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. SCIENTIFIC" BULLETIN F I Z

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH FAR EASTDEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH FAR EASTUNITED STATES ARMY RESEARCH OFFICE FAR EAST

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ONR FAR EAST SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN

12 PERSONAL AUTHOR(SGeorge B. Wright, Director; Sandy Kawano, Editor

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17 COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Alumina matrix Coastal oceanography FlaresCeramic bearings Coastal pollution FisheriesCoastal erosion Curie temperatures Japan

19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

This is a quarterly publication presenting articles covering recent developments in FarEastern (particularly Japanese) scientific research., It is hoped that these reports (which %do not constitute part of the scientific literature) will prove to be of value to scientistsby providing items of interest well in advance of the usual scientific publications. Thearticles are written primarily by members of the staff of ONR Far East, the Air Force Officeof Scientific Research, and the Army Research Office, with certain reports also being -contributed by visiting stateside scientists. Occasionally, a regional scientist will beinvited to submit an article covering his own work, considered to be of special interest.

Subscription requests to the Scientific Bulletin should be directed to theSuperintendent of Documents, Attn: Subscription, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC20402. The annual subscription charge is: domestic, $13.00; foreign, $16.25. Cost for asingle copy is: domestic, $4.50; foreign, $5.65. .4

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18. Subject Terms (Key Words) continued 0

Advanced technology achievements Mlullite matrixAircraft engine bearings Mullite strengtheningAluminum nitride matrix OceanographyBasic science achievements Organic ferromagnetsCorona research Phase equilibria 0Creative arts/moral sciences achievements Powder synthesis and preparationEngineering schools Radio and x-ray burstGlass-ceramic matrices Rolling element bearingsIndia SiC whisker-reinforcedIon beam physics ceramic compositesKyoto Prizes Silicon nitride matrixMagnetism Solar physicsMariculture education Spin couplingMariculture research Spinel matrixMarine biology Temperature programmedMullite desorption

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CONTENTS

Page

The 1987 Kyoto Prizes ....... ....................... . .. 1Sandy Kawano

The 1987 Kyoto Prizes honor Dr. Morris Cohen, a preeminentleader in the field of metallurgy; Dr. Jan Hendrik Oort, arenowned astronomer and astrophysicist; and Mr. AndrzejWajda, an internationally famous film maker.

Organic -Ferromagnets ........... ..................... .5 , 5Minoru Kinoshita and Earl Callen

Researchers have succeeded in synthesizing ferromagnetsentirely from organic elements.

The Cochin Regional Center of the Indian National Instituteof Oceanography,), ...... ......................... ... 14

Wayne V. Burt.

This article describes the research activities of the center,which specializes in coastal oceanography.

Recent Research on SiC Whisker-Reinforced CeramicC6mposites in Japan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Shigehiko Yamada

Research on SiC whisker-reinforced ceramic composites has i.,i:.-

gained momentum in the past few years since the developmentof an industrial process for obtaining the whiskers.

the Technological University of Nagaoka.... . ............. ... 45Alan L. Dragoo

This article describes some of the research being conductedat the university.

First International Workshop on Mullitei NewDevelopmentsfor an Old Material .......... . ...................... .48

Edward S. Chen

Some of the more interesting developments, problems, andopportunities presented at the workshop on mullite aresummarized.

Solar Physics Activities in Japan 51Tokio Tsubaki

This article describes thC major solar obcrvatories in Japanand surveys the research activities in solar physics during thepast 5 years.

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 iii

Page

A Review of the State-of-the-Art in *olling Element BearingT,6chnology in Japan ........ .................... 57

James F. Dill, Robert A. Harmon, and Edward Mark Lenoe ,r

The results of a survey to review rolling element bearingtechnology in Japan are discussed. %

'The Indian Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute ....... 76Wayne V. Burt

This article describes the institute's efforts to improve the

exploitation, management, and conservation of marine andbrackish water fisheries resources in India.

International -4eetings in the Far East, 1988-1994 .. ......... ... 79 0Yuko Ushino

Index ...... ... ... ............................... 90

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THE 1987 KYOTO PRIZES

Sandy Kawano

The Kyoto Prizes were established by the Inamori Foundation to honor and 0recognize the people who have contributed significantly to mankind's,betterment mainly in the fields of advanced technology, basic sciences,and creative arts and moral sciences. This year the Foundation honorsDr. Morris Cohen, a preeminent leader in the field of metallurgy;Dr. Jan Hendrik Oort, a renowned astronomer and astrophysicist; andMr. Andrzej Wajda, an internationally famous film maker. 0

On 10 November 1987 the third At the focus of Foundationannual presentation ceremony for the activities are the Kyoto Prizes. It isKyoto Prizes was held at the Kyoto the Foundation's intent and hope thatInternational Conference Hall. Their the Kyoto Prizes will: (1) becomeImperial Highnesses Prince and Princess internationally recognized as theMikasa were among the distinguished highest possible accolade for genius andguests in attendance to honor this excellence in scholarship; (2) stand as ayear's Laureates, Dr. Morris Cohen, pinnacle reward for outstandingDr. Jan Hendrik Oort, and Mr. Andrzej achievement in advanced technologyWajda. and basic sciences; and (3) come to be

The Kyoto Prizes were estab- regarded, in the area of the humanities,lished by the Inamori Foundation, which as the international hallmark ofwas founded in 1984 by Kazuo Inamori, recognition for significant achieve-chairman of the Kyocera Corporation. ments and contributions in the creativeThe Inamori Foundation was established arts, as well as in the philosophical,to encourage and reward outstanding moral, and spiritual areas of our corn-contemporary intellectual and artistic mon human tradition.achievements. The aims of the The Kyoto Prizes, which wereFoundation are to honor and recognize first awarded in 1985, are presentedcreative activity and to provide con- annually in the major categories ofcrete support for significant achieve- Advanced Technology, Basic Sciences,ments and research. To further these and Creative Arts and Moral Sciences.aims, the Foundation has established Specific fields from each category arethe Kyoto Prizes as an incentive to selected annually (this year's fields areoutstanding achievement and creativity Materials Science, Earth Sciences andand has initiated a wide range of Astrophysics, and Cinema/Theater). ".-1activities designed for the support and Then candidates are nominated byencouragement of research. These official Kyoto Prize nominators, 0activities include grants for basic recipients are selected and approved,research support, research abroad, and the awards are announced in June.invitation of scholars from abroad, and Each recipient receives the Certificateresearch and cultural exchange. of Recognition, a medal, and the PrizeMr. Inamori endowed the Foundation money (V45,000,000).with a gift of about ¥20 billion in cash Dr. Morris Cohen, the Laureate in •and Kyocera stock to support the Kyoto Advanced Technology (Materials % d.-%Prizes and these grants. Science), was born in Chelsea,

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ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 1

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Massachusetts, in 1911. Dr. Cohen Prof. Cohen has contributedreceived his S.B. degree from the extensively to international programs '

Massachusetts Institute of Technology as well as national projects. He has(MIT) in 1933 then continued on at MIT visited many countries to lecture andto receive a Doctor of Science degree advise, and he has been recognized byin metallurgy in 1936. He began his over 20 major international awards,professional work in 1937 as an honorary degrees, and professorships.assistant professor of metallurgy at His tremendous compassion, intellect,MIT, then rose to associate professor and energies have propelled him to the(1941-46) and professor (1946-62). In leadership position that he has now and1962 Prof. Cohen was appointed Ford have made him an inspiration to twoProfessor of Materials Science and generations of students and colleagues -

Engineering. In 1975 he became in the field of materials science andInstitute Professor, and in 1982 he was engineering.bestowed the title of Institute Prof. Jan Hendrik Qort, theProfessor Emeritus. Laureate in Basic Sciences (Earth

Prof. Cohen has devoted his life Sciences and Astrophysics), was born into education and research in materials 1900 in Franeker, The Netherlands.science and engineering, particularly in After graduating from the University ofaphysical metallurgy, and now he is the Groningen in 1921, Prof. Qort becamepreeminent academic leader in these an assistant from 1921-22. In 1922 hefields. His research work has created served as a research assistant at thebroad and basic new insights into phase Observatory of Yale University, thentransformations and structure-property from 1924-30 he was the conservator atrelationships in materials. He has Leiden Observatory. Prof. Qortplayed a key role in the following received a Doctor of Science degreeareas: the mechanism and kinetics of from the University of Groningen inmartensitic and bainitic transforma- 1926. In 1935 he accepted a profes-tions, tempering phenomena and sorship in astronomy at Leidenstrengthening mechanisms in ultra- University, and in 1945 he also becamehigh-strength steels, solid-state alloy the director of the Leiden Observa-thermodynamics, age hardening in tory. Prof. Qort served in both posi-alloys, deformation-enhanced diffusion, tions until 1970, when he was honoredbrittle fracture mechanisms in heter- with the title of Professor Emeritus.ogeneous materials, mechanisms of Also during that time (1958-61), hestrain hardening and dynamic recovery, served as president of the Internationalstrain-induced transformation and Astronomical Union.transformation plasticity, grain Prof. Qort has been awarded therefinement mechanisms in microalloyed Kyoto Prize for his long-standing con-

*steels, and rapid solidification of tributions to astronomy and astro-crystalline alloys. His research not physics, particularly for his elucidationonly laid the scientific groundwork for of the structure and dynamics of theall of the ultra-high-strength steels in galaxy. He found that the Milky Way is.use today, but he is also responsible for a large stellar system with a disk shapeadvanced materials science research in and rapid rotation, in which the sun isareas such as shape-memory located about two-thirds of its radiusphenomena and transformation away from the center. Prof. Oortplasticity in metallic, ceramic, and derived this structure in the late 1920s

A.biological systems. from optical observation of the

W.,,

velocities of stars and later quantified Mr. Andrzej Wajda, the Laureateit (in the 1950s) by radio observation of in Creative Arts and Moral Sciencesthe 21-cm hydrogen line. The galactic (Cinema/Theater), was born in Suwalki,rotation is characterized by a pair of Poland, in 1926. He was 13 when theparameters called the Oort constants, Nazis invaded Poland, and at 16 heand the motion perpendicular to the joined the Polish resistance. After the ...galactic disk is dictated by the Oort liberation, Mr. Wajda studied paintingmass limit, which is the maximum at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakowpermissible surface mass density in the and then dramaturgy at Leon Schillersolar neighborhood. State Theatre and Film School fn Lodz.

One of his important contribu- After graduating in 1954, Mr. Wajda -tions to astronomy was the develop- made a series of works, "A Generation,"ment of radio astronomy. Prof. Oort "Canal," and "Ashes and Diamonds,"initiated the 21-cm observation inde- called the Three Resistance Seriespendently of Purcell and designed radio because the films depict the tragic - .telescopes including interferometers. experiences of his fellow countrymenUsing these radio telescopes, he has during and after the war. These works,found high velocity hydrogen clouds which vividly portray the way in whichfalling on the galaxy, expanding fea- fighting and survival situations affecttures in the galactic center, and various human beings, won worldwide acclaim.interesting properties of external In addition to his "realistic"galaxies. Prof. Oort has also derived series, Mr. Wajda has also made athe distance to the galactic center, romantic series of films includingreferring to radio and optical data. "Innocent Sorcerers," "Birch Wood," and ..

In solar system studies in 1950, "The Maids of Wilko," which lyricallyProf. Oort showed that there is a nest express the sorrows and joys of youth.of comets, called the Oort cloud, at In such films as "Ashes," "The Gates of100,000 AU from the sun that supplies Paradise," "Land of Promise," andcomets when disturbed by passing "Danton," Mr. Wajda has used a his-stars. torical theme to depict human aspira-

Prof. Oort has also devoted him- tions and frustrations.self to the study of supernovae. One of The consistent image that runs %_%his most striking discoveries was the through all these wide-ranging stylespolarization of light from the Crab and themes in Mr. Wajda's works is thatNebula, a remnant of supernova 1054. of deeply motivated persons who con-This proved the theoretical prediction front and challenge major hardships. In

*that the electromagnetic emission is his films Mr. Wajda has tried to pene-due to the synchrotron radiation by trate and explore the intricacies ofrelativistic electrons in magnetic human nature. The films "Man offields. Marble" and "Man of Iron" also contain

Prof. Oort's scientific achieve- powerful expressions of the way peoplements have been recognized by several have lived under the political and social -prizes, memberships in several acad- reform in Poland. Some of his filmsemies, and honorary degrees. His were produced outside Poland, such asscientific research achievements and "Danton" in France and "A Love inenthusiasm, which has let him continue Germany" in Germany.his work to this day, have been an Mr. Wajda has also excelled ininspiration to astronomers and astro- other areas of theater arts, such as NiZ_

* physicists all over the world. acting and directing. In 1980 at the


International Film Festival in Berlin he ideals prompted his resignation fromwas voted Best Actor for his role in the public offices of president, Polish"The Conductor." At the International Film Association, and representative,Film Festival in Moscow in 1971 he Film Unit X. We can expect a con-received the Best Director award for tinuing flow of Mr. Wajda's creative 0"Birch Wood," and at Cesars 1982 he activity in the future.was voted Best Director for his pro- According to Mr. Kazuo Inamori,duction of "Danton." president of the Inamori Foundation,

Mr. Wajda's 60th birthday was "man has no higher calling than to workcommemorated in 1986 with "The for the greater good of all humankind."Exhibition-The Theatre of Andrzej The achievements of this year'sWajda" and "The Exhibition-Andrzej recipients of the Kyoto Prizes exem-Wajda's 30 Films 1954-1985," held in plify that ideal by contributing sig-various places in Poland. He has nificantly to mankind's scientific,recently released "A Chronicle of cultural, and spiritual betterment.Amorous Accidents" and is filming"Devils" in France. Sandy Kawano is the editor of the

Mr. Andrzej Wajda has made a Scientific Bulletin. Before coming tolasting contribution to the field of Japan, sze worked for the Naval Civil A_

cinema arts by continually releasing Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme,outstanding films made with deep California, as a Technicalsensitivity and elaborate compositional Writer-Editor. She has a Bachelor ofpower. His films appeal strongly for Arts degree in Liberal Studies fromhuman dignity and freedom of spirit, California State University, Northridge.and his personal commitment to these

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ORGANIC FERROMAGNETS

Minoru Kinoshita and Earl Callen

Researchers have now succeeded in synthesizing ferromagnets entirely S

from organic elements--carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Curie r,temperatures, the temperature below which the material is spontaneouslymagnetically ordered, are above room temperature. So far yields are low,of the order of a percent or less, and the precise composition of the %ferromagnetic component is only guessed at. Two steps are necessary: tosynthesize stable molecules with unpaired spins and to cause these spins tocouple ferromagnetically. Molecular systems with unpaired spins areformed by some researchers by using charge transfer compounds. Othergroups use radicals with a spin triplet ground state. Ferromagneticcoupling is achieved by attaching radicals to hydrocarbon chains withirt electrons. The same kind of "free electron" mobility that allows forother metallic behavior in organics--high electrical conductivity, 0superconductivity--may also allow the indirect exchange interaction thatis the source of ferromagnetism in the transition metals.

When we think of magnets we Parallel spins means net spin angularusually think of iron. The ancients did momentum and magnetic moment--not; they thought of lodestone. And magnetic atoms. Further along in thecenturies before the Greeks discussed periodic table at the lanthanides therelodestone the Chinese were shaping it is again a level inversion and a partiallyinto needles and making compasses for filled 4f shell, and atoms with magneticmarine navigation. While iron is a moments. Today we have rare earthmetal, lodestone--today we call it magnets, technologically importantmagnetite-is a ceramic. It is the base ones such as SmCo 5 , and theof the memory cores for computers. even-more-important Nd 2Fel 4 B. And

The element that makes mag- still further along, at the actinide level,netite magnetic is iron. Iron, nickel, an incomplete 5f shell leads to theand cobalt, elements of the first tran- exotic magnetic behavior of uraniumsition series, are magnetic because and its neighbors.their atoms contain an only- Since magnetism originates inpartially-filled 3d shell. Ordinarily, unfilled orbital angular momentumenergy levels are filled two electrons shells, one might wonder about theper level, one with spin up and one with orbital contribution to the angularspin down. That is all Pauli exclusion momentum and magnetic moment, in ewill allow. The next two electrons must addition to the uncompensated electronfill the next level up, of higher energy. spin. In solids the orbital angularBut in an unfilled shell there are momentum of electrons in the 3d shelldegenerate orbital levels of the same is largely negated by the electric fieldenergy. These can be filled by elec- of neighboring ions. In the lanthanidestrons of parallel spins without cost in and actinides the orbital contribution toorbital energy. This is Hund's rule. The the elementary magnetism of anarrangement "of maximum multi- individual atom can add considerably toplicity"--with parallel spins--has the the contribution from electron spin.lowest intra-atomic exchange energy. ,..-


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Atomic moments interact with "sublattices" need not cancel, as in aneach other. There is always the antiferromagnet. There are even moreclassical, weak but long range, mag- complicated arrangements. In the rarenetic dipole-dipole interaction. It is earth metals the atomic moments orderproportional to the entire dipole in exotic angled structures--spiralmoment of the atom, not just its spin. staircases; progressively opening,"Opposite poles attract." The tendency blown-out, and closing umbrellas;.: - *of the dipolar interaction is to cause three-dimensional standing spin wavesthe atomic moments to order in some whose wavelength is incommensuratesort of looped, closed arrangement, or with the crystal lattice. But in allantiferromagnetic arrangement, which antiferromagnetic structures there isbrings north and south magnetic poles no net moment. Over a wavelength thenear each other. When there are no moments cancel out.other forces between the atomic There is a characteristic temper-moments, this ordering will occur only ature at which the thermal energyat a sufficiently low temperature--a equals the exchange energy, the energyfraction of a degree-that the dipolar of interaction between the spins.energy exceeds kT. But in the right Below this temperature the moments 2circumstances there can also be ar, are ordered and above it they are not.electronic, quantum mechanical, When the ordering is ferromagnetic the •"exchange" interaction, and it can be ordering temperature is called thevery much larger than the classical Curie temperature, TC; when thedipole interaction. Exchange relates ordering is antiferromagnetic theback to the spins, whether there is transition temperature is called theorbital angular momentum or not. N6el temperature, TN. Above thLExchange coupling can be either phase transition the material is para-ferromagnetic--all the spins lie parallel magnetic; thermal energy tumbles theto each other--or antiferromagnetic- moments around so that they point inany long range ordered structure with random directions and average out tono net moment. zero. Only by application of a mag-

And so we have ferromagnets, netic field can a moment be induced.like iron (even in such a case the In the paramagnetic phase the induceddipolar interaction asserts itself by moment is proportional to the externalcreating "domains"--macroscopic field strength, and the proportionality , %regions in which the magnetization constant, the susceptibility x, has arotates from one to the next, so that temperature dependence that followsthe magnetic flux closes on itself inside the Curie-Weiss law:the material). We have antiferromag-netic insulators, like NiO, in which, - Cbecause of "superexchange," successive X - T - Gspins point alternately "up" and "down,"and we have more complicated Here C is a constant (proportional to . ,parrangements.. Magnetite is an example the square of the atomic magneticof a ferrimagnet, with several kinds of moment); T is the absolute tempera- "," 'atomic sites with different numbers of ture; and e, the "paramagnetic Curieatoms per unit volume and different temperature," is a measure of thekinds of atoms on the various sites. In exchange interaction. Positive E meanssuch a material, on some sites the ferromagnetic exchange; negative 0moments can point up and on others means antiferromagnetic interaction.down, but the moments of these several The paramagnetic Curie temperature is


not a physical quantity. It is not the homopolar diatomic molecule, H 2 , . _temperature at which the phase illustrates the problem. Its two ."%transition to the ordered phase actually electrons go into the lowest bondingoccurs; it is the extrapolated intercept orbital, one with spin up and one withon the temperature axis, on a plot of spin down, a spin singlet--no moment.the reciprocal of the susceptibility There is always that strong tendency,versus temperature, at such tempera- but there are exceptions; the groundtures far enough above the transition state of 02 is a spin triplet (the two . %.

that the Curie-Weiss law is obeyed. For outer electron spins are parallel). Inferromagnets the actual transition fact how about a heteropolar moleculetemperature, TC, is usually not too far with an odd number of electrons, likefrom e. In the case of antiferromagnets NO? NO must be at least a Kramersthe actual transition temperature, TN, doublet. That's step one (except thatis often something like -0. molecules with unpaired spins often """ *,

Whether the magnetic arrange- cluster in pairs to lower their energy,ment is ferromagnetic or antiferro- with one spin up and one spin downmagnetic, the materials are either again; we will run into this problemmetals or insulators and the atomic later when we discuss galvinoxyl). Howmoments in all cases come from atoms about step two? No. In the molecularwith unfilled shells. Is there any other crystals composed of simple smallway to be magnetic? Can magnets be molecules like 02 and NO, only themade of atoms with filled shells? Are dipole-dipole interaction couples thethere organic ferromagnets? That is a moments. They order antiferromag-natural question in a time of organic netically.semiconductors and ceramic and Ferromagnetism means exchange,organic superconductors. Some bac- which means some sort of electronteria are magnetic; they use it to sense transfer, or resonance, or valencethe earth's magnetic field for naviga- fluctuation, or electrical conduction.tion, as do some birds and fish. But all But spin coupling through electronthese get their magnetism by incor- resonance between localized orbitals isporating tiny, single domain particles of almost always antiferromagnetic. (This ""/. ?magnetite. Can ferromagnets be con- is again because of the Pauli principle.structed wholly of H, C, N, 0, and Superexchange can in principle producesuch? The question resolves itself in ferromagnetism, but only under cir-two. Unlike metals, organic solids con- cumstances not often realized, and thensist of distinct, separable clusters-- involving degenerate levels--whichmolecules. So what is needed, first, is means unfilled shells again.) What onefor the individual molecules to have needs for ferromagnetic exchange ismagnetic moments. And second, the nonlocalized electrons--ir electronsmoments of the molecules must free to wander--the same property thatinteract ferromagnetically. (Given characterizes the organic semiconduc-molecular moments it will be no trick tors with high electron mobility and theat all to get antiferromagnetic organic metals and superconductors.ordering--at some low temperature the With luck it might happen that irdipole-dipole interaction will take care electrons travelling along and betweenof that. The interesting caallenge is to polymer chains might scatter offcreate organic ferromagnets.) localized electron spins, thereby pro-

Let's start with the first step, viding the same sort of ferromagneticgetting the dipole moment. Most indirect exchange interaction as theorganic molecules are diamagnetic. Rudermann - Kittel - Kasuya -Yosida

The simplest molecule of all, the (RKKY) interaction in metals.


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Organic ferromagnets seem to monomer diTEMPO-DA (see Fig-have been first discussed by McConnell. ure Ia). diTEMPO-DA, which theIn his 1963 paper (Ref 1) McConnell Russians understandably refer to assuggested building from a molecule BIPO, is a paramagnet and follows thewith a net spin moment and spin Curie-Weiss law. The paramagneticpolarization, such as the allyl radical. Curie temperature is negative, aboutHis idea was to arrange these in stag- -2 K. This suggests that BIPO will ordergered, alternating layers, for exchange antiferromagnetically at some lowcoupling reasons. Such a scheme has temperature. (In crystals of thesenever been realized, and by 1967 pseudo-one-dimensional molecules theMcConnell had presumably rethought exchange interaction is extremelythe problem and proposed formation of anisotropic, and the actual three-the molecular moment by charge dimensional ordering occurs at tem-transfer (Ref 2). He conjectured as peratures far below what one mightfollows: Suppose an organic solid con- naively expect from the Curie-Weisssists of two kinds of components, one of intercept.) And indeed it does; belowwhich has a triplet ground state, as did the Ndel temperature monomer BIPO is 0

our illustrative example 02 and as do an antiferromagnet.cyclopentadienyl (Ref 3) and Ovchinnikov and coworkers thendiphenylcarbene (Ref 4). Now suppose polymerize BIPO by exposure to heat,that tne solid is ionic, consisting of ultraviolet radiation, or a glow dis-cation and anion radicals of the two charge and are able to convert betweencomponents. Configuration interaction 80 and 100 percent of the monomer to .might then mix the triplet ground state polyBIPO. In polyBIPO the nitroxylin with a triplet ionic state and produce radicals attach to a polydiacetyleneferromagnetically coupled radicals. chain, perhaps as illustrated inOne line of search has followed that Figure lb. And polyBIPO is indeed

reasoning, either directly or in modified ferromagnetic--or at least 0.1 percentform (Ref 5). Another approach, that of it is! The Russians quote Curie S

of Mataga (Ref 6), and the more suc- temperatures ranging from 150 tocessful so far, has been to form the 190 'C and with indications of ferro-molecular moment on neutral radicals, magnetic behavior in some fractions upand attach these to conjugated long to 310 *C. They conjecture that thechain pseudo-one-dimensional polymers low ferromagnetic fraction, the lowthat allow for ir electron mobility, moment, and the variable Curie •Yoichiro Sato (Ref 7), in an unpublished temperature may be due to some sortdissertation, also considered both the of spin glass formation.neutral radical and charge transfer Torrance and coworkers (Ref 10)mechanisms for obtaining unpaired at IBM San Jose have followed thespins in organic systems and discussed McConnell charge transfer logic andthe exchange interaction, have achieved success at about the 0

Neutral radicals with spins same time as the Russians. Symmetri-coupled by metallic exchange has also cal 1,3,5-triaminobenzene is reactedbeen the 10-year goal of Ovchinnikov with iodine at room temperature. The(Ref 8), and now he and his coworkers reaction is complex; there seem to behave indeed produced an organic several reaction paths; the constituentsferromagnet (Ref 9). The Russians use and properties of the resultant black, 0

the much-studied TEMPO radical insoluble polymer vary from batch to(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxy-4-piperidyl- batch; and about 2 percent of the final "l-oxyl) and construct the biradical product is ferromagnetic. Torrance


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conjectures that this ferromagnetic Joel Miller of DuPont, in col-

component is a partially oxidized laboration with Arthur Epstein of Ohio " '[

met-linked phenyl polymer. Mag- State, Columbus (Ref 11), follows thenetization versus field curves at room charge transfer route to attain unpairedtemperature look like typical mag- spins. They construct a crystal of thenetization curves of a soft ferromagnet donor organometallic ferrocene mole-(very little hysteresis) of low saturation cule, decamethylferrocene, and themoment. Interpretation of the mag- acceptor molecule, tetracyanoethylene.netization versus temperature curves, And at about 5 K the spins do indeedparticularly at higher temperatures, is align ferromagnetically. One mi,-htcomplicated by the irreversible thermal protest that Miller and Epstein a,edecomposition of the polymer between breaking the rules-ferrocene contains300 and 400 *C. But the Curie point is an iron atom. The iron moment iscertainly above room temperature. probably not essential to the ferro-

magnetism (although the d levelR-C=C-C C-R degeneracy may very well be). Miller

and Epstein would argue that the iron 0atoms are so far apart as to preclude

OH 3 overlap of their wavefunctions; the

OH 3 moment is the odd electron spin, andthe coupling is carried through non-

R= localized electrons.At least two Japanese groups

N- 0 • have been active. We mentionedHOD earlier that diphenylcarbene is a spinHO

triplet (Ref 4). Because of the largeintra-atomic exchange, i.e., Hund'srule. the two outer electron spins go inparallel in almost degenerate molecular Sorbitals of divalent carbon in certain -

(a) tonomer diTEPO-DA, or BIPO, and cojugated hydrocarbon structuresthe stable nitroxyl radical (Ref 6, 12). And so, by hookingTEMIPO. together hydrocarbons, replacing a C-Hon each unit by a divalent C, it should

be possible to create arbitrarily longmolecular chains with two parallel spinsC - R on each link. Wasserman et al.; Koichi

/, Itoh and Takeji Takui, of Osaka City kNUniversity; and Hiizu Iwamura, TadashiR-C\ Sugawara, and coworkers at theInstitute for Molecular Science,Okazaki, have been investigating pro-

C gressively higher homologs of such- series (Ref 13-16). They have suc-

01 (Ref 15) and five (Ref 16) carbenes inF -Cceedgued inT es hook sin t oee ur.,-high spin (S=4 and S=5) states (seeFigure 2). These high spin moleculesare extremely reactive. The trick will

(b) PolyBIPO. be in bringing them together in such away that they do not react chemically,but yet their spins couple ferromag-

Figure 1. The Ovchinnikov method. netically.


lip " %

";/' ',r,,, /. .,', ..'.,.,.. .",-..,. .".. :....',, ,',.; '.....'..'. '.' ,.;. ..'.'F,,'...0', r., . ., .. ,',.., ,.., ,,.%,,".,.r. ' '-,,,'',_ _e ,' e,,_e,.,,r .. ' -.. , ' ,' .-. , ,¢,-. - - ' '' .' - '- , ' " . . % "- " ,' " ,% - " " " ', Z- %'-'-" '

0

~ But as the temperature is reduced, at85 K, the crystal undergoes a first

0 order phase transition, evidently ofmagnetic and magnetoelastic origin.Below the transition the crystal dis-plays only a much reduced, but still

Figure 2. The Itoh and Iwamura positive, magnetic susceptibility. Whatmethod. Polycarbene: seems to be happening is that at thechain of four phenyl- phase transition pairs of galvinoxyls incarbenes. Each phenyl- the stack pull together, with theircarbene radical contains unpaired spins coupled antiferromag-two localized electrons netically in a ground state singlet. Thewith spins parallel. triplet spin state of each sandwich,

which lies only a little above thesinglet, can be excited thermally. Thisis seen in ESR absorption. The small

The Iwamura group has experi- remnant paramagnetic moment belowmented with dispersing the polycar- the phase transition appears to be duebenes with alkyl chains. They introduce to those occasional, isolated galvinoxylsoctyloxy groups at the para positions of caught between coupled pairs in thediphenyldiazomethane (Ref 15). This stacks. These left-over molecules .keeps the carbenes apart and is account for the observed ESR doubletbelieved to orient them properly for resonance.ferromagnetic exchange (Ref 17). But The approach of the Tokyo groupso far this line of attack has not been has been to suppress the phase transi-successful. Electron spin resonance tion by dilution. Hydrogalvinoxyl (see(ESR) and susceptibility measurements Figure 3b), a precursor of galvinoxyl,show that the carbenes are indeed in but with paired spins and no moment, ,.

the high spin state, but the magnetic crystallizes in an identical structureinteractions between chains are com- but undergoes no phase transition. Inplex. There seem to be both ferro- solution, the two compounds mix freelymagnetic and antiferromagnetic in any ratio, for example, six partsinteractions, and the polymers do not galvinoxyl to one part hydrogalvinoxyl,order ferromagnetically at any and crystals of the mixture are easilytemperature. grown. In the stacks of molecules in

Kunio Awaga, Tadashi Sugano, the crystal there should then be aand Minoru Kinoshita of the Institute random distribution of componentsfor Solid State Physics, University of peaked around the average spacing, sixTokyo (Ref 18), work with the stable galvinoxyls separated by a hydro-free radical galvinoxyl (4-((3,5-bis(I,1- galvinoxyl. If it occurs-as it does-dimethylethyl)-4-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadien- that the unpaired spins of a galvinoxyl1-ylidene)methyl)-2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl- segment form a ferromagnetic unit,ethyl)phenoxy) (see Figure 3a). There is like a single large molecular moment,no orbital contribution to the moment and the hydrogalvinoxyls break theof its one unpaired spin, so the moment chains, then magnetization measure- 'Ais that of S=1/2. In the crystalline state ments should reveal a Gaussian ""..galvinoxyl molecules stack along the distribution of moments peaked atc-axis to form one-dimensional J=S=3 (on average, six molecules in acolumns. The temperature dependence unit, each with spin 1/2, times the Bohrof the paramagnetic susceptibility of magneton, of course). In crystalscrystals of galvinoxyl follows the containing 85 percent galvinoxyl orCurie-Weiss law, with a positive para- less, the magnetic phase transition ismagnetic Curie temperature of 19 K. suppressed to below 2 K. The


A .

paramagnetic clusters again obey a _ _ _ _

Curie-Weiss law, with positive and onlyslightly reduced temperature intercept,14 K or so (see Figure 4). In the diluted -10.crystal the ESR spectrum shows that !the ferromagnetic interaction has been CP 3 xpreserved; the ground state is the D "

triplet, and the singlet lies slightly E .above. ESR also reveals a much VXincreased number of doublets. The 2 bintroduction of hydrogalvinoxyl 0jincreases the number of galvinoxyls X 0that are left out of a pair, for example 1 2_ 300 .

in segments of an odd number of z T I 0

galvinoxyls. The Tokyo group is study- TIKing under what conditions ferromag- 0- %%MMM mM2ZZ =2SZZ: 0

netic intermolecular interaction is I Ipossible. All of this has been deeply 0 100 200 300revealing, but so far no ferromagnetism. T K

Figure 4. The temperature depen-dence of the magneticsusceptibility of the 6:1

0 C 0 * mixed galvinoxyl/hydrogalvinoxyl crystal.The insert shows thesusceptibility of puregal vinoxyl .*

(a) The molecular structure ofgalvinoxyl. One may ask where the quest for

organic ferromagnets will lead. Itseems likely that in the not-too-distantfuture we will know how to produce 0organic ferromagnets with Curie pointsabove room temperature, or tailored to

H need, and with significant yields, not0 OH the 0.1 or 2 percent now obtained.

Whether these will have sufficientlyhigh saturation moments, or be stable, 0or be cheap, or lightweight, or haveunique biological or medical applica-

+ - C (CH3 )3 tions, or some other as-yet-unforeseenattractive feature, is an open question,

(b) Hydrogalvinoxyl. one that in the writers' opinion it is toosoon to ask. (But we would not bet onorganics as substitutes for ironmagnets.) We also think that is the

Figure 3. The Tokyo method.* wrong way to phrase the question. The

* Reprinted with permission from Solid State Communications 57 (6), K. Awaga,T. Sugano, and M. Kinoshita, "Organic Radical Clusters with FerromagneticIntermolecular Interactions," Copyright 1986, Pergamon Journals Ltd.


right question is: "Is the search for 9. Y.U. Korshak, A.A. Ovchinnikov.organic ferromagnets a fruitful one?" A.M. Shapiro, T.V. Medvedeva, and OleThe answer to that question is already V.N. Spektor, Pis'ma Zh. Eksp. Teor.in. The quest has opened up whole new Fiz. 43, 309 (1986) [English edn. JETPfields of inquiry and yielded whole new Lett. 43, 399 (1986)]; Y.U. Korshak, Sclasses of compounds. And it is far T.V. Medvedeva, A.A. Ovchinnikov, andfrom over. V.N. Spektor, Nature 326, 370 (1987).

REFERENCES 10. S. Oostra and J.B. Torrance,Symposium on Horizons in the

1. H.M. McConnell, J. Chem. Phys. 39, Properties of Low Dimensional 01910 (1963). Compounds, Honolulu, 20 December

1984; J. Torrance, Proc. Int. Conf.2. H.M. McConnell, Proceedings of the Synthetic Metals, Kyoto in SyntheticR.A. Welch Found. Conf. 11, 144 (1967). Metals 17, (1986); J. Torrance,

Synthetic Metals 19, 709 (1987). ,:3. M. Saunders, R. Berger, A. Jaffe, 0J.M. McBride, J. O'Neill, R. Breslow, 11. J.E. Miller, A.J. Epstein, et al.,J.M. Hoffman, C. Perchonock, Synthetic Metals 19, 731 (1987); J.E.E. Wasserman, R.S. Hutton, and Miller and A.J. Epstein, J. Am. Chem.V.L. Kuck, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 3017 Soc. 109, 3850 (1987).(1973).

12. W.T. Borden and E.R. Davidson, J.4. R.W. Brandon, G.L. Closs, and Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 4587 (1977);C.A. Hutchison, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 37, D.J. Klein, Pure Appl. Chem. 55, 2991878 (1962); R.W. Murray, A.M. (1983).Trozzolo, E. Wasserman, and W.A.Yager, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 3213 13. E. Wasserman, R.W. Murray, %(1962); C.A. Hutchison, Jr., and B.E. W.A. Yager, A.M. Trozzolo, andKohler, J. Chem. Phys. 41, 1763 (1969). G. Smolinky, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89,

* ~5. R. Breslow, B. Juan, R.Q. Kluttz, 57 16)C-Z. Xia, Tetrahedron 38, 863 (1982); 14. K. Itoh, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1, 235 -'R. Breslow, Pure and Applied (1967); T. Takui and K. Itoh, Chem.Chemistry 54, 927 (1982); R. Breslow, Phys. Lett. 19, 120 (1973); K. Itoh, PureMol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 125, 261 (1985). Appl. Chem. 50, 1251 (1978). ,' %

6. N. Mataga, Theor. Chim. Acta 10, 15. T. Sugawara, S. Bandow,372 (1968). K. Kimura, H. Iwamura, and K. Itoh, J.

Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 6449 (1984);7. Y. Sato, Paramagnetism of molec- H. Iwamura, T. Sugawara, K. Itoh, andular compounds: Nature of exchange T. Takui, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 125,interactions in organic radical crystals, 251 (1985); A. Izuoka, S. Murata,dissertation, University of Tokyo, May T. Sugawara, and H. Iwamura, J. Am.1969. Chem. Soc. 107, 1786 (1985);

T. Sugawara, S. Murata, K. Kimura,8. A.A. Ovchinnikov, Dokl. Acad. Sci. H. Iwamura, Y. Sugawara, andU.S.S.R. 236, 928 (1977); A.A. H. Iwasaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107,Ovchinnikov, Theor. Chim. Acta, Berlin 5293 (1985); H. Iwamura, Pure Appl.47, 297 (1978). Chem. 58, 187 (1986).


op ,""

-m- Mior Kioht is a- full .- -.

16. H. Iwamura and K. ltoh, J. Am. Minoru Kinoshita is a fullChem. Soc. 108, 368, 4272 (1986). Professor of Chemistry of the Institute

for Solid State Physics of the Univer-17. K. Yamaguchi, H. Fukui, and sity of Tokyo. He is the author of ,T. Fueno, Chem. Lett. (Japan) 1986, about 100 papers, mostly on physical628; K. Yamaguchi, Y. Toyoda, and chemistry, and the coauthor of theT. Fueno, Synthetic Metals 19, 81 widely cited text Molecular Spec-(1987). troscopy of the Triplet State,

S.P. McGlynn, T. Azumi, and18. K. Awaga, T. Sugano, and M. Kinoshita, Prentice Hall, EnglewoodM. Kinoshita, Solid State Comm. 57, Cliffs, NJ, 1969.453 (1986); J. Chem. Phys. 85, 2211 Earl Callen, a liaison scientist(1986); Chem. Phys. Lett. 128, 587 with the Office of Naval Research Far(1986). East, is a Professor of Physics Emeritus

of The American University,Washington, DC. His field of interest iscondensed matter physics, particularlythe magnetic properties of solids.Dr. Callen is the author of 100publications.

0

0

0

! ', .V r


% IV %

! "ATHE COCHIN REGIONAL CENTER OF THE

INDIAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

Wayne V. Burt

The Cochin Regional Center of the Indian National Institute of Ocean-ography is responsible for studying the coastal oceanography of the Stateof Kerala on the southwest coast of India and Indian islands in the Arabian VSea. Marine biologists at the center are engaged in plankton sorting andidentification and are also studying coastal and estuarine waters, with S

special attention being given to environmental pollution and increasing theyield of aquatic resources. Coastal erosion is also being investigated.

INTRODUCTION Dr. N. Khrishan Kutty is theScientist-in-Charge of the Cochin

Integrated oceanographic center. My guide at the center was 0research activities began in India in Dr. Udaya Varma, a physical ocean-1962 with the Indian participation in ographer. The center has a staff of 60the International Indian Ocean Expe- persons. About one-third of these aredition (IIOE). Cochin was selected to marine biologists engaged in planktonbe the main center for shore-based sorting and identification. While studyactivities of the Indian participation in of the plankton of the Indian OceanIIOE. region continues to be one of the major

The Indian Council for Scientific activities of the center, the center hasand Industrial Research established a diversified its research programs,new institute, called the Indian Ocean taking into consideration problems ofBiological Center (IOBC), in Cochin. regional importance. The center hasThis center soon became the first of its placed considerable importance on -kind in the world. From the beginning estuarine and coastal research becauseit was largely devoted to the study of of the vital role the extensive back-planktonic organisms in the Arabian waters, estuaries, and coastal regionsSea, the Indian Ocean, and the Bay of of Kerala play in developmentalBengal. With the assistance of experts activities.from many other countries, it soon Oceanographic problems ofbecame world famous for its expertise regional importance include coastalin sorting and identifying the plankton zone management and problemsin the samples taken by the ships of associated with the 200-mile exclusive %various nations that took part in the economic zone off the coast of KeralaInternational Indian Ocean Expedition. and around the offlying islands.

When the Indian National Institute 9of Oceanography (NIO), with headquar- MARINE BIOLOGYters in Goa, was established in 1966,IOBC was renamed and became a A majority of the marine biol-regional center of NIO. It was given ogists at the center are still engaged inthe responsibility of studying the plankton sorting and identification. Acoastal oceanography of the long number of these sorters have been -(550-km), narrow State of Kerala on working at the center for over 20 yearsthe southwest coast of India and the and are especially renowned for their ..-,Amindivi, Cannanore, Minicoy, and ability to identify fish eggs and larvaeother islands in the Arabian Sea that from commercially important speciesbelong to India. of fish in the waters around India. A

W


%.%

%~~"V % .r" ,I

knowledge of the recruitment potential COASTAL EROSIONgiven by the abundance of eggs andlarvae is important in the management Th td fbaheoinaogof the fisheries as fishery efforts the coast is complicated by the forma-increase and fishing technology tion, movement, and dissolution of mudimproves, banks in the shallow water off the

The efforts of sorting fish eggs Kerala coast. The changes in the mudand larvae at the center may soon banks bring about major changes in thereceive a shot in the arm. The National nearshore underwater topographyMarine Fisheries Service of the U.S. which, in turn, result in transitoryNational Atmospheric and Ocean- temporal changes in wave refractionographic Administration is currently patterns along the coast. Wave energyendeavoring to set up a joint Indo-U.S. is focused at different locations atinitiative to use PL480 funds (rupees different times, causing irregular ratesbelonging to the United States) to of erosion and deposition both in spaceincrease the efforts in the study of the and time. Usually major erosion takesdistribution of eggs and larvae of place during the monsoon seasons, withcommercially important species of fish maximum erosion during July and %~,~in the Indian Ocean area. August. During the process of erosion

In addition to the specialized most of the material appears to bestudy of plankton, the biologists are, transported offshore and the samewith the help of the chemists, studying materials appear to be deposited back ;"

coastal and estuarine waters. Special on the beach when an erosion phase isattention is being given to environ- over.mental pollution and increasing the Over a long period of time theyield of aquatic resources. Studies of beaches appear to be stable unless manprimary production, benthic and interferes. An interesting case in pointintertidal ecology, fish population is the experience with the offshoredynamics, fish and prawn culture and island of Kavaratti. It is a small sandrelated physiological problems, and the island once surrounded by a continuousdistribution of pollution on recreational coral reef. The principal axis of thebeaches are all underway. cucumber-shaped island is oriented in a

The area off the southwest coast southwest to northeast direction. It isof India is one of the most complex about 7 km long and only 1/2 to 1 kmregions of the world's oceans. It is wide. During the southwest monsoon,exposed to the extreme fury of the sand is moved from the southwesternsouthwest summer monsoon, which tip of the island to the northeasterncauses major coastal erosion problems tip. Af ter the monsoon is over theand changes in underwater topography littoral currents slowly transport thenear shore. These problems will be sand back to its premonsoon distribu-discussed below. The coastal currents tion. A shipping channel was cutgenerated by the monsoon winds are through the coral reef near theaccompanied by a complicated system northeastern tip of the island. There isof upwelling. This upwelling and evidence that sand is lost through thevertical mixing by the strong monsoon channel during the monsoon and notwinds bring an abundance of nutrients recovered. If this process continuesto the surface. This abundance of long enough the island could slowlyfertilizers results in a high level of disappear.phytoplankton productivity. All levels All the problems of beachof the marine food chain are enhanced, protection are compounded by thefrom phytoplankton to commercially variability of the wave forces acting onimportant food fishes. the beach at any given time and place.


~'sI$~J. -- ~IreIr 'IN V

COASTAL POLLUTION One of the novel recommenda-tions resulting from the study was that

Except for a few large inland inhabitants of the coast, especiallycities, the coastal zone is the most those living under unhygienic condi-thickly populated region of the Indian tions, should be moved back from the 0subcontinent, especially along the coast. There should be an uninhabited Vsouthwest coast of Kerala. A decade- 1/2-km-wide strip along the beach with %long, year-round study has recently free access to the sea.been completed of the pollution on the The center is currently housed in Kbeaches and in the surfzone in the two old mansions in the center of theenvironment of 10 bays and 20 beaches city of Ernaculum, the only major citythat are located between the southern of Cochin. The State has given thetip of India up the west coast to the center a place on the water to build anorthern tip of Kerala. The rationale new laboratory, which has not mate-for the study was the importance of the rialized yet. The center is, however,beaches for tourism, which is a major moving to newer and larger quartersindustry in the area. The country needs within the city.more beaches that are safe for The address of the center is:tourists. The results of the study National Institute of Oceanography,showed that the shores and nearshore Regional Centre, Pullepady Cross Road,waters of bays where fishing villages P.O. No. 1913, Cochin - 530 017.are located are as much as an order ofmagnitude more polluted with human Wayne V. Burt received his Ph.D.waste than the nearby beaches and from Scripps Institute of Oceanographyinshore waters. Also, even on the in 1952 (UCLA). Dr. Burt was Science >

cleaner beaches, the amount of Attache for Oceanography and Mete-pollution increases markedly at the orology in the American Embassy instart of the monsoon rainy season when New Delhi, India, from October 1986 tolocal runoff increases directly over the April 1987. Previously, he was abeaches, washing the pollution from the professor at Oregon State Universityland to the sea. and served as a liaison scientist of

oceanography and meteorology for theOffice of Naval Research, London,from 1979 to 1980. Dr. Burt's currentinterest is in air-sea interaction.

,.%


,. ,- . ., . , . - . -.- - . , N

RECENT RESEARCH ON SiC WHISKER-REINFORCEDCERAMIC COMPOSITES IN JAPAN

Shigehiko Yamada 'Ive

Research on SiC whisker-reinforced ceramic composites has gainedmomentum in the past few years since the development of an industrialprocess for obtaining the whiskers. In this article recent activities in thisfield of ceramic composites are summarized. Composite matrices of glassand glass-ceramics, alumina, zirconia, silicon nitride, silicon carbide,mullite, spinel, and aluminum nitride are discussed.

INTRODUCTION GLASS AND GLASS-CERAMICMATRICES

About 20 years ago, Krochmal ofthe Air Force Materials Laboratory Sakamoto and Ito (Ref 5) 0

(AFML) reviewed and assessed glassified 25MgO-21Al20 3-54SiO 2 (wt.)fiber-reinforced ceramics and their by heating at 1,550 *C for 3 hours,potential (Ref 1) even before carbon followed by pulverizing to 2 pm byfiber was industrialized. No suitable ball-milling and mixing with 0 tomaterial was found, although there was 50 percent of SiC w in the wet state.a wide variety of reinforcers and Hot-pressing at 880 and 1,180 *C formatrices. About 5 years ago, when 1 hour at 340 MPa was carried out. .-. -silicon carbide whiskers (SiCw) were Figure 1 shows the results, where aintroduced as an industrial material in typical improvement in the SiCwJapan, researchers at the Osaka content at up to 30 wt. % can be seen.Government Industrial Research Higher concentrations of SiCw (40 to %Institute (GIRI) developed a SiC w - 50 wt. %) made the densification S

reinforced Si 3 N4 , which can be difficult, giving lower strength and KICregarded as pioneering work in this values which are, however, still higher %field (Ref 2,3). Watts reported that than those of the matrix itself. "'?.,research and development (R&D) work Oka et al. (Ref 6) and Yamadaon SiCw was rekindled by the discovery (Ref 7) prepared SiC w in situ withof an industrial process for obtaining excess SiO 2 mixed with a limited 0

the whiskers (Ref 4). Since then, amount of carbon black so that aparticularly in the past 2 to 3 years, homogeneous mixture could be made.quite a few papers on various kinds of Hot-pressing of the mixture was notmatrices were published. New products easy because of the chemical reactionof this type of composite using A120 3 between SiC w and SiO 2 and alsoand SiO 2 have appeared in industry, because of the big difference in theirwhich may suggest the importance of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE),ceramic composites. In this article but a 40- by 50- by 5-mm specimenrecent activities in this field in Japan was successfully obtained. Figure 2are summarized in as much detail as shows the prepared SiCw in situ in SiO 2possible, with foreign research particles, like a spider's web over thementioned for reference only. particles.

0ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 17

w -- - - -a w . ~ .\. . w. . P ° . . * ' " *% " "- *, °* * j . . . . -m . * - - ,

N'~~ ~~~ Iry..,~

c.v

90

600 O20 A

go

sic (wt%)

Figure 1. Strength, fracture toughness, and relativerjo. ' .density of the composite (from Ref 5).

200 0M "IM

Figure 2. SiC w prepared in situ in Si 2 (from Ref 6) , ' -


=, . . . . ,m".-. . . .w.- "w, '" W'"

". "#,-, -,- ,-; .---- '' "W -," " . ." ." " - w-,.* '. '....,".'. " '.., . .'.'.-..'4" ,'.- v.m" it i" lf t * r r -.._w t i- " - "" , - -. -- %-w''"' . -'-0 % "

In experiments conducted by (PSZ), and SiC w (70:15:15 vol %) wasKagawa et al. (Ref 8,9), SiC w and ball-milled; bending strength as high asSi3N4w were mixed with 40-percent 1,181 MPa (n = 20) was obtained. KIC,colloidal silica, which was added to as well as high temperature strengthsilica-glass powder and sintered. (1,200 °C), was also determined. TheyFifteen vol % of Si 3 N4 w-reinforced concluded that the instability of Zn02CGW# 7740 gave a KIC of 2.5 in the phase transformation matchedMPa m 112 in comparison with a KIC of the stress field.about 1 MPa m 1/2 for the matrix In other experiments, Inoue anditself. A difference in acoustic Nonaka (Ref 17) investigated theemission (AE) waves was observed as difference in toughening mechanisms byillustrated in Figure 3, which was using two kinds of ZnO 2 crystals. Withobtained by an indentation test. This tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP),difference may suggest that the which retained a tetragonal structureimprovement in KIC was due to the at room temperature, tensile stress wasformation of microcracks, which are formed by a difference in CTEassumed to occur by the increase in (c-SiCw < c-Zr0 2) in the matrix phase,event accounts. giving the pull-out effect of the

Researchers from Ceramiques whiskers. On the other hand, ZrO2Techniques Desmarquest (Ref 10) without stabilizers transformed to adeveloped a composite SiCw/SiO2 as an monoclinic structure at room tern-industrial product, continuously perature. As a result, the flexuralprepared in a plant, for the exhaust strength of the TZP was 1,191 MPa,liners of cars (Ref 11). Gadkaree and while the value for Zr0 2 was onlyChyung (Ref 12) investigated several 651 MPa. The Kr values were 8.43kinds of glass and glass-ceramic and 6.57 MPa ml17, respectively. Thematrices with SiCw. Layden and Prewo maximum strength of 1,437 MPa was(Ref 13) experimented with alumino- obtained by using heat treatment.and boro-silicates. At the 1987 New Materials

Exhibition in Tokyo, in May 1987, RikenALUMINA MATRIX Company presented its new product,

SiCw-reinforced alumina containing %Figure 4 shows the reinforcing zirconia. Sumitomo Cement Company %

effect of SiC in comparison with also presented a SiCw/Al203 compositemullite and zirconia matrices. The at the exhibition, but no details werevariance of strength decreased as the available.SiCw content increased, perhaps Figures 5 and 6 show the changebecause the sintering (hot-pressing) in flexural strength and the change inprocess had a restraining effect on fracture toughness, respectively, as aparticulate growth. However, no function of volume fraction, whereimprovement of strength could be pull-out of the whiskers was observedobserved, differing from the other (Ref 18).matrices (Ref 14). Pull-out of SiCw Figure 7 shows the results ofwas observed only in the case of research by Matsubara et al. (Ref 19).alumina. Yasuda et al. (Ref 15) coated The specimens were hot-pressed (H.P.)the whiskers with carbon using the at 1,850 and 1,900 'C for 30 minutes atchemical vapor deposition (CVD) 20 MPa. The KIC values at 1,900 °Cprocedure to clarify the pull-out effect. were lower because of the lack of

In experiments performed by pull-out, which was due to the higherInoue et al. (Ref 16), a mixture of sintering temperature; this may suggestA120 3 , partially stabilized zirconia the importance of the pull-out effect.

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 19 vv

% Z e 0.

Ko 4 %% % 1' 4%

,n (a) :Comoosite (b) :Glass matrix

0U Id,

Time (arbit. unit) Time (arbit. unit)

Figure 3. Detected acoustic emission events during theloading/unloading process of the Vicker'sindentation test (from Ref 9; reprintedwith permission from the Iron and SteelInstitute of Japan).

1100

49) 600 1000o 0

3M 2! 500 0800o

* -700

0.2U 2 ,a-0 0 0 2 0 0 0 A

%

sicF le rlse SIC /wAh e03 r C/i- f'SZ

Ir)300 G 400

'- ~300

0 .10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 102 3SIC IVol.1 SIC (Vol.1 SIC (V01.1

Figure 4. Flexural strength of hot-pressed SiC whisker/oxideceramic composites at room temperature (from Ref 14).


%' % -

E 40

b 20j,

0 0 1 20 30o .;V f (%/)

Figure 5. Change in flexural strength as a function ofvolume fraction, Vf, Of Sic w (from Ref 18).

6h

04 S

cl-

20010 2030Vf C°o) 0--"

Figure 6. Change in fracture toughness, K as a functionof V f of SiC w (from Ref 18). 18).


.

re P, 0... .... ..

1000"--0-----0

c 98 0 1850T H.P

*---19006C H.PC)

96! 800

- 600-r'- 0

00x 0/,

U 400

2 1LM 8 0O---1.M. / <S- 0, ".N0

I.,,

1 .¥.-,

S- Q

20-Ln~

iT18-(A CD"- .- *C

-S-.

U V

,, ° 16 ,.

I 0 10 20 30 40Whisker Content (wt %)

.4..

Figure 7. Change in physical properties as a function '-

of SiCw content (from Ref 19).-w

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 22 .41P ,P4

O.P

% % % %

,,, ,~ K. - .-.....-%% . ;,.,., ? .7 -,'- ". ..,-.,6% %.. ... ,.,L....L.;':...

Iwamoto et al. (Ref 20) added 1.5 by TEM was also discussed. In the caseand 3.0 percent of SiC w and Si3N 4 w to of 30 vol % of SiC w , crack deflection"-.A12 0 3 for plasma spraying to toughen was considered to contribute to thethe formed film. Figure 8 shows an toughening rather than the trans-increase in the number of cycles until formation effect. Sthe film was broken by a thermal shock Miyagawa et al. (Ref 30) obtainedbetween 1,373 K and room temperature some interesting results during their(duration = 60 seconds) with water research, as illustrated in Figures 15spray. Figure 9 shows another and 16. The lower value of strength,improvement obtained by a falling down 30 Vf (%), at room temperature is basedtest of a 110-gram steel ball, dropped on the higher porosity of the composite.from a height of 825 mm. A maximum The work of Claussen et al.increase of four times the number of (Ref 31) is well known and was carriedball impacts can be seen. out at almost the same time as initial 0".

Becher and Wei's work (Ref 21,22) research in Japan (Ref 14). The authoris now very famous, and Becher learned that Claussen used a newrecently collaborated with Tiegs mixer, called a tumbling mixer, which(Ref 23) on further research. Other will be mentioned later.work of interest includes Homeny et al. p(Ref 24), Porter et al. (Ref 25), and SILICON NITRIDE MATRIXChokshi and Porter (Ref 26).

As described in the INTRO- .ZIRCONIA MATRIX DUCTION section, this type of S

composite was created by a JapaneseAs illustrated in Figure 4, PSZ research group (Ref 2,3) in 1982. In ,..

was compared with mullite and alumina 1986 and 1987, several relevant papersmatrices (Ref 14). Further work by were presented. .- -Yasuda et al. (Ref 27) is summarized in At the beginning stage, SiCwFigures 10 and 11. It should be noted were prepared by Tamari and others in Sthat higher strength was observed at their laboratory by CVD. At the sameelevated temperatures in the 30-vol % time, an industrial version of SiCw was 'SSiC w specimen (Figure 11) than at room prepared in a pilot plant in which thetemperature (Figure 10). author was employed. Tamari and Ueno

As shown in Figures 12 and 13, at proved that there was no differencesintering temperatures of 1,400 and between the SiCw prepared experi- S1,500 °C, no increase in strength or mentally or industrially, making itfracture toughness could be observed possible for the manufacturer todue to insufficient densification market SiCw as an industrial product.(Ref 28). In addition to the change in mechanical

In research conducted by Akimune properties by reinforcing, they found: .et al. (Ref 29), the relationship between 0the microstructure determined by both . Weibull coefficient was high, overscanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 24, indicating higher reliability of "transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the composite.and the mechanical properties ofSiCw/TZP was investigated and e Wear property was improved, asFigure 14 was obtained. The Weibull shown in Figure 17 (Ref 32). 0coefficient increased as the SiCw :,-.content increased, which may be due to . Electrical discharge machining of .. .-the uniformity of critical size. The the Si 3 N4 composite becameincrease in KIC related to the possible because of the electricaltetragonal-monoclinic transformation conductivity of the SiC component

(Ref 33).


A1203

+ 1 .5% Si 3N 4 whisker K l

.+1 .5% SiC whisker LIII

+ 3. O Si whisker ...

+3.011 Si3N,4 whse

0 20 40 60

Number of cycles

Figure 8. Results of thermal shock test onthe sprayed film (from Ref 20).

,0

* 3.0StSICNwhskr LJ

.,-

#-~ . -

* 3.0 Si 3 N4 whilker L |

0 5 10 1Number of ball Impacts

Figure 9. Results of falling down test on

the sprayed film (from Ref 20).


".- ",. ' - ,- , -",P -, .- ,.- N V S.. .%.- . , - - .

410E1000 -

Boo U)

+W"8000

En 4t 600

04 2x 41

400 04

0 U0 0_ _ _ _ _ 4. 2 _O

×~~ ~ 1 0 2 G 30.- '0 10 20 30 U 02 3

SiCw (vol%) W SiCw (Vol%)

200 " 1 5m k~~y'...

,-4180

0 160 ( 13 .

""1 140 $4 1 2: :<.'1

(UU0x H 0w 0 10 20 30 > 0 10 20 30

SiCw (vol%) SiCw (vol%)

Figure 10. Mechanical properties of SiCw/PSZ composites Wat room temperature (from Ref 15).

0


*vfft

4 volt

150-

00U 0

0 400 800r4Temperature (OC)

200 0 '01-

in0 Vol'.

S00

0*-

i 200-

4j 400 0

X° C0 400 800Temperature (*C)

~Figure 11. Elastic modulus and flexural strength of SiCw/PSZcomposites at elevated temperature (from Ref 15).

-2000,.o-oi

1c 0 U -Oval06

80050 - vl

, 8

44 1000

SlV), (v ll.

150200 U

0' 00 400 2b00

LL..

Figure 12. Change in flexul Fleure 13 Change in fracture,strength (from Ref 28). toughness (from Ref 28). e tf,

CS1.8

ONRFE C UL12 4)47 20,

1000 .9

80o08

ce Ce

.6

200 5

10 20 3 0SiC-w, volI1

Figure 14. Flexural strength and fracture toughnessof the composite (from Ref 29).

--

60- 5.0ooK- Kic

6iob50 -4.0 KicKgf-mm" MN-m'%

40 3.0

6 ib2b 3bSiC(w) Vf %

Figure 15. Flexural strength and fracture toughness atroom temperature (from Ref 30).


NO. 6 -Ir ,." %0%. . %

40 - 0 ..- -b

-5.0 9-- KC ic6'b 3_Q-C 4.0 K~c

K gfmM -i3. 0 M N i ' '%

• ~.._

20 -2.0

1.

SiC(w) Vf "%

Figure 16. Flexural strength and fracture toughness X>at 1,300 oc (from Ref 30). ;. ,

0.10

t-0 .08 - 0

• SiC content-,U 0.06 - "

"0%

4 o 6>0.0

2 2 20 1 10

Figue 1. Flxurlitrng adifracue toghes

Figure~ a 130 AC (frprprtyom Refw/S 3).(fo ef3)

t 0.02 .1

o-,, 4 @ o0

O 0.0 O 0O

* I0%%

09 0 0 o0

2 0.44 0 0 1X~

ON F SlB L 12()8 20-:

0?

0.02 .20%

Further work on sintering in a As mentioned in the GLASS ANDnormal atmosphere, aimed at obtaining GLASS-CERAMIC MATRICES sectioncomplicated shapes and larger sizes, (see Figure 2), in-situ preparation inwas carried out, resulting in Figures 18 Si 3 N4 matrix powder was carried out toand 19. Larger amounts of sintering make a homogeneous mixture of solidsaids (Y20 3 and La 20 3 ) were needed for having different sizes and shapes asthis application than for hot-pressing SiC w and Si 3 N4 fine powder. In(Ref 34,35). comparison with regular physical

Thermal properties, such as mixing, this process, called chemicalthermal shock resistivity, thermal mixing, produced the results illustratedconductivity, and thermal expansion up in Figure 26. A tumbling mixer wasto 1,400 °C, as well as resistivity used for effective deagglomerationversus air oxidation at 1,300 and (Ref 43,44). Further research is being1,400 °C for 24 hours were also conducted from an economical stand-investigated (Ref 36,37). Figure 20 point.shows an example of KIC. By using In research activities outside of 0SEM, it was concluded that thicker Japan, Shalek et al. (Ref 45) arewhiskers were desired, although a concerned with fracture toughness andlength of only 10 pm was enough its surface energy as a function of SiCw(Ref 38). content up to 40 vol %. Lundberg et al.

The first successful structural (Ref 46) investigated HIPed SiCw/Si3N4ceramics application of Si 3 N4 for a composites. Buljan et al. (Ref 47)turbocharger in Japan is well known clarified the relationship between(Ref 11), and efforts to toughen this density and hot-pressing time as well ascomposite will be made enthusiastically. KIC and modulus of rupture (MOR) as

In other research by Kandori et functions of SiCw content.al. (Ref 39), an injection moldingprocess was applied, giving a preferred SILICON CARBIDE MATRIX 0orientation of SiC w in Si 3 N4 , althoughthe SiCw content was as low as In this area, only the work of10 percent. Hot isostatic pressing Sodeoka et al. (Ref 48,49) has been(HIPing) was also carried out; however, published. Figures 27 to 29 show the ,as seen in Figure 21, the flexural results of this research. Lower valuesstrength had improved even before of toughness and strength at SiCwHIPing, perhaps because of the contents over 30 percent are considered -orientation, to be due to crystal growth on the

Yonezawa et al. (Ref 40) used the surface of the whiskers, although thesintering aids Y2 0 3 and A120 3 for density is high enough, as observed inhot-pressing. Table 1 summarizes the Figure 29.results. Figure 22 illustrates therelationship between temperature and MULLITE MATRIXstrength of the specimens listed inTable 2 (Ref 41). In addition to their earlier

Without any sintering aids, the research, as shown in Figure 4 (Ref 14),silicon nitride was cold isostatically Kimura et al. (Ref 50) reported otherpressed (CIPed) under 200 MPa, work on the sol-gel method by using 0calcinated at 1,200 °C for 2 hours ortho-methyl-silicate and aluminumunder 10-5 Torr, and then HIPed under sec-butoxide. At almost the same .- .,_,.180 MPa at 1,900 °C for 3 hours. The time, Wei and Becher (Ref 22) im rovedresults are summarized and shown in KIC from 2.2 to 4.6 MPa m 1/'2 inFigures 23 to 25 (Ref 42). comparison with alumina matrix

reinforced by SiCw. •


- - N

10wtSC(W .a,

1A.

90/

2owtSCW) --

/

280 30wtlSC(W)

15 20 25 30 35 ,\I

Content of sintering aid (mol%)

Figure 18. Relationship between SiC content and amountof sintering aid (from Rf 34).

-qO0 I.LOI~t ()'. '

40 * YLTO-20wtZSC {W-600-0mi

=200 o HP,YL$5-3OWtzSC(W)1800 -p-i6Orn •0

0 500 1000 15o0

Testing tToweroture (C)

Figure 19. Change in strength versus temperature (from Ref 34).

10

obtine frmcern oc eho fo'ef3),

.9I .

4

0 10 15 20 (

Whisker content IwtI.e

Figure 20. Variation of K1 with the whisker content. Dataobtained from cnevron notch method (from Ref 38).

ONRFE SCO BUL 12 (4) 87 30

L -,: ;.,-,..--,:. .;.-...--:'.-.'.,.-:---..-.-..,--"-:"...,..'-'-..-'-..--'. -: '--'.-:,'' .-. '.:.",'-"..- -:0,

II . %'x ,, r ,~ v r . , " , ". " . 'v. " . q,, . ".

Only Si3 N--

3.25

C U

Wit 10 -1- -Si

3.20

00

100

500

10 -

S %

U

S4S

10 I'0

= 0 "0 -- .N

1 O'

N.

CLW i

,'. %

Before HIP HIP temperature,°C.

Figure 21. Bulk density, strength, and fracture toughness as a ; . Ifunction of HIP temperature (from Ref 39). . k.

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 31 '<

p... * *.* ...-' . * p . . . . . . . . . ..-. . .. ,

Table 1. Several Properties of Hot-Pressed Materials

Bulk Strength Kat Room KICMaterial Densily Temperature m'2 1

(glcm°) (kg/mm) (MPa m )

a. Si3N4 + 5% Y 3 3.26 102 9.0+ 2% A1283

b. a + 40. SiC whiskers 2.87 84 7.5

c. b + 5% Y203 2.86 83 7.3

d. b + 5% A1203 3.22 121 8.8

e. b + 5% MgO 3.22 118 8.3

f. b + 5% AIN 3.12 86 8.3

0 i

120 "

110-

-- I(00 "

E 0E

S90-

380

70-

60.

-0-SAMPLE a50-~ b

40 - d

30-' .0 50 000 1 & I , 00 1300

TEMPERATURE (C)

Figure 22. Temperature dependency of flexural strength (from Ref 41).


% . % %%% %,%:- " "- . - * -* • , - . . ."•- •.... . . , w- . .I'. L, . .,

. .- % > .- Z ,('

Table 2. Composition and Bulk Density of %i hseSintered Specimens in Figure 22 6 -aSiC Whisker

-__-___o___ _._._ - - 2-0- 20

Bulk O10 0

Sample ComposDton ensity

(g/cm 3 )------(...............

.a Si3N4 + 5% Y203 + 2% A1203 3.26 2

b a + 20% whisker 3.21 0

c a + 20% whisker + 5% Mg0 3.23 R.T 400 800 1200Temperature. 'C

d a + 40% whisker + 5% A1203 3.22 %'%

Figure 23. Temperature dependencye a + 40% whisker + 5% MgO 3.22 of fracture toughness

(from Ref 42).

__oo_ __ S

- %'U SiC Whisker

.C600-' 40. 0t

0 1 - " "

2~ 0.,-U. T ;7 400 600

200 Temperature, "C

' I I0 10 20 30 Figure 25. Temperature dependency

SiC whisker content , w11. of thermal conductivity

(from Ref 42).

Figure 24. Flexural strengthas a function ofSiC content(frm Ref 42). -.

P. %


,-.% ..<. ;.":1",.'<w. ,PZ -"; > '- T " ' *. .'*-'--"- '.'',''-' '-" "'--. ''-''-'.-'." ->" " ¢-" " - "- -"".'.,'.",''-" " .'.." ." ." : P.';,.',, <vKw .,;-. ' .'k: i,,', : 2, T-l, , 3. :',--.% . ." ."- .,-...<K ' ."-."-. .. -4.. 4 - "4K-- .- "., -

.1",- .PJ''i£IJ'- W Qm '=. '" r .

. '*.'" -. -= ?""" -w - ---* ... ' '." . '.' '. ."." P. .' ,...w ""-""'.m"W

0.05 0 1*4. -' o.0 .

0.04C0) 0.03

'0

0.01 6

0.00100

980 0

o o 96T-,4

00 96

~Physically Mixed• • •Chemically mixed

423

1m 04 .

X S_

copr00 d ee bdeso Pohymixinlg pricedurs'

Twas*aChemicallclmixed1000,' ,.-"'..

,, . ---- pe.etae, of ,- in the composite%,,

-"500

Figue 2. Dnsit, is sandrd dviaion an beningstrngtof ho-rse iee eie ro ohmxn

prcdrsuig a0 a sneigad

2i. 3U(from ef 44)

0P 162 320e' P 0%R-r. ,'..

7 1000

E ~ CNM%

6- NI -

5M 8~ 00 -

00

IMM .. 600-

Re 9.0 10 20 30 40oWhhisker Content (wt%)

Figure~Si~. conen (R.T.:iw onet 300(C mthd:n = 12; 1,00Mmetnd n 8) (from Re T4)

Re 100 0 1 3200 4

103.21,-

99.5-E-3.19 '

S99.0-31 ~

98.5I 3.16

0 10 20 30 40Whisker Content (wt%)

Figure 29. Density and SiC, content (CN method: n 4;IM method: n =10) (from Ref 49).


% r. %~%

% % % %

Figures 30 and 31 show the results amount of Y20 3 and SiO 2 enabled the ,obtained by Kanzaki et al. (Ref 51). densification. The reinforcing effectFigure 30 shows the positive effect of shown in Figure 37 was a result of the A i.

the reinforcement, whereas the effect greater pull-out of SiCw observed atat higher temperatures was found to be higher temperatures by SEM of thenegative as shown in Figure 31. fracture surfaces. According to

Recently, Kamiaka et al. (Ref 52) research by them on a MgO matrix, thepresented data, summarized in reinforcing effect was not so high,Figures 32 to 34, showing the sintered probably because of the smallerSiC/mullite composite under normal difference in the modulus of eachpressure in comparison with the component, AIN and SiC w , even at highhot-pressed results in Figures 30 and temperatures (Ref 57).31. The relationship between theresults in Figures 32 to 34 and the MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDE (MoSi 2 )observation of fractured surfaces by MATRIXSEM was also discussed.

Japanese research efforts in this 0SPINEL MATRIX area have not been published. The

research by Gac and Petrovic (Ref 58)Nakano et al. (Ref 53) reported a concerned an improvement in strength

flexural strength (214 MPa) 1.5 times and toughness, leading to the conclusionhigher for hot-pressed spinel containing that this type of composite is a feasible20 vol % of SiCw. The results, shown in one.Figures 35 and 36 and obtained incollaboration with Kato, Hayashi, and CONCLUSIONothers, are in comparison with aluminamatrix composites (Ref 18). Less About one-third of the literatureporosity (as low as 0.2 percent) was on SiC whisker-reinforced ceramicobtained with spinel derivatives than composites has been published since thewith alumina derivatives. Inoue et al. beginning of 1987, which suggests .(Ref 54) and Claussen and Petzow renewed interest in the feasibility of(Ref 55) also performed research in this using these composites in structuralarea. ceramic applications. Professor "

T. Ishii, of Tokyo University, describedCORDIERITE MATRIX the history of world technology as a

long stream of technological civili-No research has been performed zation, originating in the ancient times

in Japan, although Claussen and Petzow and migrating through the Mediter-(Ref 55) published their results. ranean civilization, to the Renaissance,

to the "Century of America," andALUMINUM NITRIDE MATRIX finally arriving at the "Age of the S

Pacific Ocean" (Ref 59). Applying hisNishida et al. (Ref 56) reported concept of "from the Atlantic to the

the results shown in Table 3 and in Pacific" to the study of ceramicFigure 37. Hot-pressing was carried composites, we must make the effort toout at 1,800 °C for 30 minutes under further develop this high-tech material200 kgf/cm 2 after ball-milling. Table 3 by steadily collaborating with Americansuggests that the addition of a small research groups.


N % %P_

.A . .

W. _. 7-

3.2I72A 1700 0C,1.5h

* " 0-71A:0 C 1700*C

lh

2 3.0 71A:16500Clh

2.8s ..

- 2"58 I ) '5 '

72A: 12o0"C

72A:R.T

,,-I71A:1300 0c "\

3 I

71A: R.To 022

0 10 20 30Amount of SiC Whisker(vol%1 •

Figure 30. Density and fracture toughness versus .- _.,SiC content (from Ref 51).

w0

-800

700-71A:20vol% T0700 F 72A:20vol% "

S600- ... ...500- Ti/400 . .

400 I / | L72A:OV"%X 0 L71A:Ovol%

R.T 1000 1100 1200 1300 •Temperature (OC)

Figure 31. Change in flexural strength at higher %temperatures (from Ref 51).

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 37 % .z

a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % d'4 % %5~.q~*V" "~: ~ ~ .

r SiCWhisker IOvol%3.1[

3.0- Figure 32. Bulk density versusmilling time (from

Ref 52)2.9L-2.9 8

*16 24 32 48Milling Time (hr)

500

'-0A.

S400 0

Figure 33. Flexural strength versusmilling time (fromRef 52).

Si~iskerS200 lOOIX

16 24 32 48Millinz Time (hr)

Z . S iC Whisker

o3.0T 7

2.5 Figure 34. Fracture toughnessI- versus milling time

2.0 (from Ref 53).

16 24 32 48Milling Time (hr)

S

'A19-

ONRF Sd UL 2(4)7 3

.q* .iw Zf

_J..

J^ %"

E 30

0 10 20 30

Vf (/o) 0

Figure 35. Flexural strength versus volume fraction,VfI of SiC w (from Ref 53).

Cli,-

E*

- 2 •

0 10 20 30

Vf((0 0 )V,...o

Figure 36. Fracture toughness versus Vf of SiC (from Ref 53).f w

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 39 N.9

.%*, ,, ., ., ;. .N:. :, ;- .n -

',L . -. - - : - -:- - k A :, * - .- * - - , b. - '-

A.

Table 3. Chemical Component andDensity of SinteredMaterial

ChemicalComponent (wt. %) Density

- " (g/cm3 )A1N SiCw Y203 S102

100 3.2580 20 3.1870 30 30550 50 2.5570 20 5 5 3.4050 40 5 5 3.39 0

i 120 ___E

120 A IN SiC(w) Y203 Sio,

100 0 80 20 /@ 70 20 5 5

C 0 - 050 40 5 5

S60

0

W, 0-.20 _ _ _ _

0 500 100 1500Temperature /°C

Figure 37. Change in effective fracture energy of SiCw/A1N as afunction of temperature (from Ref 57). 0


.5'.

.5.. . .' " " -" m

-. , "" -' - ' ' W - "' W %

"

-0

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 7. S. Yamada, Opening No. of JapanPatent, Showa-61-219,724, "Manu-

The author acknowledges AFOSR/ facturing procedure of modified silicaFE for providing the opportunity to glass" (1986).write this article and Dr. S. Fujishirofor his continuing interest and encour- 8. Y. Kagawa et al., "Physicalagement during this project. properties of glass, reinforced with

Si 3N4 and SiC-whiskers prepared fromREFERENCES colloidal silica," in Proc. Ann. Meeting,

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ceramics: A review and assessment oftheir potential, Technical Report 9. Y. Kagawa et al., "Observation ofAFML-TR-67-207 (Air Force Materials microcrack toughening of glass-matrixLaboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, composites by AE," Iron and Steel 73Ohio, October 1967). (5), 280 (1987).

2. N. Tamari et al., Fabrication of SiC 10. Characteristics of the CeramicWhisker-Si3 N4 Composite Materials and Materials, Catalog (Ceramiques Tech-Their Physical Properties, Government niques Desmarquest, Affiliate ofIndustrial Research Institute, Quarterly Pechney Corp., May 1985).Report 33 (Osaka, 1982), p. 129. 11. L.M. Sheppard, "Reliable ceramics3. K. Ueno and Y. Toibana, for heat engines," Advanced Materials"Mechanical properties of silicon and Processes incorporating Metalnitride ceramic composite reinforced Progress, 54 (October 1986).with silicon carbide whisker," J. Ceram.Soc. Japan 91, 491 (1983). 12. K.P. Gadkaree and K. Chyung,

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Study of SiC whisker reinforced glass5. 0. Sakamoto and S. Ito, "The and glass-ceramic matrix composites,strength and toughness of SiC- Final Rept. R85-916943-1 to Office ofwhisker-reinforced glass-ceramics," in Naval Research (United Technology :yProc. 24th Basic Discussion Meeting on Research Center, June 1985) (ONRCeramics (Ceramic Society of Japan, Contract no. N00014-84-C-0386).Tokyo, 1986), p. 131.

14. S. Kimura et al., "Sintering of6. J. Oka et al., "Synthesis of SiC SiC-whiskers/oxides ceramics com-whiskers in-situ in Si0 2 powder," in posites," in Proc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. -4Proc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan Soc. Japan (Ceramic Society of Japan,(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, Tokyo, 1986), p. 85.1987), p. 779.

15. E. Yasuda et al., "Mechanicalproperties of carbon-coated SiC-whiskers/A120 3 composites," in Proc.25th Basic Discussion Meeting onCeramics (Ceramic Society of Japan,Toyko, 1987), p. 41.


V r -F e% V, e

.p. ir% nae~ %

16. S. Inoue et al., "Preparation and 24. J. Homeny et al., "Processing andmechanical properties of A12 0 3 / mechanical properties of SiC-whisker-ZrO 2/SiC whisker composites," in Proc. A1203-matrix composites," Am. Ceram.24th Basic Discussion Meeting on Soc. Bull. 66, 333 (1987).Ceramics (Ceramic Society of Japan,Tokyo, 1986), p. 79. 25. J.R. Porter et al., "Processing and

creep performance of SiC-whisker-17. S. Inoue and A. Nonaka, "The reinforced A120 3 ," Am. Ceram. Soc.difference of toughening mechanism Bull. 66, 343 (1987).between A120 3/SiCw/ZrO 2 (tetragonal)and A120 3/SiCw/ZrO 2 (monoclinic) 26. A.H. Chokshi and J.R. Porter,system," in Proc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. "Creep deformation of an aluminaSoc. Japan (Ceramic Society of Japan, matrix composite reinforced withTokyo, 1987), p. 265. silicon carbide whiskers," J. Am.

Ceram. Soc. 68, C-144 (1985). '-18. K. Nakano et al., "Mechanical C Sc , (9properties of SiC-whisker reinforced 27. E. Yasuda et al., "Mechanicalspinel and alumina ceramics," in Proc. properties of SiC whisker reinforcedAnn. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan PSZ," in Proc. 3rd International(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, Conference on the Science and1986), p. 83. Technology of Zirconia (Ceramic

Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1986), p. 358.19. M. Matsubara et al., "Mechanicalproperties of A120 3 -SiC whiskers 28. I. Kondo and N. Tamari, "Sinteringcomposites," in Proc. Ann. Meeting, and mechanical properties of SiCCeram. Soc. Japan (Ceramic Society of whisker-reinforced zirconia," in Proc.Japan, Tokyo, 1987), p. 59. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan

(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo,20. N. Iwamoto et al., "Charac- 1986), p. 81.terization of the sputtered film ofwhiskers added alumina," in Proc. Ann. 29. Y. Akimune et al., "MicrostructureMeeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan (Ceramic and mechanical properties of SiCSociety of Japan, Tokyo, 1986), p. 77. whisker/Y-TZP composite," in Proc. - .

Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan21. P.F. Becher and G.C. Wei, (Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo,"Toughening behavior in SiC-whisker- 1987), p. 269.reinforced alumina," J. Am. Ceram.Soc. 67, C-267 (1984). 30. T. Miyagawa et al., "Mechanical -%

properties of zircon-silicon carbide22. G.C. Wei and P.F. Becher, whisker composites," in Proc. Ann."Development of SiC-whisker- Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan (Ceramic Sreinforced ceramics," Am. Ceram. Soc. Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1987), p. 63. INBull. 64, 298 (1985).

31. N. Claussen et al., "Tetragonal ?2 3. T. N. Tiegs and P.F. Becher, zirconia polycrystals reinforced with 1,"Sintered A120 3 -SiC-whisker com- SiC whiskers," J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69, J" ..posites," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 66, 339 288 (1986).(1987).


., ,' . *- " .. . ,_ . .. .- ." .' -' "-. .... ,' "- . -". -,.. -- . ". '.-",. .

32. H. Ishigaki et al., "Properties on 41. T. Yonezawa et al., "Mechanicalfriction and wear of Si 3N4 -SiC whisker properties of Si 3 N4 -SiC whiskercomposite ceramics," in Proc. 30th composite," in Proc. Ann. Meeting,Spring Meeting, Japan Soc. Lubrication Ceram. Soc. Japan (Ceramic Society ofEngineers (Lubrication Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1987), p. 69.Japan, Tokyo, 1986), p. 317. 42. H. Takemura et al., "Si 3 N4 -SiC33. N. Tamari et al., "Electrical whisker composites without additivesdischarge machining of Si 3 N4 -SiC fabricated by HIPing," in Proc. Ann.whisker composite ceramics," J. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan (CeramicCeram. Soc. Japan 94, 1231 (1986). Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1987), p. 247. 0

34. N. Tamari et al., "Sintering of 43. S. Yamada et al., "In-situSi 3 N4/SiC-whiskers composites," in preparation of SiC whiskers in Si 3N4Proc. 23rd Basic Discussion Meeting on fine powder - A chemical mixing," inCeramics (Ceramic Society of Japan, Proc. 6th Basic Discussion Meeting onTokyo, 1985), p. 84. High Temperature Materials (Ceramic 0

Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1986), p. 68.35. N. Tamari et al., "Sintering ofSi 3 N4-SiC whisker composite," J. 44. S. Yamada et al., "A discussion ofCeram. Soc. Japan 94, 1177 (1986). the chemical mixing process for in-situ

preparation of silicon carbide whiskers36. I. Kondo et al., "Thermal properties in silicon nitride powder," submitted for •of Si 3N4 -SiC whiskers composite," in publication to J. Mat. Research (inProc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan press).(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo,1985), p. 693. 45. P.D. Shalek et al., "Hot-pressed

SiC whisker/Si 3 N4 matrix composites,"37. 1. Kondo et al., "Thermal properties Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 65, 351 (1986).of Si 3 N4 -SiC whisker composite," J. -

Ceram. Soc. Japan 94, 1180 (1986). 46. R. Lundberg et al., "SiC-whisker-reinforced Si 3 N4 composites," Am.

38. K. Ueno et al., "Fracture toughness Ceram. Soc. Bull. 66, 330 (1987).of SiC whisker reinforced Si 3 N4ceramics," J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 94, 47. S.T. Buljan et al., "Si 3 N4 -SiC981 (1986). composites," Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 66,

347 (1987). ,

39. T. Kandori et al., "Sintered Si 3N4 , 34 18)reinforced with SiC-whiskers," in Proc. 48. S. Sodeoka et al., "Properties ofAnn. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan SiC-whisker-reinforced SiC," in Proc.(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, 23rd Basic Discussion Meeting on1986), p. 133. Ceramics (Ceramic Society of Japan,

Tokyo, 1985), p. 83.40. T. Yonezawa et al., "Properties ofSi 3N4 composites," in Proc. 25th Basic .,.

Discussion Meeting on Ceramics(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, $01987), p. 35.


%..%

.,,,, ..,'-.',.-.'-. ", .- . - . . , . . - . , . -- '.-. , . ,....'.'.'%. , , . -

49. S. Sodeoka, "Mechanical property 56. T. Nishida et al., "Fracture energyof SiC whisker-SiC composites," in of sintered AIN composite, reinforcedProc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. Japan by SiC whiskers," in Proc. 25th Basic(Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, Discussion Meeting on Ceramics1986), p. 79. (Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, S

1987), p. 40.50. S. Kimura et al., "Mechanicalproperties of SiC/mullite composites," 57. T. Nishida et al., on contribution toin Proc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Soc. J. Soc. Mat. Sci., Japan (in press).Japan (Ceramic Society of Japan,Tokyo, 1985), p. 637. 58. F.D. Gac and J.J. Petrovic, 0

"Feasibility of a composite of SiC51. S. Kanzaki et al., "Mechanical whiskers in a MoSi 2 matrix," J. Am.properties of SiC-whisker-reinforced Ceram. Soc. 68, C-200 (1985).mullite," in Proc. 24th Basic DiscussionMeeting on Ceramics (Ceramic Society 59. T. Ishii, New Century of Japan,of Japan, Tokyo, 1986), p. 65. Reading a Stream of Technological S

Civilization (Toyo Keizai Shimpo,52. H. Kamiaka et al., "Pressureless Tokyo, 1982).sintering of mullite SiC whisker com-posite," in Proc. Ann. Meeting, Ceram. Shigehiko Yamada graduated fromSoc. Japan (Ceramic Society of Japan, the Department of Applied Chemistry,Tokyo, 1987), p. 61. Faculty of Engineering, University of -

Tokyo, in 1950 and obtained a Doctor of53. K. Nakano et al., "Preparation of Engineering degree from the samesintering material of spinel-SiC whisker university in 1961. Dr. Yamada workedcomposite," in Proc. Meeting of Tokai for Tokai Carbon Company, Ltd.Branch, Ceram. Soc. Japan (Ceramic (formerly Tokai Electrode Manu-Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1985), p. 35. facturing Company, Ltd.), in various

positions from 1950 until 1984. In 198454. S. Inoue et al., "Toughening of he joined the Industrial Rescarchceramic materials by whiskers," Bull. Institute. Dr. Yamada holds over 50Ceram. Soc. Japan 21, 621 (1986). registered patents. He is a staff

member of the Ceramic Society of55. N. Claussen and G. Petzow, Japan and a member of the Carbon"Processing and microstructure of SiC Society of Japan. Dr. Yamada's areaswhisker reinforced ZrO 2-toughened of interest include carbon and graphiteceramics (ZTC), in Extended Abstracts and silicon carbide whiskers.of Tailoring Multiphase and CompositeCeramics (Pennsylvania State Uni-versity, University Park, Pa., 1985).

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THE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OFNAGAOKA

Alan L. Dragoo

The Technological University of Nagaoka (TUN) was established in theearly 1970s to strengthen creativity in science and technology. In addi- rYtion to the academic programs, several centers conduct research and 4support the interdisciplinary program at TUN. This article describes someof the research being conducted at these centers.

INTRODUCTION variety of universities and back-grounds. Many of the laboratories

During a visit to Japan in March contain instruments of recent1987, it was my pleasure to visit the manufacture.Technological University of Nagaoka The curriculum at TUN is(TUN) for a day as the guest of designed to attain the goal of trainingDr. Kozo Ishizaki. I visited several engineers and scientists who arelaboratories during the course of an innovative and creative but who areafternoon and talked with researchers also trained to transform new ideas intothere. Due to the brief time spent at practical applications. To accomplishTUN, the following account can only this goal, the curriculum is interdis-present a superficial and incomplete ciplinary and includes requireddescription of the areas of research "on-the-job" experience in industry.that I had the privilege to view. The student body is small, about 1,300

TUN was established in October students, and of high intellecwual1976 as a government university under caliber. There are about 180 facultythe Ministry of Education to strengthen members.creativity in science and technology. Most students enter TUN asShinroku Saito, who is president third-year undergraduate students uponemeritus of the Tokyo Institute of completion of 5-year technical collegeTechnology, is president of TUN. programs. These entering students are

The establishment of the uni- roughly equivalent to students who haveversity was brought about in the early completed 2 years of undergraduate ,

1970s by the Research Committee engineering study in the U.S. A smallConcerning Graduate Schools of Tech- number of students are admitted fromnology, the Preparatory Office for the 3-year technical high schools as .-

Graduate School of Technology at the first-year undergraduates. TheTokyo Institute of Technology, and enrollment system is intended to pro- ,

revision of the National School vide a student body heavily weighted toEducation Law. Many of the original upper level undergraduate and graduatefaculty as well as research equipment level students so that high academiccame from the Tokyo Institute of and research ability is present in the0Technology, university's technical program.

Today the TUN campus consists Areas of study include mechanicalof a network of modern buildings that systems engineering, planning and pro-are interconnected by covered walk- duction engineering, electrical andways. The faculty has grown with the electronic systems engineering, elec-addition of younger members from a tronic (materials) engineering, material


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science and technology, and civil 200 MPa (2,000 atm), and with chamberengineering. In addition to the dimensions of 152 mm diameter by "p

academic programs, several centers, 305 mm high. A Fujidempage-10 hot-such as the Analysis Center described press provides a means for sinteringbelow, conduct research and support materials with sustained temperatures 0the interdisciplinary program at TUN. of 2,200 °C and loads of 10 metric

As a new technological university, tons. The hot-press uses inductivelythe laboratories at TUN are very well heated graphite molds with either 25-equipped. Brief descriptions of some of or 50-mm internal diameters.the laboratories are presented here. Starting powders for these studies

are produced at TUN or are obtainedLABORATORY VISITS from commercial sources. TUN syn-

thesis methods include an arc plasma.-,Material Science unit that has been used to generate SiC,

Fe, Si 3N4 , SiO 2 , and Si powders. AnResearch is being carried out on Ar/H 2 plasma with an effective tem-

powder synthesis and preparation, hot- perature in excess of 104 °C impinges •pressing and hot-isostatic pressing on a suitable substrate, and powder is(HIP), microstructural development, obtained as a condensate from theand physical and chemical character- evaporated or sublimed material.ization of surfaces.

Electron diffraction and lattice Ion Beam Physicsimaging studies on Sr-Ba ferrite Sintergrowth, the electronic structure of A description of the ion beamvanadium oxides, and ceramic metal apparatus, ETIGO-II, was provided byinterfaces were described by Dr. Yatsui. This ion beam unit is ratedDr. Yoshihiko Hirotsu. Dr. Hirotsu's at 3 MeV and is the largest in Japan.research interests include the solid Studies of ion pulses are in progress. Astate chemistry of electronic and projected fusion device, ETIGO-IV, willstructural ceramics. A JEOL JAMP-13 incorporate 36 of the ETIGO-Il type ionAuger spectrometer recently was beam units.acquired for this work.

Other instruments for materials Analysis Centercharacterization include a laser flashapparatus for measurement of heat Research in the Analysis Centercapacity and thermal conductivity, includes catalytic materials and metal -,This instrument is being used to study organic complexes. Several projects onsintering effects on alpha/beta silicon the surface science of materials werenitride composition. described by Dr. Inoue. Investigations

An ESM-3200 Elionix scanning of the effects of electric fields and of ,electron microscope (SEM), which is illumination on surface states of semi-equipped with two detectors, provides a conducting oxides are being carried out.capability for depth profile analysis Gas adsorption is studied by tempera-with a resolution of 2 nm. ture programmed desorption (TPD) in

Dr. Ishizaki is constructing a HIP which a gas is adsorbed on a cooledmap (temperature-pressure-time) for sample, the sample is heated at a pro-the sintering of silicon nitride and grammed linear rate, the current pro-silicon carbide. The HIP apparatus used portional to the rate of desorption isis a NKK-ASEA instrument, with measured, and the heat of desorption isoperating capabilities of 2,000 °C and obtained. A SIMS unit, in which a beam


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of heavy ions impinges obliquely on the laboratories I visited appeared to besurface of a material, is used to exam- well-equipped with near state-of-ine the effect of adsorbed gases on the the-art equipment. From the stand-composition of molecular fragments points of its high caliber student body ..-._sputtered from the surface of the sub- and faculty and its research facilities,strate. Sputtering units are available TUN appears well-positioned to achievefor the production of thin oxide films. its goal of training innovative, prac-

A Rigaku x-ray generator is tically oriented engineers and scientists.equipped with both a small-angle x-rayscattering unit and a goniometer for ACKNOWLEDGMENTx-ray diffraction. A JEOL nmrspectrometer, using H, C, or 19 F I wish to thank Prof. Ishizaki forresonances, is used for identification of the opportunity to visit the Tech-structures in organic compounds and nological University of Nagaoka and fororganometallic complexes. This fully providing corrections to this report.automated instrument enables data tobe rapidly collected and displayed. Alan Dragoo has a background inElemental analysis is provided with a both chemistry and physics, havingJEOL Superprobe 733 equipped with earned B.S. (1961) and M.S. (1963)two wavelength dispersive x-ray degrees in chemistry from the Uni-spectrometers and an energy dispersive versity of Michigan and a Ph.D. inspectrometer. A Shimadzu Auto physics from the University of MarylandGCMS-6020s, which is presently only (1975). He has 24 years of researchequipped with a port for liquid experience at the National Bureau ofinjection, is scheduled to be directly Standards, both before and aftercoupled to a gas train. A Hitachi receiving the Ph.D. His work hasIMA-S ion microanalyzer equipped with included experimental and theoreticala 10-keV ion source and dual tandem studies of mass transport in ionicmass analyzers is available for depth crystals, theoretical work on theprofiling of compositions. The tandem Marangoni effect (convective flow inmass analyzer enables the resolution of liquids which is driven thermally ordifferent isotopic masses to be chemically through surface tensionachieved, gradients), measurements of elastic

constants, theoretical modeling ofCONCLUSION chemical bonds in ionic compounds,

preparation and characterization of -,TUN is dedicated to the education highly dense and pure ceramic research .. '* 4

of creative scientists and engineers. To materials, and experimental x-ray .do this, it has a highly focused program diffraction studies of phases formed onand an academically advanced student silicon carbide ceramics by corrosivebody. The small size of the university reactions. He has been the author orand its interdisciplinary program foster coauthor of 22 papers in his field.a sense of awareness and collaboration Dr. Dragoo is currently Group Leaderbetween departments. The research of the Ceramic Powder Characteriza- '.

tion Group.

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4)87 47

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FIRST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON MULLITE:NEW DEVELOPMENTS FOR AN OLD MATERIAL

Edward S. Chen i_.

The First International Workshop on Mullite focused on four major topics:phase equilibria, crystal structure, processing and properties, andcomposites. This article summarizes some of the more interestingdevelopments, problems, and opportunities presented at the workshop.

INTRODUCTION look beyond the 3:2 mullite alloy toexamine the influence of precipitated

The First International Workshop mA12 0 3 and glassy SiO 2 in the twoon Mullite was held on 9-10 November phase regions at higher and lower1987 in Tokyo, Japan. The workshop A120 3 concentrations.agenda included 24 oral presentationsand 40 poster sessions focusing on four PROCESSINGmajor topics: phase equilibria, crystalstructure, processing and properties, As with all ceramics, mullite canand composites. Considering the be produced optimally when properpotential of mullite for structural procedures are applied to each of theapplications, the current workshop processing categories of powderdevoted a major portion of the program synthesis, consolidation, drying, andto recent advancements in the pro- sintering. In powder synthesis, it iscessing and characterization of the necessary to produce high purity finephysical and mechanical properties of powders and this can be done throughmullite. The following summary sol-gel, hydrothermal, chemical vaporreflects some of the more interesting deposition (CVD), and pyrolytic tech-developments, problems, and oppor- niques. A fine powder is desirabletunities. because it increases the surface energy

of the particulate system and thus thePHASE EQUILIBRIA driving force for sintering. Under these

conditions, sintering occurs at a lowerMullite belongs to the temperature, reaction kinetics are

A120 3 -SiO 2 system for which a simple, accelerated, and a finer grainedalbeit controversial, phase relationship ceramic is produced. As powder sizeis known. It forms in the solid solution decreases, however, powder agglom-range between 71.8 and 74.3 wt. % eration increases. When this occurs,A120 3 approximating the 3:2 (3A120 3 - one finds that the packing density of2SiO 2 ) and the 2:1 (2A120 3 -SiO 2) the green compacts cannot be opti-alloys. However, leading researchers mized and an intolerable number ofdisagree on the melting point of pores persist in the sintered product.mullite, the reported values of which Recent studies have illustratedvary from 1,825 to 1,890 *C. Dr. Pask, the potential of reducing particle Ole%University of California at Berkeley, agglomerization using colloidalsuggested in concert with others in his consolidation methods. One suchfield that one should consider the development was reported by Kurehaexperimental data to be correct but Chemical Industry Company. Kureha"-that such data should be interpreted succeeded in producing uniform col-from both a metastable and a thermo- loidal dispersions by stabilizing the Sv's. €*

dynamically stable system viewpoint, powder particles with a polymericDr. Pask also emphasized the need to coating. Using this procedure, Kureha


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produced green mullite compacts by procedures produced favorable roomfiltration where the sintered product temperature property improvements.reached 99.8 percent of theoretical Typically, bending strengths weredensity. increased from 200 to over 500 MPa

An important consideration in the and fracture toughness values, KIC, 0preparation of mullite is to reduce were improved from 2 to 7 MPafm.manufacturing costs in order that While the strengtheningmullite may compete successfully with procedures produced comparable roomother ceramics. One approach is to use temperature property data, this was notreaction sintering whereby MgO, TiO 2 , the case at high temperatures. Inand ZrO2 are added to produce reaction sintered alloys, the tendencyconsolidation through a liquid phase. to form an intergranular amorphousTwo benefits come to mind. First, phase in MgO-ZrO2 -mullite and thereaction sintering enables one to use recrystallization of aluminum titanateconventional pressureless sintering in TiO 2 -ZrO 2-mullite alloys aretechniques and at reduced detrimental to strength attemperatures. Second, it is a temperatures above 800 *C. A possibleparticularly effective method of solution is to use higher purity powdersincorporating ZrO 2 into the mullite to minimize interactions betweenmatrix to provide inproved mechanical impurities and the amorphous phases.propertiLs. Several papers reported on SiC whisker reinforcement showed asuch improvements. The astonishing small negative coefficient of strengthdevelopment is that the improved up to 1,000 °C, at which temperature 0properties did not come about through the bending strength was still 450 MPa.the anticipated (t-ZrO2 ) transformation However, SiC whisker reinforcement is %toughening. Instead, homogeneous lacking in two respects. One is an !. _monoclinic ZrO 2 dispersions inter- unexplained tenfold decrease in creep 40twined with a crosslinked arrangement resistance. The other is theof mullite grains were found. Within decomposition of SiC in mullite at 0this arrangement, crack propagation temperatures above 1,400 *C. The Wmust follow a tortuous path and crack obvious solution here is to switch to andetection and bridging mechanisms oxide whisker for reinforcement.contribute to the enhancement of Perhaps the most dramatic "strength. development is that reported by the

Government Industrial ResearchSTRENGTHENING Institute of Nagoya and the Technical ..

Research Laboratory of Mino YogyoMullite is a ceramic that is often Company on the characterization of F

overlooked for high temperature mullite in the two-phase region *,.-applications in spite of its impressive (68 wt. % A120 3 ), where one componentproperties such as refractoriness, is a glassy Si0 2 phase. The bendingchemical inertness, thermal stability, strength of this alloy peaks at 1,300 °Cand creep resistance. In actuality, it at about 475 MPa. The high tempera-only needs to have improved fracture ture strength of this alloy comparestoughness and strength to have an favorably with gas pressure sinteredimpact in this application. In the Si 3 N4 currently used in turbine rotors.current workshop, conclusions drawn Figure 1 compares the flexuralfrom studies on mullite strengthening strengths of gas pressure sintered Si 3 N4using ZrO 2 alloying, SiC whisker prepared by NGK and Mitsubishi withreinforcement, and diphasic mullite mullite produced by the sintering ofwith amorphous Si0 2 tend to support spray-dried powder containing 68 wt. % .-this view. In general, all three A12 0 3 . The NGK data were obtained at


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0.5 mm/min using a three-point bend the Materials Science Division at AROtest. The test conditions for the in North Carolina since April 1986. He Vremaining two curves were not speci- attended Rensselaer Polytechnicfied. One should not look at this figure Institute where he received a B.S.and make an arbitrary judgment on degree in chemical engineering in 1959 Swhich material is better since such and a Ph.D. degree in physicaljudgments depend on application chemistry in 1964. From 1964 to 1986requirements. Nevertheless, when one Dr. Chen worked at Benet Weaponsconsiders that the inlet temperature of Laboratory in New York, initially as athe Garret turbine engine peaks at group leader studying dispersion-1,370 *C, the current developments in strengthened materials, as Chief ofmullite assume greater importance. Electrochemical Processing in 1973, and

as Chief of the Physical SciencesEdward S. Chen, Associate Section in 1983. Dr. Chen is a memberDirector of the Office of Naval of the Electrochemical Society and

Research, Air Force Office of ASM. His research interests currentlyScientific Research, and Army include the relationship between pro-Research Office (ARO), Far East cessing parameters and mechanicalLiaison Office in Tokyo since December properties of ceramic and composite

A' 1986, has been a program manager in materials and electrochemical pro-A' cessing in the electronics industry.

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Figure 1. Comparisons of flexural strengths of gas pressure ,sintered Si3N 4 prepared by NGK and Mitsubishi '-with mullite produced by sinterin of spray-driedpowder containing 68 wt. A1203.

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SOLAR PHYSICS ACTITIES IN JAPAN

Tokio Tsubaki

This article describes the major solar observatories in Japan and surveys 0the research activities in solar physics during the past 5 years.

INTRODUCTION Astronomical Observatory, Universityof Tokyo. This facility has a 25-cm

The Astronomical Society of Coud6 type coronagraph and attachedJapan is composed of three types of spectrograph, which are used formemberships, special, t,,'dinary, and observing not only the corona butcorporate, consisting, respectively, of various phenomena appearing at the660, 1,588, and 50 members as of chromospheric and photospheric levels,30 June 1987. The special membership such as prominences, spicules, faculae,corresponds to the mixture of junior, sunspots, and flares. Another 10-cmassociate, full, and emeritus member- coronagraph is mainly used forships as in the American Astronomical obtaining monochromatic images of theSociety, and the ordinary membership is corona in Fe XIV 5303 coronal emission.mostly for amateur astronomers. Mostof the research has been conducted by Hida Observatorythe special members, although amateur 0astronomers have been making a great This observatory, which is part ofcontribution to some fields, such as in the Faculty of Science, University ofdiscovering a new comet or a nova Kyoto, is located at 137018' E.,event. The society makes it a rule to 3605 ' N. and 1,276 meters above seahold a general meeting twice a year, in level in the mountainous area of Hida,the spring and fall, during which the about 20 km west of the Norikura Solaroverall aspects of research activities Observatory. The principal instrumentprogressing in Japan are discussed. is the 60-cm domeless solar telescope,

In this article, the major obser- which is equipped with two spectro-vatories are described and the current graphs, a vertical and horizontal. Theactivities in solar physics that were domeless structure, cooled tower sur-discussed in papers given at the general face, and evacuated optical channelmeetings of the Astronomical Society suppress air turbulence around andof Japan are surveyed, inside the telescope, resulting in high

resolution. Because of the highSOLAR OBSERVATORIES resolution, this telescope is being used

by many researchers from variousSeveral important solar observa- institutes in Japan. 0

tories are now in active service bothfor optical and radio observations. Okayama Astrophysical Observatory

Norikura Solar Observatory The Okayama AstrophysicalObservatory, a station of the Tokyo

Located on top of Norikura Astronomical Observatory, UniversityMountains (137033.31 E., 3606.81 N.) at of Tokyo, is located on Mt. Chikurinjian altitude of 2,876 meters, this at 133035.8 ' E., 34034.4 ' N. andobservatory belongs to Tokyo 360 meters above sea level. The


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principal instruments are a 60-cm 3.75-GHz heliograph, with a spatialCoud6 telescope and a 10-meter resolution of I arc minute, consists ofhorizontal Littrow spectrograph to 52 sets of 3-meter-aperture parabolicwhich a vector magnetograph has been antennas; the 9.4-GHz heliograph con-recently installed. The magnetograph, sist of 50 sets of 1.2-meter-aperture .which is a unique instrument in this antennas. Besides these, there iscountry, supplies daily magnetic data another telescope for observing radioon the sun. flux simultaneously at the following

four wavelength ranges: 1,000, 2,000,Kwasan Observatory 3,750, and 9,400 MHz.

A sister observatory of Hida OthersObservatory, also belonging to theFaculty of Science, University of There are some other observationKyoto, this facility is located on a facilities that are smaller but moresmall hill in the city of Kyoto, about convenient for daily observations200 meters above sea level. A 50-cm because they are installed at eachhorizontal telescope with a 70-cm institute. For example, a radio tele-coelostat and a 15-meter spectrograph scope (interferometer) is installed onare the main instruments. This system the campus of Nagoya University foris now used not only for solar research making observations at millimeterbut for educational purposes for the wavelength range. At Shiga University,students at Kyoto University. a 30-cm-aperture vertical telescope

with 50-cm cidelostat and 7-meterNobeyama Solar Radio Observatory horizontal spectrograph was installed

recently. At other institutes, 10- toThis observatory, a station of 20-cm solar telescopes are being used

Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, is not only for research but for educa-located on Nobeyama Heights at an tional purposes.altitude of 1,350 meters. Two sets ofradio telescopes are the principal RESEARCH ACTIVITIESinstruments: one is a 160-MHz inter-ferometer consisting of 17 parabolic Table 1 summarizes the numberantennas of 6- to 8-meter apertures, of papers on solar physics and the totaland the other is a 17-GHz inter- number of papers, both presented at theferometer with 17 sets of 1.2-meter general meetings held during the past A-%antennas. These instruments are used 5 years and during the same periodnot only for obtaining a high resolution 20 years ago, along with the cor-image but also for observing radio responding number of special members.emissions over a wide wavelength range. As seen in this table, the per-

centage of solar physics papers com-Toyokawa Observatory, the Research pared to those in all fields hasInstitute of Atmospherics decreased from about 20 to 12 percent Am

during the past 20 years, thereby sug-The Toyokawa Observatory, gesting that solar physics activities

located in the city of Toyokawa, have considerably diminished at least inbelongs to Nagoya University. The the sense of relative numbers. Note,observatory contains two sets of radio however, that the actual numbers haveheliographs with fine resolution. The increased from about 30 to 52 papers a

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year, that is, by a factor of 1.75. The As clearly shown in this table, thetotal number of papers and the mer- outstanding research field during thebership have increased during this past 5 years has been the investigationperiod by factors of 2.81 and 2.17, of flares, a dynamic, explosive phe- Srespectively. It is clear from these nomenon of the active chromosphere.results that research activities in other The reason for such a flurry of activityfields, such as galaxy, high energy in this field is the flare observation '%, %

astrophysics, cosmology, and observa- satellite, HINOTORI, meaning firebird,tion or data-reduction facilities, have sunbird, or phoenix. HINOTORI wasincreased at a much higher rate. successfully launched in early 1981 S

For surveying research activities when the sun's activity was at itson solar physics, a statistical analysis maximum phase and provided an enor-has been made of the papers presented mous number of flare observations induring the past 5 years at the general the wavelength ranges from hard tomeetings of the Astronomical Society soft x-ray. Using these data, a lot ofof Japan. The results are summarized flare research was carried out by the 0in Table 2. extended collaboration of many people

from many institutes.

Table 1. Number of Papers Presented at the General Meetingsand the Number of Special Members of theAstronomical Society of Japan

Year Solar All No. of Year Solar All No. ofPhysics Fields Members Physics Fields Members

1962 41 141 252 1982 54 386 521

63 26 163 257 83 52 419 538

64 27 149 250 84 53 420 549

65 21 129 260 85 50 445 569

66 34 169 265 86 51 443 604

Total 149 751 -- Total 260 2113 --

Mean 29.8 150.2 256.8 Mean 52.0 422.6 556.2 ',

% of 19.8 % of 12.3Total Total

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Table 2. Number of Papers in Nine Prominent Research Fields orTopics of Solar Physics Presented During the Past5 Years at the General Meetings of the AstronomicalSociety of Japan

Percentage

Research Field 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total of Total

Theoretical studies 6 3 3 5 3 20 7.7

Sunspot & magnetic field 3 4 3 5 6 21 8.1

Spicule & surge 1 3 1 2 6 13 5.0

Prominence 4 3 6 3 8 24 9.2

Corona 3 4 2 9 6 24 9.2

Solar wind & IPSa 3 2 0 3 3 11 4.2

Flare 20 19 23 16 8 86 33.1

Radio & x-ray burst 8 7 6 2 3 26 10.0

Other fields 6 7 9 5 8 35 13.5

Total 54 52 53 50 51 260 100

aIpS . Interplanetary space.

The second prominent topic, radio telescopes such as the domeless solarand x-ray burst, also has an important telescope at the Hida Observatory and 'A,

relationship, more or less, with the the coronagraph at the Norikura Solarresults from HINOTORI. Since it is Observatory. The research topicswell known that the time profile of the include periodic oscillations, energyradio burst coincides well with that of releases, internal motions, evolutions,the x-ray burst, cooperative work with temperatures, and so on. Using the ..a ground-based radio telescope was vector magnetograph, which wasextensively carried out. These obser- recently attached to the Coud6 tele- 0vations, together with the results of the scope at the Okayama AstrophysicalSolar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite, Observatory, magnetic structures insidehave brought a number of new findings and around sunspots have been studiedto the investigations of flare and burst. energetically. It should be noted here

Research for clarifying the that a lot of effort had been made tophysical structures of the corona, develop, construct, and adjust theprominences, spicules, and surges has instrument before public use.continued, mainly by using optical


, % ...

Theoretical studies have also operating the satellite HINOTORI, butcontinued to elucidate the physical there are very few solar physics majorsprocess changing slowly in the convec- on the staff. There are many minortion zone, which is the origin of the institutes with only one or two solarsolar cycle, one of the biggest problems physicists showing relatively goodstill unknown. Global oscillations and activities, such as the Department ofhelio seismology are the newest tools Physics, Rikkyo University, and thefor studying the sun's deep interior. Department of Earth Science, ShigaCombinations of theories and observa- University. It should also be mentionedtions are being applied to the research here that the recent increase ofon solar wind and interplanetary space. activity by other institutes dependsIn this case, most observations have considerably on the fact that studiesbeen made at the Toyokawa done by collaborating with foreignObservatory. researchers have increased greatly.

INSTITUTE ACTIVITIES Tokio Tsubaki, from Tokyo, Japan,graduated from the School of Science,

Statistical analyses have been University of Kyoto, in 1959; hemade to see how many papers have continued graduate studies there inbeen presented by each institute at the astrophysics (emphasizing solar physics)general meetings during the past until the end of 1964, when he accepted5 years. For a paper written by two or a position as a lecturer at Ohitamore authors belonging to different University, Faculty of Education. In 0institutes, fractional numbers 1967 he was awarded a Ph.D. degree(=1/numbers of coauthors) were equally from the University of Kyoto for hisgiven to each institute; that is, no thesis titled "A New Model of thespecial weight was given even to the Coronal Condensation." After beingfirst author. The results are sum- promoted to an associate professor, Dr.marized in Table 3. Tsubaki accepted a position with the

As seen in Table 3, there are Faculty of Education, Shiga University, .F- :three big groups showing prominent where he was promoted to a professor ,,;e'

activities in the field of solar physics: in 1976. To further his studies of theTokyo University, Nagoya University, solar corona, Dr. Tsubaki joined severaland Kyoto University, each having a Kyoto University expeditions to observeproductive share of 36.5, 11.7, and solar eclipses (the South Pacific, 1965;25.8 percent, respectively. Note, Mexico, 1970; West Africa, 1973). .however, that since these groups are Between 1973 and 1975, he was acomposed, respectively, of the obser- postdoctoral research associate of thevatory and the department, contribu- National Academy of Science/Nationaltions both by the graduate students and Research Council of the United Statesby the peripheral researchers graduated doing coronal research at Sacramento 0

from the corresponding department are Peak Observatory, Sunspot, Newconsiderable. Mexico. Dr. Tsubaki's current research

The Institute of Space and interests include detecting oscillatoryAstronautical Sciences contributed phenomena in the solar corona andgreatly to constructing, launching, and prominences.

%* %

..-.. _


ea wa % % %. % ,

Table 3. Number of Solar Physics Papers per InstitutePresented During the Past 5 Years at the GeneralMeetings of the Astronomical Society of Japan

0

Percentage

Institute 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total of TotaloTo,

Tokyo Astronomical 13.2 12.5 14.9 13.2 12.6 66.4 25.5Observatory,Tokyo University

a%,

Department of 8.9 8.8 4.4 3.6 2.8 28.5 11.0Astronomy,Tokyo University N

Institute of Space & 3.4 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.3 5.8 2.2 •Astronautical Science

Department of Physics, 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.3 2.2 8.2 3.1Rikkyo University ,

Research Institute 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.6 20.2 7.8 -of Atmospherics,Nagoya University

Department of 2.4 4.8 3.0 0.0 0.0 10.2 3.9Astrophysics,Nagoya University

Department of Earth 0.5 0.0 1.3 2.7 4.9 9.4 3.6 FW

Science,Shiga University

Kwasan & Hida 7.0 8.9 11.3 10.2 8.0 45.4 17.5 vr-S

Observatories,Kyoto University

Department of 6.0 4.6 3.3 2.1 5.6 21.6 8.3Astronomy,Kyoto University V

Other Institutes 6.9 5.8 8.4 13.1 10.0 44.2 17.0 'N

Total 54.0 52. 9 5 0.1 510 259.9 99.9_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.-,- 51 _ _0 1 A_ k. _ _ _ _ _ _

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A REVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART INROLLING ELEMENT REARING TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN

James F. Dill, Robert A. Harmon, and Edward Mark Lenoe0

Recently the authors had the opportunity to attend the InternationalExhibits at the 1987 Nagoya Ceramics Fair and to participate in theInternational Workshop for Advanced Materials in the same city. Inaddition, a preliminary survey of rolling element bearing technology inJapan was conducted. For this purpose three principal bearing manufac-turers, two ceramic materials suppliers, and one aircraft engine manu-facturer were visited. In the aircraft quality bearing area, based on thefacilities visited and the ensuing discussions, there is no question that allthree companies have the capability to produce bearings of the qualityrequired for the highest performance applications. The depth of under-standing and level of sophistication of research into bearing dynamics, .

fatigue life, failure modes, and advanced materials demonstrated the verysolid basis of bearing technology in Japan. Fundamental input andresearch support from leading universities and research institutes were anintegral part of the research and development structure within eachorganization and its sphere of influence. Regarding ceramics, the capa-bility to produce high-performance, spindle-quality, ceramic bearingcomponents clearly exists in Japan. All of the companies visited are inthe process of testing or introducing both hybrid steel/ceramic and fullceramic bearings into appropriate markets. Limited quantities of siliconnitride rolling element bearings have been in production over the last 2 to4 years. It was evident that bearing suppliers in Japan are strong world-wide corporations intent on successful development of advanced tech-nology.

BACKGROUND aircraft turbine engines. Both corn-mercial and military aircraft turbine

Rolling element bearings, while engines require highly reliable rollingnot typically viewed as high tech element bearings for their perfor-products, are a critical -omnnent for a Trance. Since a bearing failure in anwide range of both commercial and aircraf t turbine engine could seriouslymilitary systems. Automobiles, trucks, risk aircraft safety, a zero failureairplanes, electric motors, ships, philosophy is followed in designing andmachine tools, robots, microchip pro- manufacturing these bearings. At thecessing systems, satellites, rockets, the same time, these systems requirelist could go on for pages. Our lives are bearings to operate under some of theinfluenced daily by systems that depend most demanding conditions of speed,on the availability of highly reliable, load, and temperature. To meet thelow noise, low cost rolling element demands of aircraft turbine enginebearings. manufacturers, bearing companies have

As might be expected, some of been forced to achieve levels of pre-the most demanding applications for cision found in few other industries androlling element bearings are in the to use materials of the highest qualityaerospace industry and in particular (essentially inclusion and void free).


"M M

Dimensional measurements in the have found it harder than ever to investmicron range are routine in the rolling in modernizing their high-precisionelement bearing industry and measure- bearing plants, resulting in the currentments to 0.1 micron or less are rela- situation where there is now concern

tvl Ofiatively common. Surface finishes that this business will also be lost to,,

required are even more precise with overseas suppliers.levels as low as 0.005 micron being At the same time, while compe-achieved on some components. To tition for current bearing production isinsure material quality and cleanliness, becoming increasingly difficult for U.S.the steel is typically either double suppliers, advanced systems are beingvacuum melted or electroslag remelted; developed that could significantlyin addition, it is frequently ultra- change requirements over the next 5 to y,,.sonically inspected to insure that the 10 years. Therefore, any efforts todesired quality is achieved, modernize the U.S. bearing industry

In addition to these high demands must consider not only how to makefor precision and material quality, each current products better and at lowerbearing used in the mainshaft section of cost but also what production capa-a turbine engine is a unique, bilities will be required to meet theseapplication-specific design. Frequently, future requirements.many special features, such as special To assess the capabilities of U.S.mounting brackets or flanges or at bearing suppliers relative to theirtimes even portions of the engine foreign competition, to determine thestructure, are included in the bearing status of the bearing industry world-design. This requirement for wide, and to assess future directions inapplication-specific designs results in bearing technology, we undertook asmall lot sze orders for any given review of bearing technology in Japan.bearing. The results of this review are discussed

This combination of high preci- in this article. Topics covered include:sion, small lot sizes, and special design general comments on the Japanesefeatures makes the aircraft bearing bearing industry; observations onbusiness very labor and capital inten- Japanese aircraft quality bearingsive. While prices for aircraft quality manufacturing; and observations onbearings can be quite high (frequently ceramic bearing technology, which is anin the $1,000 to $10,000 range for a important technology for meetingsingle bearing), manufacturing costs are future systems needs. 0also high at the same time because thebearing industry world-wide is very SURVEY OF JAPANESE INDUSTRYcompetitive and profit margins aresmall. Because of the age of facilities To achieve a realistic perspectiveand current economic conditions, on the status, trends, and outlook forcoupled with the nature of this precision rolling element bearings and 0business, it has become increasingly the related production facilities indifficult for U.S. bearing suppliers to Japan, the principal bearing manufac-compete with foreign bearing manu- turers were identified; visits werefacturers. Foreign suppliers have cap- arranged with:tured much of the higher profit, lower .. ,performance bearing business, leaving 9 Nippon Seiko K.K. (NSK), Research __

only the smaller, high-precision Center and Precision Bearingbusiness to U.S. suppliers. With their Production Facility in Fujisawaproduction base reduced, U.S. suppliers

0


%

* . . - . . - . . .-. . - . . . ... ... .-. .. ..... - ..- . -. -. - .. .. . • - ., 4 - .. -*

74 7 -V T 0 7 7 L 77- .-7,,,.i.

* Nippon Seiko K.K. (NSK), Otsu In general, significant researchProduction Plant near Kyoto was being conducted at all three corn-

panies. The most impressive facilities* Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd., Kokubu Plant were found at NSK in Fujisawa. All

near Osaka three companies viewed their business 0on a world-wide basis and in general

* NTN-Toyo Bearing Co., Ltd., had both international productionKuwana Plant facilities and distribution networks in

addition to their Japanese facilities.To add perspective, two materials In the aircraft quality bearing

suppliers and the major Japanese air- area, two of the companies hadcraft engine manufacturer were also facilities that had been constructedvisited: very recently, one having been opened

in the last 6 months and the second" Kyocera Corporation in Kyoto completed within the last 2 years.

These facilities, in general, had pri-" Toshiba Corporation, New Materials marily new machines; the machines 0

Department in Yokohama were mainly of Japanese manufacturealthough some were from U.S. and

" Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy European suppliers. Based on theIndustries (IHI) in Tokyo facilities visited and the experience

discussed, there is no question that allMembers of our group partici- three companies have the capability to

pating in the visits are included as produce bearings of the quality requiredAppendix A. A list of key personnel for the highest performance militarycontacted at each company is given in applications. Relative to productionAppendix B. for military applications of their

In addition, visits were made to products, all of the companies pointedthe international exhibits at the Nagoya out that the Japanese constitutionCeramic Fair, and Dr. James Dill of restricts them for exporting goods forMechanical Technology, Inc. (MTI), this purpose. Because of thispresented an invited lecture to the restriction, all three companies areInternational Workshop for Advanced emphasizing mark( ,ng and productionMaterials Technology-Ceramics II: for the commercial aviation market.Characterization of Ceramics and The depth of understanding andDevelopment of International Stan- sophistication of the research into thedards. His topic was "High Temperature areas of bearing dynamics, fatigue life,Testing in Tribology." This was also modes of failure, and advanced mate-held in Nagoya. These activities took rials shows that the current high levelplace from 9-19 March 1987. of bearing technology in Japan is on a

broad solid footing. Fundamental inputOBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS and research support from leading .-..- ,

universities and research institutes areThe three bearing companies an integral part of the research andvisited comprise the three largest development structure within eachJapanese suppliers. NSK is the largest organization and its sphere of influ-in Japan and one of the largest bearing ence. Constant attention to high 0companies world-wide. NTN is second quality and performance permeates all . ,-in size in Japan, and Koyo is somewhat of the organizations visited. %smaller. ., ,


x~ -W. 01.

Recent technical publications *The Japanese bearing companies usefrom some of the companies visited are primarily Japanese steel suppliers,indicative of the technical depth and but they will purchase steel fromdetail being focused on rolling element either U.S. or European sources ifbearings and their related technolo- necessary. U.S. sources mentionedgies. A list of some recent references included Latrobe and Carpenter.provided during visits is included as There are Japanese suppliers of all 1Appendix C. In general, the focus is on major bearing materials capable of

Munderstanding the details of materials meeting the tightest aircraftproperties and characteristics and their specifications. Two Japanese sup-influence on the behavior, performance, pliers cited were Hitachi Metals andand life of bearings in the environment Daido Steel.of the application. In bridging the gap

*from properties to application, a * Bearing manufacturers producenumber of test rigs and simulators are components from a full range of

*used to examine the behavior of mate- materials including typical U.S.rials and components under simulated alloys (52100, M-50, and 440C),environmental operating conditions. European alloys such as 18-4-1, andFeedback from failure mode analyses Japanese alloys such as SUJ2 andand analytical investigations is used to SKH4. They are also beginning toimprove the design and to better pre- work with the new carburizing alloydict the life and reliability of their M-5ONiL, developed in the Unitedproducts. States specifically for the high shaft

The following is a list of high- speed aircraft bearing application.lights, significant observations, andapparent trends based on the various *Production facilities for ABEC 1plant visits, bearings (for applications like com-

mercial and automotive equipment)General Bearing Industry Comments are highly automated. Pride was

taken in the care with which the* The Japanese bearing companies process was monitored. In one area,

* visited were all full-range bearing it was pointed out that while theremanufacturers, each producing were 21 processes involved in ,

bearings ranging in quality level machining a particular part, therefrom ABEC 1 to ABEC 9. As in the were 23 inspection processes to0United States, Japanese aircraft insure that the part was correct.bearing production involves smalllot sizes of special bearing designs e In the automated production line, allfor each application. In the pro- gauging was in line and primarilyduction of such special bearings, between processes. Parts thatthere is close cooperation with the didn't meet a specified tolerance

*customer. were automatically rejected. If amachine started producing parts out

9 As in the United States, each bear- of tolerance because of misadjust- ,

ing manufacturer has a group of ment or tool wear, a warning light *

trusted subcontractors and suppliers would come on to notify a machineit depends upon. Some subcon- operator. Machine operators wouldtracted items include material monitor the performance of a seriesstock, finished rolling elements, of machines on a given productionretainers, retainer plating, and race line, performing adjustments asforging. necessary.


% % %

0 I

9 In manufacturing general-purpose a Use of the latest CNC machinebearings, production progress, rates, tools and computer control ofand outages were monitored and production processes wereposted in various areas of the plant. observed. Some postprocessThese charts showed performance inspection at the machine level was .f

for the given area as well as overall observed. However, as in theplant performance. The goal of the United States, inspection was notstaff was to produce no rejected highly automated because of theparts, which while not achieved was small lot sizes generally involved inapproached very closely, production. The general trend is ~

toward more automation in all9 As in the United States, ball manu- aspects of production including

facture is treated as a specialized machining, process flow monitoring,operation and is usually handled production planning, and productoff-site by a specialty plant or design. Some use of automated Y,separate company. No detailed guided vehicles for parts transfer !information was gathered on ball between work stations and shopmanufacture. floor computer terminals for parts

tracking, machining instructionsAircraft Engine Bearings transfer, and statistical process

control data collection was observed." Because of the higher precision

required and the smaller lot sizes, *Production facilities were in generalhigh-performance bearings for air- very clean and well maintained. Incraft engines, other aerospace one facility that focused on finalapplications, and precision spindles grind and assembly of aircraft and '''

were generally manufactured in other high-performance bearings,separate facilities, definite efforts were noted at

maintaining almost a "clean room"* At present, U.S. operations for the type grinding facility. Final

companies visited are directed inspection and assembly were alltoward manufacture of ABEC 1 done in clean room environments asbearings. Because of the large is typical in high-performancedifferences in the facilities required bearing production.for aircraft bearing production incomparison to existing U.S. facil- *"Just-in-time" philosophy was fol-ities, it would make more sense to lowed in manufacturing, resulting inbuild a new facility, if a Japanese very little product stored on thesupplier wanted to set up production shop floor. Efforts to keep parts *

of these bearings in the United moving smoothly through productionStates, than to modify an existing rather than waiting at a machine0facility. If there was a strong before the next step can be per-

Sbusiness reason to set up an aircraft formed seemed to be quite effective.bearing plant in the United States,Japanese suppliers would seriously * In terms of production, similarconsider it. concerns were expressed to those

most frequently mentioned by U.S.* All of the bearing companies seem manufacturers. Among these were

to be tracking turbine engine needs for automated surface qualitydevelopment trends on a global basis inspection, simplified and moreand are keeping up with perfor- standardized marking, and non-mance and quality advancements as destructive evaluation (NDE) for .

they evolve. carburized materials.


% 0

% % ... P;

" In the research and development e There was recognition of the pos-area for steel bearings, the need for sible need for higher temperatureimproved corrosion resistance for bearings and lubricants for advanced '

aircraft quality bearings and an aircraft turbine engines includinginterest in alternative processing solid-lubricated ceramic bearings.techniques, including hard turning, However, while some very impres-were expressed. sive work is being done in ceramic

materials, to date Japanese work on" Top quality research into the origin solid lubrication appears to be less

and progression of fatigue in bear- extensive than that in progress inings is being conducted. In many the United States.applications, surface-initiatedfatigue has been found to be more e In addition to work on ceramicprevalent than subsurface fatigue, bearings and solid lubrication,while to date most fatigue life research was also underway on gastheories only deal with and magnetic bearings.subsurface-originated failures. Thisresearch, using x-ray and eddy * A number of applications of hardcurrent measurements, is leading coatings like TiN were describedtoward an ability to predict the including one involving solid-remaining life in a bearing. It has lubricated, hard-coated, high-already permitted a much more temperature steel races withdetailed understanding of fatigue ceramic rolling elements. Table Imechanisms to be developed and the summarizes some of the morerelative importance of surface and interesting applications described.subsurface mechanisms to beaccounted for in different appli- Ceramic Bearingscations. Understanding developedfrom this research is being used in *All of the companies visited are in .0practical ways to improve bearing the process of testing or introducingperformance. A line of sealed, both hybrid steel/ceramic and fullclean bearings for general-purpose ceramic bearings into the appro-use was developed to improve life priate markets. Limited quantitiesvia reduction of the probability of of silicon nitride rolling elementsurface-initiated failure based on bearings have been in productionthis research. over the last 2 to 4 years. One of

the key suppliers of silicon nitridee Fatigue research shows that in cases materials to the bearing companies

where surface-initiated fatigue is is Toshiba. Komeya and Kotanithe primary failure mode, improve- (1986) (see Appendix C, Ref 2)ments in the substrate material reported that in 1975 silicon nitrideproduce less life improvement than powder of acceptable purity, size,is found when the same improved and shape distribution was not com-material is used where subsurface mercially available. Therefore,failures are the primary life limi- Toshiba studied synthesis of powder.tation. Only by reducing or elim- These preliminary experiments wereinating surface-initiated failures based on a silica reduction method V9can the full life potential of a comprising SiO 2 + C + N2 -Si 3 N4 +bearing material be achieved. CO. However, grain morphology

?1. .


:Sal

control was difficult. Finally good development is to achieve near net

microstructural control was shape technology, thereby reducingachieved by adding fine grains of the machining necessary to produceSi 3N4 in mixing SiO 2 + C. The result a final part. Because much of thewas a powder of q8 percent alpha ceramic machining involves expen- 0phase. For manufacturing ceramic sive diamond grinding, reducing thebearings, a powder mixture is pre- rough stock removal required couldpared by adding 5 wt % A120 3 to significantly impact the cost ofthe c-Si3 N4 powder. In addition to ceramic components.serving as a sintering aid, whena-Si3 N4 is sintered with Y20 3 , . Some important characteristics of Scrystal grains are elongated and this bearing quality silicon nitride aretends to result in higher fracture given in Tables 2 to 5 and Figures 1toughness. Hot pressing and pres- to 3. While Japanese researcherssureless sintering are applicable, were aware of and interested in ,

using ceramics with solid lubricants* Kyocera is also developing ceramic at elevated temperatures, the pri-

materials for bearing applications. mary emphasis of the current workSome of the other companies dis- described involved use of eitherplaying ceramic bearing components steel/ceramic hybrid bearings or allat the Nagoya Fine Ceramic Fair ceramic bearings with either liquidincluded: Koba; Showa Denko; or grease lubrication.Tyko, Ltd.; Kawasaki Heavy 0Industries; Ube; Nippon Steel; and * The main incentives described forKoba Electrics. European com- using ceramic materials in conven-panies showing bearing components tional applications included:included: ESK (Federal Republic ofGermany) and Lucas Cookson - The lower density of the rollingSyalon, Ltd. (United Kingdom). elements reduces the centrifugal SThere were no U.S. ceramic forces of the balls on the outerexhibitors. race to about 40 percent of that

for steel balls. At high speeds," There was a consensus that hipped this can lead to a longer bearing

Si 3N4 is the best material for life.rolling element bearing perfor- Smance. The materials regarded as - The low coefficient of thermalmost promising all had A120 3 + expansion permits operating withY20 3 additives. Data indicated a higher thermal gradient for athat this material has higher given internal clearance.strength than materials with MgOadditives. - Higher elastic modulus reduces 0

the Hertzian contact area and" In general, both races and rolling lowers lubricated heat genera-

elements were produced in rough tion allowing a hybrid steel/blanks shaped like the final compo- ceramic bearing to be operatednent rather than being machined out at about 20 to 25 percent higher ,.'of bulk material. While research is speeds than an all steel bearing 0ongoing in near net shape forming of under the same lubrication con- ,components, at present there is too ditions. Figure 4 shows com-much shrinkage and distortion parative data for a grease- -during hipping to permit it. The lubricated ACH016C sizeultimate goal of ceramic bearing bearing. , ..-.


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Table 2. Characteristics of Silicon * Production numbers have reached aNitride (after Ref 2) level where reasonable confidence

has been developed that satisfactoryquality ceramic components can be

Item Characteristic produced consistently. One manu-facturer cited experience running e.R.

Density 3.21 g/cm 3 life tests on "over a hundred" ofboth full ceramic and steel/ceramicCoefficient of .2 x 10- 6 I/°C hybrid bearings,. _

thermal expansion(25-1,000 oC) e A 100-hour test has been completed 0

by IHI of an aircraft engine gearboxThermal 29.3 W/m*k with 8 full ceramic bearings and 11conductivity (RT) hybrid bearings to gain experience .. ,

with their performance in a realModulus of 3.2 x 104 kgf/mm2 machine. At the time of our visit,elasticity (RT) 50 hours of the test had been com-

pleted and no noticeable wear wasPoisson ratio (RT) 0.26 observed. Test bearings were

described as basically appearing likeThree-point bending 106 (15) kgf/m, 2 new.strength (Weibull "modulus) (RT) * Recently, additional testing has

been completed and close inspectionHardness (RT) 1,800 kgf/nm 2 of the disassembled transmission

box showed fully successful resultsKIC -7 MPam1/2 with no apparent damage.

ATC 900 0C * Efforts have been made to developmaterials with crystalline grain .,boundaries rather than glassy ones.

The higher elastic modulus of While this was described asthe rolling elements coupled desirable, it was not clear whetherwith smaller internal clearance crystalline grain boundaries hadrequirements due to the low actually been achieved in bearing- 0ceramic thermal expansion quality ceramic materials.results in a higher bearing '. .'stiffness, which permits better * Development of improved NDEshaft control in high-speed methods is an important remaining , -e.

spindles. Better shaft control, in requirement in the development ofturn, results in better machining these materials. Toshiba is doingaccuracy. considerable work in this area,

including work on an x-ray CTe The capability to produce high- scanner for material evaluation.

performance, spindle-quality,ceramic bearing components clearly e There was considerable interest inexists in Japan. Some bearing sup- the solid-lubricated bearing 0pliers also produce special spindles research in the U.S. The ceramicwith hybrid ceramic bearings, suppliers in particular see solid-

lubricated elevated-temperature "", '

bearings as a major future appli-cation of ceramic materials.


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-.,0, , ,. _', , ='= .- -pLdd,... - _r w e= ' , , . _ - ', -

Table 3. Comparison Between High Carbon Chromium Bearing Steeland Silicon Nitride (after Ref 2)

High Carbon 0Item Silicon Nitride Chromium Bearing

Steel

Heat-resistant 800 120temperature, °C

Corrosion resistance Large Small

Specific gravity 3.2 or above 7.8(small centrifugal (large centrifugalforce of roller) force of roller)

Hardness Hv (room 1,800 - 2,000 700 - 800temperature)

Friction without Small Largelubrication

Magnetic property Nonmagnetic Magnetic

Rigidity (Young's 21,000modulus), kgf/mm2 32,000

Table 4. Accuracy of Silicon Nitride 9 The aircraft and precision bearingBall (after Ref 2) facilities visited were clean and

modern with primarily new and up-to-date machinery. However, no

Item Developed Comparison radical differences were seen in the 'Material Material basic approaches used in manufac-

turing as compared to U.S. com-Sphericity, pIm 0.3 0.5 panies. "-->

Surface 0.006-0.008 0.04-0.08 * A strong philosophy that each '-.

roughness Ra, worker was responsible for theJ precision and quality of his opera- 0

tion was in evidence. There didn'tseem to be the split between pro-

CONCLUSIONS duction and quality control some-times seen in U.S. companies.

• Bearing suppliers in Japan arestrong world-wide corporations that * Great pride was taken in the use of 0

are intent upon developing their quality circles and improving quality 'business on an international basis. via input from the workers actually

producing the parts.


.4.

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Table 5. Characteristics of Ceramic Fatigue by Conventional Theory(after Ref 1)

Item Ceramic Fatigue Metal Fatigue

Mechanism By mechanochemical By accumulationreaction between stress of alternative microscopicand moisture plastic deformation

Dependence Time depender-,t Cycle dependent

Stress Factor Ist: Tensile stress. Ist: Stress amplitude.No effect: Stress 2nd: Mean stress;amplitude; frequency; frequencycompressive stress

Material Glass and alumina All metals sufferFactor suffer; nonoxide ceramics

hardly sufferEnvironmental Moisture is indispensable Corrosive environment

Factor can accelerate 0

0 Mean crushing load of HP /_ _ _ _silicon nitride ball

90&Mn4cuhn load of steel ball ,% 1c q

U%..,o 0 o/0

2000

SUJ2 0 U

,

Ceramics %

. 1000 %,(mm)

2 4 610

1 1/ 50 100 0532' 7t32" 5/16" 3/8"

No. of stress cycles x 106 cycles 3/16"

Ball diameter (Inch)

q.?

Figure 1. Rolling fatigue life of Figure 2. Crushing load comparison ,

silicon nitride (from between silicon nitrideRef 2). ball and steel ball (from""

Ref 2).


At-

S % % ,. \. % % - -"% % '

700

Sintered silicon nitrideIndented specimen

Static loading 0

60060 Flexural

strength '-A

5 . 50050 - ,

40,

I I l I I III IIIll I I I I I tIIII I 1 i i lll d I I I I I I I I I

100 10 1 102 101 101 105 106 101

Time to failure t (s)

Figure 3. Static fatigue life of sintered 0silicon nitride (from Ref 1).

Angular Contact Ball Bearing *%

for High Speed Application (ACH016C)30 for

oT / Drastic Rise

F- I ConventionalBearing V

S20-1o 00 Limit of 0

% PracticalW ot Usage

a: 10e 0 Ceramic Ball Bearing 0

4)4

E0.E 0 5 10 15 -4.

Speed (x 103 rpm)I I I I I I•

0 20 40 60 80 100 120dmn x 104

Figure 4. Test results under high speed rotation(courtesy of Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd.).

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 684%

%. O'w .~? *.

[ : -. . .., ..... ..-. , ...., ...Fo ., o,,, .,, ,..-, . ..-,,: :., ...:......-%,..-....%.,,<,-., ... %. % ,o*.. % %. X' e.". -.-%,." -','S ... ?< .---- :'? ." '. ,1". ' ":..-" ". , °... : .. ;--. -.

,, f ' f .'.. '. . - .,- . '. - U v *.- j . . - . . , . ' _' . .. . , - ,, # .# , ' , ,2 2 , _. ,€ . . . - . • - . . _ - .-. ,. -. ,. " - . . . . . . . .- . . .. - .. .,

* The use of charts displayed at dif- James F. Dill received B.S. andferent places throughout the plant M.S. degrees in physics from Johnshowing how each different Carroll University and a Ph.D. indepartment's efforts fit in the physics/chemical engineering from "overall process was felt to give Catholic University of America. Cur-workers a better sense of the final rently Dr. Dill is the manager of theproduct. Department production Technology Development Branch at therates and reject rates were also R&D Division of Mechanical Tech-posted to remind the workers of the nology Inc. He is responsible for thegoal of zero defects. analytical and experimental programs in

bearings, seals, gearing, rotor-* Considerable high-quality research dynamics, and basic tribology. He also

in rolling element bearing tech- acts as a consultant on bearing andnology is in progress in Japan. lubricant technology. Dr. Dill's areasBenefits could be realized by U.S. of interest are rolling element bearings,suppliers by following Japanese bearing materials, chemical physics ofresearch as closely as possible. lubricants, rotordynamics, and experi-

mental design and instrumentation. He" In terms of ceramic materials and is a member of the American Society of

ceramic bearing production for Lubrication Engineers, the Americanliquid- and grease-lubricated Society of Mechanical Engineersapplications, the Japanese appear to Research Committee on Tribology, andbe ahead of the United States. the North American Society of AdlerianHowever, considerably less solid Psychology.lubrication research was evident in Robert A. Harmon received B.S.Japan when compared to the United and M.S. degrees in mechanical engi-States. neering from the Illinois Institute of

Technology. Mr. Harmon has over" All of the Japanese companies 38 years of experience in applied

visited were open about their capa- research and program development atbilities and our visits were hosted by International Harvester, IITRI (formerlytop level management. A genuine ARF), Williams International, Generalwillingness to cooperate was felt in Electric Company, and Mechanicalour visits. Technology, Inc. As an independent

consultant since 1970, he has focused" If Japanese suppliers could be shown on gas turbines; diesel engines; and

that there is a U.S. market that combined cycle power and cogenera-justified the investment, they would tion systems for industrial, marine, andconsider developing aircraft or vehicle applications. His emphasis hasceramic bearing facilities in the been on identification of the researchUnited States. Any such assessment and development needed to fill tech- %.would include both market potential nology gaps and advance the state-and competition. of-the-art for critical components.

Hence, he has recently focused on" In general-purpose bearings, third advanced materials such as ceramics

world and developing countries like and composites. Mr. Harmon has beenSingapore and Korea are becoming active on numerous Society of Auto-strong competition for Japanese motive Engineers and American Societysuppliers.

'Isp


of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) tech- staff of ONRFE/AFOSRFE/AROFE innical committees, the International October 1985. Previously he managedOrganization for Standardization TC 70 the AMMRC Reliability Mechanics andCommittee, and the American National Standardization Division, served asStandards Institute B133 Committee. operating agent for the International 0

He was chairman of the ASME Gas Energy Agency implementing agree-Turbine Division in 1966. ments on high temperature ceramics for

Edward Mark Lenoe, on leave heat engine applications, and alsofrom the Army Materials and Mechanics managed numerous major contracts. HisResearch Center, joined the studies for ARO will be devoted to

structural ceramics.

. ' .

• .- ,,-

% % %

% P

%

0

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 70"

® R'

• ,,. ./.....,.- . :,.r,/ .. , ? - , j .,.,., . v , ,- , ,- - . -,- -. . ,., ,.. ,.,..¢.... ..... .... ... .. 55..45

Appendix A

VISITING PERSONNEL W

Mechanical Technology Inc. (MTI):

*Dr. James F. Dill, Technical DirectorMTI Bearing Tech Mod Program

Robert A. Harmon, Consultant " .*

Air Force:

Carl A. Lombard, Tech Mod Director

Cheryl A. Jones, Tech Mod Project Manager *'S*%

.P%- , .

Office of Naval Research, Liaison Office Far East: •

**Dr. Edward M. Lenoe, Liaison Scientist

*. 'o, ,*

Army Material Command, Science and Technology Center Far East: -

**Joey F. Crider, Materials Engineer

**Junya Suda, Coordinator

**Sadao Saito, Coordinator .

0N

*Team leader.

**Did not attend all visits.

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 71 %

ZV.. I?? **

'r_

Appendix B

COMPANY PERSONNEL

Nippon Seiko K.K. (NSK) at Fujisawa

Dr. Seiho Yamamoto, Managing DirectorBearing Technology

Minoru Akiyama, DirectorBearing Technology

Dr. Kazuo Kakuta, DirectorGeneral Manager, Research and DevelopmentManager, Tribology Research and Development

Hiroshi (Harry) Mitsuhashi, Senior ManagerAerospace Group, Precision Bearing Technical Center

Keiji Takada, Senior Project Engineer ABearing Engineering Division

Dr. Satoru Aihara, Senior ResearcherManager, R&D Center

Katsuya Touma, Manager 2nd DepartmentTribology, Research and Development

Mr. Abe, Assistant General Manager

Materials R&D

Y. Kosaka, No. 1 Plant Manager at Fujisawa

Mr. S. Saitoh, Manager r

Precision Bearing Section of No. 1 Plant at Fujisawa V,

Koichi Takano, ManagerMarketing Department - America

NSK, Otsu Plant

Reijirou Hosokawa, Director Factory ManagerNippon Seiko Co., Ltd. V.

Kazuo Harashima, Product Engineering ManagerNippon Seiko Co., Ltd. 0

Nobutaro Nakagawa, Production Manager(Machining & Heat Treatment)Nippon Seiko Co., Ltd.


Setsuo Ueno, Quality Assurance Manager

Nippon Seiko Co., Ltd.

Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd., Kokubu Plant

Ikuro Ito, Executive Director -

Saburo Ueno, Managing DirectorEngineering Department

Kanji Ogura, Managing DirectorR&D Division

Toshio Miki, DirectorEngineering Department

Akira Nomura

Mr. H. Yasui, General ManagerResearch and Development Dept. 1

Mr. H. Kotani, Deputy GeneralManager, Research and Development Dept. 1

Mac Yokoyama, Senior EngineerOverseas Coordination Dept.

NTN Toyo Bearing Co., Ltd., Kuwana Plant

M. Takimoto, ManagerAerospace Bearing Operations Department

K. Yamashita, ManagerTechnical Department

Tomosaburo Ogiuchi, ManagerExport Department International TradeHeadquarters

Noriyuki Tsushima, Ph.D. .

Manager, Research SectionProduct Research DepartmentEngineering Headquarters

M. (Mike) TajiriSenior Design EngineerDesign SectionTechnical DepartmentAerospace Bearing Headquarters


S. %

- ...- .- .. .-.

S) S

Toshiba, New Materials Department, Yokohama

Dr. Katsutoshi KomeyaSenior ManagerNew Materials Department S

Katsutoshi NishidaSenior SpecialistNew Materials Department

Koichi Inoue, Engineer

New Materials A'

Kyocera Corporation, Kyoto.

Y. Hamano, Dr. EngineeringSenior Managing Director 0General Manager ,Corporate Planning Division

Dr. Kazunori KogaMaterials Development Division -.

Mataro Miyazaki, Manager "A /Automotive Components

Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. (IHI)

Chiaki Aoki, Vice President SAero-Engine & Space Operations

Dr. Shinobu Saito, Section ManagerMachinery DepartmentResearch Institute

Y. Yamashita, ManagerPrecision Gears Engineering GroupAero-Engine & Space Operations

Seiji KobayashiF-3 Engine Project Department 0Aero-Engine DivisionAero-Engine & Space Operations

S,%


- A'i I .. %% ~ .. ~a ,. ,

Appendix C

LIST OF REFERENCES -.

V1. T. Kawakubo and A. Goto, Fatigue strength analysis of silicon nitride, Toshiba , q,

Review No. 158 (Toshiba R&D Center, winter 1986), pp. 39-42.

2. K. Komeya and H. Kotani, "Development of ceramic antifriction bearing," JapanSociety of Automotive Engineers Review 7 (3), 72-79 (October 1986).

3. Y. Tanimoto, M. Fujii, and H. Mizuguchi, X-ray nondestructive inspection using.ONdigital image processing, Toshiba Review No. 156 (Toshiba R&D Center, summer,1986), pp. 15-20.

4. K. Touma, H. Kawamura, and K. Kawakita, "Ball motion in high speed angularcontact ball bearings," paper presented at Japan Society of Lubrication EngineersInternational Tribology Conference, 8-10 July 1985 (paper no. 601901).

5. N. Tsushima, H. Nakashima, and H. Kashimura, "Various types of bearingfailures," paper presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers EarthmovingIndustry Conference, Peoria, April 1987 (SAE paper no. 870797).

6. N. Tsushima, H. Yamada, and K. Maeda, "Changes in x-ray parameters withloading cycles in rolling contact in various through hardened bearing steels," paperpresented at American Society of Lubrication Engineers Annual Meeting, 1987.

7. W. Wade et al., "A structural ceramic diesel engine - The critical elements,"Society of Automotive Engineers, February 1987 (SAE paper no. 870651). Koyo Seikoparticipated with a roller bearing test rig simulating crankshaft main bearing loadsand speeds to test silicon nitride roller bearings.


%-

%~~~ % 24 %*0

%I.-. ILI

THE INDIAN CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Wayne V. Burt

The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute was established to lconduct research to improve exploitation, management, and conservationof marine and brackish water fisheries resources. This article describesthe institute's efforts to improve the culture of prawns; sea weed; pearls;mussels, oysters, and clams; fin fish, lobsters and crabs; and marine turtles.

PROLOGUE FISHERIES AND MARICULTURERESEARCH

India is chronically in need ofincreasing its supplies of food for its The Central Marine Fisheriesburgeoning population. Its present yield Research Institute was established inof marine fisheries products within the February 1947 by the Government of _0- to 50-meter depth zone is only India within the Ministry of Agriculture15 percent of an estimated potential and Irrigation. It later came under theyield of just over 2 million tons a year. control of the Council of AgriculturalThere is an additional potential yield of Research.over 2 million tons per year in the The objectives of the institute aredeeper waters running out to the edge to conduct research related to the 0of the 200-mile exclusive economic marine fisheries and mariculture inzone with even a smaller percentage of order to improve exploitation, manage-present yield. Of 135,000 fishing ment, and conservation of marine andvessels in India, less than 20,000 are brackish water fisheries resources andmotorized. There is a good deal of to support development and stability toneed for research to increase fisheries all facets of the industry through trans- •technology and improve fisheries man- fer of technology and dissemination ofagement in order to increase the sus- information through education, train- . -.tained yield of marine fisheries prod- ing, and extension programs.ucts. The headquarters and main labo-

The history of freshwater aqua- ratories of the institute are in aculture in India dates back to 300 B.C. 1-year-old, five-story building with 0On the other hand, mariculture, the 91,000 ft 2 of floor space. The buildingculture of marine fish and other marine is located on the waterfront of one oforganisms, is of much more recent the channels of the main estuary inorigin. India abounds in brackish lakes, Cochin in the long, narrow State ofestuaries, backwaters, and coastal Kerala on the southwest coast of India. .

mangrove and other swampy coastal In addition to the headquarters, 0areas. Recent estimates state that there are 12 other research centers -there are over 4 million acres near the belonging to the institute scatteredcoasts that are suitable for mariculture around the coast of India and 29 field INof one sort or another. However, only centers along the coasts of India that74,000 acres, less than 2 percent, are collect fisheries catch data and othernow being used for mariculture. relevant statistics. The institute has a S

The above facts indicate that staff of 300, including 60 scientists.there is a wide open field for marinefisheries and mariculture research.


%• %-.. .,- %_. --6 - ' ....,'..% % ,..' .. . .."- ?. . % %.'." ,.,:" ¢ : . . -. - - -.-.. . " ..

PRAWN CULTURE from 10 to 35 ppt. If a farmer followsall of the procedures recommended by

Many of the estuaries in southern the institute, he can harvest a littleIndia have numerous islands near their over a quarter of a ton of shrimp permouths with channels other than the acre in just under 2 months and raisemain river channel between the several crops each year. The shrimp ...

islands. The areas between the islands that are cultured are strictly a cashare called backwaters. Most of the crop. The shrimp bring such a goodmariculture takes place in these back- price that the farmers and theirwaters. For centuries prawns have families cannot afford to eat them.been cultured in these areas. Duringthe postmonsoon season, the back- SEA WEED CULTUREwaters are brackish with a mixture ofsalt and fresh waters. Earthen or stone Some species of sea weeds are abunds or dikes separate many of the much needed raw material for obtainingbackwaters into paddies. During high agar-agar, algin, and pharmaceuticalwater thes, paddies are flooded and chemicals. The institute has developedprawns in various stages of growth are a simple technology for culturingcaptured in the fields. The weirs commercially important sea weeds.separating the paddies from the tidal The method involves growing fragmentschannels are screened to keep the of fresh seaweed on coir rope madeshrimp from escaping but allowing the from coconut husks. The growthtides to bring in food organisms for the increases the amount of sea weed byshrimp. The yields are poor and 400 or 500 percent. Three harvests or *~uncertain. crops can be taken in a year.

Before the monsoon seasonarrives the shrimp are harvested. When PEARL CULTUREthe monsoon rains begin the fields areflushed out with freshwater from the Hatchery techniques have beenrunoff. Then a crop of rice is grown developed for breeding of pearl oystersduring the monsoon season. and rearing their larvae to young pearl

The institute has done a tremen- oysters suitable for transplanting to 1r

dous amount of work to improve the open sea farms. About 60 to 70 percentmariculture of shrimp. Hatcheries of the nucl eus-i mpl anted oysterswhere prawn "seeds" are hatched and produce pearls in from 3 to 24 months,grown by the millions have been depending on the size of the pearls.developed and improved. Methods tomanipulate the female prawns so they CULTURE OF MUSSELS, OYSTERS,will spawn on demand as well as AND CLAMSmethods of artificial insemination thathave increased the hatching rate of The institute has developed viableprawn eggs in the hatchery from 3 to technologies for open-sea farming ofover 90 percent have been developed, mussels, farming of edible oysters inThis enables the prawn farmer to seed the backwaters and creeks, and cultur-his paddy with young prawns that are ing of clams in open bays. All three areall the same age and can be harvested now bred in hatcheries and their larvaeall at the same time. One of the most are reared in the hatcheries until theyimportant things that the hatcheries are old enough to be transported to thecan do is select the best species of habitat where they will grow to adultshrimp to grow in paddies. The ideal size.salinity range for this species ranges


FIN FISH CULTURE seriously hamper the development and

expansion of mariculture projects. ToThe institute has shown that milk correct this program, a Master of

fish, mullets, whiting, and perches can Science program in mariculture wasbe profitably grown in pens and cages established at the institute. It is a ,and even in polyethylene-lined ponds in 2-year program. Ten new students arebeaches with proper management tech- accepted each year. In addition toniques. course work, the students are required

to gain practical experience throughLOBSTERS AND CRABS laboratory and field work and to know

basic research techniques.Breakthroughs have been achieved The Ph.D. degree is also offered

in the rearing of lobsters and in the to more advanced research-orientedbreeding and culturing of crabs. These students. It is a 3-year program andcrustaceans bring a good price and have again 10 new students are admitted togood mariculture potential for the the program each year.coastal waters of India. Under the Lab-to-Land program 0

the actual technologies are carried toMARINE TURTLES the farmers' fields, where institute

scientists help the farmers with theirPredators, including man, take a mariculture problems. Some 500

heavy toll on the marine turtles that families have been helped in this way.come ashore to lay their eggs in the Short courses, seminars, and radiosand of beaches. Every year the insti- programs are all used to give informa-tute gathers several hundred turtle eggs tion to the farmers. Detailed manualsand hatches them out and sees that the giving all the specifics have beenyoung are safely placed in the ocean. written on hatchery production ofThis helps to ensure that, while the prawn seed and on prawn farming inturtles are an endangered species, they Kerala. -will not eventually become extinct. The institute renders consultancy

services to small farmers, fish cultur-EDUCATION ists, the indust-y, development agen-

cies, and government departments onA Center for Advanced Studies in various aspects of capture fisheries,

Mariculture was established at the mariculture, and environmental prob-institute in 1979 under the sponsorship lems.of the Indian Council of Agricultural The research and instructionalResearch, the United Nations Devel- programs in the institute are mostopment Program, and the United impressive. All of the people that INations Food and Agricultural Orga- interviewed spoke good English and thenization. scientific papers given to me were all

Although the specific technol- in English. I believe that it would beogies for the culture of many commer- worthwhile to send a few Americancially important marine organisms have students to the institute for training inbecome available, a prospective market mariculture techniques.for the produce is waiting, and financ- The address of the institute is:ing is available, a sufficient number of Central Marine Fisheries R-searchtrained people have not been available Institute, Post Bag No. 2704, ochin -to guide and execute mariculture pro- 682 031. 4-

grams. This constraint was found to

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 78,-N'

f .,, .. . .. . . . .. .. . - - .. ,.. . . -. -. ,. ,. .. ..,. . . . % % %, %.% ' %,. ,,, . ,. ..-, .. .,. ,. . . . . . .

- w- . . L% % _ , % , .. . V*q, .: . ., - . ,'. V 1. r % . , . ,..; . ; . W =W .qV ~

INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS IN THE FAR EAST

1988-1994

Compiled by Yuko Ushino "- ,".

Yuko Ushino is a technical information specialist for ONR FarEast. She received a B.S. degree from Brigham Young Universityat Provo, Utah.

The Australian Academy of Science, the Japan Convention Bureau, and the Science Council ofJapan are the primary sources for this list. Readers are asked to notify us of any upcominginternational meetings and exhibitions in the Far East which have not yet been included in thisreport.

1988

Title,

Date Attendance Site For information, contact

January Royal Australian Chemical Melbourne, Dr. P. Tregloan,28-31 Institute, Division of Australia Department of Inorganic Chemistry,

Inorganic Chemistry, National University of Melbourne

Meeting (COMO 13) Parkville, Victoria 3052

February The International Association Sydney, The Australian Institute of Navigation2-5 of the Institute of Australia Box 2250, G.P.O.,

Navigation (IAIN) Congress Sydney, New South Wales,

Australia 2001

February A Congress of the Sydney, Professor GUnther Zade,2-5 International Association Australia World Maritime University

of Institutes of Navigation P.O. Box 500, S-20124 Malm6,Sweden 0

February Engineering Conference Sydney, The Conference Manager,

22-26 Australia The Institution of Engineers, Australia

11 National Circuit, Barton, ACT 2600 r

February The 10th Australian Electron (Undecided) Secretariat: Australian Academy of(tentative) Microscopy Conference Science "

GPO Box 783, Canberra, ACT 2601

March International Forum on Fine Nagca, Secretariat: International Forum on1-3 Ceramics '88 Nagoya Japan Japan Fine Ceramics

10-Fl0O-J900 c/o Japan Fine Ceramics Center

2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456 0,% or.

*Note: Data format was taken from the Japan International Congress Calendar published by

the Japan Convention Bureau.

No. of participating countriesF: No. of overseas participants 0J: No. of Japanese participants

% V

ONRFE SC BUL 12 (4) 87 79

% % ......

.."~~~~~~~~~~~~~o -.--- -'-.. --'"'----/, -'--." '"I % Ni,'%:%..W.i % % %," %'.%% .%%j__ ,_ .%"%- .% ., .%•-" % ., .%, ... .% W

rwz , r,.F %. MW TIP ,, , ,-R- , , . ,.,-,1V , ,-V- .-.-V, . .,-- -

1988 0

Title, -


March International Biotechnology Nagoya, Organizing Committee of International10-12 Symposium '88 (tentative) Japan Biotechnology Symposium

10-F00-J500 c/o The Foundation of Chubu Science S10F.' -I%

and Technology Center r. .-.f

2-17 Sakae, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460

March International Symposium Kyoto, Department of Metal Science and14-16 on Non-Equilibrium Solid Japan Technology, Faculty of Engineering,

Phase of Metals and Alloys Kyoto University

Fl00-J200 Yoshida-hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 600

March International Symposium on Kyoto, Department of Metal Science and14-17 Non-Equilibrium Solid Phases Japan Technology,

of Metals and Alloys Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University

N.A.-FI00-J200 Yoshida-Hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 600

March International Symposium on Kobe, c/o Agency of Industrial Science and22-25 Basic Technology for Future Japan Technology

Industries (New Materials) Ministry of International Trade and b

Industry "N6-F15-J700 2-1-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,

Tokyo 100 ,

March International Conference on Kyoto, Research Institute for Mathematical22-26 Several Complex Variables, Japan Sciences,

Kyoto Kyoto University '

7-FI 5-J26 Oiwake-cho, Kita-Shirakawa, .'Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606 6

April The 4th International Tokyo, Japan Light Metal Welding and4-12 Conference on Aluminium Japan Construction Weldment

Association (JLWA) Yura Building, 3-37-23,32-FOO-J150 Kanda-Sakumacho,

Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101

April ISFNT International Tokyo, Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory,11-14 Symposium on Fusion Japan Tokyo University

Nuclear Technology Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-11

20-FI 50-J50. ,

April The 21st JAIF Annual Tokyo, Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. 013-15 Conference Japan Koshin Building, 1-1-13 Shimbashi,

Minato-ku, Tokyo 10525-F250-Jl ,000

April International Conference on (to be Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. .

19-23 Nuclear Power Plant Water decided) Toshin Building, 1-1-23 Shimbashi, " ."

Chemistry-Operation Minato-ku, Tokyo 105 •Experience and Sophisti-cated Management Technology


.. ..- -. - .- - - I i. 1I II. ..%-.-

%, ,** .* , d '* . . . . r . ~ . . .* * ~ ~ :

I I - - , P- . - ... . . , >:.,,- .: , . -- , ,

1988T i t l e,

Date Attendance Site For information, contact % -

April The 3rd World Biomaterials Kyoto, Japan Society for Biomaterials---.

26- Conference lapan c/o Institute for Medical and Dental

May 15-F500-J500 Engineering,

3 Tokyo Medical and Dental University,

2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku,

Tokyo 101 rk

May International Symposium on Osaka, High Temperature Society of Japan .

13-15 Advanced Thermal Spraying Japan c/o Welding Research Institute of

Technology and Allied Coatings Osaka University ":11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567

13-F50-JlSO It:

May The 4th International Hakone, Professor T. Katoda,

16-20 Conference on Metalorganic Japan Secretary, ICMOVPE IV

Vapor Phase Epitaxy c/o International Congress Service, ,

Inc.,Kasho Building 2F,

2-14-9 Nihombashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103

May The 16th International Sapporo, The 16th International Symposium on

22-27 Symposium on Space Japan Space Technology and Science,

Technology and Science Sapporo Organizing Committee

4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 151 -.

May The 5th International Tokyo, Dr. H. Hirabayashi, -.

25-27 Microelectronics Conference Japan ISHM Japan Chapter

(IMC 1988) 6-20-4 Hanakoganei, •

Kodaira-city, Tokyo 187

May The 5th International Susono, Professor Masayuki Yamane,29- Symposium on Halide Glasses Japan Inorganic Materials, .

June Faculty of Engineering,2 Tokyo Institute of Technology

2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152 ,-.-.,

May MRS International Meeting on Tokyo, Organizing Committee for MRS ,,

30- Advanced Materials Japan International Meeting on Advanced

June 20-F600-Jl,500 Materials

3 c/o Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun Ltd.,Planning Bureau,

1-8-10 Kudan-'1t2, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 102

May International Conference on Mito, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute

30- Nuclear Data for Science and Japan Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-11

June Technology

3I0-FIOO-J200

.**,.%- %"

,.' %.%r; VV


% ',".. .0 ----- A - .

6.

1988Ti tl e, - ,,

Date Attendance Site For information, contact ,./a,

June The 7th International Kyoto, Professor Isao Yamada,5-6 Conference on Ion Implanta- Japan Ion Beam Engineering Experimental 0

tion Technology (IIT'88) - Laboratory, Kyoto UniversityTechnical School Sakyo, Kyoto 606 4/

June The 6th International Hakone, Division of Colloid and Surface5-10 Conference on Surface and Japan Chemistry,

Colloid Science The Chemical Society of Japan1-5 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 101

June International Conference on Tokyo, Nippon Tekko Kyokai6-10 Physical Metallurgy of Japan 3rd Floor, Keidanren Kaikan,

Thermomechanical Processing 1-9-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100

of Steels and Other Metals

20-FlO0-J100

June International Conference on Tsukuba, The Society of Instrument and7-10 Precision Electro-magnetic Japan Control Engineers

Measurements (CPEM'88) 1-35-28-303 Hongo,

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113

June The 7th International Kyoto, Professor Isao Yamada,7-10 Conference on Ion Japan Ion Beam Engineering Experimental

Implantation Technology Laboratory, Kyoto University(IIT'88) Sakyo, Kyoto 606

June The International Conference Tokyo, Professor Susumu Nanba,12-17 on Ion Beam Modification of Japan Faculty of Engineering Science, . -

Materials (IBMM'88) Osaka University p

1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,

Toyonaka-city, Osaka 560June JSAP-MRS (Japan Society of Tokyo, Professor Takeshi Kamiya,

13-15 Applied Physics-Material Japan Faculty of Engineering, 0

Research Society) Inter- Tokyo Universitynational Conference on 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113

Electronic Materials

June The 3rd Asia Pacific Hong Kong K. Young, Secretary,23-24 Physics Conference Local Organizing Committee,

The 3rd Asia Pacific Physics Conferencec/o Department of Physics,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Shatin, Hong Kong

July The 16th International Kyoto, Japan Society of Photogrammetry1-12 Congress of Photogrammetry Japan 601 Daiichi Honan Building, •

and Remote Sensing 2-8-17 Minami-Ikebukuro,

48-F2,000-2,600 Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171 %

" 2 0,J,0


, % . . , .% .r "-. -% ',,, - % -. , -. ,, ... %, .,"

'~~~~~. W" ." d, 9 --.a ,adJ .a.?

,m ., . ," " "e , ,IF " J , " , ." . # " -- -- - '" ,, '. -. - - . , - .- ,. . - AP • .r e" ," .2! M"% -" . " "

-..-. ° °,

1988

Title,, . .Date Attendance Site For information, contact

July The 6th International Shiga, The 6th International Conference on12-15 Conference on Ultrafast Japan Ultrafast Phenomena Organization •

Phenomena Committee ,' ,s

20-F200-J200 c/o OPTO Marketing Service Ltd.,Maenocho Heights 5-206,

6-10 Maenocho, Itabashi-ku,Tokyo 174

July International Congress of Kyoto, Japan Endocrine Society -17-23 Endocrinology Japan c/o Seirenkaikan,

Kyoto Furitsu Medical University,48-F2,000-J2,600 Nishizume Konjinbashi, Kamigyo-ku,

Kyoto 602

July International Symposium on Tokyo, Secretariat:18-22 Scale Modeling Japan c/o The Japan Society of

Mechanical Engineers,

Sanshin Hokusei Building,2-4-9 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151 %

July 1988 XVI International Tokyo, Optoelectronic Industry and Technology18-22 Conference on Quantum Japan Development Association 0

Electronics No. 20 Mori Building,

30-F300-J700 2-74 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku,Tokyo 105

July International Conference on Kyoto, Dr. K. Tanaka,25-30 Clustering Aspects in Nuclear Japan Faculty of Science,

and Subnuclear Systems Hokkaido University ,

5-chome, Kita 10-jo, Kita-ku,31-F150-J150

Sapporo 060 ,

August The 10th Congress of the Sydney, Secretariat IEA881-5 International Ergonomics Australia IEA88

Association PO Box 380Spit Junction, NSW 2088, Australia % %

August The IUPAC 32nd International Kyoto, The Society of Polymer Science, Japan1-6 Symposium on Macromolecules Japan 5-12-8 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104

50-F6OO-Jl ,200 '':

August The 9th World Conference on Tokyo, Secretariat: The 9th SCEE Steering '-,.

2-6 Earthquake Engineering Jappan Committee

59-F800-J2,000 c/o Association for EarthquakeDisaster Prevention .

5-26-20 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108

August The 10th International Sydney, R. I. Tanner,14-19 Congress on Rheology Australia Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of SydneyNSW 2006


1988 * -

Ti tle,Date Attendance Site For information, contact

August International Federation of Melbourne, Conference Manager,15-17 Automatic Control Symposium Australia The Institution of Engineers, Australia

11 National Circuit, Barton, ACT 2600

August Electrical IFAC Conference Melbourne, Conference Manager,15-17 Australia The Institution of Engineers, Australia


August The 3rd International Phyco- Melbourne, Dr. M. N. Clayton,15-19 logical Congress Australia Botany Department,

Monash UniversityClayton, Victoria 3168

August The 7th International IUPAC Tokyo, Japan Association of Mycotoxicology, ,16-19 Symposium on Mycotoxins and Japan Science University of Tokyo 0

Phycotoxins c/o Science University of Tokyo, . ,

12 Fungagawara-machi, Ichigaya,38-FlOO-J200 Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160

August International Geographical Sydney, Secretariat: Australian21-26 Congress Australia Academy of Science

0GPO Box 783, Canberra, ACT 2601

August The 5th Australia-New Zealand Sydney, Conference Manager,22-26 Conference on Geomechanics Australia The Institution of Engineers, Australia

11 National Circuit Barton, ACT 2600 . -

August The 3rd International Tsukuba, Katsuki Kobayashi,29- Conference on Synchrotron Japan Photon Factory SynchrotronSeptember Radiation Instrumentation Radiation Research Facility,2 (SRI-88) National Laboratory for High Energy

Physics1-1 Uehara, Oho-machi, Tsukuga-gun,Ibaraki 305

August The 5th International Sapporo, Japan Society of Applied Physics30- Conference on Molecular Japan c/o Department of PhysicalSeptember Beam Epitaxy Electronics, Tokyo Institute of2 Technology

15-Fl 50-J400 2-12-1, Oh-okayama, Meguro-ku,Tokyo 152 •

September The 1st International Okayama, Okayama University of Science5-8 Conference on Computational Japan 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700

Methods in Flow Analysis

F250-J300

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 84 :"

V

- %

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1988 ,/ 1

T i t l e , , ,Date Attendance Site For information, contact ,%

September The 29th International Tokyo, Secretariat: The 29th International19-22 Conference on the Japan Conference on the Biochemistry of Lipids

Biochemistry of Lipids c/o Department of Psychological39-FlOO-J200 Chemistry and Nutrition,

Faculty of Medicine,

University of Tokyo7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113

September The 4th Japanese-German Kanazawa, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute20-22 Joint Seminar on Non- Japan Tokai Establishment

destructive Evaluation Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-11and Structural Strength ofNuclear Power Plant

1 -F30-J70

October The 4th International Tottori, Dr. Hiroshi Kobayashi,11-14 Workshop on Electro- Japan Department of Electronics,

luminescence Faculty of Engineering,Tottori UniversityKoyama, Tottori 680 0

.-., -a,

October The gth International Beijing, 9 ICPR Secretariat:17-20 Conference on Pattern People's Chinese Association of Automation e.,

Recognition Republic of P.O. Box 2728,

China Beijing .

October The 1st International Tokyo, Secretariat: International Congress S24-26 Conference New Diamond Japan Service, Inc.

Forum Kasho Building 2F, .

2-14-9 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103 "..

October The 3rd International Tokyo, Cotec Corporation24-28 Conference on Surface Japan Sankocho Building •

Engineering 5-17-14 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 160

October International Conference on Shanghai, Zhu Ye,25-28 Materials and Process People's Institute of Materials Science,

Characterization for Republic Fudan University, Shanghai -VLSI (ICMP'88) of China

November International High- Shanghai, Ship Design Committee CSNAME .

2-5 Performance Vehicle People's P.O. Box 3053,Conference Republic of Shanghai

China A

November The 2nd International Takarazuka, Tsunemasa Taguchi,8-12 Conference on Formulation Japan Faculty of Engineering,

of Semiconductor Interface Osaka University(ICFSI-88) 2-1 Yamadaoka, Fukita-shi,

Osaka 565


11 4- .-. N- a

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1988

Title,Date Attendance Site For information, contact

November The 3rd International Seoul, Dr. Jong Hee Cha,

14-17 Topical Meeting on Nuclear Korea P.O. Box 7 Daeduk-Danji,Power Plant Thermal Choong-Nam, Korea 300-31

Hydraulics and Operations

November 1988 Annual Meeting of the Kyoto, The 5th ISIR Organizing Committee14-18 International Society for Japan c/o Inter Group Corporation

Interferon Research Shohaku Building,

35-F300-J500 6-23 Chayamachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530.S_.

'" November The 13th International Sydney, Professor J. R. Turtle, Professor of '.

) 19-26 Diabetes Federation Congress Australia Medicine

20F8- 10Department of Endocrinology,20-F80-JI20 University of Sydney

NSW 2006 S

1989


April International Symposium for Nagoya, Institute of Industrial Science,

3-5 Electromachining Japan University of Tokyo

16-FIOO-J300 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106

April The International Symposium Undecided The Institute of Electrical Engineers

10-13 for Electromachining of Japan 0

15-FlOO-J300 Gakkai Center Building,

2-4-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113

April International Symposium Shanghai, International Symposium on Ship11-14 on Ship Resistance and People's Resistance and Powering Performance %

Powering Performance (ISRP) Republic Department of Naval Architecture

of China and Ocean Engineering.Shanghai Jiao Tong University,

Shanghai

April The 2nd Asian Fisheries Tokyo, Secretariat: The 2nd Asian Fisheries18-21 Forum Japan Forum

c/o Faculty of Agriculture,Tokyo University

1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113

July XXVII International Brisbane, Professor Clifford J. Hawkins,2-7 Conference on Coordination Australia Department of Chemistry,

Chemistry University of Queensland

Saint Lucia, Brisbane,

Queensland 4067


Vrsr - F'r, ew -,e%*

1989


July The 2nd Microoptics Tokyo,24-25 Conference/The 9th Japan

Topical Meeting on

Gradient-Index ImagingSystems (MOC/GRIN '89)

July The 4th International Kyoto, IOPB Symposium 1 .P

Organization of Plant Japan c/o Department of Botany,Biosystematists (IOPB) Faculty of Science, Kyoto University

Symposium Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku,Kyoto 606 J,

20-F, J250

August Solar Energy Congress Tokyo, Japanese Section of International Solar p.

13-18 Tokyo 1989 Japan Energy Society

40-F600-J400 322 San Patio, 3-1-5 Takada-no-baba,Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160

August The 5th International Kyoto, Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology

27- Symposium on Microbial Japan c/o Inter Group Corporation

September Ecology (5th ISME) 8-5-32 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107

73-F600-J600

September Solar World Congress 1989 Kobe, Japanese Section of International5-8 60-F600-J400 Japan Solar Energy Society,

Japan Solar Energy Society322 San Patio, 3-1-5 Takada-no-baba,Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160 0

September 1989 International Symposium Nagoya, Secretariat: International Symposium on %

8-10 on Electromagnetic Japan Electromagnetic CompatibilityCompatibility c/o Department of Information and20-Fl50-J350 Computer Sciences,

Toyohashi University of Technology

1-1 Tenpaku-cho, Aza-Hibarigaoka,Toyohashi, Aichi 440

September The 6th International Sapporo, Dr. Norio Satoh,24-28 Symposium on Passivity - Japan Faculty of Engineering, ON

Passivation of Metals and Hokkaido University 11%

Semiconductors Nishi 8-chome, Kita 13-jo, 0Sapporo-shi 060

October The 10th Meeting of World Maebashi, Department of Neurosurgery,3-5 Society for Stereotactic Japan Gumma University, School of Medicine

and Functional Neurosurgery 3-39 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371

20-F200-J300

October Specialty Electric Sydney, Conference Manager,

(tentative) Conference Australia The Institution of Engineers, Australia11 National Circuit, Barton, ACT 2600

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 87 '.

4% % % % %~ % % % %. S, %. % N

1989

Title, -


1989 International Conference Japan International Conference Secretariat, a- I

(tentative) Evaluation of Materials (undecided) Conference and Editorial Department,Performance in Severe Iron and Steel Institute of JapanEnvironments-Evaluation and 1-9-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100Development of Materials inCivil and Marine Uses

20-F80-J120 0

1989 International Conference on Japan International Conference Secretariat,(tentative) Zinc and Zinc Alloy Coated (undecided) Conference and Editorial Department,

Sheet Steels Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

20-F50-J150 1-9-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100

1990

Title,Date Attendance Site For information, contact li

May The 27th International Japan Japan Organizing Committee for19-26 Navigation Congress (undecided) 27th International Navigation Congress

60-F5OO-J5OO 2-8-24 Chikko, Minato-ku, Osaka 552

July The 10th International Osaka, Japanese Society of Nephrology(tentative) Congress of Nephrology Japan c/o 2nd Department of Internal

l0-Fl,000-J4,000 Medicine,

School of Medicine,Tokyo 173

August International Congress of Kyoto, Research for Mathematical Sciences,21-29 Mathematicians Japan Kyoto University

Ki tashi rakawa Oiwake-cho,Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606 S

September The 15th International Osaka, Preliminary Committee of(tentative) Congress on Microbiology Japan International Congress of Microbiology

57-F2,5OO-J2.500 co JTB Creative Inc.,Daiko Building, 3-2-14 Umeda, '.-. -

Kita-ku, Osaka 530

1990 The 6th International Japan International Conference Secretariat(tentative) Conference on the Science (undecided) and Editorial Department,

and Technology of Iron and Iron and Steel Institute of Japan,Steel 3F, Keidanren Kaikan, 1-9-4 Otemachi, %,

50-F300-J500 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100

1990 Chemeca 1990 Applied New Zealand Conference Manager,(tentative) Thermodynamics The Institution of Engineers, Australia



_0 % %

,-. n . ". -

199; V'Title,


August The 16th International Kyoto, ME Division, Kawasaki Medical School

(tentative) Conference on Medical and Japan 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki City, ,

Biological Engineering Okayama 701-01

45-F600-3900

August International Congress on Kyoto, National Institute of

(tentative) Medical Physics Japan Radiological Science

45-F600-J900 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba 260

1992

1993


1993 International Federation of Sydney, Conference Manager,(tentative) Automatic Control Congress Australia The Institution of Engineers, Australia

11 National Circuit, Barton, ACT 2600 0

1994


Tentative XXX International Conference Kyoto, Professor Hitoshi Ohtaki,on Coordination Chemistry Japan Department of Electronic Chemistry,Tokyo Institute of Technology atNagatsuta

4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, , 'pYokohama 227

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SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN

INDEX, VOLUME 12 6-%

AUTHORS SUBJECTS

Ashok, S .... ............... ... 2-018 Acoustic emission technique .. ..... 1-040

Burt, Wayne V. .... 2-015, 3-006, 3-070, Advanced technology achievements . . 4-001

4-014, 4-076 Aharonov-Bohm effect .... ........ 3-097

Callen, Earl ..... 3-001, 3-093, 4-005 Aircraft engine bearings ... ...... 4-061 0

Chen, Edward S. ...... ..... 4-048 Alumina matrix ...... ..... 4-019

Dill, James F. ..... ...... 4-057 Aluminum nitride matrix ..... .. 4-036

Dragoo, Alan L. ...... ..... 4-045 Amorphous silicon ....... ... 2-022 -:- ,

Duggan, Robert S., Jr. . . . .. ... 2-073 Anisotropic materials .... ........ 2-056 -

Eagar, Thomas W ... ........ 2-109, 3-087 Anodic oxidation ... .......... . 3-001

Goodenough, John B. ............. ... 2-007 Antarctic research .. ......... ... 2-016 0

Harmon, Robert A. ..... ..... 4-057 Applied surface physics ..... .. 2-120

Hyder, A.K. .l.... ..... 1-019, 1-023 Ballistic transport .l...... .. 1-011

Ishihara, Osamu ... ........... ... 1-095 Barium titanate analysis . ...... . 2-054 5%,

Kahn, Manfred ... ............ ... 2-051 Basic science achievements ..... ... 4-002

Kawano, Sandy .... ......... 1-001, 4-001 Bulk crystal growth .. ......... ... 2-112

Kinoshita, Minoru ... .......... ... 4-005 Carbon fiber reinforced cement . . . 2-095 0

Kristiansen, M ........... .. 1-019, 1-023 Ceramic bearings ... .......... . 4-062

Lenoe, Edward Mark 1-037, 2-095, 3-009, Ceramics . ....... ... 2-007, 2-051, 3-009

4-057 Chemical analysis ... .......... ... 1-030McCarthy, Justin H... 1-081, 1-086, 2-087, Coastal erosion ... ........... ... 4-015

3-046 Coastal mineral deposits ... ...... 3-007Moore, Donald K ... ........... . 3-061 Coastal oceanography .. ........ . 4-014 S

Spain, Hugh ...... ............. 3-061 Coastal pollution ... .......... ... 4-016

Stern, Fred ...... ............. 2-038 CO lasers ...... .............. 2-109

Strnat, K.J .... ............. ... 3-073 Cold plasmas .... ............ .. 1-021Tighe, Nancy J ....... ..... 1-027 Compliant coatings ....... .. 1-092

Tokushima, Tadeo ... .......... . 3-001 Construction materials . ....... ... 2-095 A A

Tonomura, Akira ... ........... . 3-093 Contact stress effects . ....... ... 3-020 0

Tsubaki, Tokio ... ........... .. 4-051 Convective heat transfer ... ...... 2-071Tsuya, Noboru ... ............ ... 3-001 Corona research ... ........... ... 4-054

Ushino, Yuko .. ..... 1-105, 2-145, 3-105, Creative arts/moral sciences .

4-079 achievements ... ........... ... 4-003Uttal, William R ....... .... 3-061 Curie temperatures ...... ... 4-006 .Van Duzer, T .... ............. .1-101 Demagnetization ... ........... ... 3-003 •

Wayner, Peter C., Jr ............ ... 2-069 Diffraction analysis .... ........ 1-030Wiker, Steven F. ..... ..... 3-061 Doping techniques ....... ... 2-019

Wright, George B . ... 1-004, 2-001, 2-112 Drag reduction ... ........... ... 1-088

Yamada, Shigehiko ... .......... ... 4-017 Education .... .............. ... 1-081

Yamamoto, Sachio ... .......... ... 3-061 Effective wake prediction ........ . 2-040

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 90 .,w.

%. % %

Electric fields ... ........... ... 2-069 Japan Pri e ..... ............. 1-001Electrodeposition ...... .... 3-001 Jets. . ............... 1-093Electron holography ........... ... 3-093 Korea ..... ................ ... 1-081Electronic films ...... .... 2-052 Kyoto Prizes .... ............ ... 4-001Electro-optics ... ........... ... 1-002 Large eddy breakup device ... ...... 1-090 SEngineering schools ........ .3-088, 4-045 Laser cutting ... ............ ... 2-110Epitaxial crystal growth ....... . 2-119 Laser fusion .... ............ ... 1-097European Communities .......... . 1-073 Laser processing ... .......... . 2-109Fatigue behavior ... .......... . 3-019 Laser surface hardening ... ....... 2-111Fisheries .... .............. ... 4-076 Liner compression ............... 1-023Flares ..... ............... ... 4-053 Magnetic recording .. ......... ... 3-073Flux quantization ............. ... 3-099 Magnetism .... .............. ... 4-005Focussed ion beam implantation . . . 2-117 Magnetohydrodynamics .... ........ 2-087Fracture mechanics methodology . . . 3-009 Magneto-optics ... ........... ... 3-075Fracture prevention ........... ... 3-010 Managed interactions betweenFracture toughness and strength . . . 3-015 plane and oblique waves ..... ... 1-087Free-surface effects .......... . 2-044 Mariculture education .... ........ 4-078 0Full numerical simulation of Mariculture research .......... . 4-076

natural transition .......... ... 1-087 Marine biology ... ........... ... 4-014

Gas source molecular beam epitaxy . 1-006 Marine pollution ... .......... . 3-070Glass-bonded particulate Marine science and technology . . .. 2-015,

composites ... ............ ... 1-070 3-006Glass-ceramic matrices ... ....... 4-017 Materials engineering researchHeat transfer ... ............ ... 2-069 facilities .... ............ .. 3-087Heliotrons ...... ............. 1-097 Microcracking ... ............ ... 1-040Heterojunction bipolar transistors Migration-enhanced epitaxy ..... ... 1-007

(HBT) ....... .............. 1-013 Millimeter and submillimeterHigh electron mobility transistors wave detection ..... .......... 1-103 ":

(HEMT) ...... .............. 1-013 Mirror fusion ... ............ ... 1-098 S

High-power lasers ............. ... 1-024 Mobile tele-existence systems . . .. 3-063, High-resolution imaging ......... ... 1-029 Mullite ..... ............... ... 4-048

High-resolution TV systems ..... ... 3-061 Mullite matrix ... ........... ... 4-029" High transition temperatures . 2-001, 2-007 Mullite strengthening .... ........ 4-049 N

Hot electron transistors (HET) . . . 1-011 Multilayer semiconductor .. NHydraulic research and development 3-048 structures .... ............ ... 1-005 0Hydrodynamics ... ............ ... 3-051 Nickel electrode multilayerIndia ........... .1-086, 2-015, 3-006, capacitors .... ............ ... 2-055 .

3-070, 4-014, 4-076 Oceanography .. ......... .. 3-070, 4-014Indian Department of Ocean Optoelectronic integrated circuits 2-112

Development ... ........... ... 2-015 Optoelectronics Joint ResearchIntegrated circuit technology . . . 2-018 Laboratory ... ............ ... 2-112Ion beam physics ... .......... . 4-046 Organic ferromagnets .... ........ 4-005Japan .. ..... 1-001, 1-004, 1-023, 1-037, Particle beam fusion research . . . 1-023 IS,

1-095, 2-001, 2-007, 2-038, People's Republic of China .. ..... 1-019,2-051, 2-069, 2-087, 2-095, 1-027, 1-101, 2-018, 2-073,2-109, 2-112, 3-001, 3-009, 3-0463-061, 3-071, 4-001, 4-005, Permanent magnets ............. ... 3-075 •4-017, 4-045, 4-048, 4-051, Perovskites .... ............. ... 2-001

4-057 Perpendicular magnetic recording . 3-001


% % %

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7 -iilk 130 O R FAR EAST 'SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN VOLUME 12 NUMBER 4 2/2OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1907(U) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCHLIAISON OFFICE FAR EAST APO SAN FRANCISCO 96563 J

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Phase equilibria ... .......... . 4-048 Testing methods for structuralPiezoelectric transducers ........ . 2-057 ceramics .... ............. ... 3-024 s.Plasma scalpel . ........... 1-021 Thermal plasmas ... ........... ... 1-020Plasma-enhanced deposition of Thin film technology .... ........ 2-021 %

diamond .... ............. ... 1-021 Tokamaks ..... .............. ... 1-095Polymetallic metals .... ......... 2-015 Transverse flow CO2 lasers ..... ... 2-109Powder synthesis and preparation . 4-046, Very high definition TV development . 3-064

4-048 Vortex pairing ... ........... ... 1-088Propeller-hull interaction ..... ... 2-038 Water pollution .......... .3-006, 3-070Propeller-rudder interaction . . .. 2-044 Wave climate .... ............ . 3-006Radar ..... ................ ... 2-073 Wave devouring propulsion ........ . 2-090Radar identification .......... . 2-076 Wave refraction ... ........... ... 3-007Radar imaging .... ............ ... 2-075 Zirconia matrix ... ........... ... 4-023Radio and x-ray burst ........ 4-054Refractory materials for

tunnel junctions .... ......... 1-103 INSTITUTIONS/ORGANIZATIONSReliability and lifetime

prediction .... ............ ... 1-058 Advanced Telecommunications ResearchResonant tunneling devices ..... ... 1-008 Laboratory .... ............ ... 3-066Riblets ....... ............... 1-091 Beijing University .... ......... 1-103Rice breeding ...... ............ 1-001 Bombay Center of the NationalRolling element bearings ....... .4-057 Institute of Oceanography . . . 3-070Ruby laser .... ............. ... 1-002 Central Marine Fisheries ResearchSelf-terminating layer growth . ... 1-007 Institute .... ............ . 4-076Semiconductors ... ........... ... 2-018 China Shipbuilding Corporation . . 3-092

Shipbuilding ..... ... 1-081, 3-046, 3-092 China Ship Research and DevelopmentShip hydrodynamics research . 2-038, 2-087 Administration ............. ... 3-047SiC whisker-reinforced ceramic China Ship Scientific Research

composites .... ............ ... 4-017 Center .... .............. ... 3-053Silicon materials ............. ... 2-020 China State ShipbuildingSilicon nitride matrix . ....... ... 4-023 Corporation ... ........... ... 3-047Silicon nitride swirl chamber . 1-043 China Steel Corporation ....... 3-091Silicon-on-insulator technologies 2-023 Chubu University ... .......... . 1-025

Solar physics .... ............ ... 4-051 Cochin Regional Center of the 4,

Spin coupling .... ............ ... 4-007 Indian National Institute ofSpinel matrix .... ............ ... 4-036 Oceanography ... ........... ... 4-014SQUID magnetometry .... ......... 1-101 Dalian Institute of Technology . 3-058Static and dynamic fracture .. ..... 3-017 Electrotechnical Laboratory .. ..... 3-066Steel production ... .......... . 3-091 Fujitsu Systems IntegrationStrained-layer superlattices . ... 1-014 Laboratories ... ........... ... 3-067Superconductivity ............. ... 3-099 Harbin Shipbuilding EngineeringSuperconductivity theory ....... .. 2-007 Institute .... ............ . 3-057Superconductors .......... ..2-001, 2-007 Hida Observatory, University ofSuperlattice devices .......... . 1-004 Kyoto ..... .............. ... 4-051Surface tension effects ....... 2-092 Hitachi Mechanical EngineeringTaiwan ....... ............... 3-087 Laboratory .... ......... 2-070, 3-068 -. -

Telecommunications research .. ..... 3-066 Hitachi Metals, Ltd .... ......... 3-080Telerobotics .... ............ . 3-061 Hitachi Zosen Technical Research

Temperature programmed desorption . 4-046 Laboratory .... ............ ... 2-090 "S

Tensile behavior of CFRC ....... . 2-100 Inamori Foundation ... ..... . . . 4-001 ',

%


% .. % % %' Ir % OR % %.- e. % % % . , . .". ,-. . ..- ,_ ..

Industrial Research Institute . ... 1-026 Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory,

Institute for Fusion Theory, University of Tokyo . ....... ... 4-052

Hiroshima University ......... ... 1-098 Norikura Solar Observatory, %A

Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo . ....... ... 4-051 P'it

University of Tokyo . ....... ... 1-025 NTT Basic Research Laboratories . 3-065 0

Institute of Electrical Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, %Engineering .. .. .. .. . .. 1-021 University of Tokyo .. . . . .. 4-051

Institute of High Energy Physics 1-021 OKI Electric Industry Co ... ....... 2-066 r%.

Institute of Industrial Science, Optoelectronics Joint Research

University of Tokyo ....... 2-071 Laboratory ............. 2-112

Institute of Physics, Academy of Osaka University ... ....... 1-097, 2-039 0

Science . . . . . ....... . 1-103 Pohang Institute of ScienceInstitute of Plasma Physics, and Technology ...... .... 1-081

Nagoya University ...... .1-024, 1-098 Seiko-Epson Corporation ......... ... 3-085Institute of Water Conservancy and Shanghai Jiaotong University . 1-104, 3-054

Hydroelectric Power Research . 3-049 Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research -

Kajima Institute of Construction Institute .... ............ . 3-055 0

Technology ... ............ .. 2-095 Shin-Etsu Chemical Company, Ltd. 3-081Keio University ............ 2-069 Ship Research Institute ......... ... 2-087Kwasan Observatory, University of Society for Non-Traditional

Kyoto ..... .............. ... 4-052 Technology .... ............ ... 3-078Kyoto Institute of Technology . ... 3-068 Sony Corp.

Kyoto University ... ....... 1-096, 3-067 Atsugi R&D Center . ....... ... 3-061 0

Kyushu University ............. ... 2-044 Central Laboratory ......... .. 2-061Marine Design and Research Institute Headquarters ............. ... 3-062

of China ...... ............. 3-055 Sumitomo Special Metals '

Marine Science Division of the Center Company, Ltd ... ........... ... 3-082

for Earth Science Studies . . . 3-006 Tatung Institute of Technology . 3-087

Materials Research Laboratories . . 3-089 TOK Capacitor Plants .... ........ 2-063Mechanical Engineering Laboratory . 3-063 Technological University of

MG Company ...... ............. 3-085 Nagaoka ..... .......... 1-099, 4-045

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Nagasaki Tohoku University ............. ... 3-084

Experimental Tank .......... . 2-044 Tokyo Institute of Technology . ... 2-070Mitsubishi Steel Manufacturing Toshiba Hamakawasaki Works ..... ... 1-025

Company ...... ............. 3-079 Toshiba Research and Development 0

Murata Manufacturing .......... . 2-065 Center ...... .............. 3-083Nanjing Electronic Devices Research Toyokawa Observatory, Nagoya

Institute .... ............ ... 2-077 University .... ............ ... 4-052Nanjing Institute of Technology, Tsinghua University ........... ... 3-048

Radio Engineering Department . . . 2-077 University of Osaka Prefecture . . 2-040Nanjing Research Institute of University of Tokyo ........... ... 2-008 •

Electronics Technology ...... 2-076 Wuhan Institute of WaterNanjing University .. ......... ... 1-103 Transportation Engineering . ... 3-051

National Tsing Hua University . . . . 3-088 Wuhan Ship Development and Design r:NGK Spark Plug Plant ..... ... 2-065 Institute ..... ....... 3-052

NHK Science and Technology Research Yokohama National University . . . . 2-092

Laboratory .... ............ ... 3-064

0

ONRFE SCI BUL 12 (4) 87 93 %

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'If l . . .... . . ..

LOCATIONS Suwa . 3-085Takefu .... ............. ... 3-081

Tokyo ........ .1-004, 1-025, 1-037,

India 2-008, 2-070, 2-087,2-095. 3-062, 3-078, 0

Bangal ore ... ........... ... 1-086 4-048, 4-051Bombay ............... 3-070 Toyama .... ............. .. 2-051Cochin ........ . 3-006, 4-014, 4-076 Yokohama .... ............ ... 2-092

Japan Korea

Akita .... ............. .. 2-063 Pohang .... ............. ... 1-081 1"e.

Atsugi .... ............. ... 3-061Hiroshima ... ........... ... 1-098 People's Republic of ChinaKawasaki ............ .2-112, 3-083 4'

Kobe ..... .............. .. 1-023 Beijing ...... .1-019, 1-027, 1-101,

Kumagaya .... ............ ... 3-080 1-103, 2-018, 3-047,Kyoto 1-095, 1-098, 3-067, 3-068, 3-048, 3-049

4-001, 4-051 Dalian .... ............. .. 3-058Miyagi .... ............. ... 3-085 Harbin .... ............. .. 3-057Nagaoka .... ......... 1-099, 4-045 Nanjing ..... ... 2-073, 2-076, 2-077Nagasaki .... ............ ... 2-044 Shanghai .. ..... 1-104, 3-054, 3-055Nagoya ............. .1-023, 4-052 Wuhan ..... .......... 3-051, 3-052Osaka ........ .. 1-097, 2-039, 2-090, Wuxi ..... .............. ... 3-053

2-109, 3-066Sendai .... ............. ... 3-084 Taiwan ..... ............... ... 3-087

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OF NAVAL RESEARCH ~UNCLRSSIFIEO RI NIHT · 2014-09-28 · On 10 November 1987 the third At the...

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