OFDM and MC-CDMA for Broadband Multi-user Communications ...

OFDM and MC-CDMAfor Broadband Multi-user Communications, WLANs

and Broadcasting

by

L. Hanzo, M. Munster, B.J. Choi and T. Keller

We dedicate this monograph to the numerous contributors of this field, manyof whom are listed in the Author Index

About the AuthorsLajos Hanzo received his degree in electronics in 1976 and his doc-torate in 1983. During his career in telecommunications he has heldvarious research and academic posts in Hungary, Germany and the UK.Since 1986 he has been with the Department of Electronics and Com-puter Science, University of Southampton, UK, where he holds the chairin telecommunications. He has co-authored 10 books on mobile radiocommunications, published about 400 research papers, organised andchaired conference sessions, presented overview lectures and has beenawarded a number of distinctions. Currently he heads an academic re-

search team, working on a range of research projects in the field of wireless multimedia com-munications sponsored by industry, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC) UK, the European IST Programme and the Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence(VCE), UK. He is an enthusiastic supporter of industrial and academic liaison and he of-fers a range of industrial courses. He is also an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. For furtherinformation on research in progress and associated publications please refer to http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk

Dr. Byoung-Jo Choi received his BSc and MSc degrees in ElectricalEngineering from KAIST, Korea, in 1990 and 1992, respectively. He hasbeen working for LG Electronics, Korea, since Jan.,1992, where he wasinvolved in developing the KoreaSat monitoring system, Digital DBStransmission system and W-CDMA based Wireless Local Loop (WLL)system. He was awarded the PhD degree in Mobile Communicationsat the University of Southampton, UK, where he was as a postdoctoralresearch assistant from Sep. 2001 to Aug. 2002. He is a recipient ofthe British Chevening Scholarship awarded by the British Council, UK.

His current research interests are associated with mobile communication systems design withempasis on adaptive modulation aided OFDM, MC-CDMA and W-CDMA.

Thomas Keller studied Electrical Engineering at the University of Karl-sruhe, Ecole Superieure d’Ingenieurs en Electronique et Electrotech-nique, Paris, and the University of Southampton. He graduated witha Dipl.-Ing. degree in 1995. Between 1995 and 1999 he had been withthe Wireless Multimedia Communications Group at the University ofSouthampton, where he completed his PhD in mobile communications.His areas of interest include adaptive OFDM transmission, widebandchannel estimation, CDMA and error correction coding. He recentlyjoined Ubinetics, Cambridge, UK, where he is involved in the research

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and development of third-genertion wireless systems. Dr. Keller co-authored two mono-graphs and about 30 various research papers.

Other Wiley and IEEE PressBooks on Related Topics1

• R. Steele, L. Hanzo (Ed): Mobile Radio Communications: Second and Third Gener-ation Cellular and WATM Systems, John Wiley-IEEE Press, 2nd edition, 1999, ISBN07 273-1406-8, p 1064

• L. Hanzo, W. Webb, and T. Keller, Single- and Multi-Carrier Quadrature AmplitudeModulation: Principles and Applications for Personal Communications, WLANs andBroadcasting. IEEE Press, 2000.

• L. Hanzo, F.C.A. Somerville, J.P. Woodard: Voice Compression and Communications:Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless Channels; IEEE Press-John Wiley,2001, p 642

• L. Hanzo, P. Cherriman, J. Streit: Wireless Video Communications: Second to ThirdGeneration and Beyond, IEEE Press, 2001, p 1093

• L. Hanzo, T.H. Liew, B.L. Yeap: Turbo Coding, Turbo Equalisation and Space-TimeCoding, John Wiley, 2002, p 751

• J.S. Blogh, L. Hanzo: Third-Generation Systems and Intelligent Wireless Networking:Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation, John Wiley, 2002, p408

• L. Hanzo, C.H. Wong, M.S. Yee: Adaptive wireless transceivers: Turbo-Coded, Turbo-Equalised and Space-Time Coded TDMA, CDMA and OFDM systems, John Wiley,2002, p 737

1For detailed contents please refer to http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk)

ix

Contents

About the Authors v

Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics ix

Acknowledgments 1

1 Prologue 31.1 Motivation of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing History . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2.1 Early Classic Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.2 Peak-to-mean power ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2.3 Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2.4 OFDM/CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.2.5 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2.6 Detection Techniques for Multi-User SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . 151.2.7 OFDM applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.3 Outline of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.4 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

I OFDM System Design 23

2 Introduction to OFDM 252.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.2 Principles of QAM-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.3 Modulation by DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.4 Transmission via Bandlimited Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.5 Generalised Nyquist Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.6 Basic OFDM Modem Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.7 Cyclic OFDM Symbol Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.8 Reducing MDI by Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

2.8.1 Transient system analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

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xii CONTENTS

2.8.2 Recursive MDI compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.9 Decision-directed Adaptive Channel Equalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.10 OFDM Bandwidth Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.11 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

3 OFDM Transmission over Gaussian Channels 533.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

3.1.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.1.1.1 Peak-to-mean power ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.1.1.2 Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.1.1.3 OFDM/CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.1.1.4 Adaptive antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.1.1.5 OFDM applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3.2 Choice of the OFDM Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.3 OFDM System Performance over AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.4 Clipping Amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.4.1 OFDM signal amplitude statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.4.2 Clipping amplifier simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.4.2.1 Introduction to peak-power reduction techniques . . . . . . 603.4.2.2 BER performance using clipping amplifiers . . . . . . . . 613.4.2.3 Signal spectrum with clipping amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.4.3 Clipping amplification - summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643.5 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643.6 Phase Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.6.1 Effects of phase noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.6.2 Phase noise simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.6.2.1 White phase noise model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.6.2.1.1 Serial modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.6.2.1.2 OFDM modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3.6.2.2 Coloured phase noise model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713.6.3 Phase noise - Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.7 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

4 OFDM Transmission over Wideband Channels 754.1 The Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

4.1.1 The wireless asynchronous transfer mode system . . . . . . . . . . . 764.1.1.1 The WATM channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.1.1.2 The shortened WATM channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4.1.2 The wireless local area network system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.1.2.1 The WLAN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.1.3 The UMTS system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794.1.3.1 The UMTS type channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.2 Effects of Time Dispersive Channels on OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804.2.1 Effects of the stationary time dispersive channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.2.2 Non-stationary channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

4.2.2.1 Summary of time-variant channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

CONTENTS xiii

4.2.3 Signalling over time dispersive OFDM channels . . . . . . . . . . . 834.3 Channel Transfer Function Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4.3.1 Frequency domain channel transfer function estimation . . . . . . . . 844.3.1.1 Pilot symbol assisted schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4.3.1.1.1 Linear interpolation for PSAM . . . . . . . . . . 854.3.1.1.2 Ideal lowpass interpolation for PSAM . . . . . . 874.3.1.1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.3.2 Time domain channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.4 System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.4.1 Static time dispersive channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924.4.1.1 Perfect channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924.4.1.2 Differentially coded modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.4.1.3 Pilot symbol assisted modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

4.4.2 Slowly varying time-dispersive channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024.4.2.1 Perfect channel estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.4.2.2 Pilot symbol assisted modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104


5 Time and Frequency Domain Synchronisation 1095.1 Performance with Frequency and Timing Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

5.1.1 Frequency shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095.1.1.1 The spectrum of the OFDM signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105.1.1.2 Effects of frequency mismatch on different modulation

schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145.1.1.2.1 Coherent modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145.1.1.2.2 PSAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145.1.1.2.3 Differential modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155.1.1.2.4 Frequency error - summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.1.2 Time domain synchronisation errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165.1.2.1 Coherent demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175.1.2.2 Pilot symbol assisted modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175.1.2.3 Differential modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

5.1.2.3.1 Time-domain synchronisation errors - summary . 1205.2 Synchronisation Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.2.1 Coarse frame and OFDM symbol synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . 1225.2.2 Fine symbol tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225.2.3 Frequency acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225.2.4 Frequency tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235.2.5 Synchronisation by autocorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235.2.6 Multiple Access Frame Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.2.6.1 The reference symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.2.6.2 The correlation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.2.7 Frequency tracking and OFDM symbol synchronisation . . . . . . . 1265.2.7.1 OFDM symbol synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265.2.7.2 Frequency tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.2.8 Frequency acquisition and frame synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . 128

xiv CONTENTS

5.2.8.1 Frame synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285.2.8.2 Frequency acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285.2.8.3 Block diagram of the synchronisation algorithms . . . . . . 129

5.2.9 Synchronisation using pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305.2.9.1 The reference symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305.2.9.2 Frequency acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1305.2.9.3 Performance of the pilot based frequency acquisition in

AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.2.9.4 Alternative frequency error estimation for frequency-

domain pilot tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.3 Comparison of the Frequency Acquisition Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395.4 BER Performance with Frequency Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445.6 Appendix: OFDM Synchronisation Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.6.1 Frequency synchronisation in an AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . 1455.6.1.1 One phasor in AWGN environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.6.1.1.1 Cartesian coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455.6.1.1.2 Polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.6.1.2 Product of two noisy phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.6.1.2.1 Joint probability density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.6.1.2.2 Phase distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475.6.1.2.3 Numerical integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

6 Adaptive Single- and Multi-user OFDM 1516.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

6.1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516.1.2 Adaptive techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

6.1.2.1 Channel quality estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1536.1.2.2 Parameter adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1546.1.2.3 Signalling the AOFDM parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

6.1.3 System aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566.2 Adaptive Modulation for OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

6.2.1 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566.2.2 Channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1576.2.3 Channel transfer function variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1586.2.4 Choice of the modulation modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

6.2.4.1 Fixed threshold adaptation algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.2.4.2 Sub-band BER estimator adaptation algorithm . . . . . . . 161

6.2.5 Constant throughput adaptive OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1626.2.6 AOFDM mode signalling and blind detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

6.2.6.1 Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646.2.6.2 Blind detection by SNR estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666.2.6.3 Blind detection by multi-mode trellis decoder . . . . . . . 166

6.2.7 Sub-band adaptive OFDM and turbo channel coding . . . . . . . . . 1696.2.8 Effects of the Doppler frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1706.2.9 Channel transfer function estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

CONTENTS xv

6.3 Adaptive OFDM Speech System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746.3.2 System overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

6.3.2.1 System parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1766.3.3 Constant throughput adaptive modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.3.3.1 Constant-rate BER performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1776.3.4 Multimode adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6.3.4.1 Mode switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1806.3.5 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

6.3.5.1 Frame error results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816.3.5.2 Audio segmental SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

6.4 Pre-equalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1826.4.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1846.4.2 Pre-equalisation with sub-band blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1866.4.3 Adaptive modulation with spectral predistortion . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

6.5 Comparison of the Adaptive Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916.6 Near-optimum Power- and Bit-allocation in OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

6.6.1 State-of-the-art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1926.6.2 Problem description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936.6.3 Power and bit allocation algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

6.7 Multi-User AOFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976.7.2 Adaptive transceiver architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976.7.3 Simulation results - perfect channel knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006.7.4 Pilot-based channel parameter estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203


7 Block-Coded Adaptive OFDM 2097.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

7.1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2097.1.2 Choice of error correction codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

7.2 Redundant Residue Number System Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2107.2.1 Performance in an AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

7.2.1.1 Performance in a fading time dispersive channel . . . . . . 2137.2.1.2 Adaptive RRNS-coded OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

7.2.2 ARRNS/AOFDM transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197.2.3 Soft decision RRNS decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

7.3 Turbo BCH Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2217.3.1 Adaptive TBCH coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2237.3.2 Joint ATBCH/AOFDM algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

7.4 Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2257.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

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II OFDM versus MC-CDMA Systems, Their Spreading Codes andPeak Factor Reduction 229

8 OFDM versus MC-CDMA 2318.1 Amalgamating DS-CDMA and OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

8.1.1 The DS-CDMA Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2318.1.2 The OFDM Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

8.2 Multi-Carrier CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2388.2.1 MC-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2388.2.2 MC-DS-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2418.2.3 MT-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

8.3 Further Research Topics in MC-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2438.4 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

9 Basic Spreading Sequences 2459.1 PN Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

9.1.1 Maximal Length Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2459.1.2 Gold Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2479.1.3 Kasami Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

9.2 Orthogonal Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2499.2.1 Walsh Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2499.2.2 Orthogonal Gold Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2509.2.3 Multi-rate Orthogonal Gold Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252


10 MC-CDMA Performance in Synchronous Environments 25710.1 The Frequency Selective Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25810.2 The System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26010.3 Single User Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

10.3.1 Maximal Ratio Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26210.3.2 Equal Gain Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26610.3.3 Orthogonality Restoring Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

10.4 Multi User Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26910.4.1 Maximum Likelihood Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270


11 Advanced Peak Factor Reduction Techniques 27311.1 Introdunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27311.2 Measures of Peakiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27511.3 Special Sequences for Reducing Amplitude Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

11.3.1 Shapiro-Rudin Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27611.3.2 Golay Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27811.3.3 M-Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27911.3.4 Newman Phases and Schroeder Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28011.3.5 Barker Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28311.3.6 Comparison of Various Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

11.4 Crest Factor Reduction Mapping Schemes for OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

CONTENTS xvii

11.4.1 Some Properties of the Peak Factors in OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 28511.4.2 CF-Reduction Block Coding Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28711.4.3 Selected Mapping Based CF-Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28911.4.4 Partial Transmit Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

11.5 Peak Factors in Multi-Carrier CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29011.5.1 System Model and Envelope Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29111.5.2 Spreading Sequences and Crest Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

11.5.2.1 Single-code Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29611.5.2.2 Shapiro-Rudin-based Spreading Sequences . . . . . . . . . 30111.5.2.3 Peak Factor Distribution of Multi-Code MC-CDMA . . . . 310

11.5.3 Clipping Amplifier and BER Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31311.5.3.1 Nonlinear Power Amplifier Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31311.5.3.2 Clipping Effects on Output Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31511.5.3.3 Effects of Clipping on the Bit Error Ratio . . . . . . . . . . 31711.5.3.4 Clipping Effects on Frequency Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . 322

11.5.4 Diversity Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32411.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32511.7 Appendix: Peak-to-mean Envelope Power Ratio of OFDM Systems . . . . . 326

11.7.1 PMEPR Analysis of BPSK Modulated OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 32611.7.2 PMEPR Properties of BPSK Modulated OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 32711.7.3 PMEPR Calculation of BPSK Modulated OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . 33811.7.4 PMEPR Properties of QPSK Modulated OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

12 Adaptive Modulation 34312.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34312.2 Increasing the Average Transmit Power as a Fading Counter-Measure . . . . 34412.3 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

12.3.1 General Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34912.3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

12.3.2.1 Five-Mode AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34912.3.2.2 Seven-Mode Adaptive Star-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35012.3.2.3 Five-Mode APSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35112.3.2.4 Ten-Mode AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

12.3.3 Characteristic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35112.3.3.1 Closed Form Expressions for Transmission over Nakagami

Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35312.4 Optimum Switching Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

12.4.1 Limiting the Peak Instantaneous BEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35512.4.2 Torrance’s Switching Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35812.4.3 Cost Function Optimisation as a Function of the Average SNR . . . . 36112.4.4 Lagrangian Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

12.5 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37412.5.1 Narrow-band Nakagami-m Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

12.5.1.1 Adaptive PSK Modulation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 37412.5.1.2 Adaptive Coherent Star QAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 38112.5.1.3 Adaptive Coherent Square QAM Modulation Schemes . . . 386

xviii CONTENTS

12.5.2 Performance over Narrow-band Rayleigh Channels Using AntennaDiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

12.5.3 Performance over Wideband Rayleigh Channels using Antenna Di-versity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

12.5.4 Uncoded Adaptive Multi-Carrier Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39812.5.5 Concatenated Space-Time Block Coded and Turbo Coded Symbol-

by-Symbol Adaptive OFDM and Multi-Carrier CDMA . . . . . . . . 40012.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40512.7 Appendix: Mode Specific Average BEP of Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . 40612.8 Appendix: BER Analysis of Type-I Star-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

12.8.1 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40912.9 Appendix: Two-Dimensional Rake Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

12.9.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41812.9.2 BER Analysis of Fixed-mode Square QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

13 Successive Partial Despreading Based Multi-Code MC-CDMA 42513.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42513.2 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42613.3 The Sequential Partial Despreading Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42813.4 AWGN Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

13.4.1 Type I Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43113.4.2 Type II Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43213.4.3 Type III Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43813.4.4 Summary and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

13.5 Effects of Impulse Noise or Narrow Band Jamming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44513.5.1 Conventional BPSK System without Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . 44513.5.2 Conventional Despreading Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44513.5.3 SPD Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44913.5.4 Type I Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45213.5.5 Type II Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45613.5.6 Type III Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45913.5.7 Summary and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464


III Advanced Topics: Channel Estimation and Multi-user OFDMSystems 467

14 Pilot Assisted Channel Estimation for Single-User OFDM 47314.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

14.1.1 Classification of channel estimation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 47514.2 The Stochastic Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

14.2.1 Model of the Channel Impulse Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47814.2.2 Auto-Correlation Function of the CIR: rh(∆t, τ) . . . . . . . . . . . 479

CONTENTS xix

14.2.3 Spaced-Time Spaced-Frequency Correlation Function = FourierTransform of the CIR’s ACF with Respect to the Multipath DelayVariable: rH(∆t,∆f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

14.2.4 Fourier Transform of the CIR’s ACF with Respect to the MultipathDelay- and Spaced-Time Variables: SH(fd,∆f) . . . . . . . . . . . 480

14.2.5 Scattering Function = Fourier Transform of the CIR’s ACF with Re-spect to the Time-Delay: Sh(fd, τ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

14.2.6 Separability of the Channel’s Spaced-Time Spaced-Frequency Cor-relation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

14.3 Channel Model for Monte-Carlo Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48314.3.1 The Indoor WATM Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

14.4 Introduction to 2D-Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48414.4.1 Description of a 2D-Sequence by a Periodicity Matrix . . . . . . . . 484

14.5 Maximum Pilot Distances for a Rectangular Pilot Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . 48614.5.1 Sampling in the Frequency-Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48614.5.2 Sampling in the Time-Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

14.6 2D-Pilot Pattern Assisted 2D-FIR Wiener Filter Aided Channel Estimation . . 48814.6.1 Derivation of the Optimum Estimator Coefficients and Estimator

MSE for Matched and Mismatched Channel Statistics . . . . . . . . 48814.6.1.1 Linear Channel Transfer Factor Estimate . . . . . . . . . . 48914.6.1.2 Estimator MSE and Cost-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49114.6.1.3 Optimum Estimator Coefficients and Minimum Estimator

MSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49214.6.1.4 Estimator Coefficients for Mismatched Channel Statistics . 493

14.6.2 Robust Estimator Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49314.6.2.1 Uniform Scattering Function and its Associated Spaced-

Time Spaced-Frequency Correlation Function . . . . . . . 49414.6.2.2 Relevance of the Shift-Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49514.6.2.3 Application to a Robust Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

14.6.3 Complexity Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49614.6.3.1 Number of Pilot Subcarriers in the Estimator’s Input Block 49614.6.3.2 Selection of Subsets of Pilot Subcarriers . . . . . . . . . . 497

14.6.4 MSE Performance of 2D-FIR Wiener Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . 49714.6.4.1 Simulation Parameters - Design of the Pilot Grid and the

Uniform Scattering Function used in the Calculation of Fil-ter Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

14.6.4.2 Evolution of the Estimator MSE over a Period of the Rect-angular Pilot Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499

14.6.4.3 Influence of the Pilot Grid Density and the Number of Fil-ter Taps on the Estimator’s MSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

14.6.5 Computational Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50214.6.6 Summary and Conclusions on 2D-FIR Wiener Filtering . . . . . . . . 502

14.7 Cascaded 1D-FIR Wiener filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50414.7.1 Derivation of the Optimum Estimator Coefficients and Estimator

MSE for both Matched and Mismatched Channel Statistics . . . . . . 505

xx CONTENTS

14.7.1.1 First-Stage Channel Estimates - Interpolation in theFrequency-Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

14.7.1.1.1 Linear Channel Transfer Factor Estimate . . . . . 50514.7.1.1.2 Estimator Coefficients for Mismatched Channel

Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50614.7.1.1.3 Estimator MSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

14.7.1.2 Second-Stage Channel Estimates - Interpolation in theTime-Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

14.7.1.2.1 Linear Channel Transfer Factor Estimate . . . . . 50714.7.1.2.2 Estimator Coefficients for Mismatched Channel

Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50814.7.1.2.3 Estimator MSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

14.7.1.3 Simplification of the Cascaded 1D-FIR Wiener Filter . . . 51014.7.2 MSE Performance of the Cascaded 1D-FIR Wiener Filter . . . . . . . 510

14.7.2.1 Comparison to 2D-FIR Wiener Filtering . . . . . . . . . . 51114.7.2.2 Misadjustment of Multipath- and Doppler Spread . . . . . 51314.7.2.3 Misadjustment of the SNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51414.7.2.4 Impact of Imperfect Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . 51614.7.2.5 Mismatch of the Multipath Intensity Profile’s Shape . . . . 520

14.7.3 MSE and BER Performance Evaluation by Monte Carlo Simulations . 52314.7.3.1 Simulation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52414.7.3.2 MSE Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52614.7.3.3 BER Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

14.7.4 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52814.7.4.1 Computational Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52814.7.4.2 Number of Coefficient Vectors per SNR Level for Decou-

pled Cascaded 1D-FIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52914.7.5 Summary and Conclusions on Cascaded 1D-FIR Wiener Filtering . . 530


Symbols in Chapter 14: Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation for Single-User OFDM 532

List of General Symbols 536

15 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation for Single-User OFDM 53715.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53715.2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

15.2.1 Decision-Directed A Posteriori Least-Squares Channel Estimation . . 54115.2.2 Enhancement of the A Posteriori Least-Squares Channel Transfer

Factor Estimates by One-Dimensional MMSE Estimation . . . . . . 54315.2.2.1 Structure of the 1D-MMSE Channel Estimator . . . . . . . 54415.2.2.2 Estimator MSE for Mismatched Channel Conditions . . . . 545

15.2.3 Enhancement of the A Posteriori Least-Squares Channel TransferFactor Estimates by Two-Dimensional MMSE Estimation . . . . . . 54515.2.3.1 Structure of the 2D-MMSE Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . 54615.2.3.2 Estimator MSE for Mismatched Channel Statistics . . . . . 547

CONTENTS xxi

15.2.3.3 Motivation of Time-Direction Channel Prediction Filtering 54915.2.4 MMSE A Priori Time-Direction Channel Prediction Filtering . . . . 551

15.2.4.1 Linear Prediction of the CIR-Related Taps . . . . . . . . . 55215.2.4.2 Definition of the CIR-related Taps’ Auto-Correlation Ma-

trix and Cross-Correlation Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55315.2.4.3 Derivation of the Wiener Equation using the Gradient Ap-

proach or the Orthogonality Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . 55415.2.4.3.1 Gradient Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55415.2.4.3.2 Orthogonality Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

15.2.4.4 Optimum Predictor Coefficients and Minimum CIR-RelatedDomain Predictor MSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

15.2.4.5 Optimum Predictor Coefficients for Mismatched ChannelStatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

15.2.4.6 Average Channel Predictor MSE in the Frequency-Domain 55715.2.5 Channel Statistics for A Priori Time-Direction Channel Prediction

Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55815.2.5.1 Robust A Priori Time-Direction Channel Prediction Filtering559

15.2.5.1.1 Review of Robust Channel Estimation . . . . . . 55915.2.5.1.2 Design of the Auto-Correlation Matrix and

Cross-Correlation Vector of a Robust ChannelPredictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

15.2.5.2 Adaptive A Priori Time-Direction Channel Prediction Fil-tering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

15.3 Performance of Decision-Directed Channel Prediction Aided OFDM . . . . . 56115.3.1 MSE Performance of a Robust Decision-Directed Channel Predictor

in the Context of Error-Free Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . 56215.3.1.1 MSE Performance under Matched Channel Conditions . . 56315.3.1.2 MSE Performance under Mismatched Channel Conditions

with Respect to the Doppler Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 56315.3.1.3 MSE Performance under Mismatched Channel SNR Con-

ditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56715.3.1.4 MSE Performance under Mismatched Multipath Spread

Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56815.3.1.5 Conclusions on the MSE Performance of Robust Decision-

Directed Channel Prediction in the Context of Error-FreeSymbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

15.3.2 MSE Performance of an Adaptive Decision-Directed Channel Pre-dictor in the Context of Error-Free Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . 56915.3.2.1 MSE Performance under Matched Channel Conditions as

a Function of the Number of Samples invoked in the Pre-dictor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

15.3.2.2 MSE Performance in Comparison to that of the RobustChannel Transfer Function Predictor . . . . . . . . . . . . 572

15.3.2.3 MSE Performance for Various Multipath Intensity Profiles . 57315.3.2.4 Conclusions on Adaptive Decision-Directed Channel Pre-

diction in the Context of Error-Free Symbol Decisions . . . 574

xxii CONTENTS

15.3.3 MSE Performance of a Robust Decision-Directed Channel Predictorin the Context of an Uncoded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57515.3.3.1 MSE Performance for a Frame-Invariant Fading Channel

and for Error-Free Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . 57715.3.3.2 MSE Performance for a Frame-Invariant Fading Channel

and Sliced Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57815.3.3.3 MSE Performance for a Frame-Variant Fading Channel

and for Sliced Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57815.3.3.4 Conclusions on the MSE Performance of a Robust

Decision-Directed Channel Predictor in the Context of anUncoded System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

15.3.4 BER Performance of an Uncoded System Employing Robust De-cision-Directed Channel Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58015.3.4.1 BER Performance for BPSK and QPSK . . . . . . . . . . 58015.3.4.2 BER Performance for 16QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58015.3.4.3 Conclusions on the BER Performance of an Uncoded Sys-

tem employing Robust Decision-Directed Channel Prediction58315.3.5 BER Performance of a Turbo-Coded System employing Robust

Decision-Directed Channel Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58315.3.5.1 Influence of the ICI Variance on the Subcarrier SNR . . . . 58415.3.5.2 BER Performance for BPSK Modulation in the Context of

an Undecoded Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58415.3.5.3 BER Performance for QPSK Modulation and 16QAM in

the Context of an Undecoded Reference . . . . . . . . . . 58615.3.5.4 BER Performance for QPSK Modulation in the Context of

a Decoded Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58815.3.5.5 Conclusions on the BER Performance of a Turbo-Coded

System employing Robust Decision-Directed Channel Pre-diction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

15.4 Robust Decision-Directed Channel Prediction Assisted Adaptive OFDM . . . 59015.4.1 Transceiver Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

15.4.1.1 Modulation Mode Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59215.4.2 BER Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

15.4.2.1 Motivation of Channel Transfer Function Prediction As-sisted AOFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

15.4.2.2 BER Performance of the Uncoded System . . . . . . . . . 59515.4.2.3 BER Performance of the Turbo-Coded System . . . . . . . 597

15.4.3 Conclusions on Robust Decision-Directed Channel Prediction As-sisted AOFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

15.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59915.5.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59915.5.2 Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60015.5.3 Adaptive OFDM Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Symbols in Chapter 15: Decision-Directed Channel Estimation for Single-UserOFDM 602

CONTENTS xxiii

16 Channel Estimation for Multi-User OFDM 60916.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60916.2 The SDMA Signal Model on a Subcarrier Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61216.3 Multi-User Multiple Reception Antenna OFDM Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . 61316.4 Least-Squares Error Decision-Directed Channel Estimation . . . . . . . . . . 615

16.4.1 Derivation of the LS-Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61516.4.1.1 The SDMA Signal Model on a Receiver Antenna Basis . . 61516.4.1.2 Sub-Space Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

16.4.1.2.1 Low-Rank Approximation of the i-th User’s Vec-tor of Different Subcarriers’ Channel TransferFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

16.4.1.2.2 Determination of the LS-DDCE Coefficients Us-ing the Gradient Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 618

16.4.1.2.3 Necessary Condition for Identification of the LS-DDCE Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

16.4.1.2.4 Implementation by QR Decomposition . . . . . . 62016.4.2 Least-Squares Channel Estimation MSE in the Context of Both

Sample-Spaced and Non-Sample-Spaced CIRs . . . . . . . . . . . . 62116.4.2.1 Correlation Matrix of the Channel Transfer Factor Estimates 62216.4.2.2 Sample-Spaced CIRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

16.4.2.2.1 Auto-Correlation Matrix of the Channel TransferFactor Estimation Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

16.4.2.2.2 Properties of Optimum Training Sequences . . . 62416.4.2.2.3 A Posteriori Estimation MSE Using Optimum

Training Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62616.4.2.3 Non-Sample-Spaced CIRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

16.4.2.3.1 Cross-Correlation Matrix of the Channel Trans-fer Factor Estimates in the Context of OptimumTraining Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627

16.4.2.3.2 Auto-Correlation Matrix of the Channel Trans-fer Factor Estimates in the Context of OptimumTraining Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

16.4.2.3.3 Channel Estimation MSE in the Context of Opti-mum Training Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

16.4.3 A Priori Channel Transfer Function Estimation MSE Enhancementby Linear Prediction of the A Posteriori CIR-Related Tap Estimates . 630

16.4.4 Simplified Approach to LS-Assisted DDCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63016.4.5 Complexity Analysis of the Original- and Simplified LS-Assisted

DDCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63216.4.5.1 Complexity of the Original LS-Assisted DDCE . . . . . . 632

16.4.5.1.1 Complexity Associated with Assembling MatrixQ[n] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

16.4.5.1.2 Complexity Associated with Assembling Vectorp[n] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

xxiv CONTENTS

16.4.5.1.3 Complexity Associated with Solving the LS Sys-tem Equations for the Vector of CIR-Related TapEstimates hapt,K0 [n] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

16.4.5.1.4 Total Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63416.4.5.2 Complexity of the Simplified LS-Assisted DDCE . . . . . 635

16.4.6 Conclusions on the Original- and Simplified LS-Assisted DDCE . . . 63616.5 Frequency-Domain Parallel Interference Cancellation Aided DDCE . . . . . 637

16.5.1 The Recursive Channel Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63716.5.1.1 A Priori and A Posteriori Channel Estimates . . . . . . . . 63816.5.1.2 A Priori Channel Prediction Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . 63916.5.1.3 A Priori Channel Estimation MSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64116.5.1.4 A Posteriori Channel Estimation MSE . . . . . . . . . . . 64416.5.1.5 Stability Analysis of the Recursive Channel Estimator . . . 64516.5.1.6 Iterative Calculation of the CIR-Related Tap Predictor Co-

efficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64616.5.1.6.1 Simplified Approach for Identical User Statistics 64816.5.1.6.2 Closed Form Solution for Identical User Statis-

tics and One-Tap CIR-Related Tap PredictionFiltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

16.5.1.7 Channel Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64916.5.2 Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

16.5.2.1 Evolution of the A Priori Channel Estimation MSE in aSimplified 2-Tap CIR-Related Tap Prediction Scenario . . . 652

16.5.2.2 A Priori Channel Estimation MSE in the Context of Ideal,Error-Free Symbol Decisions Assuming a Sample-SpacedCIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

16.5.2.2.1 Optimum Recursive versus Sub-Optimum Transver-sal CIR-Related Tap Predictor Coefficients - OneTap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653

16.5.2.2.2 Optimum Recursive- versus Sub-Optimum Transver-sal CIR-related Tap Predictor Coefficients -Higher Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

16.5.2.2.3 Influence of the Number of Simultaneous Usersin the Context of the Optimum Recursive CIR-Related Tap Predictor Coefficients . . . . . . . . 655

16.5.2.2.4 Influence of the OFDM Symbol NormalizedDoppler Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

16.5.2.2.5 Influence of a Mismatch of the OFDM SymbolNormalized Doppler Frequency . . . . . . . . . . 657

16.5.2.2.6 Performance Comparison to Li’s LS-AssistedDDCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660

16.5.2.3 Effects of a Non-Sample Spaced CIR in the Context ofIdeal, Error-Free Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

16.5.2.3.1 Sparse Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66216.5.2.3.2 Uniform Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66416.5.2.3.3 Exponential Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

CONTENTS xxv

16.5.2.3.4 A Priori Channel Estimation MSE for a Non-Sample Spaced CIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

16.5.2.3.5 A Priori Channel Transfer Factor EstimationMSE for a Non-Sample Spaced CIR on a Sub-carrier Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

16.5.2.4 A Priori Channel Estimation MSE and System BER in theContext of Imperfect, Error-Contaminated Symbol Deci-sions Assuming a Sample-Spaced CIR . . . . . . . . . . . 670

16.5.2.4.1 Effects of Error-Contaminated Symbol Decisions 67116.5.2.4.2 MSE and BER Performance in an Uncoded Sce-

nario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67216.5.2.4.3 BER Performance in the Turbo Coded Scenario . 674

16.5.3 Computational Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67416.5.3.1 A Posteriori Channel Estimation Complexity . . . . . . . . 67516.5.3.2 A Priori Channel Estimation Complexity . . . . . . . . . . 675

16.5.4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67716.5.4.1 Summary and Conclusion on the PIC-Assisted DDCE’s

Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67716.5.4.2 Summary and Conclusions on the Performance Assess-

ment of the PIC-Assisted DDCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67816.5.4.2.1 Performance of the PIC-Assisted DDCE in the

Context of Sample-Spaced CIRs and Error-FreeSymbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

16.5.4.2.2 Performance of the PIC-Assisted DDCE in theContext of Non-Sample-Spaced CIRs and Error-Free Symbol Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

16.5.4.2.3 Performance of the PIC-Assisted DDCE in theContext of Sample-Spaced CIRs and Imperfect,Error-Contaminated Symbol Decisions . . . . . . 680

16.5.4.3 Summary and Conclusion on the PIC-Assisted DDCE’sComputational Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

16.6 RLS-Adaptive Parallel Interference Cancellation Aided DDCE . . . . . . . . 68116.6.1 Single-User RLS-Adaptive CIR-Related Tap Prediction . . . . . . . . 682

16.6.1.1 Review of the RLS Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68316.6.1.2 Potential Simplification by Ensemble Averaging . . . . . . 68416.6.1.3 MSE Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68516.6.1.4 Complexity Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

16.6.2 RLS-Adaptive PIC-Assisted DDCE for Multi-User OFDM . . . . . . 68716.6.2.1 MSE Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

16.6.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69016.7 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Symbols in Chapter 16: Decision-Directed Channel Estimation for Multi-UserOFDM 692

xxvi CONTENTS

17 Detection Techniques for Multi-User SDMA-OFDM 70517.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

17.1.1 Classification of Multi-User Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 70517.1.2 Outline of Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70917.1.3 SDMA-MIMO Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710

17.2 Linear Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71117.2.1 Characterization of the Linear Combiner’s Output Signal . . . . . . . 712

17.2.1.1 Description of the Different Signal Components . . . . . . 71317.2.1.2 Statistical Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71317.2.1.3 Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

17.2.2 Least-Squares Error Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71517.2.2.1 Simplified Model of the Received Signal . . . . . . . . . . 71517.2.2.2 Least-Squares Error Cost-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71517.2.2.3 Recovery of the Transmitted Signals by the Gradient Ap-

proach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71617.2.2.4 Condition for Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71717.2.2.5 Squared Estimation Error in the Received Signals’ Domain 71817.2.2.6 Mean-Square Estimation Error in the Transmitted Signals’

Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71817.2.3 Minimum Mean-Square Error Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

17.2.3.1 Mean-Square Error Cost-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71917.2.3.2 Recovery of the Transmitted Signals by the Gradient Ap-

proach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72017.2.3.2.1 Right-Inverse Related Form of the MMSE Com-

biner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72017.2.3.2.2 Left-Inverse Related Form of the MMSE Combiner721

17.2.3.3 Mean-Square Estimation Error in the Transmitted Signals’Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

17.2.3.4 Optimum Weight Vector in Standard Form . . . . . . . . . 72317.2.3.5 Relation between MMSE and MV combining . . . . . . . 723

17.2.4 Demodulation of the Different Users’ Combiner Output Signals . . . 72417.2.4.1 Approximation of a Specific User’s Combiner Output Sig-

nal as a Sample of a Complex Gaussian Distribution . . . . 72417.2.4.2 Determination of a Specific User’s Transmitted Symbol by

Maximizing the A Posteriori Probability . . . . . . . . . . 72517.2.5 Generation of Soft-Bit Information for Turbo-Decoding . . . . . . . 727

17.2.5.1 Simplification by Maximum Approximation . . . . . . . . 72817.2.6 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

17.2.6.1 MSE and BER Performance Comparison of LS, MMSEand MVDR Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

17.2.6.2 SINR Performance of MMSE Detection for DifferentNumbers of Users and Reception Antennas . . . . . . . . . 731

17.2.6.3 BER Performance of MMSE Detection for Different Num-bers of Users and Reception Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . 731

17.2.6.4 BER Performance of Turbo-Coded MMSE Detection-Assisted SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

CONTENTS xxvii

17.2.7 Complexity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73317.2.7.1 LS Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

17.2.7.1.1 LS Combining without Generating the WeightMatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734

17.2.7.1.2 LS Combining Generating the Weight Matrix . . 73517.2.7.2 MMSE Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

17.2.7.2.1 Left-Inverse Related Form of MMSE Combiningwithout Generating the Weight Matrix . . . . . . 736

17.2.7.2.2 Left-Inverse Related Form of MMSE CombiningGenerating the Weight Matrix . . . . . . . . . . 736

17.2.7.3 Demodulation of the Linear Combiner’s Output Signal . . . 73617.2.7.4 Simplified Complexity Formulae to be used in the Com-

parison of the Different Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73717.2.8 Conclusions on Linear Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738

17.3 Non-Linear Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73917.3.1 SIC Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740

17.3.1.1 Standard SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74217.3.1.2 M-SIC and its Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745

17.3.1.2.1 M-SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74617.3.1.2.2 Partial M-SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74717.3.1.2.3 Selective-Decision-Insertion Aided M-SIC . . . . 747

17.3.1.3 Generation of Soft-Bit Information for Turbo-Decoding . . 74817.3.1.3.1 Generation of Rudimentary Soft-Bits . . . . . . . 74817.3.1.3.2 Generation of Weighted Soft-Bits . . . . . . . . . 748

17.3.1.4 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75017.3.1.4.1 BER and SER Performance of Standard SIC and

M-SIC for Different Numbers of Users and Re-ceiver Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

17.3.1.4.2 SER Performance of Standard SIC and M-SICon a Per-Detection Stage Basis . . . . . . . . . . 752

17.3.1.4.3 SER Performance of Standard SIC and M-SICon a Per-Detection Stage Basis for an Error-FreeReference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

17.3.1.4.4 Evaluation of the Error-Propagation-Related EventProbabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

17.3.1.4.5 SER Performance of the Partial M-SIC . . . . . . 75617.3.1.4.6 SER Performance of Selective-Decision-Insertion

Aided M-SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75817.3.1.4.7 BER Performance of Turbo-Coded SIC Detection-

Assisted SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75817.3.1.5 Complexity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

17.3.1.5.1 Complexity of Standard SIC . . . . . . . . . . . 76117.3.1.5.2 Complexity of M-SIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76417.3.1.5.3 Complexity of Partial M-SIC . . . . . . . . . . . 76617.3.1.5.4 Complexity Comparison of the Different SIC

Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

xxviii CONTENTS

17.3.1.6 Summary and Conclusions on SIC Detection Techniques . 77017.3.2 PIC Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

17.3.2.1 Uncoded PIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77417.3.2.2 Turbo-Coded PIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77717.3.2.3 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

17.3.2.3.1 BER Performance of Uncoded PIC Detection-Assisted SDMA-OFDM for Different Numbersof Users and Receiver Antennas . . . . . . . . . 778

17.3.2.3.2 BER Performance of Turbo-Coded PIC Detection-Assisted SDMA-OFDM for Different Numbersof Users and Receiver Antennas . . . . . . . . . 780

17.3.2.4 Complexity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78117.3.2.5 Summary and Conclusions on PIC Detection . . . . . . . . 783

17.3.3 ML Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78517.3.3.1 Standard ML Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

17.3.3.1.1 Representation of the Vector of Received Signalsas a Sample of a Multi-Variate Complex Gaus-sian Distribution Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

17.3.3.1.2 Determination of the Vector of Transmitted Sym-bols by Maximizing the A Posteriori Probability . 786

17.3.3.2 Transform-Based ML Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78817.3.3.3 ML-Assisted Soft-Bit Generation for Turbo-Decoding . . . 789

17.3.3.3.1 Standard ML-Assisted Soft-Bit Generation . . . . 78917.3.3.3.2 Simplification by Maximum Approximation . . . 790

17.3.3.4 Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79117.3.3.4.1 BER Performance of ML Detection-Assisted

SDMA-OFDM for Different Numbers of Usersand Reception Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

17.3.3.4.2 BER Performance of Turbo-Coded ML Detection-Assisted SDMA-OFDM for Different Numbersof Users and Reception Antennas . . . . . . . . . 793

17.3.3.5 Complexity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79417.3.3.5.1 Complexity of Standard ML Detection . . . . . . 79417.3.3.5.2 Complexity of Transform-Based ML Detection . 79517.3.3.5.3 Complexity of ML-Assisted Maximum Approx-

imation Based Soft-Bit Generation . . . . . . . . 79617.3.3.6 Summary and Conclusions on ML Detection . . . . . . . . 797

17.3.4 Final Comparison of the Different Detection Techniques . . . . . . . 79817.3.4.1 BER Performance Comparison of the Different Detection

Techniques in Uncoded and Turbo-Coded Scenarios . . . . 79817.3.4.2 Complexity Comparison of the Different Detection Tech-

niques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80017.4 Performance Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802

17.4.1 Adaptive Modulation Assisted SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 80217.4.1.1 Outline of the Adaptive Single-User Receiver . . . . . . . 80217.4.1.2 Outline of the Adaptive Multi-User SDMA-OFDM Receiver 803

CONTENTS xxix

17.4.1.3 Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80517.4.1.4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

17.4.2 Walsh-Hadamard Transform Spreading Assisted SDMA-OFDM . . . 80817.4.2.1 Outline of WHTS Assisted Single User OFDM Receiver . 809

17.4.2.1.1 Properties of the Walsh-Hadamard Transform . . 81017.4.2.1.2 Receiver Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810

17.4.2.2 Outline of the WHTS Assisted Multi-User SDMA-OFDMReceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

17.4.2.3 Performance Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81617.4.2.3.1 Single-User WHTS-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 81617.4.2.3.2 Multi-User SDMA-WHTS-OFDM . . . . . . . . 817

17.4.2.4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81917.5 Chapter Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

17.5.1 Review of the Motivation for Multiple Reception Antenna SDMAReceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

17.5.2 Summary and Conclusions Related to Linear Detectors . . . . . . . . 82117.5.3 Summary and Conclusions Related to Non-Linear Detectors . . . . . 822

17.5.3.1 SIC Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82217.5.3.2 PIC Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82417.5.3.3 ML Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82617.5.3.4 Overall Comparison of the Different Detection Techniques 82717.5.3.5 Summary and Conclusions Related to Performance En-

hancement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82717.5.3.5.1 Adaptive Modulation Assisted SDMA-OFDM . . 82817.5.3.5.2 Walsh-Hadamard Transform Spreading Assisted

SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

Symbols in Chapter 17: MUD Techniques for SDMA-OFDM 829

18 OFDM Based Wireless Video System Design 83118.1 Adaptive Turbo-coded OFDM-Based Videotelephony . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

18.1.1 Motivation and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83118.1.2 AOFDM Modem Mode Adaptation and Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . 83318.1.3 AOFDM Subband BER Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83318.1.4 Video Compression and Transmission Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . 83418.1.5 Comparison of Subband-Adaptive OFDM and Fixed Mode

OFDM Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83418.1.6 Subband-Adaptive OFDM Transceivers Having Different

Target Bit Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84018.1.7 Time-Variant Target Bit Rate OFDM Transceivers . . . . . . . . . . 844

18.2 Multi-user OFDM/H.263 HIPERLAN-like Video Telephony . . . . . . . . . 85118.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85118.2.2 The Video System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

18.2.2.1 OFDM transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85318.2.2.2 Video Transmission Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856

18.2.3 The OFDM Signal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856

xxx CONTENTS

18.2.4 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 85818.2.5 Video System Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860


19 Conclusions of the Book and Further Research Problems 86919.1 Summary and Conclusions of Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

19.1.1 Summary of Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86919.1.2 Conclusions of Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

19.2 Summary and Conclusions of Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87119.2.1 Summary of Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87119.2.2 Conclusions of Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

19.3 Summary and Conclusions of Part III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88019.3.1 Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation for Single-User OFDM . . . . . . 88019.3.2 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation for Single-User OFDM . . . . 881

19.3.2.1 Complexity Reduction by CIR-Related Domain Filtering . 88219.3.2.2 Compensation of the Channel’s Time-Variance by CIR-

Related Tap Prediction Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88319.3.2.3 Subject for Future Research: Successive Adaptivity of

KLT and CIR-Related Tap Prediction Filtering . . . . . . . 88419.3.3 Channel Estimation for Multi-User SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . 885

19.3.3.1 LS-Assisted DDCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88619.3.3.2 PIC-Assisted DDCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

19.3.4 Uplink Detection Techniques for SDMA-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . 88819.3.4.1 SIC Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88819.3.4.2 PIC Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88919.3.4.3 Improvement of MMSE- and PIC-Detection by Adaptive

Modulation or WHT Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88919.3.5 OFDM Based Wireless Video System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

19.4 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

Glossary 893

Bibliography 897

AcknowledgmentsWe are indebted to our many colleagues who have enhanced our understanding of the subject,in particular to Prof. Emeritus Raymond Steele. These colleagues and valued friends, too nu-merous to be mentioned, have influenced our views concerning various aspects of wirelessmultimedia communications. We thank them for the enlightenment gained from our collab-orations on various projects, papers and books. We are grateful to Steve Braithwaite, JanBrecht, Jon Blogh, Marco Breiling, Marco del Buono, Sheng Chen, Peter Cherriman, Stan-ley Chia, Byoung Jo Choi, Joseph Cheung, Sheyam Lal Dhomeja, Dirk Didascalou, LimDongmin, Stephan Ernst, Peter Fortune, Eddie Green, David Greenwood, Hee Thong How,Thomas Keller, Ee Lin Kuan, W. H. Lam, C. C. Lee, Xiao Lin, Chee Siong Lee, Tong-Hooi Liew, Matthias Munster, Vincent Roger-Marchart, Jason Ng, Michael Ng, M. A. Nofal,Jeff Reeve, Redwan Salami, Clare Somerville, Rob Stedman, David Stewart, Jurgen Streit,Jeff Torrance, Spyros Vlahoyiannatos, William Webb, Stephan Weiss, John Williams, JasonWoodard, Choong Hin Wong, Henry Wong, James Wong, Lie-Liang Yang, Bee-Leong Yeap,Mong-Suan Yee, Kai Yen, Andy Yuen, and many others with whom we enjoyed an associa-tion.

We also acknowledge our valuable associations with the Virtual Centre of Excellence(VCE) in Mobile Communications, in particular with its chief executive, Dr Walter Tuttlebee,and other leading members of the VCE, namely Dr Keith Baughan, Prof. Hamid Aghvami,Prof. Ed Candy, Prof. John Dunlop, Prof. Barry Evans, Prof. Peter Grant, Dr Mike Barnard,Prof. Joseph McGeehan, Prof. Steve McLaughlin and many other valued colleagues. Oursincere thanks are also due to the EPSRC, UK for supporting our research. We would alsolike to thank Dr Joao Da Silva, Dr Jorge Pereira, Dr Bartholome Arroyo, Dr Bernard Barani,Dr Demosthenes Ikonomou, Dr Fabrizio Sestini and other valued colleagues from the Com-mission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium.

We feel particularly indebted to Denise Harvey for her skilful assistance in correcting thefinal manuscript in LaTeX. Without the kind support of Mark Hammond, Sarah Hinton, ZoePinnock and their colleagues at the Wiley editorial office in Chichester, UK this monographwould never have reached the readers. Finally, our sincere gratitude is due to the numerousauthors listed in the Author Index — as well as to those whose work was not cited owing tospace limitations — for their contributions to the state of the art, without whom this bookwould not have materialised.

Lajos Hanzo, Matthias Munster, Buyong-Jo Choi and Thomas KellerDepartment of Electronics and Computer Science

University of Southampton

1

Glossary

ACF Auto-correlation Function

ACTS Advanced Communications Technologies and Services - a Eu-ropean research programme

ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Loop

AOFDM Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

APR A Priori

APT A Posteriori

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER Bit-Error Ratio

BLAST Bell Labs Space-Time architecture

BPOS Bit per OFDM Symbol

BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying

BS Basestation

CDF Cumulative Distribution Function

CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access

CE Channel Estimation

CIR Channel Impulse Response

DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

DDCE Decision-Directed Channel Estimation

893

894 Glossary

DDCP Decision-Directed Channel Prediction

DFT Discrete Fourier Transform

DMUX Demultiplexer

DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast

D-BLAST Diagonal BLAST

EM Expectation Maximization

EVD EigenValue Decomposition

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FEC Forward Error Correction

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

FIR Finite Impulse Response

HF High-Frequency

ICI Inter-subCarrier Interference

IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

IIR Infinite Impulse Response

ISI Inter-Symbol Interference

IWHT Inverse Walsh Hadamard Transform

KLT Karhunen-Loeve Transform

LLR Log-Likelihood Ratio

LS Least-Squares

LSE Least-Squares Error

MA Multiple Access

MC Multi-Carrier

MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

ML Maximum Likelihood

Glossary 895

MLSE Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation

MMSE Minimum Mean-Square Error

MSE Mean-Square Error

MU Multi-User

MUD Multi-User Detection

MUI Multi-User Interference

MUX Multiplexer

MV Minimum Variance

MVDR Minimum Variance Distortionless Response

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

PDF Probability Density Function

PIC Parallel Interference Cancellation

PSAM Pilot Symbol Aided Modulation

PSD Power Spectral Density

PSK Phase-Shift Keying

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying

RLS Recursive Least-Squares

RNS Residue Number System

SB Subband

SDM Space-Division Multiplexing

SDMA Space-Division Multiple Access

SDI Selective Decision Insertion

SER Symbol Error Ratio

SIC Successive Interference Cancellation

SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio

896 Glossary

SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio

SMI Sample Matrix Inversion

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

STC Space-Time Coding

SVD Singular-Value Decomposition

TCM Trellis-Coded Modulation

TDD Time-Division Duplexing

TDMA Time-Division Multiple Access

TTCM Turbo-Trellis Coded Modulation

V-BLAST Vertical BLAST

WATM Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode

WHT Walsh-Hadamard Transform

WHTS Walsh-Hadamard Transform Spreading

ZF Zero-Forcing

1D One-Dimensional

2D Two-Dimensional

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