Of Dams and Cities: Dam Projects and Heritage at Loss · Military town of Roman Army. ... –Save...
Transcript of Of Dams and Cities: Dam Projects and Heritage at Loss · Military town of Roman Army. ... –Save...
Rivers Euphrates and Tigris
http://www.franklin.ma.us/auto/schools/horace/grade6/corey/ss1/meso.htm
Ancient Cities on Euphrates
Sumerian• BuranunAkkadian• PurattumOld Persian• UfratGreek and Latin• EuphratesArabic• FuratTurkish• Fırat
Ancient Cities on Euphrates
• Summerian Cities
– Nippur
– Ur
• Babylon
• Carchemish
• Limited transport
• Irrigation
Ancient Cities on Tigris River
Sumerian
• İdigna
Akkadian
• Idiglat
Old Persian
• Tigra
According to Herodotus
• Tigres
Turkish
• Dicle
Ancient Cities on Tigris River
Assyrian Capitals• Asshur• Nimrud• NinevahSeleucid Cities• Celeusia• CtesiphonAbbasid Towns• Baghdad• Samarra• Mosul
GAP
• Development Project• Energy Production
• Agricultural Production
• Increase
– Urban and Rural Infrastructure
– Education
– Health
– Industry
– Transport
GAP-History
Rivers• Euphrates (Fırat)• Tigris (Dicle)• First investigation
– 1935• EIEI
– 1936– Observation stations
• DSI –• Devlet Su İşleri • (General Directorate of
State Hydraulic Works)
Keban Barajı
• Construction
– Started in 1964
– First Phase 1974
– Second Phase 1981
http://anafot.net/FOTOMAKALE-93-Mustafa+Sabri+T%C3%9CRKAY+-+G%C3%B6ky%C3%BCz%C3%BCmden+Anadolu
Impact on Archaeological Research
• Keban Dam
• Archaeological Work
• 1968-1975
• International
• Multidisciplinary work
Keban Dam
• Salvage Project
• Cultural Heritage
• Document
• Study
• Protect
• Turning point for archaeological practice in TurkeyFigure 2. van Loon and Güterbock 1972, pl. 54.
The trench shot.
Lower Euphrates Project
• Sub-project in GAP
• Atatürk Dam
• Hydropower generation
• Irrigation
http://anafot.net/FOTOMAKALE-93-Mustafa+Sabri+T%C3%9CRKAY+-+G%C3%B6ky%C3%BCz%C3%BCmden+Anadolu
Samsat-Adıyaman
http://www.gezi-yorum.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/samsat.kale_.+1.jpg
Heritage Lost: Samsat
Adıyaman• Mound• 50 m highPeriphery• 2 km Small Scale ExcavationUnderwaterCapital of the Kingdom Of
CommageneMilitary town of Roman
Army
Samsat
http://www.samsathaber.com/mkportal/modules/gallery/album/a_21.JPG
Birecik Dam
Construction begin• 1996Provinces• Şanlıurfa• Gaziantep• Adıyaman• 44 villages• 9 villages completey
submerge• 3 villages partially• 6500 people resettle• Project completed
– 2000http://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/5565351.jpg
Zeugma-History
• 3rd Century BC
• Seleucus I Nicator
– Alexander the Great’sCommander
– Established a settlement• Western Bank: Seleucia
– Eastern Bank• Apamea
http://www.nizip.com/gallery/files/zeugma_urma.jpg
Seleucia and Apamea
• Pontoon Bridge
• No archaeological record
• 64 BC– Roman conquest of Seleucia
– Change the name
• Zeugma– “Bridge” or “crossing” in Old
Greek
• Collapse of the Seleucid Empire
• Romans– Commagene
Zeugma-History
Roman Period
• Two legions
• Intersection Point
– Road tolls
– Last stop before the Persian Empire
Zeugma-History
• 253 AD
• Sassanid attack from Persia
• City in ruins
• Villas
– Shelter for animals
• Zeugma forgotten
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/14969891.jpg
Zeugm-International Rescue Project
• 1992 Gaziantep Museum
• 2000
• Turkish Ministry of Culture
• Southeastern Development Project
• Packard Humanities Institute
Zeugma
• 1992
• Villa– Colonnaded Atrium
– 2nd c. AD
• Mosaic– Dionysus and Ariadne
• 1998– Theft
– Mosaic missing since then
http://zeugmamosaicmuseum.blogspot.com/
Zeugma
• 1993-1994 Excavations
– Gravestones
– Pieces of sculptures
– Mosaic fragments
– Save Zeugma Campaing
Zeugma
• 1996• Bulldozers• Mosaics• Pool of the Roman Bath• Construction on hold
– 3 months
• 4th Legion of the Roman Army
• Mosaics• Swords• Barracks
http://www.angelfire.com/ar/atay/ZEUGMA/ZeugExca.html
Zeugma
• 1997– Two more villas– Summer– Winter
• İn tents
• 1998– Call for “Save Zeugma”
• 1999– Funds for a museum– Heavy equipment– Mosaic conservation
• Dam starts to fill up• Packard 5 million USD
Donation
Mosaics-Gypsy Girl
http://www.angelfire.com/ar/atay/ZEUGMA/Z4gyp.jpg
Poseidon, Oceanus, Thetys
http://zeugmamosaicmuseum.blogspot.com/
Birecik Dam
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Samples/Birecik.html
Birecik Dam
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Samples/Birecik.html
Zeugma-Protective Shelter
http://www.zeugmaarchproject.com/index.php/english/protective-shelter-for-roman-houses
Zeugma in UNESCO WH Tentative List
• Criterion II:
The archaeological site of Zeugma is of immense historical significance for understanding the ancient integration of Hellenistic and Semitic cultural spheres and the birth of syncretistic hybrid cultures in the region.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/
Zeugma in UNESCO Tentative List
• Criterion (iii): There are many Roman houses decorated with exquisite mosaics and frescos mostly dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. Zeugma mosaics are a unique collection, of pictorial art reflecting private taste in a cosmopolitan city in the Hellenistic and Roman East.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/
Zeugma in UNESCO Tentative List
• Criterion (iv): On BelkısHill, where the city's foremost sanctuary is perched, three colossal cult statues have been discovered, while many others were found in pieces on the slopes of the hill. These statues most probably belong to the deities of the Commagenian pantheon.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/
http://img708.imageshack.us/img708/8682/4907004667014e424d2cb.jpg
Gaziantep Mosaic Museum
http://www.anteppress.com/Sayfa.php?Git=Foto&gid=79&sayfa=18
Zeugma
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/zeugma/mosa_q.html
GAP Dams
Euprates Basin• Atatürk Dam (1992)• Birecik Dam (2000)• Büyükçay Dam• Çamgazi Dam (1998)• Çataltepe Dam• Gömikan Dam• Hancağız Dam (1988)• Kahta Dam• Karakaya Dam (1987)• Karkamış Dam (1999)• Kayacık Dam (2005)• Kemlin Dam• Koçali Dam• Sırımtaş Dam (2013)
GAP Dams
• Tigris Basin
• Batman Dam (1998)
• Cizre Dam
• Dicle Dam (1997)
• Garzan Dam (2012)
• Kayser Dam
• Kralkızı Dam (1997)
• Ilısu Dam (2014)
• Silvan Dam (2016)