A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE DATA OF CHINESE BREEDS OF SWINE

WENCAN ZHANG1 , W.E. REMPLE1 , USA an d ZHONGGE ZHANG2 , CHINA

Summary

Forty-two native, new and foreign breeds were analyzed for 18 traits. Principal component (PC) analysis showed that the first three PC's accounted for 82.6% of the total variation. The first PC is a Size and Weight Factor (SWF) and accounts for 50.5% of the total variation. The second PC is a Skin and Bone Factor (SBF) and accounts for 20.8% of the variation. The third PC is a Reproduction and Fat Factor (RFF) and accounts for 11.3% of the total variation. Non-lean meat carcass traits (skin, bone and fat) are associated with re­productive performance. Plotting SBF against SWF is useful in grouping of breed groups. This grouping is in agreement with that obtained by cluster analysis. Breeds from the same geographical area tend to be in the same performance group, suggesting genetic connections in the past. Cluster analysis indicated six genetic types. New breeds showed the shortest genetic distance to the foreign contributor breeds.

INTRODUCTION

Breed differences are of great interest to animal breeders. It is estimated that China has over 100 pig breeds (3) composed of three major kinds: a)Native breeds with a history of over 7,000 years (15). There are few published reports outside of China on the performance of these breeds (2, 5, 6, 9 and 14).b) Introduced foreign breeds, mainly Landrace, Yorkshire, Large White Berkshire and Soviet White. These have been adapted to Chinese conditions over time, c) New breeds that have been developed from crosses of native and foreign breeds. Most of these consist of 2 or 3 foreign breeds and local native breeds. Frequencies of foreign genes are variable.

In this paper, means of 42 current major breeds of pigs in China were analyzed for 18 performance traits. The method of principal component (PC) analysis (10) was used to create and explain breed differences. A cluster analysis was done to group breeds according to genetic distance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Performance means of 42 breeds and the sources of the data are presented in table 1. Data are from proceedings (4), books (3, 7) and other reports (1, 8 and 13), and personnel communication (16).

1 Department of Animal

2 Department of Animal China.

Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.

Science, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing,

75

The five foreign breeds have the largest sample size as most experiments used them as controls. Data are collected over different years and stations. This results in genetic and environmental confounding. The following steps were taken to eliminate these effects:1. As many reports as possible were used to represent any single breed's performance to cancel non-genetic effects.2. Carcass traits were not corrected to the same slaughter weight because of the big breed difference in size (table 1). Only "economic mature weights" were used for different breeds at about 7 to 8 months of age and only relative percentages were used for most carcass traits.3. In cluster analysis, it makes a difference for which variable enters the analysis first (SAS, 1982). The order of the variables were chosen from the PC analysis and the stability and sample size as: size and mature weight, carcass traits, reproductive performance, individual weights at birth and weaning and ADG which is most imfluenced by environment.The 18 traits and their minimum sample size are:1. Number of pigs farrowed (NF), n>200, third parity and over.2. Individual birth weight (IBW), n>2000, live pigs.3. Number of pigs at 60 day weaning (NW), n>200.4. Individual weaning weight (IWW), n>1500.5. Average daily gain (ADG), n>30 most between 15 to 90 kg.6. Dressing % (Dr%), in >10.7. Skin thickness (ST), n>10, at 6-7 ribs.8. Backfat thickness (BF), n>10 at 6-7 ribs.9. Inner fat % (IF%) n>10 as a percent of carcass weight.10. Lean meat % (lean%), n>5. The carcass is separated into 4 parts: lean,fat, skin, and bone (excludes inner fat). Some of the parts sum to less than 100% due to loss in processing.11. Fat %, n>5.12. Skin %, n>5.13. Bone %, n>5.14. Male mature body weight (MMW), n>10. Age 2.5 - 3 yr.15. Female mature body weight (FMW), n>60. Age 2.5 - 3 yr.16. Body length (BL) average of two sexes, age > 2.5 yr. from between ears to tail head.17. Chest circumference (CC), age > 2.5 years.18. Body height (BH), age > 2.5 yrs.

Average linkage is used in the cluster analysis and all variables are standardized.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2 shows the wide variation for the 18 traits of table 1 reduced to five principal components. The first three principal components account for 82.6% of the total variation. The first principal component which accounts for 50.5% of the total variation is shown by the eigen vectors to consist of size (BL, CC and BH) and weight (IBW, IWW, MMW and FMW) measures. Thus, size and weight account for the biggest differences between breeds. The second PC accounts for 20.8% of the total variation and is made up of skin and bone (ST, Skin %, Bone %) factors and number farrowed, hence named "Skin and Bone Factor (SBF).

76

The third PC accounts for 11.3% of the total. It is made up of number farrowed and weaned and fat %. It is referred to as the "Reproduction and Fat Factor" (RFF).

Plotting the SBF against SWF (Fig 1) results in a two dimensional figure that permits grouping of the 42 breeds into 4 distinct groups. The four groupings are low in component 1 and high in component 2 (LH), high in both components (HH), high in component 1 and low in component 2(HL) and lowh in both components (LL). Most of the prolific breeds are high in the skin and bone factor and low in the size and weight factor. A few breeds including the Meishan and Minzhu are high in both components: All the small, fat breedsfrom south China are low in both components, while the new and foreign breeds are high in the body size component and low in skin and bone %.

Results from the cluster analysis (Fig. 2) are in general agreement with the PC groupings but permits a further grouping of the 42 breeds into six different types according to their genetic distance. These are:1. Very small type: Two breeds (XZ and WJ) from the remote mountain valleyarea between Sechuan, Yuan and Guizhou and one (ZZ) from Tibet comprise this type. Their small size (MMW, 37.7 kg + BW, 0.5 kg) separates them from all other breeds (Fig. 2). They are geographically close and probably also geneti cal ly.2. Large meat type: This type consists of 12 breeds (BH, SB, L.W., L., LB,FN, SW, Y, B, FB, J and D). This group is made up of the foreign breeds and new breeds with a "foreign" gene frequency of .75. These new breeds are so close in performance that they can not be distinguished from the foreign breeds (Fig. 2). The genetic closeness to the foreign breeds can be seen from Fig. 2. The HB, for example was formed from a cross between the MZ, SW and Yorkshire.3. Meat-fat type: It is made up of five new breeds (XH, SH, LS, YH and FH)and one native breed (MZ). Estimates of foreign gene frequences is about 5, except for SH which originated from a cross between breeds native from the south (NJ), foreign (Berkshire) and native from the north (M). The performance of this type falls between that of natives and type 2.4. Fat type: Eight native breeds (XE, TC, NX, TY, X, LC and LT) from themiddle south China area, one from east China (JH) form this group. They are extremely fat (46.8%).5. Prolific type: This group includes 4 Taihu breeds (MS, FJ, JX and EH)from east China and 2 from north China (MZ and BM). They have the highest number farrowed and highest skin and bone components as shown in the pc analysis. This grouping suggests some genetic connection between the Taihu breeds and those of north China. Figure 2 shows that this group can be sub­divided into three types according to body size.6. Fat-meat type: This type is mde up of seven native breeds; six from thesouth, 4 from Sechuan province (YN, NJ, RC and CH), two from the middle south (DW and DH) and one from east China (JH). The NJ breed exhibits bout 15-20% heterosis in ADG when crossed with most native breeds of other types (12).

Most breeds from the same area have the shortest genetic distance between them.

77

References1) Chen, Bangwei and Lan, Y.H. 1982. A review of heterosis utilization in swine. Chinese Swine Breeding Research Assn. (SBRA) publication Appen. (10-63) Shanxi AG Univ. Press.2) Cheng, Pei-lieu. 1984. A highly prolific pig breed of China - the Taihu pig. Parts III and IV. Pig news and infor. V. 5, No. 1.3) Chinese Ag Academy Inst, of Anim. Sci. 1960. An introduction to Chinese Swine Breeds. Chinese Scientific publication house. Beiging.4) Chinese SBRA Publication. 1982. Studies on Heterosis in Swine. V.2.Shanxi AG Univ. press.5) J.S. Wu and W.C. Zhang. 1982. Genetic analysis of some Chinese breesd as a resource for the world hog improvement. The Sec. World Mtg. Vol. 4. 593-600. Madri d.6) Legault and Caritez, J. 1982. J. Rech. Pore. Fr. 14:143-150.7) Li, Bintan, Chen, XH. Zhang, Z, Zhao, Z.L. Zho, S.G. 1982. Chinese Swine Breed V.2 Shanghai Scientific publishing house.8) Northeast Minzhu Breeding Ass. 1981. A summary of breeding works of Minzhu. Liaoning J. of Anim. Sci. and Vet. 1981. Pig special 40-48.9) Phillips, R.W and Hsu, T.Y. 1944, Chinese Swine and their performance. J. of Hered. 35:365.10) Thiele, G.L. 1985. A Multivariate Analysis of Carcass Traits from Three Breeds of Swine and their Crosses. Ph.D thesis. University of Minnesota Library.11) Xu, Zhenying 1985 On the genotype of Some Major Chinese Indigenous Breeds of Swine Scientia Agricultura Sinica 2:1-11.12) Zhang, L.Z., Zhang, W.C., Zhang, Y. Shu, J.S. 1983. Performance of Shanxi Heizhu in purebreed and crossbreed breeding. Acta. Vet. Et Zoo Sinica V. 14, No. 2. 1-9.13) Zhang, W.C. 1983. A study on the phenotypic and genetic parameters of Taihu pigs and several recommended selection. Indexes. ACTA. VET. ET. ZOO. SINICA. 14(1). 25-33.14) Zhang, W.C., Wu, J.S. and W.E. Rempel. 1983. Some performancecharacteristics of prolife breeds of pigs in China. Livestock Pord. Sci. 10(1983) 59-63.15) Zhang, Zhongge. 1980. Evolution of the breeds of swine and their development in China. J. of Beijing Ag. Univ. 3 45-62.16) Zhang, Zhongge. 1985. Personal communication.

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Table 2. The f i r s t 5 p r in c ip a l components

PRIN1 PRIN2 PRIN3 P R IM PRIMS

0 .05 4 8 4 9 0.369625 0 .41924 4 0 .02 9 5 4 6 -.3 4 4 0 5 70 .30868 3 -.080585 0 .06093 3 0 .04328 4 0 .07807 30 .06126 8 0.292364 0 .48316 8 0.143051 -.3 7 5 7 3 20 .30568 7 -.01 4284 0 .0 6 6 0 9 9 -.1 1 9 4 5 7 0 .2203820 .26892 8 -.02 4457 0 .06 1 9 9 9 0 . 122343 0 .4357960 .12763 8 -.23 6340 0 . 179759 0 .82 3 1 5 5 0 .097549-.1 4 6 8 2 1 0.381636 0 . 139983 0 . 153738 0.320237-.1 3 7 6 9 6 -.373684 0 .28354 3 0 .06 2 3 5 7 0 .19102 2-.2 3 0 3 1 8 0.156867 0 .20861 8 -.2 0 9 4 1 2 0 .37 7 9 7 00 .260811 0.004981 *'. 345063 0 . 125170 -.2 5 1 8 2 0-.1 6 5 5 2 1 -.313884 0 .36849 6 -.2 0 7 8 5 7 0 .02668 0-.1 7 2 2 9 0 0.383973 -.0 2 0 6 7 4 0 .10 2 9 8 7 0.3158610 .0 9 9 0 3 0 0.380338 -.2 8 0 9 3 2 0 .10 4 2 4 7 0 . 12C9240 .31 5 3 1 9 -.01 5383 0 .0 9 5 9 5 0 -.1 7 9 9 1 6 0.0000110 .31213 8 0.001286 0 .08413 3 -.1 7 8 4 5 6 0 . 1142510.312311 0.087013 0 . 121248 -.0 7 8 2 4 4 0 .06649 90 .30880 4 -.01 2018 0 .14007 7 -.2 1 8 7 3 0 0 .05642 50 .31251 8 0.079124 0 .05546 5 0 .00804 4 0 .06154 7

FIG2. RESULT OF CLUSTER TREE.

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