Of Bubbles and Bergs: Passive Underwater Acoustics at the Ice/Ocean Boundary Of Bubbles and Bergs:...
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Transcript of Of Bubbles and Bergs: Passive Underwater Acoustics at the Ice/Ocean Boundary Of Bubbles and Bergs:...
Of Bubbles and Bergs: Passive Underwater Acoustics at the Ice/Ocean Boundary
Of Bubbles and Bergs: Passive Underwater Acoustics at the Ice/Ocean Boundary
Erin Pettit University of Alaska Fairbanks
and…Shad O’Neel(USGS)Jeff Nystuen (University of Washington)Doug MacAyeal (University of Chicago)Jim Miller (University of Rhode Island)Liz Moyer (University of Chicago)Jill FredstonDoug FeslerDoug Quinn (DQ Media)
Erin Pettit University of Alaska Fairbanks
and…Shad O’Neel(USGS)Jeff Nystuen (University of Washington)Doug MacAyeal (University of Chicago)Jim Miller (University of Rhode Island)Liz Moyer (University of Chicago)Jill FredstonDoug FeslerDoug Quinn (DQ Media)
Near Jakobshavn Isbrae, Photo T. Nylen
What can we learn from underwater acoustics?
It is unexplored territory…
1.Discharge of subglacial water (outburst floods)2.Calving (submarine versus subaerial) and mini-
tsunamis3.Fjord water surface conditions4.Ice quakes5.Ice-shelf melt rate6.More?
Sound travels extremely well in the ocean
Ambient Sound in Glacial Fjord - They are noisy!
Acoustic Evolution of a Calving Event
What can we learn from underwater acoustics?
It is unexplored territory…
1.Discharge of subglacial water (outburst floods)2.Calving (submarine versus subaerial) and mini-
tsunamis3.Fjord water surface conditions4.Ice quakes5.Ice-shelf melt rate6.More?
Sound travels extremely well in the ocean
Ambient Sound in Glacial Fjord - They are noisy!
Acoustic Evolution of a Calving Event
Overview and Key PointsOverview and Key Points
Ambient Sound in Glacier Fjords
Ambient Sound in Glacier Fjords
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Earthquakes/Explosions
Heavy Precip
Wind
Hz100 101 102 103 104 105
40
80
120
Sou
nd P
ress
ure
Leve
l (dB
rel
1P
a)S
ound
Pre
ssur
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vel (
dB r
el 1
Pa)
Ambient Sound in Glacier Fjords
Ambient Sound in Glacier Fjords
Earthquakes/Explosions
Heavy Precip
Wind
Two month average Sound Pressure Level For Icy Bay, AK
Two month average Sound Pressure Level For Icy Bay, AK
Hz
Sou
nd P
ress
ure
Leve
l (dB
rel
1P
a)S
ound
Pre
ssur
e Le
vel (
dB r
el 1
Pa)
100 101 102 103 104 105
40
80
120
Ambient Sound in Glacier FjordsAmbient Sound in Glacier Fjords
“The sound of the screaming, infant microbubble lasts for many milliseconds and generally radiates much more energy than the impact [of the rain drop]” Medwin and Clay (1998)
“The sound of the screaming, infant microbubble lasts for many milliseconds and generally radiates much more energy than the impact [of the rain drop]” Medwin and Clay (1998)
Ambient Sound in Glacier FjordsAmbient Sound in Glacier Fjords
Manasseh and others, 2000
Icy Bay Bubble
Ambient Sound in Glacier FjordsAmbient Sound in Glacier Fjords
Manasseh and others, 2000
Icy Bay Bubble
1mm bubble ~3kHz3mm bubble ~1kHz
Ambient Sound in Glacier FjordsAmbient Sound in Glacier Fjords
Icy BayIcy Bay
YakutatYakutat
AnchorageAnchorage
Ambient Sound in Glacier FjordsAmbient Sound in Glacier FjordsTwo Week Time Series100 Hz
500 Hz
40000 Hz
Ambient Sound in Glacier FjordsAmbient Sound in Glacier FjordsTwo Week Time Series
Ice Free Surface? Ice Free Surface?
100 Hz
500 Hz
40000 Hz
Acoustic Evolution of a Calving EventAcoustic Evolution of a Calving Event
Model from Doug MacAyealModel from Doug MacAyeal
Acoustic Evolution of a Calving EventAcoustic Evolution of a Calving Event
30 Hz
670 Hz
11 kHz
35 kHz
Diff
eren
ce in
SP
L fr
om q
uies
cent
per
iod
(dB
)
Acoustic Evolution of a Calving EventAcoustic Evolution of a Calving Event
30 Hz
670 Hz
11 kHz
35 kHz
Diff
eren
ce in
SP
L fr
om q
uies
cent
per
iod
(dB
)
Acoustic Evolution of a Calving EventAcoustic Evolution of a Calving Event
30 Hz
670 Hz
11 kHz
35 kHz
Diff
eren
ce in
SP
L fr
om q
uies
cent
per
iod
(dB
)
SummarySummary
•Fjords are noisy places (what does this mean for marine ecosystem?)
•Pressurized bubbles in glacier ice create loud high frequency (1-5kHz) signal in water column during melt (distinctively different than sea ice)
•Calving Event:•Low Freq Rumble pre calving (ice fracture?)
•All Freqs Bang (berg hits water?)•High Freq wave action post calving (seiche?)
•Fjords are noisy places (what does this mean for marine ecosystem?)
•Pressurized bubbles in glacier ice create loud high frequency (1-5kHz) signal in water column during melt (distinctively different than sea ice)
•Calving Event:•Low Freq Rumble pre calving (ice fracture?)
•All Freqs Bang (berg hits water?)•High Freq wave action post calving (seiche?)
What is possible around WAIS?What is possible around WAIS?
•Monitoring for subglacial outburst floods? (depends on how turbulent/bubbly the discharge event is)
•Measuring sub ice-shelf melt rate?
•Observe wave/ice interactions?
•Variability in ice surface conditions?
•Rifting events?
•Other ideas?
•Monitoring for subglacial outburst floods? (depends on how turbulent/bubbly the discharge event is)
•Measuring sub ice-shelf melt rate?
•Observe wave/ice interactions?
•Variability in ice surface conditions?
•Rifting events?
•Other ideas?
Underwater Acoustics ComplementsSeismic andOceanographic Observations
Underwater Acoustics ComplementsSeismic andOceanographic Observations
What happens to this water when it exits the glacier?
Sediment also comes out with the water
Freshwater is less dense than salt water – it is buoyant, rises turbulently to the surface.
Outburst flood upwelling from Columbia Glacier, AK
Images from Pfeffer and O’Neel
Freshwater upwelling
Sound Travel in the OceanSound Travel in the OceanEffect on Sound Speed
Effect on Attenuation
Salt Increases speed
Specific salts (e.g. MgS increase attenuation
Temperature Increases speed
Through affecting viscosity
Stratification
Refraction (Sound Channels)
Decreases attenuation because of sound channels)
Bubbles Slows speed (simlar to porous medium)
Scattering Losses