf/f lgwf{l/t sfo{ ;doeGbf yk ;dodf ljBfyL{{x?nfO{ j}olQms lx;fan] ljBfnodf k9fOg] ljifodf yk k9fO ug'{nfO{ lghL 6\o';g egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . pQm cf1lKtn] ljBfnox¿nfO{ k"/s z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf o:tf 6\o';g sIff ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .


76


lny'jfgLof ;g\ @))# df lzIff P]gn] :jtGq lzIfssf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . JolQmut ¿kn] cg'dltkq lnP/ lzIf0f lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] JolQmnfO{ :jtGq lzIfs egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf :jtGq lzIfsn] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf sfo{qmd, k"j{ ljBfno tyf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf k"/s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ kfp“5g\ . :jtGq lzIfsnfO{ sfg'gn] cfk\mg} sfo{qmdcg';f/ cfk\mg} lzIf0f ljlw ckgfpg] tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf Pj+ ;]jfsfnLg ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gn] o:tf lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mgf sfo{;Dkfbgsf qmddf g}ltstfsf] kfngf ug]{, ljBfyL{{sf] ;'/Iff / :jf:ys/ jftfj/0fdf ljBfyL{{;“u ;xdg ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ k7gkf7g ug]{ bfloTj klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mg} ljBfnosf cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg] 5'6 eg] lbOPsf] 5}g .

dª\uf]lnof ;g\ @))^ df ul/Psf] lzIff P]gsf] ;+zf]wg / @))& df kfl/t k"j{ k|fylds, k|fylds tyf dfWolds lzIfsx¿n] kfngf ug'kg]{ cfrf/ ;+lxtfn] d"nwf/sf lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . vf; u/L pQm cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] bkmf @ df, …s'g} klg lzIfsn] cfk\mgf ljBfyL{{nfO{ z'Ns ltg]{ u/L 6\o';g k9\g, k':ts, z}lIfs ;fdu|L jf cGo j:t' vl/b ug{ pS;fpg] 5}gÚ elgPsf] 5 . o; k|fjwfgsf] pNnª\3g ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ hl/jfgf ul/g'sf ;fy} ltgsf lzIf0f cg'dltkq ;d]t vf/]h ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

:nf]eflsof Jofkfl/s cg'dlt;DaGwL sfg'gn] ljb]zL efiff tyf snf h:tf ljifodf 6\o';g k9fpg kfOg] cj:yfsf] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . ljb]zL efiffdf 6\o';g k9fpg] cg'dlt ;DalGwt ljifodf ljZjljBfno txsf] pkflw jf j}b]lzs efiffsf] k|df0fkq xfl;n u/]sf jf ;DalGwt efiff af]lng] d'n'sdf 36Ldf !) jif{ a;]sf JolQmn] dfq kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . To;} u/L !) jif{;Dd snfsf If]qdf sfd ul/;s]sf jf snf;DaGwL ljBfnoaf6 k|df0fkq xfl;n u/]sf JolQmn] dfq snf ljifodf 6\o';g k9fpg kfp“5 . t/ ljBfnodf k9fOg]] ljifodf 6\o';g k9fpg lzIfs jf c? s;}nfO{ s'g} sfg'gL k|ltaGw 5}g .

Tfflhls:tfg ;g\ @))$ sf] lzIff P]gn] ljBfyL{{nfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf jf ;d"xut ¿kdf ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnosf cf}krfl/s ;do afx]ssf cjlwdf k9fpg] JolQmnfO{ 6\o'6/ eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] bkmf @$df State secondary schools df cleefjs jf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] z'Ns lt/]/ cfk\mgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k"/s sIff ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . pQm k|fjwfgcg';f/ b]xfosf If]qdf ljBfnosf cf}krfl/s ;do aflx/ 6\o';g k9fpg kfOg] Joj:yf 5 – o /fHosf] kf7\oqmdn] g;d]6]sf ljifodf tyf 5'§} sfo{qmddf≤ o ljifout ulx/fOsf ;DaGwdf lzIf0f ;+:yfsf sfo{qmdn] g;d]6]sf

txdf ≤ o /fHosf z}lIfs :t/eGbf aflx/sf cGo k|sf/sf z}lIfs ;]jfdf .

O'qm]g ;g\ @))#df lzIff tyf lj1fg dGqfnon] ljBfno kl/;/leq 6\o';g k9fpg k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . To;} u/L lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{


77


6\o';g k9fpg klg k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . ;|f]t M l;nf]ef, @))& k[i6 !)–!!

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ^ d'n'sx¿dWo] lny'jfgLofn] ;a}eGbf lj:t[t sfo{9f“rf agfPsf] 5 . Toxf“sf] ;g\ @))# df kfl/t P]gn] lghL 6\o'6/nfO{ kl/eflift ub}{ btf{ k|lqmofsf] klg JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;n] lghL lzIfsdfly g}ltstfsf] kfngf, ljBfyL{{sf ;'/Iff Joj:yf / pko'Qm l;sfO jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ bfloTj klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfg'gn] lghL 6\o'6/nfO{ d"nwf/ ljBfnodf k9fpg] cg'dlt klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 t/ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg eg] /f]s nufOsf] 5 (Budine and Zabulionis, 2006, p. 218) .

o;sf ljk/Lt :nf]eflsofdf Trade licensing act cGtu{t snf / ljb]zL efiffdf 6\o';g k9fpg] s'/fdf dfq of]Uotfsf ;t{ tf]lsPsf 5g\ . ljBfnodf k9fO x'g] ljifodf 6\o';g k9fpg s'g} of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 5}g . To;sf/0f clwsf+z 6\o';gsdL{x¿ s/sf] bfo/faflx/ 5fof cy{tGqdf sfd ub{5g\ (Kubanova, 2006, p. 228) . lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg s'g} k|sf/sf] k|ltaGw 5}g . o; ;d"xsf tLg d'n'sx¿n] dfq -lny'jfgLof, dª\uf]lnof / o'qm]g_ d"wf/sf lzIfsx¿dfly cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpgaf6 /f]s nufPsf] 5 .

t/ l;nf]ef -k[= !!_ sf cg';f/ o:tf lgodgsf/L k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tfsf] cefj ;j{q b]lvG5 . sfhv:tfg tyf lny'jflgofdf nfdf] k|lqmofsf sf/0f yf]/} lzIfsn] dfq cfk"mnfO{ lghL 6\o'6/sf ¿kdf k~hLs[t u/]sf 5g\ . ptf s/ lg/LIfsx¿n]] 6\o';gaf6 s'g} JolQmn] cfo cfh{g u/] gu/]sf] kQf nufpg c;Dejk|foM /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . sfhv:tfg tyf tflhls:tfgdf cleefjsx¿n] 6\o';gafktsf] z'Ns ljBfnosf] a}ª\s vftfdfkm{t a'emfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ tL d'n'sx¿df ;fj{hlgs ljBfnox¿dWo] sd}n] dfq a}ª\s vftf vf]n]sf 5g\ . l;nf]efn] -k[= !@_ s/ ltg{ k|]l/t ug]{ s'g} k|sf/sf k|fjwfg gePsfn] klg o;f] ePsf] atfPsL l5g\ . tflhls:tfgsf s/;DaGwL P]gn] k};f lnP/ k|bfg ul/g] z}Ifl0fs ;]jfaf6 x'g] cfonfO{ s/of]Uo dfg]sf] 5 . t/ g t ;/sf/n] g} o:tf lgodnfO{ aGwgsf/L kfngfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 g s/ bftf g} o;sf] kl/kfngfsf nflu clek|]l/t 5g\ .

cGo d'n'sx¿df leGg k|sf/sf sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd hfkfgL pklgj]df /x]sfn] sf]l/ofnL sfg'gx¿df hfkfgsf] k|efj :ki6 /x]sf] eP klg 6\o';g Joj;fosf] lgodgsf ;DaGwdf eg] tL b'O{ d'n'saLr 7"nf] leGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lsd / nL -@))*, k[i6 (_ sf cg';f/ xfsf]G; (hakwons) ;~rfng ug{ rfxg]n] ;/sf/L cg'dlt lng' clgjfo{ 5 . o;cGtu{t sfd ug]{ 6\o'6/sf nflu lglZrt of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 / ;+:yfsf ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿ ;'/Iffsf lgwf{l/t dfkb08cg'¿k x'g' h?/L 5 . o:tf xfsf]G;df :yfgLo lzIff clwsf/Ln] lgwf{/0f u/]eGbf a9L z'Ns lng gkfOg] klg lgod 5 . lsd / nL -k[= (_n] eg]sf 5g\—


78


hfkfgsf h's'n] pkef]u u/];/xsf] :jtGqtf sf]l/ofsf xfsf]G;n] ug{ kfp“b}gg\ . hfkfg ;/sf/n] h's'nfO{ cGo Jofj;fo;/x Jojxf/ u5{, s'g} lgoGq0f ub}{g . k|z:t nrstfsf ;fy ljleGg k|sf/sf lghL z}lIfs Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ tyf z}lIfs ;]jfsf dfusf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ h's'sf] t'ngfdf xfsf]G; w]/} ;ª\sL0f{ bfo/fdf kl/eflift 5 / w]/} xb;Dd ljBfnoh:t} 5 .

Dierks / Moori (2008) sf n]vgdf klg dflysf s'/fsf] emNsf] cfp“5 . IIEP gLltut a}7sdf k|:t't ePsf cGo pbfx/0f b]xfocg';f/ 5g\ —

• cl:6«ofdf lghL 6\o';g vf; u/L sfo{/t lzIfs, ;]jf lgj[Q JolQm, ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{{n] Ps ljBfyL{{ Ps 6\o'6/sf lx;fan] 3/}df ;~rfng ul/g] Joj;fosf ¿kdf 5g\ . lgodfg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf lzIfsn] cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 (Gruber, 2007 snf 2008) .

• ef/tdf 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ lgodg ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf 5}g . t/ ;'hfyf -k[= @(–#)_ sf cg';f/ sltko /fHox¿df d"nwf/ ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . clkt', sltko /fHodf ;DalGwt k|wfgfWofkssf] cg'dlt lnP/ s]xL xb;Dd d"nwf/sf lzIfsnfO{ klg 6\o';g k9fpg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . tyflk, ;'hfyfsf dtdf lzIfsx¿n] lgjf{w ¿kdf 6\o';g k9fp“5g\ eGg] s'/f ;j{q hfx]/ 5 . dxf/fi6«df k;n P]gcg';f/ /fh:j ljefu dftxt btf{ u/fP/ 6\o';g s]Gb| (coaching centres) ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . t/ 3/d} ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ Charity Commission Act cGtu{t btf{ x'G5g\ . l;4fGttM ;+:yfx¿sf] btf{ gjLs/0f k|To]s #÷# jif{df x'g'kg]{ eP klg ;DalGwt lgsfosf] s8f ;'kl/j]If0fsf cefjdf To;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g -;'hfyf, k[= @_ .

• gfldlaofdf lghL 6\o';gnfO{ lgolGqt ug]{ s'g} lgodgsf/L Joj:yf 5}g t/ o;sf] cfjZostf lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 (Nghiyoonnaye, 2007, p. 2) .

• kf]r'{undf !(((df lzIff If]qdf ;fj{hlgs sfddf lghL ultljlwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ Pp6f lgodfjnL kfl/t ul/of] (Netr-Mended and Costa, 2007, p. 3) . To; lgodfjnLn] cfkm}+n] k9fO/x]sf ljBfyL{{nfO{ lghL ¿kdf 6\o';g k9fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . @))% df ag]sf] lgodn] o;nfO{ cem :ki6 kfb}{ ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf lzIfsn] To;} ljBfnosf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ u/L lghL ¿kaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] k"/s lzIffsf ;]jfdf ;l/s x'gaf6 gkfpg] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 . t/ Netr-Mended and Costa, (2007, p. 3) sf egfOdf /fhgLl ts OR5f zlQmsf] cefjdf o:tf lgodfjnLsf] kl/kfngf x'g'kg]{ hlt s8fOsf ;fy ePsf] 5}g .

• l;ª\ufk'/df s'g} lzIfsn] xKtfsf] ^ 306feGbf a9L cjlwsf nflu lghL 6\o';gdf ;+nUg x'g'kbf{ :jLs[lt lng'kb{5 / cfkm\g} ljBfnosf ljBfyL{{nfO{ lghL 6\o';g k9fpg kfp“b}gg\ . t/ Toxf“ klg o:tf lgodsf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ePsf] kfO“b}g / tL lgodfjnLn] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df klg Wofg lb“b}gg\ (Tan, 2007 and 2009, p. 100) .


79


• dsfcf]]df ;g\ !((* df kl/t lgodfjnLcg';f/ lghL tj/jf6 k"/s lzIff ;]jf k|bfg ug{ rfxg] ;+:yfn] cg'dlt kq lng' cfjZos 5 / To:tf k|bfossf] sfo{ynf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf dfkb08cg'¿k x'g' h?/L 5 (Sou, 2007, p. 3) . To:tf ;+:yfn] cfk/flws ultljlwdf ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] k|df0f kq k]; ug'{ k5{ / b}lgs Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg JolQmn] 36Ldf sn]h jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . 6\o';g k9fpg] lzIfssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cfk"mn] k9fpg] eGbf dflyNnf txsf] x'g' klg cfjZos 5 . 6\o';g s]Gb|x¿sf] cg'dltkq k|To]s jif{ gjLs/0f ug'{k5{ gjLs/0f gul/Psf jf cg'dlt kq glnPsf ;+:yfnfO{ lzIff tyf o'jf dGqfnon] aGb u/fpg ;S5 . Toxf“sf] cg'dlt kq hf/L ug]{ ;+:yf lgs} ;ts{ / ;zQm 5 . sltko cj:yfdf cg'dltkq ePsf ;+:yfx¿n] cg'dlta]u/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf ;+:yfsf lj?4 ph'/L klg u5{g\ .

• o'ufG8fsf] lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf] lghL k"/s lzIffsf ;DaGwdf vf;} :ki6 gLlt 5}g (Eilor, 2007, p. 33) . lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] 6\o';gsf af/]df y'k|} vfnsf kl/kq hf/L u/]sf] 5, sltko k|=c= tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ 6\o';gdf ;+nUg eO{ cfk\mgf clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf cleof]udf cjsf; k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / cleefjsx¿;“u 6\o';g k|yf lgolGqt ug]{ ;jfndf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ clkn klg u/]sf] 5 . t/ ljleGg lgsfoaLr 6\o';gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ ;jfndf e"ldsfsf] :ki6 JofVof gePsf sf/0fn] k|efjsf/L pknlAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

a]nfotsf k|fjwfgsf] klg JofVofsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . Ireson, (2007a,p. 5) sf cg';f/ Toxf“ hf]sf]xLn] cfk"mnfO{ 6\o'6/sf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;S5 . o;sf nflu vf; of]Uotf jf cg'ej tf]lsPsf] 5}g . t/ Toxf“sf] Making Good Progress scheme n] s:tf JolQmnfO{ 6\o'6/df lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsG5, p;sf] tnadfg slt x'G5 cflb ;a} pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu xf8{kmf]8{ ;fo/sf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿n] o; of]hgfcGtu{t s:tf JolQm 6\o'6/df lgo'Qm x'g;S5g\ eg]/ b]xfocg';f/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf g} hf/L u/]sf 5g\\—

o sfo{/t lzIfs geP klg u'0f:t/Lo lzIfssf] :t/ ePsf] (Quality Teacher-status –QST) JolQm x'g'k5{≤ jf

o j}b]lzs tflnd k|fKt u/L a]nfotsf ljBfnodf lzIfs kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg] of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm x'g'k5{≤ jf

o ;DalGwt ljifodf pRr lzIff xfl;n u/L tflnd k|fKt JolQm x'g'k5{ .

o; of]hgfcGtu{t lgo'Qm ;a} 6\o'6/n] ck/fw cg';Gwfg sfof{noaf6 rfl/lqs :jR5tfaf/] ;kmfO{ kfPsf] x'g'kb{5 / :yfgLo clwsf/L jf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgo'Qm u/]sf 6\o'6/nfO{ k]G;g;lxt lgwf{l/t tnadfg k|bfg ug{'kb{5 . Sharma, (2009) n] o; Joj:yfsf] l6Kk0fL ub}{ eg]sf 5g\ —


80


;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ ljBfnox¿n] ljBfyL{{sf j}olQms cfjZostfcg'¿k l;sfOsf cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] p2]ZonfO{ oyfy{ ¿k k|bfg ug{df lghL 6\o'6/x¿sf] of] e"leut kmf}h w]/} pkof]uL ;fljt x'g ;S5 .

o;}aLr Tanner, Day, et al. (2009, p. 47) n] !)# 6\o';g ;+:yfx¿sf] ;e]{ u/]sf lyP . tL ;+:yf $# k|ltzt 6\o'6/n] QST sf cfjZostf k"/f u/]sf lyPgg\ / &( k|ltztn] ck/fw cg';Gwfg sfof{nosf6 cfr/0fsf] 5fglag u/fO{ ;kmfO lnPsf lyP .

lgodgsf/L 9f“rfsf] o; n]vfhf]vfaf6 sltko ;/sf/x¿n] o; ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfsf ;fy lnPsf], sltkosf k|fjwfg c:ki6 /x]sf], sltkon] :ki6 k|fjwfg eP/ klg sfof{Gjogdf uDeL/tf k|bz{g gu/]sf] / sltkon] o;af/]df s]xL ub}{ gu/]sf] b]lvG5 . h] xf];\, t'ngfTds cWoog ;'ud u/fpgsf nflu lgodgsf/L 9f“rfsf] :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . ;+;f/sf sltko d'n'sx¿n] d"nwf/sf ljBfno lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg lgif]w u/]sf 5g\ eg] a]nfot, c:6«]lnof tyf k|mfG; h:tf d'n'sdf o:tf k|ltaGw 5}gg\ . lzIfsnfO{ cfk\mgf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ k'Ug] tna ;'ljwf k|bfg gul/Psf cj:yfdf cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg cg'dlt ePsf cj:yfdf lzIfsx¿ cltl/Qm cfosf nflu e|i6 sfo{df ;l/s x'g ;S5g\ eGg] cfzª\sf ul/Psf] 5 .


81


$$$$ cg'udg tyf cg'udg tyf cg'udg tyf cg'udg tyf d"Nd"Nd"Nd"Nofªofªofªofª\\ \\sgsgsgsg

z}lIfs of]hgfn] ck]Iff u/]cg';f/sf kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt eP gePsf] lg?k0f ug{ lzIffsf of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] cfk\mgf If]qflwsf/leqsf sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy} sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf gLltn] pTkGg u/]sf k|efjsf] lg¿k0f ug{sf nflu klg cg'udgsf k|ejsf/L ;+oGqsf] cfjzostf /xG5 . k':tssf] o; v08df lghL 6\o';gsf If]qdf ;+;f/sf ljleGg d'n'sn] ckgfOcfPsf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg sf cEof;x¿sf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ljBfno, lhNnf, /fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf tYofª\ssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; v08sf] k|yd efudf b]zleqsf / bf];|f]df cGt/b]zLo cj:yfdf s]lGb|t\ 5g\ .

:yfgLo / /fli6«o k[i7kf]if0fsf ;|:yfgLo / /fli6«o k[i7kf]if0fsf ;|:yfgLo / /fli6«o k[i7kf]if0fsf ;|:yfgLo / /fli6«o k[i7kf]if0fsf ;|f]t f]t f]t f]t

o; k':tssf] cGj]if0f v08df lghL k"/s lzIffsf ;DaGwdf oy]i6 / e/ kbf{ tYofª\s pknAw ug{ sl7gfO 5 eGg] rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfyL{{, cleefjs tyf 6\o'6/x¿ o;af/] ;xL hfgsf/L lbg rfx“b}gg\ . km]l/ df};dcg';f/ 6\o';gsf] ;dofjlw / dfqfdf klg km/s k5{ . ;fy} c? tTjx¿n] klg k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] o;sf k|efjsf] Plsg cf“sng ug{ sl7g 5 .

tyflk, 6\o';g k|yfsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ;Dej 5 eGg] tYo o; k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf ljleGg cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ . Ireson (2007a, p. 3) sf cg';f/ k|ZgfjnL sIff sf]7fd} ljt/0f ug{ / ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] 6\o';g;DaGwL tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu ljBfyL{{ ;a}eGbf e/kbf{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ . Pl/;f]g cufl8 elG5g\—

ljBfyL{{ ;e]{af6 6\o';g kl9g] k|d'v ljifox¿, k|fKt 6\o';gsf] dfqf / z}lIfs ;qe/df lnOg]÷lbOg] 6\o';gsf k|sf/af/] w]/} pkof]uL / ljj/0fTds tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf ;e]{af6 hg;ª\Vof, 6\o';g lng'sf] sf/0f / To;af/]df ljBfyL{{sf cjwf/0ff af/]sf tYofª\s klg ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 .

cg';Gwftfx¿n] cGtjf{tf{nufotsf cGo pkfoaf6 cfjZos 7flgPsf u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds ;"rgfsf] klg cGj]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . o;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf 6\o';g k|yfsf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;3fp k'U5 . t/ o:tf non random sampling af6 ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] pkof]lutf ;Lldt dfq x'G5 / ltgsf cfwf/df ljleGg d'n'sx¿df k|rlnt 6\o';gsf] dfqf / ;dofg';f/sf k|j[lQsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ;Dej x'“b}g . Pl/;f]g\ (Eireson, 2007a) sf egfOdf ;e]{ tYofª\sdf clwsf+ztM 6\o';gsf] dfqf / d"No h:tf s'/fdf pQ/bftfn] :d/0fsf cfwf/df lbPsf hafkmdf e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQ/bftfaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf jt{dfg cj:yfsf xsdf e/kbf{ eP klg k'/fgf tYo ;+:d/0f u/]/ lbPsf hafkm w]/} e/kbf{ gx'g klg ;S5g\ . 6\o';gsf] z'Ns ;fdfGotof ljBfyL{{sf kl/jf/hgn] ltg]{ ePsfn] To;af/] ;xL hfgsf/L ljBfyL{{nfO{ gx'g klg ;S5 . cem ljleGg k|sf/sf cltl/Qm tyf JolQmut sIff lnO/x]sf ljBfyL{{n] z'Ns lt/]sf / glt/]sf 6\o';gsf leGgtf yfxf gkfpg klg ;S5g\ .


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o;sf/0f k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ubf{ j}w hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{sf nflu ljleGg ljsNk tyf k|Zgdf k|of]u ul/g] zAbfjnLaf/] ;d]t uDeL/ ljrf/ k'¥Øfpg' h?/L 5 . ;fgf ;fgf afnaflnsfnfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ lgdf{0f ul/g] k|ZgfjnLdf cem a9L Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . Pl/;f]g (Ireson, 2007a, p. 5) cufl8 elG5g\—

k'/fgf 36gfaf/] ;lDemP/ lbOPsf pQ/eGbf tTsfnsf 36gfjf/] lbOPsf pQ/ a9L ljZj;gLo x'g] ePsfn] 8fo/Laf6 ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] ljZj;gLotf a9L x'g] ub{5 . t/ ck"0f{ x'g] tyf x/fpg] ;Defjgfn] ;"rgfsf] laZj;gLotfdf x|f; Nofpg ;S5 . To;sf/0f 7"nf ;e]{]If0fsf nflu of] pko'Qm gx'g ;S5 t/ klg ljBfyL{{af6 k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t ;ª\slnt tYofª\sf ljZj;gLotfsf] hf“r ug{df o;sf] pkof]lutf /xg ;S5 .

cleefjsx¿ tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf j}slNks ;|f]t x'g\ . cleefjsx¿ ljBfnon] s'g ljBfyL{{nfO{ s:tf cltl/Qm sIff k|bfg u5{ eGg]jf/] cgle1 /xg ;S5g\ . t/ clwsf+z 6\o';gsf] k|aGw cleefjsn] g} ug]{ ePsfn] cfk\mgf afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g ;dodf s:tf 6\o';g k|bfg ul/of] / To;df slt vr{ eof] eGg] ;DaGwdf pgLx?sf egfO ljZj;gLo x'G5g\ . a]nfotL ljBfnon] cfk\mgf ljBfyL{{sf cleefjssf] lj:t[t hfgsf/L pknAw u/fp“b}g . To;sf/0f Ireson n] cWoogsf qmddf ljBfyL{{dfkm{t cleefjsnfO{ k|ZgfjnL k7fOg\ . of] k4lt Tolt e/ kbf]{ geP klg pgn] k7fPsf Wo] 5}6f}+ jif{sf #* k|ltzt / gjf}+ tyf !! cf}+ jif{sf ljBfyL{{sf @( k|ltzt cleefjsn] hafkm k7fPsf lyP . t/ cleefjssf af/]df ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ /f]s gnufOPsf cGo d'n'sx¿df cleefjs;“u ;f]emf] ;Dks{ nufotsf cGo pkfosf] cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .

cleefjsaf6 ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ csf{] pkfo kfl/jfl/s ;j{]If0f x'g ;S5 . leotgddf hLjg:t/ dfks ;j{]If0fn] u/]em}+ (Dang, 2007) hgu0fgfsf ;Gbe{df k|of]u ul/g] tYofª\sdf o; k|of]hgsf k|ZgfjnL klg ;dfj]z u/fpg ;lsG5 . t/ sltko ;/sf/L dGqfnox¿ cfkmgf ;j]{If0fdf c?sf k|Zg ;dfj]z ug{ ?rfpb}gg\ . ltgsf nflu 6\o';g ljifos ;"rgf k|fyldstfdf klg kb}{gg\ . To;sf/0f To:tf ;e]{df cToGt} cfwf/e"t k|Zg dfq ;dfj]z x'g] ;defjgf /xG5 . xªsª Bray and kwok, (2003,p. 614) / a]nfotdf Peters et al., 2009, p. 2) n] h:tf] csf]{ j}slNks pkfosf ¿kdf cfsl:ds 6]lnkmf]g sn x'g ;S5 . t/ o;df klg pQ/bftfn] cfk\mgf hLjgsf lghL dfdnfdf x:tIf]k eg]/ ;xL pQ/ glbg] vt/f /xg] eP klg s]xL ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yf, 6\o';g k9fpg] lzIfs tyf 6\o';g k9fpg] ljBfnox¿ klg tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ . 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6/L tyf lj1fkgsf ;"rgfdfkm{t Cram schools tyf 6\o';g k|bfos ;+:yfsf af/]df ;xh} ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf k|rf/ ;fdu|L cfkm}df ;"rgfsf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ . sltko k|rf/ sDkgLx¿ ;~hfnsf ¿kdf sfd ub{5g\ / ltgaf6 /fli6«o txs} ;"rgf k|fKt x'g ;S5 eg] sltko :yfgLo txdf dfq s]lGb|t /xG5g\, h;jf6 ;Lldt ;"rgf dfq k|fKt x'g ;S5 . sltko


83


cj:yfdf 6\o'6/ cfkm}n] k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sfd u5{g\ t/ o:tf clwsf+z 6\o'6/n] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df ljBfyL{{ ;ª\sng ug]{ x'“bf ltgLx¿ :jod\ rflx“ cb[Zo /xG5g\ .

6\o';gaf/] ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug]{ kqsf/x¿n] ;fdfGotof 7"nf ;]jf k|bfos SDkgLsf lgb]{zs tyf :jtGq 6\o'6/x¿af6 ;"rgf ;ª\sng ub{5g\ (Ireson, 2007a, p. 5) . o:tf sDkgLnfO{ cfkm\gf Jofj;fosf af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/L /xg] ub{5 t/ klg ;ts{tfsf] cfjZostf eg] /xg] ub{5 .

klxnf] s'/f t kqsf/;“u ;+jfb ug{ rfxg] lgb]{zs ;fdfGotof ;kmndWo]sf x'G5g\ / o:tf ;+jfbdfkm{t cfk\mgf k||rf/ u/fpg rfxG5g\ . bf];|f], o:tf cj;/nfO{ sDkgL Ph]G6x¿n] lgMz'Ns k|rf/sf cj;/sf ¿kdf lng] ub{5g\ / cfk\mgf s'/f oyfy{eGbf leGg ¿kn] a9fO{ r9fO{ k|:t't u5{g\ .

o:tf sDkgL Ph]G6x¿ k"jf{u|x/lxt g} /x]sf cj:yfdf ;d]t ltgnfO{ k|ltlglwd"ns ¿kdf lng eg] ldNb}g .

cj cg'udgaf6 d"Nofª\sgtkm{ nfuf“}+ . a]nfotsf] Making good progress sfof{Gjogsf] d"Nofª\sg of]hgf th'{dfdf ;+nUg Tylor (2007, p. 11 n] lzIf0f l;sfOsf u'0f:t/sf] lgwf{/0f 6\o';g ;];gsf gd'gf / ltgsf of]hgfsf] cWoogaf6 ug{ ;lsg] atfPsL l5g\ . pQm sfo{qmddf ;a} ljBfnonfO{ 6\o';gsf] ;'? / cGTosf ljBfyL{ pknlAw ljj/0f k]; ug{ nufOof] . o; cfwf/df ul/Psf d"Nofª\sgsf] k|df0fLs/0f ;DalGwt sIff lzIfsaf6 u/fOof] . 6\o';gsf qmddf ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfO k|lqmofdf lg/Gt/ dfu{lgb]{zgsf nflu lzIfsx¿åf/f lnOPsf ljleGg kl/Iff tyf d"Nofª\sgsf glthf;“u ljBfyL{x¿sf pknlAwsf] t'ngf ul/Psf] lyof] . lgwf{l/t ;dodf Pp6f lghL k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yf;“u pQm k|jt{g sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu s/f/ ;Demf}tf ul/of] . o;n] !) :yfgLo k|flws/0f dftfxtsf $%) k|fylds / dfWolds ljBfnosf] d"Nofª\sg u¥Øf] (Pricewaterhouse coopers, 2008) . d"Nofª\sgstf{sf k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg tlnsf !^ df b]vfOP em}+ tLg sfo{wf/df ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf !^ M tflnsf !^ M tflnsf !^ M tflnsf !^ M Making Good Progress sf] k|jt{gdf ckgfOPsf] sf] k|jt{gdf ckgfOPsf] sf] k|jt{gdf ckgfOPsf] sf] k|jt{gdf ckgfOPsf] d"d"d"d"NofªNofªNofªNofª\\ \\sgsgsgsg k|lqmof k|lqmof k|lqmof k|lqmof

gd'gd'gd'gd'gf ljBFno gf ljBFno gf ljBFno gf ljBFno (Sample) llllqmofsnfkqmofsnfkqmofsnfkqmofsnfk Deep dive schools k|To]s :yfgLo k|flws/0faf6 Pp6f ljBfno kg]{ u/L !) k|flws/0faf6 ^ k|fylds / $ dfWolds ljBfnosf] 5gf}6

• ljBfno e|d0fM o k|=c=, k|jt{g sfo{qmdsf] lhDd]jf/ lzIfs, ul0ft / cª\u|]hL

ljifosf k|d'v, Joj:yfks, ljz]if cfjZostf lzIffsf k|d'v, sfo{/t 6\o'6/ tyf cGo lzIfssf] cGtjf{tf{ lng≤

o ljBfyL{ ;j]{If0f -k|lt ljBfno !)) hgf cf7f}+ ljBfno jif{sf ljBfyL{{_ jf k|fylds ljBfnosf Focus group -*–!) ljBfno jif{sf k|lt ljBfno % ljBfyL{{_≤ /

o j}slNks lzIfs ;e]{ . • Deep dive schools sf] ;xof]udf nueu !)) ljBfyL{{sf

cleefjssf] ;j]{If0f .


84


• ljut * dlxgfdf ;DkGg o:t} sfo{ / k|=c= tyf k|jt{g lzIfs ;“u lnO{Psf cGtjf{tfsf{ z[ª\vnfdfly yk sfd ub}{ hfg .

Light touch schools k|To]s :yfgLo k|flws/0faf6 $ ljBfno kg]{ u/L @) k|fylds / @) dfWolds ljBfnosf] 5gf}6

• k|To]s ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks / k|jt{gsf] lhDdf lnPsf lzIfs;“u 6]lnkmf]g cGtjf{tf{ .

• Light touch Schools sf ;xof]udf !)) hlt ljBfyL{{sf cleefjssf] ;j]{If0f .

• ljut * dlxgfdf ;dkGg o:t} sfo{ / k|To]s :yfgLo k|flws/0fsf k| =c= / k|jt{g lzIfs;“u Focus group sfo{sf z[ª\vnfdfly yk sfd ub}{ hfg] .

Population cGo ;a} k|jt{g ljBfno

• ;a} k|=c= x¿sf] O–;e]{ -o:t} ;e]{ * dlxgf klxn] klg ul/Psf]_ .

• k|To]s :yfgLo k|flws/0fn] ;“ufn]sf cg'ej ;d]6\g ;a} !) :yfgLo k|flws/0fsf k|jt{gsf] g]t[Tj kIfsf] cGtjf{tf{ .

Source: pricewaterhouse cooers (2008), p. 6.

cGo d'n'ssf ;/sf/x¿n] ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm / ljQLo ;|f]tsf cefjsf sf/0f olt pGgt k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf sd 5 . tyflk df}h'bf ;+oGqs} andf w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . ;g\ @))% df kf]r'{unsf] lzIff dGqfnon] ljZjljBfno k|j]zsf nflu /fli6«o k/LIffdf btf{ x'g rfxg] pRr dfWolds ljBfno kf/ u/]sf ljBfyL{{aLr Pp6f ;fdfGo k|ZgfjnL ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u¥Øf] (Costa et al., 2008) . pQm k|ZgfjnLdf tL ljBfyL{{n] slxn], sxf“, slt;dosf nflu, slt k};f vr{ u/]/, s'g s'g ljifodf 6\o';g k9]sf lyP eGg] k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . of] gd'gf (sample) pRr dfWolds lzIff kf/ u/]sf ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ g;d]6L s]an pRr lzIffdf hfg rfxg] ljBfyL{aLr dfq ;Lldt ul/Psf]] lyof] . tyflk of] w]/} ;"rgfd"ns lyof] . k|ZgfjnLsf] pQ/ sfuhdf jf on-line lbg ;lsg] k|fjwfg lyof] . k|ZgfjnL pQ/bftfsf ?lr;“u ;fGble{s ePsfn] ;a}n] hafkm lbP .

;/sf/sf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg Ifdtf clej[l4sf] csf]{ pkfo xf], ljZjljBfno tyf cg';Gwfgsf/L ;+:yfx¿;“u ;xsfo{ ug'{ . df]l/;;df ul/Psf] l:yltcWoogsf qmddf Toxf“sf] ;/sf/n] df]l/;; ljZjljBfno;“u u/]sf ;xsfo{sf] kl/rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . (Joynathsingh et al., 1988) . o;} u/L dsfcf] ;/sf/n] xªsª l:yt rfOlgh ljZjljBfnonfO{ Toxf“sf] 6\o';g k|yf / To;af/] cleefjssf wf/0ffsf] cWoog cg'aGw u¥Øf] (Ho, 2008) . To:t} Open Society Institute n] k"j{ ;dfhjfbL If]qsf 6\o';g k|yfsf] cGj]if0fsf nflu :yfgLo Think tank ;“u ;fem]bf/L u/]sf] lyof] (Silova et al., 2006; Silova, 2009) . ;/sf/x¿n] ljZjljBfnox¿ nufot cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo (UNESCO, 2000; World Bank, 2004) af6 ul/Psf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf k|ltj]bgaf6 klg kmObf p7fpg ;S5g\ .

oxf“ rrf{of]Uo s'/f IIEP sf] gLltut e]nfaf6 clek|]l/t eP/ o'ufG8f tyf af]T:jfgfn] cfk\mgf d'n'ssf lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf] k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f u/fPsf lyP (Eilor, 2007; Makgothi, 2007) . ca klg o:tf sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ IIEP ;bf tTk/ /xg]5 .


85


cGt/f{li6«o dfkg cGt/f{li6«o dfkg cGt/f{li6«o dfkg cGt/f{li6«o dfkg

cGt/b]zLo ;j]{If0fn] klg of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ d'n's ljz]ifsf tYofª\s pknAw u/fP/ dfq geO{ cGt/fli6«o dfkgsf ;"rgf k|bfg u/]/ ;xof]u k'¥Øfpg ;S5 . df}h'bf cj:yfdf Wofg lbg nfos rf/ ;j]{If0f pknAw 5g\ .

z}lIfs pknlAw d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf (Internationational Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievements -IEA) sf] tTjfjwfgdf t];|f] cGt/f{li6«o ul0ft tyf lj1fg cWoog / pQm ljifosf cWoogdf b]vf k/]sf pQ/flwsf/L k|j[lQ (Third International Mathematics and Science Study –TIMSS) ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . TIMSS sf] klxnf] r/0fsf] k/LIf0fdf $% d'n'ssf ul0ft / lj1fg ljifosf % cf]6f pd]/ / sIff ;d"xsf %)),))) ljBfyL{{x¿sf ;DalGwt lzIfs tyf lk|lG;knx¿af6 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] (Martin, 1996,p. 1-2) . bF];|F] r/0fdf #* d'n'ssf sIff * sf ljBfyL{dfly s]lGb|t ul/Psf] lyof] (Robitaille and Beaton, 2002, p. 11) . t];|f] r/0fdf ;g\ @))# df $( d'n'ssf sIff $ / * sf ljBfyL{{af6 t'ngfTds tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] (Mullis, Martin, et al., 2005, pp. 3-4) .

oL cWoogaf6 5fof lzIffsf af/]df w]/} dxTjk"0f{ / lzIffk|b tYofª\s k|fKt eof] (Baker,Akiba et al., 2001; Wolf, 2002; Baker and leTendre, 2005) . ;j]{If0f ax'kIfLo ePsfn] 5fof lzIffsf ljleGg rnx¿ (variables) ;“u s:tf] ;DaGw /xG5 eg]/ cWoogsf nflu k|Kt tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ;Dej eof] . tyflk o;df ljlw ;Da4 ;d:of eg] b]vfk/] . !((% sf] ul0ft ljifosf] ;j]{If0fdf sIff & / * sf ljBfyL{{;“u ljBfno ;do cufl8 jf k5fl8 u/]/ k|ltxKtf ul0ftdf 6\o';g÷cltl/Qm sIffsf nflu vlr{Psf] ;dosf af/]df ;f]lwPsf] lyof] (TIMSS, 1998, p. SQ 2-3) . o:t} Pp6f lj1fg;DaGwL k|Zg lyof] . oL k|Zgsf] pQ/df lghL 6\o';g dfq geO{ lzIfsåf/f lagf z'Ns k|bfg u/]sf] coaching classes df Joltt ;dosf] kl/df0f ;d]t pNn]v ePsf lyP . t/ …k|ltxKtf vlr{Psf] ;doÚ sf af/]df dfq ;f]lwPsfn] df};dcg';f/ x'g] ;dosf] 36a9nfO{ pQm k|Zgn] ;d]6\g ;s]sf] lyPg . @))# sf] ;e]{df sIff * sf ljBfyL{{nfO{ ;f]lwg] k|Zgdf s]xL kl/dfh{g u/L uPsf] z}lIfs ;qdf ljBfnosf lgoldt sIffafx]s 6\o';gsf nflu Joltt ;dofjlwsf af/]df ;f]lwPsf] lyof] (TIMSS, 2003, p. 27) . pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ ul0ft, hLjlj1fg, k[YjL lj1fg, /;fog zf:q tyf ef}lts zf:qdf …k|lt lbg k|lt ljifoÚ jf …k|ltxKtfdf Ps b'O{ k6sÚ, jf …slxn]sfxL“Ú jf …slxNo} xf]OgÚ cflb pQ/sf ljsNk k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L jif{e/ Joltt ;dosf] cf“s8f ln“bf df};dcg'¿k x'g] ;dosf] 36a9 ;d]t s]xL xb;Dd ;d]l6P klg ;d:ofsf] k"0f{ lg/fs/0f eg] x'g ;s]g . lsgeg] pQ/ cf};tdf cfPsfn] slxn] a9L / slxn] 36L 5'6\Øfpg ;lsPg / ;fy} lagf k};f slt / k};f lt/]/ slt eGg] klg 5'l§Pg .

bf];|f]] r/0fsf] ;j]{If0fn] Southern and Eastern Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) nfO{ s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((% / @))) df SACMEQ n] ^ k|sf/sf lzIff k|0ffnLdf sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{{n] 6\o';g nufot cltl/Qm


86


sIffdf Joltt ;dosf af/]df tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/]sf] lyof] -tflnsf #_ . t/ pQm tYofª\sdf klg ;z'Ns / lgMz'Ns 6\o';gnfO{ 5'§f5'§} k|:t't gu/L Ps} 7fp“df /flvPsf] lyof] . ljZn]if0fsf] kl/dfh{gsf nflu @))& df ;'wfl/Psf k|ZgfjnL tof/ kf/L ltgsf] k"j{k/LIf0f kZrft !% d'n'sdf k|of]u ul/of] (Paviot, 2007; 2009) . ;f]lwPsf k|ZgdWo] !# cf]6f ;Defljt pQ/ ;lxtsf ax'j}slNks lyP . k|Zgx¿ b]xfocg';f/sf lyP M

1. uPsf] z}lIfs ;qdf ljBfnodf k9fO x'g] ljifodf ljBfno ;doafx]s 6\o';g k9\Øf} <

2. uPsf] ;qdf ljBfno ;doafx]s s'g ljifodf 6\o';g k9\Øf} < 3. uPsf] z}lIfs ;qdf ljBfno ;doafx]s s'g ;dodf 6\o';g k9\Øf} < 4. uPsf] ;qdf ljBfno ;doafx]s slxn] slxn] 6\o';g k9\Øf} < 5. 6\o';gdf ltdL nufot hDdf slt hgfsf] sIff lyof] < 6. uPsf] z}lIfs ;qdf ljBfno ;doafx]s xKtfdf slt 306f 6\o';gdf

Joltt u¥Øf} < 7. tL cltl/Qm sIffdf -6\o';g sIffdf_ s] s] u¥Øf} < 8. tL cltl/Qm sIffdf s;n] k9fof] < 9. ;fdfGotof tL cltl/Qm sIff sxf“ ;~rfng ul/Psf lyP < 10. ltdLnfO{ tL cltl/Qm sIffdf hfg s;n] ;Nnfx lbof] < 11. tL cltl/Qm sIff lng'sf d'Vo sf/0f s] s] lyP < 12. cfk"mn] lnPsf cltl/Qm sIffsf af/]df ltd|f s:tf wf/0ff 5g\ < 13. cltl/Qm sIffdf k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] kfl/>lds klg k|bfg

ul/of] ls <

kfl/>lds nufot cGo juL{s/0f, h:t} lghL jf ;fj{hlgs jf :jod\;]jL 6\o';g cflbaf/] k|Zgx¿ k|ZgfjnLsf] kl5Nnf] c+zdf /flvPsf] lyof] . t}klg c:ki6tf af“sL /xg] s'/fdf cg';GwftfnfO{ cjut lyof] . sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{{nfO{ lzIfsn] kfl/>lds lnP glnPsf] hfgsf/L gx'g klg ;SYof] / slt k};f ltl/of] eGg] ;afn klg /flvPsf] lyPg . h;nfO{ kfl/>lds klg lbOPsf] lyof] eGg] hfgsf/L lyof], ltgnfO{ k};fdf jf cGo j:t'df jf b'j} ldnfP/ jf s'g lsl;dn] ltl/of] eGg] k|Zg klg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] (Paviot, 2007, p. 15) . SACMAEQ sf j}1flgs ;ldltn] kfl/>ldssf ;afn w]/} ;+j]bgzLn x'g] ePsfn] of] eGbf ulx/fOdf ghfg] lgwf] u/] . cGt/b]zLo cWoogsf r'gf}tLx¿df ;Da4 ;j} d'n'ssf ;+j]bgzLntfsf] Vofn /fVg'kg]{ x'G5, cGoyf cWoog cf}hf/n] sfd ub}{gg\ .

t];|f] r/0fsf] cGt/b]zLo cWoog Open Society Institute (OSI) n] u/]sf] lyof] . @))$÷)% df ( (Silova et al., 2006) / @))%÷)^ df # (Silova, 2009) u/L hDdf !@ d'n'sdf ;dfg k4ltdf cWoog u/]sf lyP . ;g\\ @))& df OSI n] ;do leq} rflxPsf tYofª\s pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] of] cWoognfO{ bf]xf]¥ØfP/ ug]{ lgwf] u¥Øf] . TIMSS / SACMEQ n] cfk\mgf cWoog k|fylds / lgDg dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{{df s]lGb|t u/]sf]


87


lyof] eg] OSI sf] ljZjljBfnosf k|yd jif{sf ljBfyL{{n] dfWolds txsf clGtd jif{df u/]sf 6\o';gsf cg'ejdf cfwfl/t lyof] . oxf“ pQ/bftfx¿ kl/kSj ePsfn] sltko k|Zgsf] pQ/ u'0f:tl/otfsf lx;fan] ;flaseGbf /fd|f] lyof] . !@ dWo] @ d'n's lny'jflgof / :nf]eflsofdf dfq TIMSS sf cWoognfO{ ;d]l6Psf] lyof] . t/ oxf“ kQf nufOPsf s'/fnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kn] cWoog u/]/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf leGg kIfnfO{ ;d]t lrlqt ug{ ;Dej b]lvof] .

rf}yf], k|d'v cGt/b]zLo ;e]{ Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) cGtu{t Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) n] u/]sf] lyof] . PISA n] ;g\ @)) df $#, @))# df $! / @))^ df %* vfnsf lzIff k|0ffnLdf ljBfyL{{sf l;sfOpknlAwsf] k/LIf0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))^ df cleefjs;“u kl/jf/n] lzIffdf ul/Psf] s'n vr{jf/] k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ To;df 6\o';gsf nflu dfq ul/Psf] vr{ 5'6\ofOPsf] lyPg . To;} u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfnoafx]ssf sIffsf af/]df ;f]lwPsf] lyof] To;df 6\o';g jf cGo k|sf/sf sIffaf/] ;f]lwPsf] lyPg (OECD 2005. 2006b) . PISA n] csf]{ ;j]{If0fdf cjwf/0ffut / ;+;fwgut r'gf}tLnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ub{} 6\o';g;DaGwL cem ljlzi6Ls[t tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ lgwf] u/]sf] 5 .


88


%= lgisif{%= lgisif{%= lgisif{%= lgisif{

o; k':tssf] clGtd v08df d'n's / kl/l:yltcg'¿k 6\o';gsf k|yfdf leGgtf eP klg of] ljZjJofkL k|j[lQ xf] eGg] oyfy{nfO{ dgg u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] k|of; ePsf] 5 . xfnsf bzsdf 6\o';gsf] lj:tf/ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cToGt} b|'t ultdf eO/x]sf] dfq xf]Og, o;sf] ljsf; cflwsfl/s k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . oL tYox¿n] cem a9L ;ts{tfsf] cfjZostf k}bf u/]sf 5g\ . of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfn] kl/k|]Io ;'xfp“bf] ;Daf]wgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo lgoGq0fd'vL dfq geO{ 5fof lzIffaf6 of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfn] kf7 l;Sg] ;d]t x'g' kb{5 .

k|j[k|j[k|j[k|j[lQsf] cjnf]sg lQsf] cjnf]sg lQsf] cjnf]sg lQsf] cjnf]sg

;g\ @))& sf] IIEP sf] gLltut a}7ssf ;dfkg ;df/f]xdf Obeegadoo (2007. P. 6) n] eg], lghL 6\o';gsf] k|yf k"j{ klZrd, ul/a wgL ;a} d'n'sx¿df lzIffnfO{ lghL Joj;fosf ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ub}{ cToGt tLj| ultdf km}lnO/x]sf] 5 . pgsf] egfOsf] ;dy{g cGo ;a} ;xefuLx¿sf k|:t'ltx¿df klg u'l~hPsf lyP . s]xL xb;Dd e"ldut ahf/sf ¿kdf sfo{/t lghL 6\o';g k|yf (Silova et al., 2006) cfhef]ln qmdzM k|s6 ¿kdf cufl8 cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ 5fofn] qmdzM d"t{ ¿k wf/0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 .

lghL 6\o';g k|yfsf h/fx¿ ljleGg ;+:s[lt tyf kl/j]znfO{ e]bg ub}{ klZrd o'/f]kb]lv ;+:s[lt / kl/j]zsf lx;fan] ;j{yf leGg k"jL{ Pl;ofsf d'n'sx¿;Dd km}lnO;s]sf 5g\ . @) cf}“ ztfAbLsf dWo;Dd hfkfg tyf sf]l/of h:tf d'n'sx¿df ;fdfGo ¿kdf /x]sf] lghL 6\o';gsf] pkl:ylt To;kl5sf cjlwdf cToGt tLj| ultdf j[l4 x'gyfNof] / ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dddf ch/a}hfg, sDaf]l8of, df]l/;; tyf >LnÍf h:tf d'n'sx¿df ;d]t o;sf] pkl:ylt afSn} eO;s]sf] 5 . PSsfO:ff}“ ztfAbLsf] ;'?b]lv k"jL{ o'/f]k / dWo Pl;ofdf 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] 6\o';g k|yfsf] km}nfj6sf] ult klZrd o'/f]k, pQ/ cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnof / clk|msfdf emg\ a9\g yfNof] / Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf klg o;sf] pkl:ylt plbodfg cj:yfdf cfOk'Uof] .

lj:tf/sf qmddf o; k|yfnfO{ ljleGg kl/j]zdf ljleGg tTjx¿n] dnhn ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu hlh{of, lslu{lh:tfg, tyf tflhls:tfg h:tf d'n'sx¿df d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf lzIfsx¿sf] tnadfg cToGt Go"g ePsfn] cfk\mgf afnaRrfsf] e/0f kf]if0fsf nflu cltl/Qm k};f cfh{g ug{ 6\o';gsf] k];f ckgfpg lzIfsx¿ afWo eP . o;sf lj?4 xªsª, sf]l/of, hfkfg tyf l;ª\ufk'/ h:tf d'n'sdf t'ngfTds ¿kn] /fd|f] tnadfg ePsf d'n'sx¿df ;dfhsf] k|lt:kwL{ :jefjsf sf/0f / 6\o';gdf ul/Psf nufgLn] efjL ;Gtltsf nflu /fd|f] k|ltkmn lbG5 eGg] wf/0ffn] o; k|yfnfO{ dnhn u/]sf] 5 . ptf a]nfot tyf ;+=/f= cd]l/sf h:tf d'n'sx¿df ljBfnox¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg] / lgDg l;sfOpknlAw ePsf ljBfyL{{sf] l;sfO :t/ p7fpg] ;/s/L k|of;sf sf/0f o; k|yfn] an


89


kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] dnfjL tyf o'ufG8f h:tf d'n'sx¿df d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] hgdfg;df kg{ uPsf] lubf]{ 5ljsf sf/0f o;n] a9fjf kfO/x]sf] 5 .

k|fylds tyf lgDg dfWolds txdf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] lj:tf/sf ;/sf/L k|of;n] klg gf6sLo ¿kdf lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df lu/fj6 Nofpg d2t u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;/sf/L k|of;sf sf/0f cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lzIff lgMz'Ns b]lvP klg ;fdflhs ljifdtf sfod /fVg] lghLs/0fsf 5b\d k|j[lQn] d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ an k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . IIEP gLltut a}7sdf Kiteav (2007. P. 3) n] o; gf6sLotf k|lt a}7ssf] Wofg cfs[i6 u/fPsf lyP . pQm a}7sdf pgn] 6\o';g k|yfsf] a[l4n] sltko cleefjs lgMz'Ns lzIff k|0ffnLsf cltl/Qm z'Ns ltg{ tof/ 5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf] j}wtf cBflk sfod /x]÷g/x]sf] k|Zg p7fPsf lyP . af]T:jfgfsf] ;/sf/n] o; ;afnnfO{ uDeL/tfsf ;fy ln“b} sd;]sd s]xL cleefjsx¿ z'Ns ltg{ ;Ifd ePsfn] lgMz'Ns lzIffdf ul/Psf] nufgLnfO{ ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf v8\lsPsf lzIffs} cGo If]qdf a9L k|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy vr{ ug{ ;lsg] ts{ cufl8 ;fb}{ dfWolds lzIffdf k'gM z'Ns nufPsf] 5 (Makgothi, 2007) .

Obeegadoo (207, p. 6) n] 6\o';g k|yfsf] a9\bf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfb]{ eg]sf lyP—

cfhsf] 1fgsf] o'udf z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ;kmntfnfO{ dflg;sf JolQmut hLjgsf efjL ;Defjgf clej[l4 u/fpg] tyf ;d'bfosf ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s pGgltsf] dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ k|d'v Bf]tssf ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . ahf/sf] ultzLntf tyf k|ljlw lgb]{lzt cy{tGqn] ck]Iff ug]{ ljljwLs[t ;Lksf sf/0f hgtfnfO{ ljleGg vfnsf z}lIfs cj;/sf vf]hLtkm{ cgj/t ¿kn] pBt u/fp“5 .

To;} u/L ;fdflhs :jLs[ltsf sf/0f dfq 6\o';gsf] cfk"lt{ a9]sf] xf]Og, afx\Ø ;|f]tsf]

pkof]unfO{ x/bd k|f]T;lxt ug]{ e"d08nLs/0fsf k|j[lQsf sf/0f klg xf] (Nanda, 2005; marlantes and Sunol, 2006; Ventura, 2008a) . cfhsn 6\o';gsf ;]jf :yfgLo

¿kdf dfq xf]Og, OG6/g]6sf ;xfotfn] ;Ldfkf/ b"/ b/fhsf If]qdf ;d]t ;xh ¿kn] k|bfg

ug{ ;lsG5 . Obeegadoo sf ljrf/df o;nfO{ dnhn ug]{ csf]{ tTj xf], a9\bf] qmddf

/x]sf] pkef]Qmfjfb . pkef]Qmfjfbn] lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf k];fut bIftfsf] pkof]u u/]/ k};f sdfpgsf nflu x/bd pBt u/fp“5 / z}Ifl0fs ;d'bfonfO{ Jofj;flostftkm{ pGd'v u/fp“5 . jf:tjdf ahf/sf ;ª\s]ttkm{ x/bd ;hu lzIfs tyf kl/jf/x¿sf sf/0fn] xf];\ jf lzIff k|0ffnLsf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fpg] ;/sf/sf k|of;sf sf/0fn] xf];\, cfh w]/} b]zx¿df lzIf0f k];fdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 .

o; kl/l:yltdf jt{dfg 6\o';g k|yf To;} x6\g]jfnf 5}g . sltko of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfn] o;nfO{ pk]Iff u/]/ cufl8 a9\g vf]h] klg pgLx¿ ;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf Hofb} IfL0f dfq 5 . To:t}, pko'Qm gLltut ;Daf]wgsf pkfosf] vf]hL klg Tolt ;/n 5}g . ax'cfoflds tTjx¿sf] ;lDd>0f /x]sf] 6\o';g k|yf Hofb} hl6n 5 / o;sf] k|s[lt ;+f:s[lts


90


kl/j]z, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfcg'¿k km/s x'g] u5{ . bzsf}“ nfdf] cys k|of;sf cltl/Qm o;sf] ;Daf]wgdf sf]l/of tyf df]l/;;nfO{ guGo ;kmntf dfq xft nfu]sf pbfx/0f 5g\ . o:tf cg'ejn] 6\o';g k|yf clgolGqt ¿kdf emfª\lug'cufj} To;sf] lj:tf/sf k|f/lDes cj:yfd} o;sf sf/s tTjnfO{ g} ;Daf]wg ug]{ of]hgfsf] cfjZostf bzf{p5g\ . oL cg'ejx¿n] sdhf]/ l;sfOpknlAw ePsf ljBfyL{{sf] l;sfO :t/ psf:g] c;n lgotn] 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ c:6«]lnof, a]nfot tyf k|mfG; h:tf d'n'ssf ;Tk|of;n] ljBfno k|0ffnLdf cgk]lIft ;+:s[ltnfO{ hGd glbpmg\ eg]/ ;dod} ;r]t x'g'kg]{tkm{ klg ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .

IIEP sf gLltut a}7sdf Obeegadoo (2007, p. 6) n] hfx]/ u/]sf dt;“u k|fo

;xefuLx¿n] ;xdlt hgfPsf lyP . pgn] eg]—

d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLdf ljBdfg sdL sdhf]/Lsf] pko'Qm ;dfwfg v]fh]/ km}n“bf] 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ x/;Dej k|of; ug'{ h?/L 5 . /fli6«o kl/l:ylt tyf jf:tljstfnfO{ b[li6ut ub{} pRr hf]lvdo'Qm k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{, lzIff ;]jfsf k|bfo k|0ffnLsf u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg], l;sfOsf cj;/df ljljwtfsf] l;h{gf u/L rogsf cj;/ j[l4 ug]{ tyf lghL k|of;x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg ug]{ h:tf gLltut ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL u/]/ 6\o';g k|yfsf] lj:tf/nfO{ Jojl:Yft ug'{ ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .

lzIffdf ;/sf/L nufgL a9fp“b}df kl/jf/hgx¿sf] 6\o';gdf x'g] vr{df sdL cfpg' h?/L 5}g eGg] oyfy{ cg'ejl;4 5 . jf:tjdf d"nwf/ lzIffdf ;/sf/n] a9fpg] ultljlwn] 5fofsf] cfsf/df klg j[l4 Nofpg] cjZoDefjL 5 . w]/} s'/f kl/jf/sf vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf, ltgn] lzIffnfO{ / vf; u/L lghL 6\o';g ;]jfnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf e/ kb{5 . w]/}h;f] kl/jf/x¿ cfk\mgf ;Gtltsf efjL hLjgsf ;Defjgfsf] lj:tf/df ;3fpg] x/;Dej pkfo ug{ rfxG5g\ / To;sf nflu d"No r'sfpg klg tTk/ /xG5g\ . sltko ;dfhn] Aofn]6, lkofgf] sIff tyf wfld{s lzIffh:tf u}/z}lIfs lqmofsnfkaf6 klg w]/} pknlAw xfl;n u5{g\ eg] cGo sltkon] cfwf/e"t ul0ft, efiff tyf lj1fg h:tf ljifodf d"nwf/sf lzIffsf] k"/s x'g] vfnsf lqmofsnfkdf nufgL ug'{nfO{ a9L dxTj k|bfg ub{5g\ .

lghL 6\o';g k|yf ;fdfGo eO;s]sf :yfgdf k|ltaGwfTds pkfon] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}gg\ . d"nwf/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf lzIfsx¿dfly cfk\mg} ljBfyL{{nfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg k|ltalGwt ug'{ jf~5gLo g} b]lvP klg cfd k|ltaGwn] sfd ub}{g . clwsf+z d'n'sx¿df 6\o';g k|yfsf] ;fdgfsf nflu ;ts{ / ax'cfoflds pkfosf] cjnDag cfjZos kb{5 . b'?kof]uk"0f{ / ;fdflhs ljifdtfnfO{ an k'¥Øfpg] vfnsf 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ ljlgodx¿åf/f lgolGqt ug'{ kb{5 . To;} u/L ;/sf/n] klg l;sfOpknlAw sd ePsf ljBfyL{{sf] ;xof]usf nflu cfjZos k|fjwfg cufl8 Nofpg'kb{5 t/ o;f] ubf{ tL k|fjwfgn] ljBfno ;+:s[lt, lzIfs, cleefjs, tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf k|j[lQdf kg]{ ;Defljt kl/0ffdk|lt eg] ;hu /xg' TolQs} h?/L 5 .


91


5fof lzIffaf6 lng] kf75fof lzIffaf6 lng] kf75fof lzIffaf6 lng] kf75fof lzIffaf6 lng] kf7

of]hgfsf/ tyf gLlt lgdf{tfn] 6\o';g k|yfnfO{ gsf/fTds b[li6n] dfq x]g{ x'“b}g . a? cleefjsx¿ d"nwf/ k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt lzIffdf ;kmntfsf nflu k"/s lqmofsnfkdf 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug{ lsg tof/ 5g\ eGg]af/]df lrGtg ug'{ h?/L 5 . sltko lzIfsn] lsg Ps 6\o'6/ Ps ljBfyL{{ k|yfnfO{ ?rfPsf x'g\ / cGo sltkon] ;}of}“sf] ;ª\Vofsf ;d"xdf k|bfg ul/g] 6\o';gdf k7fPsf x'\g\ < sltko df};ddf d"nwf/ ljBfnosf sIffx¿ lsg vfnL /xg] u5{g\ < / cg'kl:yt /x]/ 6\o';g sIffdf ;fd]n x'gsf nflu ljBfyL{{x¿ ljBfno k|zf;gnfO{ 3'; lbg lsg tof/ x'G5g\ < ;fy} gLlt lgdf{tfn] k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6\o';g, h;nfO{ 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ 3/df, ljBfno jf kfs{df ;d]t cjnf]sg ug{ / l;Sg ;lsG5, af6 s:tf kf7 l;Sg'kb{5 < o;df ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .

oL k|Zgx¿sf] Pp6f pQ/ xf], sltko ;+:s[ltdf 6\o';g a9L /f]rs tyf l;sf?sf

cfjZostf nlIft agfOg' . Glasman (2007) n] k|mfG;sf] 6\o';g k4ltn] ljBfnox¿n]

eGbf l56f] / ;f¨f]kfË k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ x'“bf of] Hofbf kf/bzL{ k|dfl0ft ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgL eG5g\, d"nwf/ lzIffdf sd l;sfOpknlAw ePsf ljBfyL{{nfO{ …sIff bf]xf]¥ØfpmÚ elgG5 . o;sf ljk/Lt k|mfG;sf] 6\o';g k|bfos sdkgLn] ljBfyL{n] pknlAw xfl;n gu/] cleefjsnfO{ k};f lkmtf{ ug]{ jf csf]{ jif{ lgMz'Ns 6\o';g k|bfg ug]{ 3f]if0ff

ub{5 . Kim (2007, p. 12) sf]l/ofnL ljBfyL{{n] d"nwf/ ljBfno / 6\o';g k|bfos

sDkgLaLrsf] km/s s;/L 5'6\Øfp“5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf n]v]sf 5g\ —

6\o';g sDkgLn] ljBfyL{{sf Ifdtfcg';f/sf ;d"x lgdf{0f u/]/ cWofkg u/fp“5 / ;d"xsf l;sfO cfjZostfcg';f/sf z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmd k|bfg u5{, hals d"nwf/ ljBfnodf Pp6} kf7\oqmd ;a}sf nflu Ps};fy k|bfg ul/G5, ljBfyL{sf IfdtfnfO{ vf; dxTj lbO“b}g . Toxf“sf cfdfx¿ ljBfnon] cfk\mgf afnaRrfnfO{ a9L JolQmut ;]jf k|bfg u?g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . pgLx¿ afnaRrfsf JolQmut Jojxf/k|lt dfq xf]Og, ljBfnoaf6 k|Kt x'g] pknlAwsf nflu ;d]t JolQmut Wofg lbOof];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . To;sf/0f 6\o';g ;+:yfx¿n] ljBfyL{{nfO{ k|bfg ug{] JolQmut x]/rfx g} k|d'v tTj xf], h;n] cleefjsx¿nfO{ 6\o';g ;+:yftkm{ cfs[i6 ub{5 .

Kim eG5g\, o; k|j[lQsf nflu sf]l/ofsf] kl/jf/ k4ltdf b'|t ultdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g klg

lhDd]jf/ 5 . clwsf+z kl/jf/df afa'cfdf b'j} hgf sfddf hfG5g\, xh'/af xh'/cfdfsf] a;f]af; 6f9f x'gfn] pgLx¿af6 x]/rfx ;Dej gePkl5 6\o';g s]Gb|n] g} o:tf ;]jf k|bfg ub{5, hf] ljBfnoaf6 slxNo} ck]Iff ug{ ;ls“b}g .

sf]l/ofdf 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ldNg] k|ljlwo'Qm 6\o';g k4ltsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . sf]l/ofn] OG6/g]6 k|ljlwnfO{ % jif{leq bzu'0ff l56f] agfpg] p2]Zon] c/af}“ 8n/ vr{ ul//x]sf] 5

(Choe, p. 14) . o;n] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf k|efjsfl/tfsf] k|fb'ef{j x'g hfG5 /

cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] lzIf0fsf] h?/t sd u/fOlbG5 . o:tf k|ljlwsf] k|jw{g ;/sf/L tj/af6 tyf


92


lghL If]qaf6 ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfnsf lbgx¿df lghL If]q o;df cufl8 b]lvPsf] 5 . Pp6f OG6/g]6sf] cu|0fL ;+:yfsf ljrf/df eljiodf ljBfyL{{x¿n] v]ns'b h:tf ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfksf nflu dfq xKtfsf] Ps k6s ljBfnodf xflh/ eP k'Ug] cj:yf cfpg ;S5

(Choe, 2009, p. 4) . of] eljiojf0fL cltzof]lQmk"0f{ x'g ;S5 t/ lglZrt kl/l:yltsf

lglZrt vfn] ljBfyL{{sf nflu, vf; u/L k/LIffsf df};ddf /fd|f] glthfsf nflu clek|]l/t ljBfyL{{sf nflu, of] oyfy{k/s g} b]lvG5 .

cGo sltko d'n'sx¿df 6\o';g k4ltn] dfgjLo ;Dks{nfO{ 36fpg] eGbf a9fpg] sfo{nfO{ g}

a9fjf k|bfg ub{5 . Sou (2007, p. 4) n] dsfcf]sf ;Gbe{df klg kfl/jfl/s :j¿kdf

eO/x]sf] kl/jt{gsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\, hxf“ aRrfx¿sf] x]/rfx ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;ª\Vof a9\bf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfO/x]sf 5g\ / ltgn] lg/Gt/ sfd ub{5g\—

o:tf s]Gb|n] lbp“;f] ljBfno ;dokl5 aRrfnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 cfk\mgf x]/rfx s]Gb|df nu]/ vfhf v'jfpg] / k'gM ljBfno v'n]kl5 ljBfnod} k'¥ØfOlbg] / ;f“em ljBfno aGb ePkl5 k'gM x]/rfx s]Gb|df nu]/ aRrfnfO{ u[xsfo{ ug{ l;sfpg] / cGTodf cfdf afa' sfdaf6 3/ lkm/]kl5 dfq 3/ k'¥ØfOlbg] ub{5g\ .

ljBfnon] o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg] sf/0f 5}g . a]nfotdf laxfg * ah]b]lv a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd ;~rfng x'g] ljBfnosf af/]df cWoog eO/x]sf] 5 / w]/} ljBfnon]

lunch time df ljBfyL{{sf] /]vb]v ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ (Ireson, 2007b) . dsfcf]df

;/sf/n] ;g\ @))@ df Pp6f ljBfno ;fd'bflosLs/0fsf] cfof]hgf (School Communitization Scheme) cufl8 Nofof] . o;cg';f/ aRrfx¿sf nflu

;d'bfox¿df s]xL ljBfno vf]lnP . 7"nf ljBfyL{{sf nflu ;d]t dsfcf] ;/sf/n] cWoog sIfx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] 5 / ltgsf] ;~rfngsf nflu gful/s ;dfhx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . !((& b]lv dsfcf] ;/sf/n] ljBfyL{nfO{ u[xsfo{df ;3fpgsf nflu

Phone-in sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 (Sou, 2007, p. 9) .

ljBfno tyf 6\o';g s]Gb|sf ljsNksf] s'/f ubf{ Hartmannn n] (2008. P. 57) OlhK6df u/]sf] Ps cWoogdf Pp6L ljBfyL{{n] cfkm"n] ljBfnodf latfPsf ;donfO{ Go"g pknlAwd"ns eGb} u/]sf l6Kk0fLsf] p4/0f o:tf] 5 M …olb d ljBfno uOg“ eg] lghL 6\o';gdf hfG5', Tof] ljBfnoeGbf w]/} /fd|f] x'G5Ú . jf:tjdf o;df ljBfyL{{sf cfkm\g} b[li6sf]0f 5g\ . t/ ;/sf/n] ljBfno k|0ffnLaf6 xfl;n ug{ rfx]sf p2]Zo a[xQ/ vfnsf x'G5g\, h:t}M ljBfyL{{sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f, /fi6« lgdf{0fsf efjgfsf] ljsf; Pj+ v]ns'b tyf z}lIfs sfo{qmddfkmt{ ljBfyL{sf JolQmTjsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; cflb . tyflk ;fj{hlgs k/LIff glhs x'“bf ljBfyL{{n] lng] lrGtfnfO{ lzIffsf clwsf/Lx¿n] klg a'em\g / ;f]sf] ;Daf]wgsf k|of; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . olb lghL 6\o';g s]Gb|x¿n] u/]sf sfo{x¿ cg's/0fLo 5g\ eg] d"nwf/ lzIffn] To:tf s'/fnfO{ u|x0f ug'{df cfklQ /xGg .


93


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u5{g\ . To;n] d"nwf/ ljBfnox¿nO{ klg kf7\oqmd k7gkf7gsf] ultdf tLj|tf k|bfg ug{ afWotf cfOkb{5 . o;df 6\o';g k|yfsf] ljBfno k|0fnLdf kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj b]Vg ;lsG5 . sf]l/ofsf dfWolds ljBfno ;dtfsf/L of]hgfn] 6\o';gsf] dfunfO{ 36fpg] eGbf a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 / 6\o';gk|lt a9L nrstfsf] vf“rf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ ljBfno ;dtfsf/L p2]Zo / k|s[ltaf/] k'glj{rf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

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