Proceedings of the

National Academy

of Sciences

of the United States ofAmerica

VOLUME 5 5JANUARY-JUNE, 1966

EDITORIAL BOARD OF THE PROCEEDINGS

SAUNDERS MlAC LANE, Chairman and EditorJOHN T. EDSALL, Vice Chairman and Associate Editor

MERLE A. TUVE, Home Secretary HARRISON S. BROWN, Foreign SecretaryL. V. BERKNER, Treasurer

MANSON BENEDICTCARL DJERASSIKATHERINE ESAUWILLIAM A. FOWLER

HERBERT FRIEDMANR. W. GERARDARTHUR KORNBERGS. E. LURIA

GORDON J. F. MACDONALDTHEODORE T. PUCKH. L. SHAPIROD. C. SPENCER

Editorial Associate: JOSEPHINE A. WILLIAMS

*

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BYTHE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

CONTENTS

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

SYMPOSIUM ON MECHANISMS OF COLOR VISION.1311INTRODUCTION.By C. H. Graham, Chairman 1311FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF COLOR VISION FROM 1860 TO 1960 By Deane B. Judd 1313RETINAL PROCESSING OF VISUAL DATA.By Edward F. MacNichol, Jr. 1331;EFFECTS OF VARYING STIMULUS SIZE AND COLOR ON SINGLE LATERAL GENICULATECELLS IN RHESUS MONKEYS . By David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel 1345

DEFECTIVE COLOR VISION AND ITS INHERITANCE. By George Wald 1347

PHYSICAL SCIENCES

MATHEMATICS

APPROXIMATION BY POLYNOMIALS: UNIFORM CONVERGENCE AS IMPLIED BY MEANCONVERGENCE. By J. L. Walsh 20

HEREDITARY RINGS.By Lance W. Small 25ASYMPTOTIC DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATIONS TO E.By William W. Adams 28ASYMPTOTIC DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATIONS.By Serge Lang 31COMPLEX STRUCTURES ON S' X S3.By K. Kodaira 240STRUCTURE THEORY FOR A CLASS OF JORDAN ALGEBRAS. By N. Jacobson 243FUNDAMENTAL POLYHEDRONS AND LIMIT POINT SETS OF KLEINIAN GROUPS.

By Lars V. Ahlfors 251INVESTIGATION ON GROUPS OF EVEN ORDER,II. By Richard Brauer 254SHRINKING A MANIFOLD IN A MANIFOLD . By J. G. Hocking and Kyung Whan Kwun 259ON THE CONTROLLABILITY OF A NONLINEAR SYSTEM . . . . By A. V. Balakrishnan 465ON THE SYMMETRIES OF CERTAIN HYPERELASTIC SIMPLE LIQUID CRYSTALS

By C.-C. Wang 468ON RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS WITH CONSTANT SCALAR CURVATURE ADMITTING A

CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATIONGROUP. By Kentaro Yano 472ON THE MATHEMATICAL MECHANISM OF PHASE TRANSITION

By Mark Kac and Colin J. Thompson 676FURTHER REMARKS ON NONLINEAR P-COMPACT OPERATORS IN BANACH SPACE

.By W. V. Petryshyn 684THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPLEX PRIMITIVE INFINITE PSEUDOGROUPS

By V. Guillemin, D. Quillen, and S. Sternberg 687ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF DIVISION RINGS BY THE DEFORMATION OF FIELDS

By Murray Gerstenhaber 690ALGEBRAIC COMPLEXES APPLIED TO CHEMISTRY. By Peter H. Sellers 693THE CATEGORY OF NOETHERIAN MODULES.By Tsit-Yuen Lam 1038CONNECTIVITY OF PERIPHERALLY CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS. . . By G. T. Whyburn 1040HYPERFUNCTIONS AND LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS By Reese Harvey 1042THE PLEMELJ FORMULAS WITH UNRESTRICTED APPROACH, AND THE CONTINUITY OF

CAUCHY-TYPE INTEGRALS.By Frederick Bagemihl 1046THE RESIDUE CALCULUS AND SOME TRANSCENDENTAL RESULTS IN ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY, I

By Phillip A. Griffiths 1303THE RESIDUE CALCULUS AND SOME TRANSCENDENTAL RESULTS IN ALGEBRAIC

GEOMETRY,II. By Philhip A. Griffths 1392EXAMPLES OF SINGULAR NORMAL COMPLEX SPACES WHICH ARE TOPOLOGICAL MANIFOLDS

.By Egbert V. Brieskorn 1395UNIQUENESS THEOREMS FOR POLYHEDRA.By J. J. Stoker 1398

ii CONTENTS

APPROXIMATION BY POLYNOMIALS: UNIFORM CONVERGENCE AS IMPLIED BY MEANCONVERGENCE, II.By J. L. Walsh 1405

ON THE CHERN NUMBERS OF CERTAIN COMPLEX AND ALMOST COMPLEX MANIFOLDS .By A. Van de Ven 1624

ASTRONOMY

DYNAMICS OF SPHERICAL GALAXIES, II.ByPhilip Al. Campbell ION THE SPIRAL STRUCTURE OF DISK GALAXIES, II. OUTLINE OF A THEORY OF DENSITY

WAVES.By C. C. Lin and Frank H. Shu 229PHOTOELECTRIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY OF 1 CARINAE .By L. H. Aller 671APPARENT LUNAR ACTIVITY: HISTORICAL REVIEW.

By Jaylee Burley and Barbara M. Middlehurst 1007

PHYSICS

ON THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FOR CUBIC CRYSTALS By T. Y. Thomas 235ANALOGY BETWEEN BODY FORCE AND INELASTIC STRAIN GRADIENT IN CUBIC CRYSTALS

AND ISOTROPIC BODIES. By T. H. Lin 477A STUDY OF WATER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY O'1 MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY,

I. PRELIMINARY STUDIES AND XENON HYDRATES . . . By Jay A. Glasel 479ESR STUDY OF y-IRRADIATED POLYNUCLEOTIDES By Janko N. Herak and Walter Gordy 698QUANTUM CORRECTIONS TO THE THIRD AND FOURTH VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS USING THE 6:12POTENTIAL. By Sungwoon Kim and Douglas Henderson 705

LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN CUBIC CRYSTALS. By I'. Y. Thmas 1011HYDROGEN ADDITION RADICALS ON RNA AND THE NUCLEIC-ACID BASES AT 770K

.By J. N. Herak and W. Gordy 1373

ENGINEERING

OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING MAGNETOAERODYNAMIC J)RAG AND SHOCK STANDOFFDISTANCE. By Gerald R. Seemann and Ali Bulent Cambel 457

CHEMISTRY

A NITROXIDE-MALEIMIDE SPIN LABEL By 0. Hayes Griffith and Harden M. McConnell 8A FREQUENCY-MODULATED ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER: ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY

OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF NACL AND KCL AT 250CBy Frank T. Gucker, Cedric L. Chernick, and Phanibusan Roy-Chowdhury 12

SYNTHESIS OF HIGHLY DEUTERATED AMINO ACIDS.By A. T. Blomquist,R. J. Cedergren, Bruce F. Hiscock, Spencer L. Tripp, and David N. Harpp 453

A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BINDING OF N-ACYL DERIVATIVES OF a-AMINO-AMIDES BY a-CHYMOTRYPSIN

. By Carole L. Hamilton, Carl Niemann, and George S. Hammond 664A SPIN-LABELED SUBSTRATE FOR a-CHYMOTRYPSIN

By Lawrence J. Berliner and Harden M. McConnell 708CONFORMATION AND REACTION SPECIFICITY IN PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE ENZYMES

By Harmon C. Dunathan 712TWISTED CIRCULAR DNA: SEDIMENTATION COEFFICIENTS AND THE NUMBER OF TWISTS

By Victor A. Bloomfield 717PURINE BINDING TO DINUCLNOTIDES: EVIDENCE FOR BASE STACKING AND INSERTION

By Sunney I. Chan, Benedict W. Bangerter, and Heinrich H. Peter 720EXCIMER FLUORESCENCE OF DINUCLEOTIDES, POLYNUCLEOTIDES, AND DNA

By J. Eisinger, M. Gugron, R. G. Shulman, and T. Yamane 1015HALIDE IONS AS CHEMICAL PROBES FOR NMR STUDIES OF PROTEINS

By Thomas R. Stengle and John D. Baldeschwieler 1020

CONTENTS iii

THERMODYNAMIC FACTORS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF TWO-STRANDED NUCLEIC ACIDSBy Leonard Peller 1025

SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURE THEORY OF MOLECULES HAVING HINDERED INTERMOLECULARROTATION IN THE CONDENSED PHASES . By Don R. McLaughlin and Henry Eyring 1031

STUDIES IN IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS, V. STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF A

SIMPLE STEADY-STATE MEMBRANE MODEL.By Terrell L. Hill 13798-AZACYL(2.2.2)AZINE.ByV. Boekelheide and N. A. Fedoruk 1385TRIPLET EXCITONS IN POLYADENYLIC ACID . By J. Eisinger and R. G. Shulman 1387

GEOPHYSICS

CHEMICAL EVENTS ON THE PRIMITIVEEARTH. By Philip H. Abelson 1365

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

BOTANY

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN AUXIN AND ETHYLENE AND ITS ROLE IN PLANT GROWTHBy Stanley P. Burg and Ellen A. Burg 262

ORGANIZATION OF BEET YELLOWS-VIRUS INCLUSIONS IN LEAF CELLS OF Beta.By K. Esau, J. Cronshaw, and L. L. Hoefert 486

LUMINESCENCE OF CHLOROPHYLL IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS INDUCED BY ACID-BASETRANSITION.By Berger C. Mayne and Roderick K. Clayton 494

FRACTURE FACES OF FROZEN MEMBRANES. By Daniel Branton 1048THE HILL REACTION OF CHLOROPLASTS ISOLATED FROM GLUTARALDEHYDE-FIXED SPINACH

LEAVES . By Roderic B. Park, Jeffrey Kelly, Susan Drury, and Kenneth Sauer 1056THE ROLE OF CAROTENOIDS IN THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF GREEN PLANTS

By H. Lundegdrdh 1062THE ROLE OF SOLVENT PRESSURE IN OSMOTIC SYSTEMS . By P. F. Scholander 1407

GENETICS

INTERACTION OF NONALLELIC GENES ON CELLULAR ANTIGENS IN SPECIES HYBRIDS OFCOLUMBIDAE, II. IDENTIFICATION OF INTERACTING GENES . By M. R. Irwin 34

SYNTHESIS OF COLLAGEN AND HYALURONIC ACID BY FIBROBLAST HYBRIDS.. By Howard Green, Boris Ephrussi, Michihiro Yoshida, and David Hamerman 41

DOUBLE-STRANDEDNESS OF MEIOTIC PROPHASE CHROMATIDS TO LIGHT MICROSCOPEOPTICS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GENETIC RECOMBINATION.

By Marjorie P. Maguire 44STUDIES ON MECHANISMS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF CONSTANT MUTABILITY:

MUTABILITY AND THE RESISTANCE TO MUTAGENS.. By Stephen Zamenhof, Lilo H. Heldenmuth, and Patrice J. Zamenhof 50

MUTATION WITHOUT SEGREGATION IN BACTERIA WITH REDUCED DARK REPAIR ABILITYBy H. E. Kubitschek 269

THE UNUSUAL MUTAGENIC SPECIFICITY OF AN E. coli MUTATOR GENEBy Charles Yanofsky, Edward C. Cox, and Virginia Horn 274

A MODEL FOR MRNA TRANSCRIPTION SUGGESTED BY SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF 2-AMINO-PURINE MUTAGENESIS IN Salmonella . . By Paul Margolin and F. H. Mukai 282

MORPHOGENESIS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4 IN EXTRACTS OF MUTANT-INFECTED CELLS .

By R. S. Edgar and W. B. Wood 498HETERODUPLEX HETEROZYGOTES IN BACTERIOPHAGE T4 INVOLVING MUTATIONS OF

VARIOUS D[MENSIONS.By John W. Drake 506DNA REPLICAT[ON.By H. E. Kubitschek and T. R. Henderson 512

iv CONTENTS

SPONTANEOUS ORIGIN OF AN INCIPIENT SPECIES IN THE Drosophila paulistorumCOMPLEX.By Theodosius Dobzhansky and Olga Pavlovsky 727

ON THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL SELECTION ON POPULATION SIZE By William Feller 733SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS ACCUMULATING IN BACTERIOPHAGE T4 IN THE COMPLETE

ABSENCE OF DNA REPLICATION. By John W. Drake 738THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THE GENETIC CODE

By C. R. Woese, D. H. Dugre, W. C. Saxinger, and S. A. Dugre 966HYBRIDIZATION OF DWARF HAMSTER CELLS BY UV-INACTIVATED SENDAI VIRUS

.By George Yerganian and Marilyn B. NVell 1066POLYALLELIC RANDOM DRIFT IN RELATION TO EVOLUTION. . By Sewall Wright 1074GENE-SPECIFIC MRNA, II. REGULATION OF MRNA SYNTHESIS IN E. coli AFTER

INFECTION WITH BACTERIOPHAGE T4By E. K. F. Bautz, T. Kasai, E. Reilly, and F. A. Bautz 1081

FUNCTION OF THE N CISTRON OF BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDABy Jay J. Protass and David Korn 1089

LOCATION OF GENETIC LOCI OF SOLUBLE RNA ON Bacillus subtilis CHROMOSOMEBy M. Oishi, A. Oishi, and N. Sueoka 1095

DNA-STRAND SCISSION AND LOSS OF VIABILITY AFTER X IRRADIATION OF NORMAL ANDSENSITIZED BACTERIAL CELLS.. . By Henry S. Kaplan 1442

THE EFFECT OF CHROMOSOMES 5B, 5D, and 5A ON CHROMOSOMAL PAIRING IN Triticumaestivum.By Moshe Feldman 1447

THE ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTION OF POLYAMINES: SUPPRESSION OF THE MUTAGENIC ACTIONOF AN E. coli MUTATOR GENE AND OF 2-AMINOPURINE

.By Herbert G. Johnson and Michael K. Bach 1453GENE AGGREGATION: EVIDENCE FOR A COMING TOGETHER OF FUNCTIONALLY RELATED,

NOT CLOSELY LINKED GENES. . . . By Henry J. Vogel and Donald F. Bacon 1456FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF PHAGE S13: IDENTIFICATION OF Two GENES THAT DETERMINE

THE STRUCTURE OF THE PHAGE COAT By Irwin Tessman and Ethel S. Tessman 1459ASSEMBLY OF PHAGE LAMBDA in vitro.By J. Weigle 1462

ZOOLOGY

HERITABILITY OF CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION: CLONAL GROWTH AND EXPRESSION OFDIFFERENTIATION IN RETINAL PIGMENT CELLS in vitro

.By Robert D. Cahn and Martha B. Cahn 106HYBRIDIZATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL RNA WITH MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR DNA IN

AGAR.. By Douglas G. Humm and Jane H. Humm 114THE INFLUENCE OF COLLAGEN ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLE CLONES.

By Stephen D. Hauschka and Irwin R. Konigsberg 119A GLIAL PROTEIN SPECIFIC FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. By H. Hyden and B. McEwen 354ACTIVATION OF RNA SYNTHESIS ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRULATION

. By R. Bachvarova, E. H. Davidson, V. G. Allfrey, and A. E. Mirsky 358CHANGING POPULATIONS OF MESSENGER RNA DURING SEA URCHIN DEVELOPMENT

By A. H. Whiteley, B. J. McCarthy, and H. R. Whiteley 519EFFECTS OF RNA ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIALITY OF THE POSTERIOR PRIMITIVE

STREAK OF THE CHICK BLASTODERM . . . . . By Somes Sanyal and M. C. Niu 743EVAPORATIVE COOLING AND RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS IN THE PIGEON

By William A. Calder, Jr., and Knut Schmidt-Nielsen 750ACCUMULATION IN THE GOCYTE NUCLEUS OF A GENE PRODUCT ESSENTIAL FOR EMBRYONIC

DEVELOPMENT BEYOND GASTRULATION By Robert Briggs and Gloria Cassens 1103SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE BINDING OF ACRIDINE ORANGE TO POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES

.By James W. MacInnes and Robert B. Uretz 1109THE FOUNDER PRINCIPLE AND COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF Tribolium

By Peter S. Dawson and I. Michael Lerner 1114THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE HYPOPHARYNGEAL GLAND CELL OF THE HONEY BEE DURING

DEVELOPMENT AND SECRETION By Theophilus S. Painter and John J. Beisele 1414

CONTENTS v

PHYSIOLOGY

TOWARD A QUANTITATIVE VIEW OF THEENGRAM. By Arthur Cherkin 88THEORY OF THE FLOW OF ACTION CURRENTS IN ISOLATED MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS, IX

.By R. Lorente de No and V. Honrubia 91RADIOIMMUNOASSAYABLE GLUCAGON LEVELS IN MAN: EFFECTS OF STARVATION, HYpo-

GLYCEMIA, AND GLUCOSE ADMINISTRATION. By A. M. Lawrence 316THEORY OF THE FLOW OF ACTION CURRENTS IN ISOLATED MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS, X

.By R. Lorente de No and V. Honrubia 321CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CELLS OF THE DEVELOPING SQUID AS REVEALED BY ELECTRO-

PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS . . . By D. D. Potter, E. J. Furshpan, and E. S. Lennox 328LACTATE AND PYRUVATE CONCENTRATIONS IN EXERCISED ISCHEMIC CANINE MUSCLE:

RELATIONSHIP OF TISSUE SUBSTRATE LEVEL TO LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMEPATTERN. By Elliot S. Vesell and Peter E. Pool 756

REVERSIBLE ALTERATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS BY ANESTHETICAGENTS.By D. Balasubramanian and D. B. Wetlaufer 762

THEORY OF THE FLOW OF ACTION CURRENTS IN ISOLATED MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS, XI.By R. Lorente de No and V. Honrubia 766

THEORY OF THE FLOW OF ACTION CURRENTS IN ISOLATED MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS, XII.By R. Lorente de No and V. Honrubia 1118

PATHOLOGY

INDUCTION OF LEUKEMIA IN RAT BY PULSE DOSES OF 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE.By Charles B. Huggins and Taketoshi Sugiyama 74

POTENTIATION OF ONCOGENICITY OF ADENOVIRUS TYPE 12 GROWN IN AFRICAN GREENMONKEY KIDNEY CELL CULTURES PREINFECTED WITH SV40 VIRUS: PERSISTENCEOF BOTH T ANTIGENS IN THE TUMORS AND EVIDENCE FOR POSSIBLE HYBRIDIZATION

By Klaus Schell, W. T. Lane, M. J. Casey, and R. J. Huebner 81A FURTHER CORRELATION BETWEEN THE RESPONSE OF LYSOGENIC BACTERIA AND TUMOR

CELLS TO CHEMICALAGENTS.By Albert H. Gelderman, Thomas L. Lincoln, Dean B. Cowie, and Richard B. Roberts 289

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF THE LYMPHOMAS OF AFRICAN CHILDREN.By Gilbert Dalldorf, Fernanda Bergamini, and Patricia Frost 297

CELL GROWTH AND THE INITIATION OF TRANSFORMATION BY SV40By George J. Todaro and Howard Green 302

AMYLOID, III. A PROTEIN RELATED TO THE SUBUNIT STRUCTURE OF HUMAN AMYLOIDFIBRILS.By Earl P. Benditt and Nils Eriksen 308

THE EFFECTS OF NONTUMOR VIRUSES ON VIRUS-INDUCED LEUKEMIA IN MICE:RECIPROCAL INTERFERENCE BETWEEN SENDAI VIRUS AND FRIEND LEUKEMIA VIRUSIN DBA/2 MICE.By E. Frederick Wheelock 774

RADIOMIMETIC BEVERAGES, DRUGS, AND MUTAGENS . . By Karl Sax and Hally J. Sax 1431EVIDENCE FOR THE in vitro TRANSFER OF DEFECTIVE ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS GENOME FROM

HAMSTER TUMOR CELLS TO CHICK CELLSBy Padman S. Sarma, William Vass, and Robert J. Huebner 1435

SEARCH FOR TUMOR-SPECIFIC IMMUNE REACTIONS IN BURKITT LYMPHOMA PATIENTS BYTHE MEMBRANE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE REACTION

By George Klein, Peter Clifford, Eva Klein, and Jan Stjernsward 1628

MICROBIOLOGY

ON THE NATURE OF THE PNEUMOCOCCAL ACTIVATOR SUBSTANCE.By Alexander Tomasz and J. L. Mosser 58

CLONAL STABILITY AND PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION OF CHICK CARTILAGE CELLS in vitro.By Hayden G. Coon 66

CONTENTS

NUCLEIC ACID HOMOLOGY STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS TYPE 7-SV40 INTERACTIONS .

By Paul R. Reich,Stephen G. Baum, James A. Rose, Wallace P. Rowe, and Sherman M. Weissman 336

IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF GROUP-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN OF THE AVIAN SARCOMA-LEUKOSIS VIRUSES. . . By F. E. Payne, J. J. Solomon, and H. (G. Purchase 341

ON THE CULTURE OF A MICROORGANISM SIMILAR TO THE PRECAMBRIAN MICROFOSSILKakabekia umbellata BARGHOORN IN NH3-RICH ATMOSPHERES

.ByS. M. Siegel and Constance Giumarro 349STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS-SV40 HYBRID VIRUSES, IV. AN ADENOVIRUS TYPE 2 STRAIN

CARRYING THE INFECTIOUS SV40 GENOMEBy Andrew M. Lewis, Jr., Kirsten 0. Prigge, and Wallace P. Rowe 526

DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE CAPACITY OF ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS TO INDUCE TUMORS INMAMMALS.By Hidesaburo Hanafusa and Teruko Hanafusa 532

PRODUCTION OF ALTERED CELL FOCI IN TISSUE CULTURE BY DEFECTIVE MOLONEYSARCOMA VIRUS PARTICLES . . . By Janet W. Hartley and Wallace P. Rowe 780

HETEROGENEOUS RNA'S OCCURRING DURING THE REPLICATION OF WESTERN EQUINEENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS.By T. Sreevalsan and R. Z. Lockart, Jr. 974

STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS-SV40 HYBRID VIRUSES, V. EVIDENCE FOR LINKAGE BETWEENADENOVIRUS AND SV40 GENETIC MATERIALS

.By Wallace P. Rowe and Wendell E. Pugh 1126INHIBITION OF SV40 ANTIGEN FORMATION BY INTERFERON

By Michael N. Oxman and Paul H. Black 1133DIFFERENT EFFECTS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL, DACTINOMYCIN, AND STREPTOVITACIN A ON

TUMOR AND VIRION ANTIGENS IN SV40 VIRUS-INFECTED CELLSBy Albert B. Sabin 1141

STUDIES OF SMALL DNA VIRUSES FOUND IN VARIOUS ADENOVIRUS PREPARATIONS:PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

By M. David Hoggan, Neil R. Blacklow, and W. P. Rowe 1467

ANTHROPOLOGY

RECENT ADVANCES IN THE PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF FORMOSA.By Kwang-chih Chang and. Minze Stuiver 53!)

LATE PLEISTOCENE VEGETATION AND CLIMATE IN TAIWAN (FORMOSA).By Matsuo Tsukada 543

PSYCHOLOGY

VOCALIZATION AND HEARING IN THE LEOPARDLIZARD.By Ernest Glen Wever, Marie-Claude Hepp-Reymond, and Jack A. Vernon 98

THE TRANSFER OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR FROM TRAINED TO UNTRAINED RATS BY MEANS OFBRAIN EXTRACTS, I . . . By Frank Rosenblatt, John T. Farrow, and Sam Rhine 548

THE TRANSFER OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR FROM TRAINED TO UNTRAINED RATS BY MEANS OFBRAIN EXTRACTS, II . By Frank Rosenblatt, John T. Farrow, and Sam Rhine 787

THE OLFACTORY SENSE AND INFRARED RADIATION IN THE LARGE AMERICAN COCKROACH.By Walter R. Miles 1420

BRAIN FUNCTION AND MACROMOLECULES, I. INCORPORATION OF URIDINE INTO RNA OFMOUSE BRAIN DURING SHORT-TERM TRAINING EXPERIENCE. ByJohn W. Zemp, John Eric Wilson, K. Schlesinger, W. 0. Boggan, and Edward Glassman 1423

BIOCHEMISTRY

INDIVIDUALITY IN NUTRITION: EFFECTS OF VITAMIN A-DEFICIENT AND OTHERDEFICIENT DIETS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

.By Roger J. Williams and Richard B. Pelton 126MEMBRANE PROPERTIES OF LIVING MAMMALIAN CELLS AS STUDIED BY ENZYMATIC

HYDROLYSIS OF FLUOROGENIC ESTERS By Boris Rotman and Ben W. Papermaster 134

vi

CONTENTS Vii

DIRECTION OF READING OF THE GENETIC MESSAGE, II . . . . By Marvin A. Smith,Margarita Salas, Wendell M. Stanley, Jr., Albert J. Wahba, and Severo Ochoa 141

N-FORMYLMETHIONYL-SRNA AS THE INITIATOR OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS..By Jerry M. Adams and Mario R. Capecchi 147

In vitro PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: CHAIN INITIATION. By Robert E. Webster, Dean L. Engelhardt, and Norton D. Zinder 155

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN TERMINATION IN CELL-FREEEXTRACTS OF E. coli. By M. Clelia Ganoza and Tokumasa Nakamoto 162

ATP FORMATION CAUSED BY ACID-BASE TRANSITION OF SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS .

By Andre Tridon Jagendorf and Ernest Uribe 170ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D ACTION AND ACTINOMYCIN-SENSITIVE

PROCESSES. By J. Elwood Zull, E. Czarnowska-Misztal, and H. F. DeLuca 177FRACTIONATION AND SPECIFICITIES OF Two ASPARTYL-RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND Two

PHENYLALANYL-RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHETASES..By W. Edgar Barnett and J. L. Epler 184

CELL-FREE ACTIVITY OF A SULFATE BINDING SITE INVOLVED IN ACTIVE TRANSPORTBy Arthur B. Pardee and Louise S. Prestidge 189

HYDRODYNAMIC CHANGES ACCOMPANYING THE THERMAL DENATURATION OF TRANSFERRIBONUCLEIC ACID . . By David D. Henley, Tomas Lindahl, and Jacques R. Fresco 191

RECONSTITUTION OF FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE RiBoSoMES FROM INACTIVE SUBPARTICLES ANDPROTEINS . . . By Keiichi Hosokawa, Robert K. Fujimura, and Masayasu Nomura 198

SUBUNIT ASSOCIATION AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GALACTOSE-4-EPIMERASE FROMYEAST. By Robert A. Darrow and Robert Rodstrom 205

COMPARISON OF GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SPLIT AND POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS WITH APURIFIED E. coliSYSTEM. By Yasutomi Nishizuka and Fritz Lipmann 212

NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEINS ISOLATED FROM THE RAUSCHER MOUSE LEUKEMIA VIRUS(MLV).By Peter H. Duesberg and William S. Robinson 219

THE METABOLISM OF SPHINGOMYELIN, II. EVIDENCE OF AN ENZYMATIC DEFICIENCY INNIEMANN-PICKDISEASE.By Roscoe 0. Brady, Julian N. Kanfer, Michael B. Mock, and Donald S. Frederickson 366

EFFECT OF ACETOXYCYCLOHEXIMIDE AND OF AN ACETOXYCYCLOHEXIMIDE-PUROMYCINMIXTURE ON CEREBRAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND MEMORY IN MICE

By Louis B. Flexner and Josefa B. Flexner 369A SPECULATION RELATING THE GENETIC CODE AND THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS .

By Ben Bloom 375ENERGY TRANSFER IN DINUCLEOTIDES . By C. Helne, P. Douzou, and A. M. Michelson 376INTERACTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, III. CHEMICAL LINKAGE OF THE CARCINOGEN 3,4-

BENZPYRENE TO DNA INDUCED BY X-RAY IRRADIATION.By S. A. Rapaport and Paul 0. P. Ts'o 381

CELL DIVISION, SH, KETOALDEHYDES, AND CANCER By L. G. Egyud and A. Szent-Gyirgyi 388HYDROXYLYSINE FORMATION FROM LYSINE DURING COLLAGEN BIOSYNTHESIS

.By Edwin A. Popenoe, Robert B. Aronson, and Donald D. Van Slyke 393ON THE LIGAND FIELD OF IRON IN FERREDOXIN FROM SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS AND

RELATED NONHEME IRON ENZYMESBy Hans Brintzinger, Graham Palmer, and Richard H. Sands 397

AMINO ACID PRODUCTION BY A MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION OF Neurospora crassa .By J. A. Kinsey and R. P. Wagner 404

TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS BY RABBIT TESTIS SLICES: GLUCOSE-UL-C14 AS A CARBONSOURCE FOR TESTICULAR STEROIDS AND TESTICULAR PROTEINS.

By Gerald M. Connell and Kristen B. Eik-Nes 410THE NATURE AND LOCATION OF INTRAMOLECULAR CROSS-LINKS IN COLLAGEN

By Paul Bornstein, Andrew H. Kang, and Karl A. Piez 417ROLE OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX IN THE INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT OF SECRETORYPROTEINS. By James D. Jamieson and George E. Palade 424

LINCOMYCIN, AN INHIBITOR OF AMINOACYL SRNA BINDING TO RIBoSoMESBy F. N. Chang, C. J. Sih, and B. Weisblum 431

Viii CONTENTS

NUCLEIC ACID OF THE RAUSCHER MOUSE LEUKEMIA VIRUSBy Peter T. Mora, Vivian W. McFarland, and Samuel W. Luborsky 438

DEPENDENCE OF THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF ANTIBODIES ON THE NET ELECTRICAL CHARGEOF ANTIGENS.By Michael Sela and Edna Mozes 445

STAGES OF MEMORY FORMATION IN GOLDFISH: EVIDENCE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTALTRIGGER.By Roger E. Davis and Bernard W. Agranoff 555

SALT ACCUMULATION AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IN CARROT XYLEM TISSUE .

. By M. R. Atkinson, Gail Eckermann, Mary Grant, and R. N. Robertson 560ALTERATION OF VALYL-SRNA DURING SPORULATION OF Bacillus subtilis.

By Ichiro Kaneko and Roy H. Doi 564SUPPRESSION OF THE SHUNT PATHWAY IN PRIMARY GOUT BY AZATHIOPRINE

By Leif B. Sorensen 571SYNTHESIS OF A MATERIAL WITH HIGH JUVENILE HORMONE ACTIVITY

By John H. Law, Ching Yuan, and Carroll M. Williams 576CONFORMATIONAL DIFFERENCES AMONG PURIFIED SAMPLES OF TRANSFER RNA FROM

YEAST . By Prem S. Sarin, Paul C. Zamecnik, Peter L. Bergquist, and Jesse F. Scott 579THE PRESENCE OF Two MAJOR HEMOGLOBIN COMPONENTS IN AN INBRED STRAIN OF MICE

By Daniel B. Rifkin, Mary R. Rifkin, and William Konigsberq 586STUDIES OF THE FORMATION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID, VII. FATE

OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AFTER ENTERING THE HOST CELL By K. K. Reddi 593AUTORADIOGRAPHY OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA FIBERS FROM CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS

.ByJoel A. Huberman and Arthur D. Riggs 599A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR INITIATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

.By Tokumasa Nakamoto and Daniel Kolakofsky 606MUTANTS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4 UNABLE TO CAUSE BREAKDOWN OF HOST DNA .

By John S. Wiberg 614ENDOGENOUS INDUCTION OF THE GALACTOSE OPERON IN Escherichia coli K12

By H. C. P. Wu and H. M. Kalckar 622ALTERED REPRESSION OF SOME ENZYMES OF SULFUR UTILIZATION IN A TEMPERATURE-

CONDITIONAL LETHAL MUTANT OF Neurospora.ByRobert L. Metzenberg and Judith W. Parson 629

PARTICIPATION OF A DNA-RNA HYBRID COMPLEX IN in vivo GENETIC TRANSCRIPTIONBy Marie N. Hayashi and Masaki Hayashi 635

ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES OF A MOUSEASCITES TUMOR.By Kenneth P. Cantor and John E. Hearst 642

THE STIMULATION OF GLOBIN SYNTHESIS BY HEMEBy Arthur I. Grayzel, Pieter Horchner, and Irving M. London 650

GLYCOPEPTIDE TRANSPEPTIDASE AND D-ALANINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE: PENICILLIN-SENSITIVE ENZYMATIC REACTIONS

By Kazuo Izaki, Michio Matsuhashi, and Jack L. Strominger 656ISOLATION OF THE DNA OF THE E. coli CHROMOSOME IN ONE PIECE. By C. I. Davern 792ALKYLATION OF A BRAIN TRANSPORT ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE AT THE CARDIOTONIC

STEROID SITE BY STROPHANTHIDIN-3-HALOACETATESBy Lowell E. Hokin, Michael Mokotoff, and S. Morris Kupchan 797

RNA SYNTHESIS AND HISTONE ACETYLATION DURING THE COURSE OF GENE ACTIVATIONIN LYMPHOCYTES.By B. G. T. Pogo, V. G. Allfrey, and A. E. Mirsky 805

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND THE TEMPORAL CONTROL OF GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION DURING

SLIME MOLD DEVELOPMENT. By M. Sussman 813ISOLATION OF HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT, P32-LABELED INFLUENZA VIRUS RIBONUCLEIC

ACID.By Hari 0. Agrawal and George Bruening 818ON THE MECHANISM OF ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS: A SPECIES COMPARISON OF L-CHAINS

By Leroy E. Hood, William R. Gray, and William J. Dreyer 826INHIBITION OF LYSOZYME SYNTHESIS BY ACTINOMYCIN D IN BACTERIOPHAGE T4-INFECTED

CELLS OF Escherichia coli.By Jay J. Protass and David Korn 832SIMILARITY OF EFFECTS OF OXYGEN, SULFUR, AND SELENIUM ISOLOGS ON THE ACETYL-

CHOLINE RECEPTOR IN EXCITABLE MEMBRANES OF JUNCTIONS AND AXONSBy Philip Rosenberg, Henry G. Mautner, and David Nachmansohn 835

CONTENTS ix

INTRACELLULAR CONDITION OF Escherichia coli TRANSFERRNA.By C. D. Yegian, G. S. Stent, and E. M. Martin 839

THE y-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID SYSTEM IN RABBITCEREBELLUM.By Kinya Kuriyama, Bernard Haber, Betty Sisken, and Eugene Roberts 846

SERUM-INDUCED FORMATION OF LYsosoMEs IN HELA CELLS: A PROCESS SENSITIVE TOACTINOMYCIN D. By Michael J. Ahearn, Terrell H. Hamilton, and John J. Biesele 852

AN RNA-HISTONE COMPLEX IN MAMMALIAN CELLS: THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZA-TION OF A NEW RNA SPECIESBy William Benjamin, Orville A. Levander, Alfred Gellhorn, and Robert H. DeBellis 858

DEFICIENCIES OF CYSTATHIONASE AND HOMOSERINE DEHYDRATASE ACTIVITIES IN CYSTA-THIONINURIABy James D. Finkelstein, S. Harvey Mudd, Filadelfo Irreverre, and Leonard Laster 865

ALTERATIONS OF A MATERNALLY INHERITED MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURAL PROTEIN INRESPIRATORY-DEFICIENT STRAINS OF Neurospora

.By D. 0. Woodward and K. D. Munkres 872STIMULATION OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS BY PHOSPHORYLATED SUGARS

By S. J. Wakil, J. K. Goldman, I. P. Williamson, and R. E. Toomey 880SUSTAINED SINUSOIDAL OSCILLATIONS OF REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE IN A CELL-

FREE EXTRACT OF Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.By Kendall Pye and Britton Chance 888

OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION OF HEME PEPTIDE FROM CYTOCHROME C... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . By David D. Ulmer 894

ACUTE DECREASE IN RNA POLYMERASE ACTIVITY OF RAT THYMUS IN RESPONSE TOCORTISOL INJECTION.By Sachiko Nakagawa and Abraham White 900

VAN DER WAALS-LONDON INTERACTIONS AND THE CONFIGURATION OF HYDROGEN-BONDEDPURINE AND PYRIMIDINE PAIRS

By Bernard Pullman, Pierre Claverie, and Jacqueline Caillet 904RNA CODONS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, IX. SYNONYM CODON RECOGNITION BY MUL-

TIPLE SPECIES OF VALINE-, ALANINE-, AND METHIONINE-SRNA.By D. A. Kellogg, B. P. Doctor, J. E. Loebel, and M. W. Nirenberg 912

PROLINE UPTAKE BY AN ISOLATED CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE PREPARATION OF Escherichiacoli.By H. R. Kaback and E. R. Stadtman 920

A NEW FERREDOXIN-DEPENDENT CARBON REDUCTION CYCLE IN A PHOTOSYNTHETICBACTERIUM . . . . By M. C. W. Evans, Bob B. Buchanan, and Daniel I. Arnon 928

THE PARTICIPATION OF sRNA IN THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF O-L-LYSYL PHOSPHATIDYL-GLYCEROL IN Staphylococcus aureus

By W. J. Lennarz, J. A. Nesbitt, III, and J. Reiss 934RENATURATION OF TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS THROUGH SITE BINDING OF MAGNESIUM

By Tomas Lindahl, Alice Adams, and Jacques R. Fresco 941Two INTERCONVERTIBLE FORMS OF TRYPTOPHANYL sRNA IN E. coli.

.By William J. Gartland and Noboru Sueoka 948INDUCTION OF CELLULAR DNA SYNTHESIS BY POLYOMA VIRUS, III. INDUCTION IN PRO-

DUCTIVELY INFECTED CELLS . By Marguerite Vogt, Renato Dulbecco, and Basil Smith 956TEMPLATE ACTIVITY OF URIDYLIC ACID-DIHYDROURIDYLIC ACID COPOLYMERS .

By Fritz Rottman and Peter Cerutti 960THE OPTICAL ROTATORY PROPERTIES OF THE al-CONFIGURATION IN POLYPEPTIDES AND

PROTEINS.By P. K. Sarkar and Paul Doty 981THE EFFECT OF HORMONES ON DNA. . By Melvin L. Goldberg and William A. Atchley 989EVIDENCE FOR SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION OF CIRCULAR POLYOMA DNA.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . By Bernhard Hirt 997

THE BALANCE OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES AND ATP IN ADIPOSE TISSUEBy Robert Rognstad and Joseph Katz 1148

CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF THE ALLOSTERIC AND CATALYTIC SITES OF FRUCTOSE 1,6-DIPHOSPHATASE. By Ora M. Rosen and Samuel M. Rosen 1156

DNA THIOLASE: THE ENZYMATIC TRANSFER OF SULFUR FROM CYSTEINE TO sRNA INEscherichia coli EXTRACTS . . . . By Richard S. Hayward and Samuel B. Weiss 1161

ENZYMATIC THIOLATION OF E. coli sRNA . .By Marie N. Lipsett and Alan Peterkofsky 1169

x CONTENTS

OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF THE al-FORM OF SILKFIBROIN IN SOLUTION. By Eisaku Iizuka and Jen Tsi Yang 1175

PHOSPHOPROTEIN METABOLISM IN ISOLATED LYMPHOCYTE NUCLEIBy Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Vincent G. Allfrey, and Alfred E. Mirsky 1182

REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL CONTROL OF GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION IN PHAGE LAMBDA .

By A. Skalka 1190THE AMINO-TERMINAL AMINO ACID SEQUENCES OF RABBIT IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT

CHAINS.By Russell F. Doolittle 1195A MOLECULAR MODEL FOR GENE REPRESSION

By Jeffrey H. Miller and Henry M. Sobell 1201PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODIES SYNTHESIZED BY CELLS in vitro IN THE PRESENCE AND AB-

SENCE OF STREPTOMYCIN. By Robert G. Krueger 1206ELECTROKINETIC MECHANISM OF MINIATURE POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS.

By L. Bass and W. J. Moore 1214ON THE GENETICS OF ENZYME LOCATIONAL SPECIFICITY

.By K. D. Munkres and D. 0. Woodward 1217THE INHIBITION BY CHLORAMPHENICOL OF NASCENT PROTEIN FORMATION IN E. coli

By Michael J. Weber and J. A. DeMoss 1224RE-EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF DFP ON ELECTRICAL AND CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY

OF SQUID GIANT AXON . By F. C. G. Hoskin, Philip Rosenberg, and M. Brzin 1231THE SIZE OF THE POLYPEPTIDE PRECURSOR OF COLLAGEN HYDROXYPROLINE

By Lewis N. Lukens 1235INTRAMITOCHONDRIAL PH CHANGES IN CATION ACCUMULATION

By Britton Chance and Leena Mela 1243MODIFICATION OF TADPOLE LIVER CHROMATIN BY THYROXINE TREATMENT

By Ki-Han Kim and Philip P. Cohen 1251A SEARCH FOR AN INTERMEDIATE INVOLVING A COMPLEMENT DURING SYNCHRONOUS

SYNTHESIS BY A PURIFIED RNA REPLICASE . . By I. Haruna and S. Spiegelman 1256REPLICATION OF VIRAL RNA, XI. SYNTHESIS OF VIRAL "MINUS" STRANDS in vitro

By Charles Weissmann and Gtinter Feix 1264THE RIBOSOME-BINDING SITES IN TURNIP YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS RNA

.By James E. Dahlberg and Robert Haselkorn 1269LOCATION OF A LOCAL LESION GENE IN TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS RNA.

By C. I. Kado and C. A. Knight 1276RELATION OF RIBONUCLEASE AND RIBONUCLEASE INHIBITOR TO THE ISOLATION OF POLY-

SOMES FROM RAT LIVER.By Gunter Blobel and Van R. Potter 1283Two CLASSES OF SPLEEN RIBOSOMES WITH DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES TO CHLORAMPHENICOL

By Norman Talal and E. Dubois Exum 1288MEMBRANES AS EXPRESSIONS OF REPEATING UNITS

.By David E. Green and James F. Perdue 1295THE INFLUENCE OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON BACTERIOPHAGE DEVELOP-

MENT, IIBy Wen-Tah Hsu, John W. Moohr, Albert Y. M. Tsai, and Samuel B. Weiss 1475

BINDING OF SPECIFIC SRNA TO 30S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS: EFFECT OF 50S RIBOSOMALSUBUNITS. By Iwao Suzuka, Hideko Kaji, and Akira Kaji 1483

ISOLATION OF THE NUCLEIC ACID OF MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS (MTV).By Peter H. Duesberg and Phyllis B. Blair 1490

THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR YEAST CYTOCHROME C .By Fred Sherman,John W. Stewart, Emanuel Margoliash, John Parker, and Wayne Campbell 1498

PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE REPLICATIVE INTERMEDIATE OF THE RNABACTERIOPHAGE R17.By Richard M. Franklin 1504

REACTIONS OF QUININE, CHLOROQUINE, AND QUINACRINE WITH DNA AND THEIREFFECTS ON THE DNA AND RNA POLYMERASE REACTIONS

By Richard L. O'Brien, John G. Olenick, and Fred E. Hahn 1511INITIATION OF E. coli PROTEINS.By Mario R. Capecchi 1517A SOLUBLE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN THE MOSQUITO Aedes aegypti

By Calvin A. Lang and Frederick Meins, Jr. 1525

CONTENTS xi

THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF Clostridium butyricum FERREDOXIN.By Ann Marie Benson, Howard F. Mower, and Kerry T. Yasunobu 1532

a-FORMING PROTEIN CHAIN IN A GLOBULAR ENZYME, DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE I.By Ping-Yao Cheng 1535

A RATIONALE FOR AN ANALYSIS OF RNA REPLICATIONBy S. Spiegelman and I. Haruna 1539

INSULIN SYNTHESIS BY RECOMBINATION OF A AND B CHAINS: A HIGHLY EFFICIENTMETHOD.By Panayotis G. Katsoyannis and Andrew Tometsko 1554

SEPARATION OF THREE MICROBIAL AMINO ACID POLYMERIZATION FACTORS.By Jean Lucas-Lenard and Fritz Lipmann 1562

THE MECHANISM OF VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS BY DNA MAMMALIAN VIRUSES: VIRAL_SPECIFIC RNA IN POLYRIBOSOMES OF ADENOVIRUS TUMOR AND TRANSFORMED CELLS

By Kei Fujinaga and Maurice Green 1567A RECEPTOR MOLECULE FOR ESTROGENS: ISOLATION FROM THE RAT UTERUS AND

PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION.ByDavid Toft and Jack Gorski 1574REGULATION OF VIRUS-INDUCED DEOXYRIBONUCLEASES

By B. R. McAuslan and J. R. Kates 1581POLYAMINES AND RNA SYNTHESIS IN A POLYAUXOTROPHIC STRAIN OF E. coli

By A. Raina and Seymour S. Cohen 1587DIFFERENTIAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN PROSTATIC NUCLEI: EVIDENCE FOR

SELECTIVE GENE TRANSCRIPTION INDUCED BY ANDROGENS.By Shutsung Liao, R. W. Barton, and Alice H. Lin 1593

REPLICATION AND INHERITANCE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNABy Edward Reich and David J. L. Luck 1600

THE SYNTHESIS OF INFECTIOUS RNA WITH A REPLICASE PURIFIED ACCORDING TO ITSSIZE ANDDENSITY. By N. R. Pace and S. Spiegelman 1608

SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RNA POLYMERASE . . By John P. Richardson 1616

ERRATA

THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE IN BACTERIOPHAGEST4 AND T5.By A. de Waard, A. V. Paul, and I. R. Lehman 227

MOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF FLAVINS AND PHENOLS, III. FACTORS INFLUENCING SPECTRAAND STABILITY.By Darrell E. Fleischman and Gordon Tollin 670

FACILITATION OF IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS BY AN INTERACTION BETWEEN RED CELL-SENSITIZINGANTIBODY AND y-GLOBULIN ALLOTYPE ANTIBODY

By Eberhardt Weiler, Elsa W. Melletz, and Evelyn Breuninger-Peck 1005A STUDY OF WATER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS BY 017 MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY,

I. PRELIMINARY STUDIES AND XENON HYDRATES . By Jay A. Glasel 1636

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THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Proceedings of theNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Volume 55 * Number 1 * January 15, 1966

DYNAMICS OF SPHERICAL GALAXIES, IH*BY PHILIP M. CAMPBELL

LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY, LIVERMORE, CALIFORNIA

Communicated by George Gamow, November 22, 1965

This report is concerned with some results of a study of galactic structure inwhich numerical calculations of dynamical evolution are used in conjunction withtheories of star formation to obtain final equilibrium states consistent with observa-tion. The calculations presented here are restricted to collisionless, self-gravitatingsystems with spherical symmetry. A preliminary investigation, based on a modelwith nearly radial orbits, has already appeared.'

Principles of Galactic Structure and Evolution.-This study is based on thepostulate that spherical and elliptical galaxies were formed by the condensationand fragmentation of an initially gaseous state, the protogalaxy. The initialconditions for the dynamical problem are determined by the properties of theprotogalaxy immediately prior to the formation of stars. Initially, the positionsof the stars correspond to the mass distribution in the protogalaxy. If local densityvariations caused by turbulence in the gaseous medium initiate the fragmentationprocess, the initial velocities of the stars are strongly correlated with the turbulentvelocity spectrum.The initial distribution of stellar masses is given by the theory of star formation.

The structure of the individual stars depends on the initial composition but willbe altered by subsequent development of nuclear burning. The present mass-luminosity relation for the stellar population must be obtained from the initial massspectrum in conjunction with the theory of stellar evolution.The galaxy thus formed undergoes mechanical development as a self-gravitating

system of mass points. The system may evolve to a state of dynamical equilibrium-a state of motion whereby the stars maintain a steady macroscopic configurationwhile moving in their own collective potential field. Two principal mechanismsoccur in the evolution to the steady state: (1) "mixing" or randomization of therelative phases of the orbits, and (2) net macroscopic mass flow resulting fromincomplete cancellation of velocities. The steady state is achieved when theorbits are so distributed that the velocities of all stars in every small volume cancel.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the attainment of a steady dynamicalstate are not known. However, it is apparent from the nature of the steady statethat only for certain special cases of symmetry is such a state possible, and thatthe required symmetries must be present initially.The final steady state obtained from the dynamical calculations must be com-

1

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CONTENTS (Continued from back cover)

BIOCHEMISTRY.-DIRECTION OF READING OF THE GENETIC MESSAGE, II

By Marvin A. Smith,Margarita Salas, Wendell M. Stanley, Jr., Albert J. Wahba, and Severo Ochoa 141

BIOCHEMISTRY.-N-FORMYLMETHIONYL-SRNA AS THE INITIATOR OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.By Jerry M. Adams and Mario R. Capecchi 147

BIOCHEMISTRY-.In vitro PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: CHAIN INITIATION. By Robert E. Webster, Dean L. Engelhardt, and Norton D. Zinder 155

BIOCHEMISTRY.-STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN TERMINATION INCELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF E. coli By M. Clelia Ganoza and Tokumasa Nakamoto 162

BIOCHEMISTRY.-ATP FORMATION CAUSED BY ACID-BASE TRANSITION OF SPINACHCHLOROPLASTS.By Andre Tridon Jagendorf and Ernest Uribe 170

BIOCHEMISTRY.-ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN \ITAMIN D ACTION AND ACTINOMYCIN-SENSITIVE PROCESSES By J. Elwood Zull, E. Czarnowksa-Misztal, and H. F. DeLuca 177

BIOCHEMISTRY.-FRACTIONATION AND SPECIFICITIES OF Two ASPARTYL-RIBONUCLEIC ACIDAND Two PHENYLALANYiRIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHETASES

.By W. Edgar Barnett and J. L. Epler 184BIOCHEMISTRY.-CELL-FREE ACTIVITY OF A SULFATE BINDING SITE INVOLVED IN ACTIVETRANSPORT. By Arthur B. Pardee and Louise S. Prestidge 189

BIOCHEMISTRY.-HYDRODYNAMIC CHANGES ACCOMPANYING THE THERMAL 1)ENATURATIONOF TRANSFER RIBONUCLEICACID.

By David D. Henley, Tomas Lindahl, and Jacques R. Fresco 191BIOCHEMISTRY.-RECONSTITUTION OF FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE RIBOSOMES FROM INACTIVE

SUBPARTICLES AND PROTEINSBy Keiichi Hosokawa, Robert K. Fujimura, and Masayasu Nomura 198

BIOCHEMISTRY.-SUBUNIT ASSOCIATION AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF URIDINE 1)IPHOSPHATEGALACTOSE-4-EPIMERASE FROM YEAST By Robert A. Darrow and Robert Rodstrom 205'

BIOCHEMISTRY.-COMPARISON OF GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SPLIT AND POLYPEPTIDESYNTHESIS WITH A PURIFIED E. coli SYSTEM

By Yasutomi Nishizuka and Fritz Lipmann 212BIOCHEMISTRY.-NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEINS ISOLATED FROM THE RAUSCHER MOUSE

LEUKEMIA VIRUS (MLV) By Peter H. Duesberg and William S. Robinson 219ERRATUM.-THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASE IN BAC-

TERIOPHAGES T4 AND T5 By A. de Ward, A. V. Paul, and I. R. Lehman 227