Officers Training Officers Strategy & Tactics and Rapid Entry Search.
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Transcript of Officers Training Officers Strategy & Tactics and Rapid Entry Search.
Student Performance Objectives
Today’s presentation will provide the attendee with an introduction to several concepts that should enhance emergency scene performance on the fireground.
Overview
• Command Sequence• Strategy• Tactics• Tasks• Reading Smoke• Handling the
MAYDAY Photo by Bob Bartosz
We will risk a life to save a life;
we will use considerable caution
to protect savable property;
we will not risk a life to save what is already
lost.
Command Sequence
Step by step decision making process of incident management
• Performing size – up– (The Thinking Phase)
• Determining strategy & selecting tactics– (The Planning Phase)
• Implementing the action plan– (The Action Phase)
Strategy
Loosely defined as “what has to be done to solve the problem”
»Broad Goals
»Overall plan to control the operation
Offensive – coordinated, aggressive interior attack
• Adequate resources
• Predict benefits worth risks
• Necessary support functions
Defensive – fight the fire with minimum risk
• Risk too great for benefit
• Insufficient resources• Maximize safety• Stay out of collapse
zone• No entry made
• Contain fire in area of present involvement
• Protect exposures• Loss of building
probable• Master stream
operation
Transitional - switching from one operational mode to the other
Defensive to Offensive
– No entry made until additional resources arrive
– Begin interior attack
Offensive to Defensive
– Confine fire until rescue can be completed
– Protect exposures
National Fire Academy Incident Priorities
PRIORITY
Life Safety
Incident Stabilization
Property Conservation
BENCHMARK
All Clear
Under Control
Loss Stopped
Lloyd Layman’s Strategies
R-E-C-E-O
-VS-
Rescue
Exposures
Confinement
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation-Salvage Photo by Carlos Alfaro
Tactics
The execution of the Strategic Plan
Tactics deals specifically with selecting, placing, and operating:
PERSONNEL, HOSELINES, LADDERS
TOOLS & EQUIPMENT
Engine Company Tactics
• NOZZLE SELECTION
• HANDLINE SELECTION
• HANDLINE PLACEMENT
• TACTICAL HOSE MANAGEMENT Photo by Carlos Alfaro
Principal role of the engine company is
to:
• Locate,• Confine, and • Extinguish the
fire. Photo by Carlos Alfaro
Select the appropriate nozzle and handline based on:
Required fire flow (L x W/3)
Staffing
Attack Mode (Offensive, Defensive, Transitional)
Handline Selection
• 1 3/4” minimum for interior fire attack.
• Rules of thumb:– Up to three rooms involved, 1 3/4”.– Three or more rooms involved, 2.5” or
larger.– Commercial occupancy 2.5” or larger.– High rise, 1 3/4” w/solid stream or 2” +.– Solid Stream for “Black Fire”
Handline Placement
Handlines are placed to accomplish one of three goals:
Protect occupants
Protect means of egress
Attack and extinguish fire, including extension
3-Line Concept
• 1st line – Attack
• 2nd line – Back up / Exposures (Int. or Ext.)
• 3rd line – Back up/Extension Prevention
Tactical Hose Management
• Fully stretch drag loads before flaking shoulder loads.
• Un-needed hose should not be stretched into a building.
• Additional hose should be flaked outside of the entrance.
Special Service Tactics
• Ladders• Overhaul• Ventilation• Entry• Rescue• Salvage• Utilities
Photo by Carlos Alfaro
Ladder Selection & Placement
Quick Select Method
Choose the ladder that has the same first digit
as the floor you are trying to reach.
(Example: Need to reach a 2nd story window, choose a 24 or 28’ ladder. Need to reach the roof of a 3 story building, choose a 35’ ladder.)
Venting for life begins as soon as a life hazard is realized.
May intensify the fire.
Venting for fire is delayed until attack teams and resources are in place.
Search
Move rapidly
Close interior doors
Stay in contact with reference
Search with a partner
Use tools and lightsPhoto by Carlos Alfaro
Do not compromise the protective “membrane” of the compartment that
surrounds you while you are conducting search operations.
Requires a commitment of resources to areas most likely to contain victims.a. bedrooms
b. interior travel routes
(hallways & stairs)
c. outside the structure
Narrowing the Search
• Where were victims were last seen?
• Cries for help heard?
• Is the structure
occupied or not?
Photo by Morningside VFD
Rapid-Entry-Search (RES)
Advantage - search personnel enter structure from safe atmosphere (outside), search small areas (sometimes single rooms), then exit.
Disadvantage - often conducted ahead of hoseline on “fire” side of structure. If PPV goes in service, entry point can become exhaust port for PPV.(Must coordinate)
Must be coordinated with Incident Commander.
RES should only be used when
probability of finding victim is high!
Tasks
Labor intensive activities that work to satisfy either:
Layman’s “RECEO(SV)” or NFA’s “LIPs”
Life Safety, Incident Stabilization, Property conservation (Strategies)
• Advancing handlines
• Throwing ladders
• Operating nozzles
• Operating pumps
• Using tools and
appliances
1. STAY CALM! Conserve your air supply.2. Stay with your partner (or crew).3. Initiate a “MAYDAY” provide CANA
• C – Conditions
• A – Actions
• N – Needs
• A – Air
4. Activate PASS
5. Monitor radio/Update • Turn off PASS to communicate!• Reactivate PASS after!
6. Use flashlight to signal
7. Use tools or debris to alert rescuers
8. Attempt to locate an exit/area of refuge• Move toward visible light• Listen for audible sounds• Search walls for windows/doors• Search for a hoseline (read couplings)• Attempt to locate a lifeline
9. Go down steps unless in a basement or sub-floor.
10. Assume defensive posture• If lying down, do not muffle your pass
alarm• Protect facepiece with gloved hands
Handling the MAYDAY!
Standardized Actions of a Rapid Intervention Team in
Locating and Removing
a Lost/Disoriented Firefighter
Pre-plan structure and fire conditions upon arrival
– Prolonged burn time/heavy fire conditions– Smoke/water showing through walls– Inadequate ventilation (potential for rapid
fire development)– Sagging floors, bulging walls, localized
interior collapse– 2 or more floors involved– Unprotected steel
Fireground Preparations
1. Proactive ladders (Always place more ladders than you think you will need)
2. *Four-side scene lighting/Entry point lighting
3. Back-up/Safety Lines
4. Proactive softening of the structure
Response to the MAYDAY
1. Monitor Radio communications
2. RIT is not rapid (Phoenix/Seattle trials)
3. Consider personal limitations• Don’t become a victim yourself• Officers know your people!
4. Personnel Discipline• Those closest may assist• Those not closest need to get out of the way!• Fire Attack must continue
5. Look for signals• Activated PASS Alarm• flashlight beams• banging on walls and floors
6. *Check exterior walls and corners*
7. RIT Team Concept• “AWARE”
• Air
• Water
• A Radio
• Extrication plan
Three or more teams
• RIT #1 – Recon & Search• Locate downed/lost member
• Establish traceable means of access to victim
• Determine additional needs
• RIT #2 – Stabilization/Removal• Provide equipment & personnel requested
• Begin extrication process
• RIT #3 – Support Team– Provide external
support
– Provide personnel to support
Photo by Morningside VFD
The successful rescue of a downed firefighter is dependent upon a well-
defined rescue action plan that is continually updated.
Wrap Up
• Be Vigilant, Stay Focused.
• Think before you act.
• Use all of your resources.
• Conduct a “gross decon” after exiting and prior to removing air source.